Cryptogam Biodiversity and Assessment Vol. (1), No. (1), e-ISSN :2456-0251
Paper Received : 15th December 2015
Paper Accepted : 20th March 2016
D.O.I.
- 10.21756/cba.v1i1.11015
Mushroom Diversity of Chitarpur Coal-Mine Area of Latehar District in
Jharkhand State, India
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Ramakanta Mishra , Purnendu Narayan Mishra , Sandeep Kumar Nayak , Ashirbad
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Mohapatra and Kunja Bihari Satapathy
Abstract
Mushroom is the fleshy, spore bearing fruiting body of fungus commonly used as food. In highly populated country like India, natural
food resources like edible mushrooms are depleting day by day and there is possibility of extinction of many mushroom species in near
future. Therefore a comprehensive study is necessary for data base conservation strategy and nutritional value evaluation of these wild
edible fungi. The present study encompasses survey, collection, identification and ethno-mycological information of edibility and
assessment of the nutritional value of mushrooms growing in Chitarpur area located in Latehar district of Jharkhnd state embellished with
wide diversified mushrooms. A total of 70 number of species were documented by denoting their morphological identifying characters,
fruiting bodies and their spores. These species come under 26 families and 45 genera; out of which 28 were lignophilous, 4 coprophilous,
32 chersophilous and 6 pedophilous mushrooms. Of these 15 were found to be edible while 38 were non-edible and 17 unknown as regards
to the nature of their edibility. As regards to important families, Agaricaceae and Polyporaceae were the largest family represented by 10
species each followed by, Russulaceae with 5 and Marasmiaceae with 4 species. Among the prominent genera Agaricus, Lepiota,
Leucocoprinus, Marasmius, Mycena and Lactarius were found to be dominant. Amanita muscuaria and Amanita multisquamosa were the
two most poisonous species of mushrooms surveyed in the study site.
Key words: Mushroom, Diversity, Chitarpur, Latehar district, Jharkhand, India
Lepiota genus where all others have smaller dimension.
The mushroom has an umbrella shaped cap called pilius
having cuticle and scales. Underneath of cap mushroom has
gills which are comb shaped. The stem of mushroom is
called stipe or stalk and the upper portion of which
surrounds the stipe and at bottom of stipe there exist scales
and volva. The base of the mushroom is usually attached
with substratum. The fruit body which actually develops
from fungal mycelium is called “carpophores” or
“sporophore”and like all other fruit it‫׳‬s meant for
reproduction.
Introduction
Mushrooms are saprophytic macro-fungi which use
lingocellulosic waste into proteinaceous body which may
be edible or non-edible. It is reported that there are more
than 10,000 species of mushrooms and 700 of them are
considered edible. Of these less than 25 species are widely
used for food and about dozen of them are cultivated
through farming. Edible mushrooms are protein rich food
and hence known as vegetarian's meat. On the contrary
some mushrooms are non-edible and sometimes kill human
life. Man has used mushroom since time immemorial.
North Americans used macro-fungi for belt, hair dress,
chewing gum, soap and perfumes. Mushrooms being used
as food for centuries before have already been reported.
Many of the mushrooms are edible and have high
nutritional and energy values (Härkönen et al., 2003).
Mushrooms range in size from pin like species like Mycena
and Marasmius to puffballs having maximum of 6 feet in
circumference. Lepiota procera sometimes has a cap size of
7 inches diameter and stem of 20 inches. This is unusual in
The present study was conducted in the coal mine area
of Chitarpur of Latehar district in the state of Jharkhand,
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India located at 23 44ʹ 44ʹʹ N latitude and 84 46ʹ 07ʹʹ E
longitude. Most of the places surveyed in said area were
recognized as crop fields, wastelands and forest including
high altitude grass lands being maintained and governed by
Jharkhand State Forest Department. The forest types
included evergreen forest, semi evergreen forest, scrubby
forests, and grasslands. Major vegetational pattern of the
1
Plant Systematics Laboratory, P.G. Department of Botany, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, 751004, Odisha, India
Sri Jayadev College of Education & Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Email: [email protected]
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myresearchjournals.com
Mishra et al.
Table 1. List of mushrooms found in Chitarpur coalmine area, Jharkhand, India
Sl.No.
Scientific name
Family
Agaricaceae
Edible/Non edible
1.
Agaricus bisporous (J.E.Lange) Emil J. Imbach
2.
Agaricus campestris L.
Agaricaceae
Edible
Chersophilous
3.
Boletus impolitus Fries
Boletaceae
Edible
Chersophilous
4.
Calvatia cyathiformis (Bosc.) Morgan
Lycoperdaceae
Edible
Chersophilous
5.
Calvatia utriformis (Bull.) Jaap.
Lycoperdaceae
Edible
Chersophilous
6.
Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst
Ganoder maceae
Edible
Lignophilous
7.
Lactarius rasimus (Fr.)Fr.
Russulaceae
Edible
Lignophilous
8.
Lepiota americana Pk.
Agaricaceae
Edible
Coprophilous
9.
Lepista luscina (Fr. ex Fr.) Sing.
Tricholomataceae
Edible
Pedophilous
10.
Macrolepiota procera Scop. ex Fr
Lepiotaceae
Edible
Lignophilous
11.
Microporous xanthopus P. Beav
Polyporaceae
Edible
Lignophilous
12.
Pholiota nameco (T. Ito) S. Ito & S. Imai
Strophariaceae
Edible
Lignophilous
13.
Pleurotus djamer (Rumph. ex Fr.) Boedijn
P leurotaceae
Edible
Lignophilous
14.
Termitomyces medius R. Heim
Lyophyllaceae
Edible
Chersophilous
15.
Volvoriella volvaceae (Bul. ex Fr.) Singer
P luteaceae
Edible
Chersophilous
16.
Agaricus trisulpharatus Berk
Agaricaceae
Non edible
Lignophilous
17.
Agrocybe praecox (Pers) Fauod
Strophariaceae
Non edible
Lignophilous
18.
Amanita multisquamosa P eck
Amanitaceae
Non edible
Chersophilous
19.
Amanita muscuaria (L. ) La m.
Amanitaceae
Non edible
Chersophilous
20.
Amanita phalloides (Valliant) Link
Amanitaceae
Non edible
Chersophilous
21.
Bjerkandera adusta (Willd.) P.Karst
Haplopilaceae
Non edible
Chersophilous
22.
Coniophora puteana (Schum.ex Fries) Karst
Boletaceae
Non edible
Chersophilous
23.
Coprinus disseminates (Pers) Gray
Coprinaceae
Non edible
Chersophilous
24.
Dacryopinax spathularia Schweien & G.W.
Martin
Dacrymycetaceae
Non edible
Chersophilous
25.
Daldinia concentric (Bolton) Cesati & de Notaris Xylariaceae
Non edible
Chersophilous
26.
Grifola frondosa Dicks. ex Fr.
Meripilaceae
Non edible
Lignophilous
27.
Hydnum repandum L.
Hydnaceae
Non edible
Lignophilous
28.
Lactarius deliciosus (L.) Gra y
Russulaceae
Non edible
Lignophilous
29.
Lentinus polychrous Lev.
Polyporaceae
Non edible
Lignophilous
30.
Leucocoprinus cretatus Bull.
Agaricaceae
Non edible
Lignophilous
31.
Marasmius capillaris Morgan
Marasmiaceae
Non edible
Lignophilous
32.
Marasmius haematocephalus (Mont.) Fr
Marasmiaceae
Non edible
Coprophilous
33.
Marasmius oreadus (Bolton) Fr.
Marasmiaceae
Non edible
Lignophilous
34.
Marasmius rotula (Scop) Fr.
Marasmiaceae
Non edible
Coprophilous
35.
Mitrula phaloides Fr.
Helotiaceae
Non edible
Lignophilous
36.
Mollisia cineria (Batsch) P. Karst
Hymenocheataceae
Non edible
Lignophilous
37.
Mycena bellie (Johnst.) P .D. Orton
Mycenaceae
Non edible
Lignophilous
38.
Phelinus tuberculosus (Baumg.) Nie mela
Hymenocheataceae
Non edible
Lignophilous
39.
Pleurotus eryngyi (DC.) Quel
P leurotaceae
Non edible
Lignophilous
40.
Pluteus podospileus Sacc. & Cub.
P luteaceae
Non edible
Lignophilous
22
Edible
Habitat
Chersophilous
Cryptogam Biodiversity and Assessment
Sl.No.
Scientific name
41.
Polyporus alveolaris (DC.) Bondartsev &
Amp.
42.
43.
Family
Edible/Non edible
Habitat
Polyporaceae
Non edible
Lignophilous
Psathyrella piluliformis (Bull. ) P.D. Orton
P sathyrellaceae
Non edible
Chersophilous
Psathyrella prona (Fr.) Gillet
P sathyrellaceae
Non edible
Chersophilous
44.
Pycnoporus cinnabarium (Jacq.) Fr.
Polyporaceae
Non edible
Chersophilous
45.
Resupinatus cinerascens (Cleland) Grgur.
Tricholomataceae
Non edible
Pedophilous
46.
Russula aurea Pers.
Russulaceae
Non edible
Chersophilous
47.
Russula integra (Britzelam.) Singer
Russulaceae
Non edible
Chersophilous
48.
Russula sanguinaria (Velen.) Bon
Russulaceae
Non edible
Chersophilous
49.
Schizophyllum commune F ries Spirin and
Zmitr
Schozophyllaceae
Non edible
Pedophilous
50.
Termitomyces microcarpus (Berk. and
Broome) Heim
Lyophyllaceae
Non edible
Chersophilous
51.
Trametes suaveolens (L.) Fr.
Polyporaceae
Non edible
Chersophilous
52.
Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd.
Polyporaceae
Non edible
Chersophilous
53.
Trametopsis cervina (Schwein.) Tomsovsky
Polyporaceae
Non edible
Chersophilous
54.
Agaricus placomyces Peck
Agaricaceae
Not known
Lignophilous
55.
Agaricus silvicola (Vittad) Peck.
Agaricaceae
Not known
Lignophilous
56.
Bovista longispora Kreise
Lycoperdaceae
Not known
Chersophilous
57.
Chlorophylum molybditis (G.May.) Massee
Agaricaceae
Not known
Pedophilous
58.
Coniophora puteana (Schum.ex Fries) Karst
Boletaceae
Not known
Chersophilous
59.
Coprinopsis lagopus (Fr. Readhead) Vilgalys
& Moncalvo
P sathyrellaceae
Not known
Chersophilous
60.
Coprinus comatus (O.F.Mull.) Pers.
Coprinaceae
Not known
Chersophilous
61.
Entoloma unicolar (Perk) Hesler
Entolomaceae
Not known
Chersophilous
62.
Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw.) P.Karst.
Polyporaceae
Not known
Chersophilous
63.
Ganoderma austral (Fr) Pat.
Ganoder maceae
Not known
Lignophilous
64.
Lepiota viriditincta (Berk. & Broome) Sacc.
Agaricaceae
Not known
Coprophilous
65.
Leucocoprinus birnbaumi (Corda) Singer
Agaricaceae
Not known
Pedophilous
66.
Panellus stipticus (Bull.) Karst.
Mycenaceae
Not known
Lignophilous
67.
Polyporus arcularius (Batsch. ) Fr.
Polyporaceae
Not known
Lignophilous
68.
Polyporus squamosus (Huds.) Fr.
Polyporaceae
Not known
Lignophilous
69.
Tricholoma boudieri Barla
Tricholomataceae
Not known
Pedophilous
70.
Xylaria longipis Nitschke
Xylariaceae
Not known
Chersophilous
locality included paddy fields and the other dominant plants
encountered were Dalbergia sissoo and Acacia
auriculiformis. The season of the annual rainfall is during
June to October. Thus humidity varies from 55% during dry
months to 99% during monsoon period. Annual rainfall
measured during last 10 years is in the range of 1200
–1400mm. The mean daily maximum temperature varies
between 22.8°C (July) and 46.5°C (April) and the mean
daily minimum temperature ranges from 13.2°C (Jan) to
19.8°C (May).
Materials and methods
An extensive survey of the area was conducted to
collect the mushroom species available in the area during
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Mishra et al.
2012-13.The specimens were carefully uprooted by gently
lifting them up and holding the stipe gently but firmly close
to the rhizomorph, thus carrying some soil along with it in
order to avoid the of damaging the tissues. Each specimen
was carefully labeled before transporting to the laboratory.
The specimens were kept in transparent polythene bags. As
the identification of mushroom is important for study so
macroscopic characteristics such as shape, size, colour,
colour change on bruising or ageing, taste, odour etc. were
recorded. The cap shape, cap diameter, stipe shape, stipe
length, attachment of gill with stipe was recorded by
selecting a mature and healthy individual mushroom. Other
field characters like mycelium is present at base or not,
exudation of white or other coloured latex and other special
characters were noted. Ecological characteristics viz.,
nature of forest, tree composition, association,
physiographic factors (altitudinal range, slope) and
edapho-climatic status of the location site were recorded.
Fungal fruiting bodies (sample) were observed and
photograph in the natural habitat of mushroom was taken.
Samples were kept in separate paper bags to avoid mixing
and were taken to the laboratory. Since spore prints of the
collected mushroom is another confirmatory part of
mushroom identification, simultaneously a spore print was
prepared by placing the pileus downwards where a black
and white paper (half white and half black) was covered
with bell jar (Singer, 1975, Grimes, 1994).The spore prints
were dried and preserved for further studies. Identification
was made on the basis of critical observations of the
specimens and perusal of relevant literature (Arora, 1986;
Hesler & Smith, 1979; Singer, 1986; Moller, 1950, 1952;
Kuo, 2003; Natarajan , Raman, 1983; Natarajan et al., 2005;
Orton, Watling, 1979; Lincoff, 1981; Phillips, 1991;
Watling , Gregory, 1980). Collected specimens were dried,
preserved in paper or polythene bags and acceti (Atri , Saini,
2000; Atri et al., 2003). All the basidiomycetean fruiting
Fig.1. Genera-wise distribution of mushroom found
in Latehar, Jharkhand, India
Fig. 2. Habitat of mushroom found in Latehar,
Jharkhand, India
Fig. 3. Family-wise distribution of mushroom found
Fig. 4. Edibility of mushroom found in Latehar,
Jharkhand, India
in Latehar, Jharkhand, India
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Cryptogam Biodiversity and Assessment
body collected were mostly dried in open air and preserved
by using Chlorobenzene and formalin-glycerol-ethanol. All
the specimen identified were deposited in the herbarium at
P. G. De pa rtm e nt o f Bo tan y, U tk a l Un iv ers i ty,
Bhubaneswar for further references.
Mushrooms in and around Bangalore (Karnataka), India.
American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 12 (6): 750759.
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Result and discussion
A total number of 70 species were documented by
denoting their morphological identifying characters,
fruiting bodies and the nature of their spores (Table 1). All
the mushroom species collected during the present
investigation were found to be included under 26 families
and 45 genera; out of which 28 were identified as
lignophilous, 4 coprophilous, 32 chersophilous and 6
pedophilous mushrooms. Of all the identified species 15
were found to be edible while 38 were non-edible and 17
were unknown as regards to their edibility. So far the
important families are concerned, Agaricaceae and
Polyporaceae were recorded as the largest family
represented by 10 species followed by Russulaceae with 5
and Marasmiaceae with 4 species.
Atri N S, Kaur A and Saini S S (2000). Taxonomic Studies on
Agaricus from Punjab Plains. Indian J Mushroom 18: 614.
Bankole P O and Adekunle A A (2012). Studies on Biodiversity
of some Mushrooms collected in Lagos State, Nigeria using
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The Mambo Woodlands of Selous-Niassa Wildile Corridor
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Conclusion
As this investigation is a biodiversity survey and
intended to bio-document the wild variety of mushrooms in
Latehar district of Jharkhand, documentation of cultivated
mushrooms of the area were excluded from the whole data.
The extensive survey of the study area during the present
investigation revealed a wide diversity of wild mushrooms
which were collected and documented. Some samples of
mushrooms collected were found to be unique and different
in morphological features being recorded from other parts
of the state of Jharkhand. Difficulties have been
experienced in identifying some of the mushrooms
collected from these areas as they are differently coloured
among the variety of the same species. Therefore, the
biochemical screening might be required to provide some
clues to solve the taxonomic problems encountered during
identification of some of the collected voucher specimens
from these areas.
Das K, Atri N S, Buyck B (2013). Three new species of Russula
(Russulales) from Sikkim, India. Mycosphere 4(4):
722–732.
Dwivedi S, Kumar M, Chauhan U K and Pandey AK (2012).
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Biodiversity of Central India. Biodiversitas 11: 97-101.
Kaur M, Atri N S and Kaur H. (2013). Diversity of potentially
edible Agaricus from Punjab. Indian Mushroom
Conference, Ludhiana. pp- 6.
Khatun S, Islam A, Cakilcioglu U, Chatterjee N C (2011).
Research on Mushroom as a potential source of
Nutraceuticals: A Review on Indian Perspective.
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