E pluribus unum: - EUISS

>HH
*SBOTDPNQMFYBOEVOVTVBM
QPMJUJDBM TZTUFN JT PGUFO
Eda^Xn7g^Z[
QFSDFJWFE BT PQBRVF BOE
FWFO BSDBOF CZ 8FTUFSO
:eajg^Wjhjcjb /
9ZX^h^dc"bV`ZghVcYYZX^h^dc"bV`^c\^c>gVc
PCTFSWFST5IJTQPMJDZCSJFG
QSPWJEFT BO PWFSWJFX PG
UIF QPXFS TUSVDUVSF PG
UIF *TMBNJD 3FQVCMJD BOE
PGGFST BO JOTJHIU JOUP UIF
JOUSJDBDJFT PG UIF *SBOJBO
TZTUFNT EFDJTJPONBLJOH
QSPDFTT
*EFPMPHJDBMMJNJUBUJPOT
6j\jhi'%%-
:jgdeZVcJc^dc
Jc^dcZjgde‚ZccZ
%'
ejWa^h]ZYWni]Z:J>chi^ijiZ[dgHZXjg^inHijY^Zh
)(VkZcjZYjEg‚h^YZciL^ahdc",*,,*EVg^hXZYZm&+";gVcXZ
E]dcZ ((%&*+-.&.(%™;Vm ((%&*+-.&.(&
lll#^hh#ZjgdeV#Zj^c[d5^hh#ZjgdeV#Zj
3PMFPGUIFDMFSHZ
*SBOT QPMJUJDBM TZTUFN JT UIFPDSBUJD JO UIF TFOTF UIBU
UIF VMUJNBUF QPXFSIPMEFST BSF DMFSJDT #VU UIJT EPFT
OPUBNPVOUUPBGVMMZnFEHFEUIFPDSBDZCFDBVTFPOMZB
MJNJUFEOVNCFSPGDMFSJDTBSFFNQMPZFEXJUIJOUIFSVMJOH
CVSFBVDSBDZBNPOHUIFNIBSEMZBOZPOFGSPNUIFIJHIFTU
FDIFMPOT UIF NBSEKBT 5IF MBUUFS BSF BMMPXFE UP MFBE
BO BVUPOPNPVT FYJTUFODF BMUIPVHI UIFJS BDUJWJUJFT BSF
TVCKFDU UP TFWFSF MJNJUBUJPOT "QBSU GSPN DMFSJDT TPOT
BOEPUIFSSFMBUJWFTPGDMFSJDTBOE*TMBNJTUMBZQFSTPOTBSF
BDUJWFMZFOHBHFEJOUIFSFHJNF5IFZDBOUSBDFCBDLUIFJS
BGmMJBUJPOT UP UIF WBSJPVT *TMBNJTU OFUXPSLT NBOZ PG
UIFNQSFEBUJOHUIF*TMBNJDSFWPMVUJPO'BNJMZSFMBUJPOT
SFHJPOBMCBDLHSPVOEBOEUIFMJLFQMBZBOJNQPSUBOUSPMF
JOUIJTSFHBSEUPP
5IF4VQSFNF-FBEFS
$PQZSJHIU$IJOF/PVWFMMF4*1"
6OGBMUFSJOH MPZBMUZ UP UIF A3VMJOH +VSJTQSVEFOU BOE
A4VQSFNF -FBEFS PG UIF *TMBNJD 3FWPMVUJPO 4BZZJE "MJ
,IBNFOFJ SFNBJOT UIF CBTJT GPS QPMJUJDBM BDUJWJUZ JO
*SBO5IFQPTJUJPOPGUIF4VQSFNF-FBEFSIBTDIBOHFE
%FWFMPQNFOUPGQPMJUJDBMDVSSFOUT
5IF 8FTUFSO NFEJB UFOET UP QSFTFOU *SBOT QPMJUJDBM
TZTUFNBTCBTJDBMMZTQMJUJOUPBQSP8FTUFSOSFGPSNJTU
PS NPEFSBUF BOE BO BOUJ8FTUFSO DPOTFSWBUJWF DBNQ
5IJT JT B HSPTT
PWFSTJNQMJGJDB
UJPO
CFDBVTF
UIF NPEFSBUFT
JO UIF SFHJNF
BHSFF NFSFMZ PO
AUBMLJOH UP UIF
8FTU
XIJDI
EPFT OPU NFBO
UIBU UIFZ BDRVJ
FTDF JO 8FTUFSO >gVc^Vc EgZh^YZci BV]bdjY 6]bVY^cZ_VY heZV`h Vi V
IFHFNPOZ *O UIF XZgZbdcn^c>gVcÉhcjXaZVgZcg^X]bZci[VX^a^in^cCViVco!
(%%`bhhdji]d[IZ]gVc!.6eg^a'%%,#
MBTUUXPEFDBEFT
UIF nVJE SFWPMVUJPOBSZ JEFPMPHZ PS SBOHF PG JEFPMP
HJFT
IBT DSZTUBMMJTFE JOUP GPVS NBJO DVSSFOUT *TMBNJD
MFGUNPEFSBUFSJHIUUSBEJUJPOBMDPOTFSWBUJWFTBOEOFP
DPOTFSWBUJWFTXIPOPXBEBZTDBMMUIFNTFMWFTAQSJODJQBM
JTUT PS AGVOEBNFOUBMJTUT PTVMHBS·
5IF *TMBNJD MFGU
XFSFUIPTFSFWPMVUJPOBSZmSFCSBOETUIBU,IBNFOFJBOE
3BGTBOKBOJNBOBHFEUPTVDDFTTGVMMZTJEFMJOFJOUIFFBSMZ
T5IFZTQFOUBEFDBEFJOUIFQPMJUJDBMXJMEFSOFTT
VOUJMUIFZNBEFBUSJVNQIBOUSFUVSOVOEFS,IBUBNJJO
BGUFSIBWJOHHJWFOVQPOUIFJSJEFPMPHJDBMESFBNT
PG B TUBUFSVO FDPOPNZ BOE QFSNBOFOU SFWPMVUJPO BOE
DPNF UP UFSNT XJUI UIF JEFB PG SFDPODJMJOH QPMJUJDBM
*TMBN XJUI EFNPDSBDZ 5IPTF XIP DPVME OPU HJWF VQ
ESFBNJOH PG UIF SFWPMVUJPO IBE UP SFNBJO JO UIF XJM
EFSOFTTGPSBMNPTUBEFDBEFMPOHFSVOUJMUIFZDBNFUP
QPXFSVOEFS.BINPVE"INBEJOF[IBEJO)JTHSPVQ
XBTCZBMMBDDPVOUTUIFXFBLFTUBOEOFFEFETVCTUBOUJBM
TVQQPSU GSPN PUIFST JODMVEJOH UIF CBTJK QBSBNJMJUBSZ
NJMJUJB XIJDI QSPWJEFE UIF NBOQPXFS BOE UIF HSPVQ
BSPVOE UIF FDDFOUSJD 2PNCBTFE "ZBUPMMBI .FTCBI
:B[EJ XIJDI QSPWJEFE TPNF PG UIF JOUFMMFDUVBM JOQVU
5IFZBMTPGPSHFEBOBMMJBODFXJUIUIFUSBEJUJPOBMDPO
TFSWBUJWFT5IJTHSPVQJTSPPUFEJOUIFMPXFSDMBTTNJ
MJFVPGUIFCB[BBSTBOEUIFQFUUZCPVSHFPJTJFBMUIPVHI
NBOZPGUIFNCFDBNFWFSZXFBMUIZEVSJOHUIFXBS4P
DJBMMZ FYUSFNFMZ DPOTFSWBUJWF BOE MJLF NPTU CVTJOFTT
QFPQMFBCIPSSJOHJOUFMMFDUVBMJTNGPSUIFTFQFPQMFTVQ
QPSUGPS"INBEJOF[IBEXBTBMPHJDBMDIPJDF)PXFWFS
UIFZ VOFYQFDUFEMZ UVSOFE PVU UP CF UIF TIBSQFTU DSJU
JDT PG UIF OFX HPWFSONFOUT QPMJDJFT XIJDI JT QBSUMZ
$PQZSJHIU)BTBO4BSCBLITIJBO"14*1"
IBWF CFDPNF QBSU PG UIF SFHJNFT QPMJUJDBM EJTDPVSTF
BMCFJUPOMZJOUIFJSA*TMBNJTFEWFSTJPOT5IPTFNFNCFST
PG *SBOJBO TPDJFUZ XIP BSF OPU *TMBNJTUT XJMM mOE JU
IBSEUPWPJDFUIFJSWJFXTPSUPIPMEIJHIPGmDF5IFSF
JTBGBJSBNPVOUPGDPWFSUGSFFEPNPOUIFDVMUVSBMBOE
JOUFMMFDUVBMTDFOFUIPVHICVUJUTJNQBDUPOUIF*SBOJBO
CPEZQPMJUJDJTBMNPTUOFHMJHJCMF
WK
7DEOH 0DMOHV(OHFWLRQV
>gVcÉhHjegZbZAZVYZg6nVidaaV]6a^@]VbZcZ^XVhih]^hWVaadi^c>gVcÉhEVga^VbZciVgn
ZaZXi^dc^cIZ]gVc!&)BVgX]'%%-#
/LVWVDQG0LQRULW\6HDWV
GPS UXP SFBTPOT mSTU JUT UIFPMPHJDBM EJNFOTJPO XBT
EPXOHSBEFE XIFO UIF SFHJNF UFSNJOBUFE UIF DPOOFD
UJPO CFUXFFO UIF QPTU PG 3VMJOH +VSJTQSVEFOU B
OE UIF
GVODUJPO PG NBSEKB "OE TFDPOEMZ BT B DPOTFRVFODF
PUIFSGBDUPSTMJLFUIF'SFODIJOTQJSFEDPOTUJUVUJPOIBE
BO JNQBDU PO UIF *SBOJBO QPXFS TUSVDUVSF JODMVEJOH
PO UIF SPMF PG UIF 4VQSFNF -FBEFS 5IJT MFE UP B
TJUVBUJPOXIFSFCZBTBSFTVMUPGUIFTUSFBNMJOJOHPGUIF
QPMZDFOUSJDQPMJUJDBMTZTUFN,IBNFOFJTQPTJUJPOUPEBZ
JOUFSNTPGUIFQPXFSTUSVDUVSFDPVMECFDPNQBSFEUP
UIBUPGUIF'SFODIQSFTJEFOUoXJUIUIFEJGGFSFODFUIBU
JO *SBO UIF 4VQSFNF -FBEFS QJDLT UIF NFNCFST PG UIF
CPEZUIBUFMFDUTIJN
Unified Fundamentalists (radical)
Broad Fundamentalist Coalition
(moderate)
Reformists
Independents
6HDWVVW 6HDWVQG
URXQG
URXQG
90
27
7RWDO
117
42
11
53
31
40
15
29
46
69
0LQRULWLHV
Armenians
Chaldean and Assyrian Catholic
Jews
Zoroastrian
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
9RWHUWXUQRXW
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_legislative_election%2C_2008
(based on IPU figures).
EVF UP UIF GBDU UIBU "INBEJOF[IBE TPNFIPX GPSHPU UP
QSPWJEF UIFN XJUI JNQPSUBOU QPTJUJPOT JO IJT HPWFSO
NFOU'JOBMMZUIFNPTUGBNPVTPGBMMUIFTFTPDJPQPMJUJ
DBMHSPVQTDBMMTJUTFMGUIFANPEFSOSJHIUBDBUFHPSZPG
QFPQMF UIBU FODPNQBTTFT QSBHNBUJTUT UFDIOPDSBUT BOE
UIFMJLF5IFJSQBSBHPOJT3BGTBOKBOJBOEUIFJSQPMJUJ
DBMTVQQPSUXBTOFDFTTBSZGPS,IBUBNJBOEUIF*TMBNJD
MFGU CVU UIFZ BMXBZT FOKPZFE HPPE SFMBUJPOT XJUI UIF
USBEJUJPOBM DPOTFSWBUJWFT UPP "MM PG UIFTF HSPVQT BSF
DPOOFDUFEXJUIDFSUBJOOFXTQBQFSTXIJDITFSWFBTUIFJS
NPVUIQJFDFT#VUUIFSFBSFBMTPNBOZQFSTPOBMBOEGBN
JMZUJFTCFUXFFOUIFEJGGFSFOUQPMJUJDBMDVSSFOUT"OEPG
DPVSTFBMMBSFMPZBMUPXBSETUIF4VQSFNF-FBEFS
1SPQPOFOUTPGUIFTFWBSJPVTQPMJUJDBMJEFPMPHJDBMmFMET
DPNQFUF GPS QPMJUJDBM QPTJUJPOT *O UIJT DPNQFUJUJPO
QBSMJBNFOUBSZ BOE QSFTJEFOUJBM FMFDUJPOT BSF UIF mOBM
MJUNVT UFTU GPS UIF SFHJNF UP TFF XIJDI HSPVQ PG JUT
NFNCFSTJTNPTUQPQVMBS*OUIFMBTUFMFDUJPOTJO.BSDI
BOE "QSJM UIF SBEJDBM GVOEBNFOUBMJTUT XPO CZ B
DMFBSNBSHJOBOECFDBNFUIFEPNJOBOUQBSUZPOUIFSJHIU
UP UIF EFUSJNFOU PG UIF NPEFSBUF SJHIU XIJDI FJUIFS
KPJOFEUIFSFGPSNJTUTPSUIFNPEFSBUFGVOEBNFOUBMJTUT
4FFUBCMFPQQPTJUF
"UUIFTBNFUJNFBOZCJHFMFDUJPO
JT BMTP B SFGFSFOEVN CZ EFGBVMU PO UIF QPQVMBSJUZ PG
UIF SFHJNF BOE PG JUT 4VQSFNF -FBEFS "MJ ,IBNFOFJ
5IFSFGPSFJUJTMFTTJNQPSUBOUBTTFFOGSPNUIFWBOUBHF
QPJOUPGUIFSFHJNFUPSJHUIFPVUDPNFPGUIFFMFDUJPOT
UIBOUPNBOJQVMBUFWPUFSUVSOPVU
%FDJTJPONBLJOH
5IF *SBOJBO TZTUFN BMTP AUBLFT DBSF PG FYQFSJFODFE
QPMJUJDJBOT XIP IBWF MPTU UIFJS TFBUT JO FMFDUJPOT CZ
BQQPJOUJOHUIFNUPIJHIFSQPTJUJPOTBTXBTUIFDBTFXJUI
3BGTBOKBOJ7FMBZBUJBOE-BSJKBOJ'PSFJHOBOETFDVSJUZ
QPMJDZEFDJTJPOTBSFEFBMUXJUIJOUIF)JHIFS/BUJPOBM
4FDVSJUZ $PVODJM )/4$
UIBU DPNQSJTFT BMM FMFDUFE BOE
BQQPJOUFECPEJFT#VUUIF)/4$POMZQSFQBSFTEFDJTJPOT
BOEDPPSEJOBUFTUIFTUBUFNBDIJOFSZUIF4VQSFNF-FBEFS
UBLFTUIFmOBMEFDJTJPOBGUFSDPOTVMUJOHXJUIIJTDMPTFTU
BEWJTPSTBOEIBWJOHIFBSEUIFWJFXTPGUIF&YQFEJFODZ
%JTDFSONFOU $PVODJM )F IBT SFQPSUFEMZ OFWFS UBLFO B
EFDJTJPOUIBUSVOTDPVOUFSUPUIFDPOTFOTVBMXJMMPGUIF
*SBOJBOFMJUFT*OUIFFBSMZZFBSTPGUIF3FQVCMJDXIFO
UIF TZTUFN IBE OPU CFFO TUSFBNMJOFE JO GBWPVS PG UIF
LVaiZgEdhX]
9g#LVaiZgEdhX]^hHZc^dgGZhZVgX];ZaadlVii]Z:J>HH!
l]ZgZ]ZheZX^Va^hZh^c>gVc!>gVf!Ijg`Zn!<ja[hZXjg^in!
eda^i^XVa>haVbVcYB^YYaZ:VhiZgchZXjg^in^hhjZh#
Table 2: The nuclear issue: outline of decision-making flow
Supreme Leader
Khamenei
Expediency Discernment
Council
(Rafsanjani)
Supreme Leader’s Office
(Velayati)
HNSC
(Rouhani, Larijani, Jalili)
Islamic Revolutionary
Guards Corps
Parliament
National Security and
Foreign Policy Committee
Negotiating Team
Foreign Ministry
(Kharrazi, Mottaki)
Iranian National Atomic
Energy Agency
Source: derived (modified) from Shahram Chubin, Iran’s Nuclear Ambitions, Carnegie Endowment for
International Peace, Washington DC 2006, p. 38.
$PQZSJHIU"MFYBOESB#FJFS"14*1"
#JMBUFSBMUBMLTCFUXFFO&6)3+BWJFS4PMBOBMFGUBOE*SBOJBOUPQOVDMFBSOFHPUJBUPS"MJ-BSJKBOJEVSJOHUIFTFDPOEEBZPGUIFSE$POGFSFODF
PO4FDVSJUZ1PMJDZJO.VOJDI'FCSVBSZ
5IF WBSJPVT JOTUJUVUJPOT BSF DPOUSPMMFE CZ mHVSFIFBET
XIP CFMPOH UP EJGGFSFOU QPMJUJDBM GBDUJPOT 3BGTBOKBOJ
UPUIFNPEFSOJTUSJHIUUIF*3($UPUIFGVOEBNFOUBMJTUT
FUD
"GUFS FMFDUJPOT UIFTF BMJHONFOUT DBO DIBOHF
BT IBQQFOFE XIFO .PUUBLJ GSPN UIF USBEJUJPOBMJTU
SJHIU SFQMBDFE UIF SFGPSNJTU ,IBSSB[J JO UIF 'PSFJHO
.JOJTUSZ*OUIJTDPOUFYUUIFSPMFPG*SBOTmSTUOVDMFBS
OFHPUJBUPS)PKKBUPMFTMBN%S)BTTBO3PVIBOJJTXPSUI
SFNFNCFSJOHCFDBVTFIFXBTBOETUJMMJT
DPOTJEFSFEUP
CFBSFWPMVUJPOBSZDPOTFSWBUJWFXJUIHPPEDPOOFDUJPOT
UP UIF SFGPSNJTU DBNQ 5IFSFGPSF IJT SPMF XBT DSVDJBM
GPSUIFUIFOSFGPSNJTUHPWFSONFOUUPNVTUFSUIFTVQQPSU
PGUIFQPMJUJDBMSJHIU*SBOTOVDMFBSOFHPUJBUPSTSPPN
GPSNBOPFVWSFXBTSBUIFSMJNJUFECVUUIFSFXBTFOPVHI
nFYJCJMJUZUPQSFQBSFUIFHSPVOEGPSTFSJPVTEFDJTJPOT
MJLF UIF 1BSJT "HSFFNFOU XIFO *SBO TVTQFOEFE
FOSJDINFOU BDUJWJUJFT JO PSEFS UP SFBDI B OFHPUJBUFE
TPMVUJPOUPUIFOVDMFBSDSJTJTXJUIUIF&6
/VDMFBSOFHPUJBUJPOT
'BDUJPOBM UFOTJPOT MFE UP UIF TBDLJOH JO PG "MJ
-BSJKBOJ XIP UXP ZFBST FBSMJFS IBE SFQMBDFE 3PVIBOJ
%S4BFFE+BMJMJBNFNCFSPGUIFNPTUSJHIUXJOHDJSDMF
XJUIJOUIFGVOEBNFOUBMJTUTXBTBQQPJOUFEIFBEPGUIF
)/4$BOEIFUIFSFGPSFCFDBNF*SBOTOVDMFBSOFHPUJBUPS
)JT TUZMF BOE NFUIPET RVJDLMZ JSSJUBUFE UIF &VSPQFBOT
#VUIFUPPXBTDPOTUSBJOFECZUIFMJNJUTPGIJTNBOEBUF
IF IBE UP DPOUJOVF UBMLJOH UP UIF &6 OPX JO UIF 1
GPSNBU
BOEXBTOPUBMMPXFEUPSJTLBCSFBLEPXOPGUBMLT
XJUI UIF JOUFSOBUJPOBM DPNNVOJUZ XIJMTU BU UIF TBNF
UJNFJOTJTUJOHPO*SBOTSJHIUUPOVDMFBSFOSJDINFOU5IF
'PSFJHO .JOJTUSZ DBNF CBDL UP UIF EJQMPNBUJD GSPOU JO
XIFO UIF OPX GBNPVT MFUUFS XIJDI DPOUBJOFE UIF
OFXOVDMFBSPGGFSXIJDIXBTTJHOFECZBMM1'PSFJHO
.JOJTUFST XBT IBOEFE JO UP 'PSFJHO .JOJTUFS .PUUBLJ
5IFDIBOHFEUPOFJO5FISBOTIPVMEOPUPCTDVSFUIFGBDU
UIBU UIF TBNF MJNJUBUJPOT DPOUJOVF UP BQQMZ UBMLJOH
UP UIF JOUFSOBUJPOBM DPNNVOJUZ EPFT OPU NFBO HJWJOH
VQ PO *SBOT ASJHIU PG FOSJDINFOU 6OMFTT PG DPVSTF
UIF 4VQSFNF -FBEFS JT DPOWJODFE *SBO DPVME TUSJLF B
GBWPVSBCMFCBSHBJOXJUIUIFJOUFSOBUJPOBMDPNNVOJUZ
*O UIF FOE *SBO PQFSBUFT VOEFS BO FYUSFNFMZ mOFMZ
CBMBODFE QPMJUJDBM TZTUFN o GPS CFUUFS PS GPS XPSTF
5IFCBMBODFPGUIFTZTUFNJTHVBSBOUFFECZUIF4VQSFNF
-FBEFS XIP BT IBT BMSFBEZ CFFO QPJOUFE PVU UBLFT
EFDJTJPOT PO BMM JNQPSUBOU NBUUFST BMPOF XIFSF OP
EFDJTJPO PO B HJWFO JTTVF JT GPSUIDPNJOH GSPN UIF
4VQSFNF-FBEFSUIJTTIPVMECFJOUFSQSFUFEBTJOEJDBUJOH
BOBCTFODFPGDPOTFOTVT/PXPOEFSPVUTJEFSTmOEUIF
*SBOJBOTZTUFNUPCFDPNQMJDBUFE
Printed by Corlet Imprimeur, responsible for graphic design Hanno Ranck, EUISS in cooperation with Metropolis, August 2008 ISSN 1830-9739
4VQSFNF-FBEFSSPHVFPQFSBUJPOTCZFYUSFNJTUTBJNJOH
UP EFSBJM NPEFSBUF QPMJDJFT PDDVSSFE #VU UPEBZ JO
PSEFSUPBDIJFWFNBYJNVNDPOTFOTVTIJHIMZGPSNBMJTFE
USJ PS CJNPOUIMZ NFFUJOHT CFUXFFO UIF 4VQSFNF
-FBEFS BOE UIF *SBOJBO FMJUFT BSF IFME "MM JOnVFOUJBM
mHVSFTPGUIF*TMBNJD3FQVCMJDBUUFOEBOEJUJTBUUIJT
PDDBTJPO UIBU UIF *SBOJBO NVMUJQPMBS TZTUFN mOET JUT
CBMBODF "UUFOEFFT BU UIFTF NFFUJOHT NBZ JOnVFODF
GPSFJHOQPMJDZCZBQQSPBDIJOH)/4$NFNCFSTBOEUSZJOH
UP QFSTVBEF UIFN PG UIF WBMJEJUZ PG UIFJS QPTJUJPOT
4USBUFHJDEFDJTJPOTMJLFIPXUPQSPDFFEPOUIFOVDMFBS
JTTVFJOXFSFUBLFOJOUIFTBNFTQJSJUUFDIOJDBM
BOE QPMJUJDBM FYQFSUJTF XBT EJTDVTTFE JO UIF )/4$
XIJDIJOQBSBMMFMUP"ZBUPMMBI3BGTBOEKBOJUIF*TMBNJD
3FWPMVUJPOBSZ (VBSET $PSQT BOE UIF 4VQSFNF -FBEFST
PGmDFDPNNVOJDBUFEUIFJSWJFXTUPUIF4VQSFNF-FBEFS
CFGPSFBmOBMEFDJTJPOXBTUBLFO5IF'PSFJHO.JOJTUSZ
XBT UIFSFGPSF UXJDF SFQSFTFOUFE PO UIF NJOJTUFSJBM
MFWFM XJUI UIF 'PSFJHO .JOJTUFS BOE PO UIF UFDIOJDBM
MFWFMXJUIJOUIFOFHPUJBUJPOTUFBN:FUBGUFSUIF
'PSFJHO.JOJTUFSXBTTJEFMJOFEBOEIJTSPMFXBTPCTDVSFE
CZUIFOVDMFBSOFHPUJBUPSoVOUJMTFFCFMPX