Printed in 1963 in the Workshops of the
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization,
Place de Fontenoy. Pa~is-7~.
France
ST/S/ 8
SS 62.XVI. 8 A
0 Unesco 1963
UnescojST/S/ 8 Corr.
Paris, 31 May 1963
Original :English
Statistics O R Radio and Television
1950-1968
CORRIGENDUM
Page
Table
43
45
1
Chile
Column 9, delete footnotes 7, insert 6
1
India
Column 6 second line, delete 9, insert 59
7
Saudi Arabia
Second column, insert September 1957
7
N e w Zealand
Second column, insert E n d of 1961
75
76
Country
ADDENDUM
Country pres en tation
T h e designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication
do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Unesco
Secretariat concerning the legal status of any country or territory, or of its
authorities, or concerning the delimitation of the frontiers of any country or
territory.
statistics
on radio
and
television
-
1950 1960
unesco
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
I .
RADIO BROADCASTING
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.Organization . . . . . . .
2.Radio broadcasting transmitters
3.Radio broadcasting receivers .
I1 .
TELEVISION BROADCASTING . . .
4.Organization . . . . . . . .
5.Television broadcasting transmitters
6.Television broadcasting receivers .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
111-RADIOANDTELEVISIONBROADCASTINGPROGRAMMES
7.Radio broadcasting programmes . . . . .
8.Suggestion for an international classification
of radio broadcasting programmes . . . .
9.Television broadcasting programmes . . .
IV-STATISTICALTABLES
5
5
6
11
18
18
20
22
. . . . . . . . . . 27
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
A .Radio broadcasting :
1. Number of transmitters and total transmitting power: 1950. 1960 . . . . . . . . 38
2. Total number of receivers and receivers per 1 000 inhabitants : 1950. 1960 . . . . 50
3. Total number of receivers and receivers per 1 000 inhabitants
(in selected countries) : 1950 1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4. Total number of wired receivers : 1950. 1955 and 1960 . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5. Composition of domestic radio broadcasting programmes according
to national classifications. during a typical week in 1959 . . . . . . . . . . 61
6. Percentage of time devoted to news. music and other types of programmes ;
from total broadcast time during a typical week in 1959. . . . . . . . . . . 69
-
B .Television broadcasting :
7. Total number of transmitters in operation for regular and
experimental broadcasts : 1953. 1958. 1960. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
8. Total number of receivers and receivers per 1 000 inhabitants : 1953. 1958. 1960 . . 77
9. Total number of receivers and receivers per 1000 inhabitants
(in selected countries) : 1950 and I953 1960. . . . . . . . . . . . . . BO
10.Composition of television broadcasting programmes according to
national classifications. during a typical week in 1960. . . . . . . . . . . 83
-
.
INTRODUCTION
T h e impact that broadcasting has in the life of modern societies is an object of great interest, which creates
in turn an ever-growing need for statistics concerning the utilization of this powerful instrument as a medium
for the dissemination of information, enlightenment and entertainment.
Statistical information on radio and television broadcasting facilities has been included in various Unesco
reports Since 1952, data on the number of radio receivers and, since 1954, data on the number of television
receivers have been published in the Unesco Basic Facts and Figures. These data have also been reproduced
each year in the United Nations Statistical Yearbook.
T h e Unesco statistical questionnaire on radio and television broadcasting (ST/Q/40), sent to all countries
in 1959, requested data on radio and television ttansmitters and receivers for the years 1950- 1959, and
information on broadcast programmes for 1959. T w o other questionnaires, S T / Q / 4 1 and ST/Q/53, distributed
in 1960 and 1961, asked for up-to-date figures on all mass media facilities including radio and television.
T h e present report is based on the information thus collected, supplemented by figures obtained from
2
national publications, international sources and from publications of non-governmental professional organizations specialized in radio and television broadcasting matters. Often, data even from the same sources are
contradictory and consequently difficult to evaluate. T h e accuracy of the data varies widely; in some cases
they are estimates of approximative value only.
T h e report is concerned with broadcasting as defined by the International Telecommunications Union, that
is, a radio communication service (including sound and television) in which the transmissions are intended
for direct reception by the general public.
T h e purpose of this report is to present statistics concerning broadcasting transmitting and receiving
facilities for the period 1950- 1960. (In a number of cases data for 1961 were included.) A tentative suggestion
for the classification of radio broadcast programmes by content is also included.
T h e report consists of four parts :Section I deals with radio broadcasting (transmitters and receivers);
Section I1 with television broadcasting (transmitters and receivers) ;Section 111 with radio and television
programmes ; Section IV includes statistical tables.
Comments are solicited from readers concerning either the statistics presented in this report or the proposed
classification of radio broadcast programmes. T h e y should be addressed to :
'.
T h e Statistical Division
Department of Social Sciences
Unesco,
Place de Fontenoy,
Paris 7e
T h e following symbols are used in the tables :
Data not available
Magnitude nil
Provisional
...
-
*
Not applicable
1. Unesco. Series of Technical reports on the facilities of mass communications (press, film, radio) Volumes I - V , 19471951. World Communications, 1950, 1951, 1956. Television. A world survey, 1953 ; Supplement, 1955. Various reports
on the Development of information media in the developing countries. 1959-1961.
2. European Broadcasting Union, EBU Reviews. Part A (technical), Brussels ; and part B (generaland juridical), Geneva.
International Telecommunication Union. Journals UIT, Geneva.
International Radio and Television Organization, ,OIRT documentation and information bulletins, Prague.
1.. RADIO BROADCASTING
1. ORGANIZATION
No statistical survey of radio broadcasting would be complete without a review, however brief, of the different
types of organization and control of broadcasting services throughout the world.
Broadcasting in all countries is subject to special government regulations, but while in some countries
there is a tendency to consider domestic broadcasting as a public service, in other countries systems are
based on the principle of private enterprise. There are great variety of forms in each of these two main categories. In some cases an integral combination of both methods has been chosen. International broadcasting is
nearly always under direct government control or supervision.
For the practical purposes of a world survey, the various types of domestic radio broadcasting systems
have been classified in the following three main groups :
(a) Broadcasting as a public service
Broadcasting organized on a non-commercial basis and largely financed through licence fees and /or government subsidies ; although some countries may include a limited amount of commercial advertising. Services
may be operated :
(i) Under direct State control as a national institution or government department. Within this category come
the majority of countries in Africa (e.g. Ghana, Madagascar, Tunisia, UAR : Egypt, Uganda) ; in Asia (e.g.
Afghanistan,Mainland China, India, Nepal, Turkey) ; in Europe (e.g. Austria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark,
France, Greece, Yugoslavia); in Qceania (e.g. American Samoa, Br. Solomon Islands,Tonga) ;as also in the
USSR.
(ii) Ay a public corporation, under State control but enjoying a certain degree of operational independence,
including independence with respect to the arrangement of programmes and administration. Characteristic
examples of this type of organization are provided by Belgium, Finland, Federal Republic of Germany, Italy,
South 'Africa,Sweden, Switzerland,United Kingdom.
(b) Radio broadcasting as a private enterprise.
Broadcasting carried out by commercial companies entirely financed by income from advertising (e.g. Andorra,
Cominican Republic, Luxembourg, Macau, Monaco, Surinam), or including also private concerns operated on a
non-commercial basis such as stations belonging to universities,religious associations, and other nonprofit-makinginstitutions (e.g. Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Honduras, Liberia, Mozambique)..
(c) Combined systems.
(i) Radio broadcasting mainly based on the principle of private commercial enterprise, but including Stateoperated stations. Such systems may include private stations operated on a non-commercial basis and publicly
owned stations operated on a commercial basis.. T h e United States of America and most of the Latin
IAmerican countries QArgentina,Bolivia, Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Paraguay,
Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela), come into this group.
(ii) Radio broadcasting as a public service (either under direct State control or operated by a public corporation), with a parallel system of commercial radio. A s examples of the coexistence of government operated
and private broadcasting may be cited Hong Kong, Republic of Korea, Philippines, Thailand, Portugal, Spain.
5
Examples of the coexistence of public corporations and private companies are found in Australia, Canada,
i d Japan. In Canad-a the broadcasting system is a unique combination of public and private elements
governed by a single regulating authority.
Table A below shows the number of countries using the various main types of domestic radio broadcasting
organization in the six continental areas of the world.
A. Distribution of countries according
to main types of domestic
radio broadcasting system (around 1960) by continents
Government
Total
number of
countries
Continent
Africa
America, North
America, South
Asia (excl. USSR)
Europe (incl. USSR)
Oceania
World total
contra'
ofCoexistence
government
Private
Or
(or public)
public
corporation
enterprise
48
41
4
3
24
14
8
9
5
3
3
7
7
17
2
31
26
14
1
2
2
174
122
25
27
40
31
and private
enterprise
6
In most countries of the world broadcasting is operated as a public service ; in more than two-thirds broadcasting is under government control or operated as a public corporation and in one-sixth there is a combination of government and private enterprises.
In virtually all European countries broadcasting is a public service. In the Americas, the tendency is to
entrust the exploitation of broadcasting to private commercial enterprise.
It m a y be estimated that at least 30 countries where broadcasting is organized as a public service devote
some programme time to commercial advertising (e.g. Austria, Ceylon, Israel, Italy, Poland, Federation of
Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Rumania, UAR :Egypt).
2. RADIO BROADCASTING TRANSMITTERS
Radio transmitters are characterized by the frequency and wave bands in which they operate within the radio
spectrum. T h e frequency of a transmitter is measured in kilocycles per second (Kc/s) and megacycles per
second (Mc/s) 1. Wavelengths are measured in metres and divided into the following groups :long, medium,
short and ultra-short wave bands. T h e frequency ranges set aside for broadcasting by international agreement,
and their corresponding equivalents in wave lengths are given below
’.
Frequency
(Kc/s or Mc/s)
150 to
285 Kc/s
535 to 1605 Kc/s
2 300 to 27 500 Kc/s
30 to
960 Mc/s
Wavelength
(in metres)
1050 to 2 000
l85to
11 to
1 to
560
130
10
Designation
L o n g wave
Medium wave
Short wave
Ultra-short wave
1. A kilocycle is 1 000 cycles ; a megacycle 1 000 000 cycles.
2. International Telecommunications Union. Radio Regulations (Additional radio regulations. Additional orotocol, Resolutions and recommendations), Geneva, 1959.
3. As the velocity of propagation of radio waves through space is about 300 000 000 metres per second frequencies can
easily be converted to wave lengths (and vice versa) by the following formula :
300 000 000
wave length (metres per second)
4. The
frequency band
=
frequency (cycles per second)
2 300 to 5 060 Kc/s, that is, 59 to 130 metres, is allocated for broadcasting in the tropical zone.
6
Table I in section IV gives data for two years : 1950 and 1959 (or 1360) on the number of radio broadcasting
transmitters and their total transmitting power in Kw. T h e y are classified according to the frequency bands
used, as long wave, medium wave, short wave and ultra-short wave transmitters. Acolumn is added giving information concerning the type of organization of the broadcasting service :whether controlled by the government
or a public corporation, or based on the principle of private enterprise, or whether both systems are in use.
Figures relate to transmitters (or to broadcasting stations, which m a y consist of one or more transmitters).
T h e date of the count m a y vary from country to country.
In interpreting the figures it must not be forgotten that data on transmitters cannot reflect the importance of
broadcasting in some areas. T h e power of transmitters m a y vary widely, and in several countries there are many
low-powered transmitters whose broadcasting coverage is limited. Also in some other countries, transmitters
are unevenly distributed, being concentrated in one or a few cities, leaving vast rural areas without adequate
services.
Taking into account the limitations of the data as above mentioned, world estimates of the distribution of
broadcasting transmitters are given in table B below. Data are provided as a rough measurement of the utilization of radio broadcasting transmitting facilities in the various regions of the world.
B. Distribution
Africa
America, North
America, South
Asia (excl. USSR)
Europe (incl.
Oceania
World totals
USSR)
Countries with the following numbers of transmitters
Total
number of
countries
0
1
2 to 5
G to 20
21 to 50
'1950
1960
55
55
23
7
14
7
11
25
6
12
4
1950
1960
25
25
4
5
2
4
6
3
6
1
1
5
5
4
2
2
1950
1960
14
14
1
1
3
3
1
1
2
1
6
6
2
1950
1960
40
40
-5
9
3
12
18
9
2
9
6
1950
1960
34
34
23
23
-1
8
13
9
5
1
-
7
4
1950
1960
20
20
10
3
5
9
3
6
1950
1960
188
188
46
14
34
22
41
63
Year
Continent
of countries according to the number of radio broadcasting
transmitters in use, by continents
(I 950 2nd around 1960)
5
51 to 200
Mor;&han
1
32
36
1
1
1
1
17
20
15
24
1
3
9
1. Present boundaries.
2. Liechtenstein, Malta and Gozo, San Marino.
-
~~
-
_
.
From table B it may be seen that in 1950 about 50 countries, half of which are in Africa, had no broadcasting
transmitting facilities, and that over 30 countries had only one transmitter. Around 1960, at least 14 countries
had no radio transmitter and 22 others had only one transmitter, representing altogether about 20 per cent of
the total number of countries included in this survey, but covering only less than 1 per cent of the world
population.
All countries in Europe, except Liechtenstein, Malta and Gozo and San Marino, have local broadcasting
services.
It is interesting to note the significant changes that took place during the period under review in the two
extreme classes : the number of countries with more than 200 transmitters tripled and the number without
transmitters decreased-nearly to one-third.
7
Table C,which follows, presents world and continental estimates of the total number of radio broadcasting
transmitters in use and their total transmitting power. For 1950 it was not possible to show estimates of the
total transmitting power for North America, as data for the United States were not available. 1950 and 1960
estimates of transmitting power exclude the USSR and Mainland China.
C. Estimated number of radio broadcasting transmitters and
total transmitting power, by continents
(I 950 and around 1960)
Atound 1960
1950
Continent
Africa
America, North
America, South
Asia (excl. USSR)
Europe (excl. USSR)
Oceania
USSR
World totals
1.
2.
Total power of
transmitters
(in Kw)
Total
number of
transmitters
140
1100
To tal
number of
transmitters
350
3 600
...
800
200
2 800
'2 100
1
: 000
800
100
....
2 600
250
400
5 900
...
12 400
450
560
5 700
1 900
1200
Total power of
transmitters
(in Kw)
5 000
32 000
7 500
9 000
40 000
1 700
...
95 000
Excluding Mainland China
Excluding USSR and Mainland China
From table C it can be seen that there were more than 12 thousand radio broadcasting transmitters in the
world around 1960 and that the number had more than doubled in the preceding ten years. Europe (including
the USSR) compared with all continents made the greatest headway, more than quadrupling its total number of
transmitters. North America increased by 60 per cent. T h e number of transmitters almost tripled in Asia and
more than doubled in South America and Africa. T h e lowest increase, of about 25 per cent,was in Oceania.
T h e total transmitting power more than quadrupled in Africa and Asia (excluding Mainland China); almost
tripled in South America and Europe (excluding the USSR); and doubled in Oceania, from 1950 to 1960.
Around 1960, Europe, though in second place as to number of transmitters (24per cent of the world total),
is the leading continent with respect to total transmitting power (42 per cent of the world total). North America,
being in the first place as to the number of transmitters (46per cent) accounted for 34 per cent of the world
total power of radio transmitters.
World estimates concerning the classification of radio transmitters according to the different wave bands in
which they operate could not be calcplated because data available were not suitable for these purposes. H o w ever, data have permitted some estimates concerning ultra-short wave transmitters.
Ultra-short wave bands have come into large-scale use for broadcasting only in recent years. Most frequency
modulation transmitters1operate within this band. In 1950 there were about 800 radio broadcasting transmitters
using these'bandsin six countries :United States, 749 ; FederaI Republic of Germany,-l9 ; Canada, 5 ; Italy, 8 ;
Denmark, 2 ; Belgium, 1 .
Around 1960 there were approximately 2 500 ultra-short wave transmitters operated in 39 countries .These
countries were distributed as follows :4 in Africa ; 7 in North America ; 2 in South America ; 5 in Asia ; and 21
in Europe (including USSR).
.
1.
Frequency modulation (FM),a type of modulation which makes transmissions with much greater clarity of sound possible.
8
Graph
I.
Distribution of radio broadcasting transmitters by continent
Estimated percentages : 1960
a. Number of transmitters
t
3%
OCEANIA 2 %
b. Total transmitting power (Kw.)
-t
-AFRICA
OCEANIA 2%
9
5%
T h e following countries had ultra-short wave transmitters with a total transmitting power of more than 30 KW,
around 1960;
D. Countries operating ultra-short waue transmitters having a total
transmitting power of more than 30 KW , around 1960
Number of ultrashort wave
transmitters
Country
Total transmitting
power
817
United States of 'America
Germany, Federal Republic of
United Kingdom
Austria
Yugoslavia
155
126
28
8
(in KW)
12 637
3 775
1 260
746
741
44
Finland
Sweden
Denmark
Netherlands
Canada
35
8
12
89
872
22
9
43
637
595
360
283
237
Japan
5
210
143
59
48
41
Brazil
54
34
Italy
Germany, Eastern
Spain
Switzerland
Tables E and F show the countries in which there were more than 100 radio broadcasting transmitters operating
around 1360, and the countries in which the total transmitting power of such transmitters w a s more than
1 000 Kw :
E.
Countries
United States of :America
Italy
Brazil
USSR
Mexico
Canada
JapanSpain
C o 1o m bi a
Germany, Federal Republic of
Countries with more- than 100 radio broadcasting
transmitters,around 1960
Number of
transmitters
Countries
4 281
1 003
924
407
377
363
358
318
281
236
10
Number of
transmitters
United Kingdom
Cuba
!Australia
Ecuador
Philippines
222
190
185
China, (Taiwan)
Austria
China, (Mainland)
125
120
105
135
127
F. Countries with more than 1 000 KW total trans-
mitting power for radio broadcasting around 1960
C o u n trie s
United States of IAmerica
United Kingdom
Germany, Federal Republic of
France
Canada
Transmitting
power in KW
Transmitting
power in KW
C o unt r i e s
24 184
5 740
5 571
3 849
3 305
Poland
Sweden
Colombia
1831
1 824
1 736
Egypt
Austria
India
Australia
Finland
1 604
1 507
1 373
1 276
1 267
Hungary
Argentina
Spain
1236
1 057
1012
Brazil
Mexico
Japan
Yugoslavia
Czechoslovakia
2 870
2 800
2 480
2 154
2 135
Italy
Germany, Eastern
2 082
1 935
The highest transmitting power totals for radio broadcasting are found in the United States, Canada, 13 European countries, 4 countries in Latin America, 2 in Asia, 1 in Africa and 1 in Oceania.
On the other hand there are at least 15 countries (of which the majority are in Africa). which have only 1
transmitter of 0,5 KW or less.
3. RADIO BROADCASTING RECEIVERS
Much more accurate seatistical information concerning the utilization of radio receivers in different areas, in
terms of the numbers of families with radio listening facilities, can be obtained by listener survey methods
(censuses or annual surveys).. Such statistics, however, are compiled only in a limited number of countries
{e.g. Canada, United Kingdom, United States)..
Unfortunately, for the majority of countries,statistics on radio broadcasting facilities are available from
secondary sources only. Such statistics give information on : a) number of licences issued (or, in a few cases,
number ofdeclarationsmade) in countries where the owners of radio receivers are leg-allyrequiredto pay alicence
fee or to declare possession of receivers;b) estimated number of receivers in use in countries without a
licence system, based on the number of sets produced, imported or sold ; c) number of subscribers to wired
broadcasting systems where such systems are in use.1
I
Available statistics do not usually distinguish between the various types of receiving sets. Thus, data may
cover all types of sets ranging from those equipped for receiving very high and ultra-high frequencies to primitive crystal sets or merely loudspeakers connected to a wired broadcasting network. Moreover such statistics
rarely indicate whether the receivers in question are installed in private homes,in automobiles, or in public
places, whether they are portable sets, etc.
Data on radio receivers given in the tables in Section IV refer either to the number of licences issued (or,
in a few cases, to the number of declarations made) or to the estimated number of receivers in use, these
categories being distinguished by the code letters " L " and I' R It respectively. Licence numbers may fail in
various ways to represent the actual number of receivers in use, since one licence may cover more than one
set in the same household and very often the number of receivers owned illicitly may be large. On the other
hand, estimates of the number of receivers in use also vary in reliability.
1. Wired broadcasting (also called radio distribution or relay exchange ) is a system whereby listeners receive programmes by wire, rather than direct by radio waves. T h e apparatus in the listener 's h o m e is simple and cheap, consisting only of a loudspeaker, but programme choice is, of course, restricted. T h e system has developed in some
countries in Western Europe, in Eastern Europe, in several U K Commonwealth territories, in s o m e Asian countries
such as Japan, and in the USSR.
11
In the tables the term '
radio receiver '
applies to all types of receivers for radio broadcasts to the public,
including wired receivers connected to a 'radio distribution system '
. T h e actual date to which the statistics
refer is not frequently mentioned ; data simply being given for a certain year. Thus, time reference m a y vary
from country to country.
In Section IV, table 2 presents data on the total number of receivers, and on receivers per 1 000 inhabitants
for the years 1950 and 1960 (or 1959); table 3 gives, for these countries for which comprehensive statistical
series were available, annual data for the years 1950-1360 inclusive ; and table 4 gives data on the number
of wired receivers for the years 1950, 1955 and 1960 (or 1959).
A s proviously noted the accuracy of the data varies, Figures for several countries in Africa, Asia and
Latin America, in particular, should be used with some caution.
Relative figures on number of sets per 1 000 population, as indicators of the utilization of radio receivers
m a y be misleading in some cases. Besides the diversity of methods used for obtaining the estimates on which
the rates are based, various environmental factors can, in fact, make for substantial differences in the actual
utilization of radio receivers in different areas. For instance, in a number of countries collective listening,
on an organized basis or otherwise,is developed to a certain extent (e.g. India, U A R :Egypt) and the total
number of receivers per 1 000 inhabitants m a y not give a proper measurement of the radio audiences. But it is
believed that, within the limits imposed by these reservations, ratios of number of sets per thousand inhabitants can be used as a rough measurement of the availability of radio receiving facilities.
Almost every country in the world has radio receivers, but vast areas are still inadequately equipped. Table
H presents informati on on the availability of radio receivers per 1 000 inhabitants for countries with more than
50 000 inhabitants.
G.
Year
Continent
Africa
America, North
America, South
Asia (excl.
USSR)
Europe (incl. USSR)
Oceania
Totals
Distribution of countries according to the number of radio receivers
per 1 000 inhabitants, by continents
(1 950 and around 1960)
Total
number of
countries
Numbers of countries with the following numbers
of receivers per 1 000 inhabitants
Up to 10
11-50
51-100
101-200
1950
1360
50
50
42
8
-
30
15
5
--
1950
1360
22
22
6
10
8
1
6
3
5
1950
1960
12
12
7
1
3
2
-
7
3
1
1950
1360
38
38
26
10
15
-
2
11
9
3
1950
1360
28
28
-1
6
1
1950
1960
9
9
4
2
1950
1960
159
159
79
44
43
42
12
1
2
2
7
17
5
9
4
6
2
1
-
2
2
1
2
2
10
32
16
19
11
22
In 1950,half of the countries considered in the survey had not more than 10 receivers per 1 000 inhabitants,
and around 1960,28 per cent of the countries (two-thirds of which were in Africa) were still in this category.
T h e number of countries in the group 11 50 receivers per 1 000 inhabitants remained almost the s a m e in the
two periods under consideration, but the actual composition of the group changed. There w a s an increase in
the number of African and Asian countries , a decrease in the number of countries in the Americas and Europe
(incl. USSR), no change being recorded in Oceania. T h e number of countries with more than 50 receivers per
1 000 inhabitants doubled in the period under review.
Table H presents in summary form estimates of the numbers of radio receivers in the world. Secause of the
inadequacy of the available statistics and the lack of current information for several areas the data should be
regarded as rough estimates only.
-
H. Estimated numbers
of radio receivers in use and of receivers
per 1 000 inhabitants, by continents
(1950 and around 1960)
1950
Continent
Africa
America, North
America, South
Asia (excl. USSR)
Europe (incl. USSR)
Oceania
World totals
Total
number
(million)
1.4
93
7
12
64
2.3
180
re'
cent of
world
total
Around 1960
Number of
receivers
per 1000
1
51
4
7
36
1
7
427
64
9
109
179
100
72
Total
number
(million)
5.3
190
15
30
140
3.3
385
Per cent of
world
total
Number of
receivers
per 1000
inhabitants
36
1
22
717
100
18
219
213
100
130
1
50
4
8
S o m e general conclusions may be drawn from tableH,subject to the reservation stated above concerning the
approximate nature of the data. T h e table shows that radio receivers in the world doubled in number from 1950
to 1960.T h e greatest rate of increase OccurredinlAfricaand Asia. Africa, with the lowest number of sets in
1950,almost quadrupled its total ; Asian countries almost tripled their total. In North America, Europe (incl.
USSR) and South America, the number of receivers doubled. T h e lowest r,te of increase w a s in Oceania.
In 1950 as well as in 1960 North America and Europe (including USSR) accounted for about 50 and 36
per cent respectively of the total number of receivers in the world. T h e rest of the world accounted for only
one-seventh.
Wired receivers (see footnote 1, page 11) are used in a number of countries. It is estimated that there were
more than 12 million wired receivers in the world in 1950 and about 40 million in 1960.Europe (including USSR)
accounted for almost all wired receivers (12 million in 1950 and 37 million around 1960). T h e greatest part
of the expansion took place in the USSR (from 9 685 000 in 1950 to 30 900 000 in 1960; see Section IV,
Table 4).
Around 1960 about 70 per cent of all sets in the USSR were wired, 40 per cent in Bulgaria, 35 per cent in
Rumania and Switzerland, 25 per cent in Poland, 15 per cent in the Netherlands and 10 per cent in
Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Japan. (See figures in Section IV, Table 4). It is also known that there are
large numbers of wired receivers in Mainland China, but data for this country were not available.
T h e United States has the highest number of radio receivers in the world, accounting for about half of
the world total ; next comes the USSR. Other countries with more than 8 million sets in 1960 were : Federal
Republic of Germany, United Kingdom, Japan, France, Canada and Italy. If the number of sets is related to
population, the leading countries among those with more than 200 receivers per 1 000 inhabitants are :United
States, Canada, Sweden, Denmark, Eastern Germany, Luxembourg and Federal Republic of Germany. (See tables
I and J page 16.) It will be noted that the United Kingdom, which is well served with radio facilities, is placed
tenth on the list of countries according to the number of sets per 1000 inhabitants. This m a y be due to the
fact that, as stated in previous paragraphs, data on the number of receivers related to population figures do not
always give a realistic picture.
Graph
II.
Total number of radio receivers, by continents:
1950 and 1960
(in millions)
200
1 50
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
NORTH
AMERICA
EUROPE
ASIA
(incl. USSR)
(excl. USSR)
SOUTH
AMERICA
14
AFRICA
OCEANIA
Graph
Ill.
Distribution of radio broadcasting receivers, by continents
Estimated percentages : 1950 and
1960
1950
I
4%
‘-AFRICA
1%
OCEANIA 1 %
1960
4%
OCEANIA 1 %
15
I.
Countries having more than 2 500 000 radio re
ceivers in 1960
Country
United States of [America
USSR
Germany, Federal Republic of
United Kingdom
Japan
J. Countries having more than 200 radio receivers
per 1 000 inhabitants in 1960
Total number of
radio receivers
(in thousands)
Country
168 500 (1959)
40 818 (1959)
16 441
15 163
12 410
France
Canada
Italy
China, (Mainland)
Germany, Eastern
10 981
Poland
Brazil
Czechoslovakia
Argentina
Mexico
5 268
*4570
3 530
3 500
3 300
Netherlands
Sweden
Spain
-
8 050
8 005
*7 000 (1959)
5 574
3 126
2 744
2 717
16
Number of radio
receivers per
1 000 inhabitants
United States of !America
Canada
Sweden
Denmark
Germany, Eastern
948 (1959)
452
367
332
323
Luxembourg
Germany, Federal Republic of
Uruguay
Belgium
United Kingdom
312
296
291
289
289
Norway
Iceland
Austria
Finland
Switzerland
285
284
279
276
273
Netherlands
Czechoslovakia
N e w Zealand
France
Australia
272
259
245
241
222
Hungary
Malta and Gozo
222
213
1000
900
800
700
600
500
4on
300
200
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
IO
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
17
1958
1959
1960
11. TELEVISION BROADCASTING
4. ORGANIZATION
T h e organization of television broadcasting in the different countries of the world has in general followed the
established patterns for radio broadcasting services. Various systems have been adopted, but they may be
classified in the following three principal categories, as in the case of radio :a) television as a public service ;
b) television operated by private enterprise ; c) coexistence of both systems.
S o m e countries where radio broadcasting is under direct State control, (e.g. Iran, Lebanon) or where govern
mental and private enterprises coexist (e.g. Republic of Korea, Philippines) have chosen private commercial
operation as the sole system for their television services. O n e country, the United Kingdom, where radio broadcasting is under public control, has adopted a combined system of publicly controlled and commercial television.
-
(a) Television as a public service.
(i) Examples of government operated television are found in Colombia, Denmark, France, Poland, Spain,
Thailand, UAR :Egypt, USSR.
(ii) Examples of television organizations as public corporations are found in Austria, Belgium, Federal
Republic of Germany, I:aly, Sweden, Switzerland.
(b) Television as a private concern, operating on a commercial basis,is found in T h e Federation ofRhodesia and
Nyasaland, most of the Latin American countries, Hong Kong, Iran, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Monaco. In one
country, Saudi IArabia, television services are operated by private enterprise on a non-commercial basis.
(c) Combination of systems.
(i) Television systems mainly based on the principle of the private enterprises but including some publicly
operated stations are found in Guatemala, Peru, the United States, Venezuela. Private enterprises m a y include
some which operate on a non-commercial basis.
(ii) Television broadcasting operated by a public corporation and private commercial stations is found in
Australia, Canada, Japan and the United Kingdom. In Portugal, services are run by government controlled
stations and private stations.
Table K presents the distribution of countries according to the principal types of organization of television
broadcasting services.
18
Graph
V.
Distribution of number of television broadcasting transmitters, by continents
Estimated percentages : 1953 and
1960
1953
-
!LD
S O U T H AMERICA ~2%
ASIA (excl.USSR) 1 %
1960
THE W O R L D
.USSR)
7%
ERICA
4%
I
19
OCEANIA
1%
1%
K. Distribution of countries according to main types of television
broadcasting systems (including experimental television
services),by continents
(around 1960)
Government
control
or public
corporation
Total number
of countries
Continents
4
Africa
America, North
America, South
Asia (excl. USSR)
Europe,(incl. USSR)
Oceania
15
8
16
25
2
Wor Id totaIs
70
Coexistence of
government or
public and private
enterprise
Private
enterprise
-
2
2
12
2
9
4
6
21
1
-2
2
1
2
1
35
26
9
-
3
It will be recalled that, as shown in Table A , more than two-thirds of radio broadcasting systems were organized as public services. For television broadcasting, only half the total number of countries have government
controlled systems or public corporations. Thi s might seem to show that the tendency towards commercial
operation is becoming more accentuated in television services than in radio broadcasting.
In several countries where television is a public service, the system has been enlarged to include commercial
broadcasts (e.g. Austria, Colombia, Finland, Federal Republic of Germany, Iraq, Italy, Rumania, Spain, Syria,
Thailand, UAR :Egypt).
5. TELEVISION DROADCAS TING TRANSMITTERS
Television broadcasting, the newest medium of information, has been expanding rapidly throughout the world
in recent years. In 1736 only one country, the United Kingdom, w a s transmitting regular programmes. In 1950,
5 countries, in 1955, 17, and in 1960,63 countries were making regular television broadcasts to the public.
T h e distribution by continents w a s as follows :
Number oLc2uAtries making
regular television broadcasts
1950
1953
2
3
-
-
America, North
America, South
Asia (excl. USSR)
Europe (incl. USSR)
Oceania
5
3
2
7
-
7
12
24
2
World total
5
17
63
Africa
1960
4
14
In addition, at the end of 1960 another 7 countries were operating experimental television services (Albania,
Cambodia, Chile, India, Kuwait, Trinidad and Tobago, and Turkey).
Table 7 in Section IV gives data for the years 1953, 1958 and 1960 on the number of television broadcasting
transmitters in service, operating on a regular or experimental basis. This table gives separate data for
satellite (or secondary) transmitters 1 and for experimental transmitters. Information concerning the dates when
regular television broadcasts started in the different countries is also given. In the column I* Broadcasting
1. T h e term
" satellite or secondary transmitter " is applied to those subsidiary transmitters used to re-distribute the
programmes originating in the main transmitting stations.
20
organization 'I, the principal types of television broadcasting organization are indicated by means of symbols.
Figures represent either the number of transmitters or the number of stations,(which may consist of one or
several transmitters). The date of the count may vary from country to country. A s television is developing
very rapidly, different time references may affect the comparability of the data.
A s may be seen from table 7 in Section IV,in 1953 only three countries had more than 10 transmitters :
United States, 351 ; Federal Republic of Germany, 13 ; Canada, 12. Around 1960 fourteen countries had more
than 20 television transmitters, including seven countries which had over 90.These were : the United States,
579 ; Italy, 425 (of which 397 were satellite transmitters) ; the Federal Republic of Germany, 325 (280 satellite transmitters) ; the USSR, 169 (76 satellite transmitters) ; Japan, 127 (12 satellite transmitters) ; Canada,
98 (24 satellite transmitters) ; France, 91 (59satellite transmitters).
In 1960,there were 19 countries operating one transmitter only on regular basis ; 8 of them were in Latin
America, 6 in Asia, 3 in Europe (Bulgaria,Luxembourg and Monaco), one in Africa (Federation of Rhodesia
and Nyasaland) and one in Oceania (New Zealand).
When comparing data on television transmitting facilities, it should be borne in mind that the number of
transmitters, as in the case of radio, does not fully reflect national coverage of the broadcasting services.
Among the countries with television transmitters which give virtually complete national coverage the following
may be cited : Canada, the United States, Japan,Belgium,Denmark,France, Federai Republic of Germany,
Eastern Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Switzerland, Uni ted Kingdom, the USSR.
Tables L and M below give world estimates of the number of television broadcasting transmitters operating
on a regular or experimental basis.
L.
Estimated number of television transmitters operating on a
regular basis, by continents
(1953, 1958, 1960)
1953
1960
1958
Continent
Total
-
Africa
Satellite'
-
379
3
33
-
(8)
World totals
420
(10)
Satellite'
3
642
31
59
675
6
(1 1
(34)
(15)
(4)
(437)
1400
(490)
--
-
-
of television transmitters operating
on an experimental basis, by continents
(1953, 1958, 1960)
1953
1958
1960
Africa
America,North
America, South
Asia (excl. USSR)
Europe (incl. USSR)
Oceania
12
21
22
731
(10)
81
(35)
(26)
(900)
2300
M. Estimated number
World totals
Satellite
160
1 270
17
1. Satellite or secondary transmitters also included in totals.
Continent
Total
~
(4)
America, North
America, South
Asia (excl. USSR)
Europe (incl. USSR)
Oceania
8
Total
11
25
(43)
-
(1000)
T h e number of television transmitters has been increasing very rapidly in all continents, especially in Europe
(incl. USSR), where the total rose from 33 in 1953 to 1270 in 1960.North America almost doubled its number
in the s a m e period. In 1953,North America accounted for 90 per cent of the total number of television transmitters in the world. In 1960,the number of transmitters in Europe (incl. USSR) represented 55 per cent of the
world total ; in North America, 32 per cent and in the rest of the world, 13 per cent.
T h e number of satellite transmitters has increased at a higher rate than the number of main transmitters.
Nearly all the expansion has taken place in Europe. It should be noted that in a number of cases satellite transmitters m a y be very low-powered.
In 1960,one European country, Italy, had 397 satellite transmitters, (out of a total of 425), accounting for
40 per cent of the total number of satellite transmitters in the world.
6. TELEVISION BROADCASTING RECEIVERS
Statistics on television receivers,like those on radio receivers,are derived from secondary sources and refer
either to the number of licences issued (or in a few cases of declarations made) or to the estimated number of
receivers in use. Thus, the international comparability of the figures for television sets is affected by similar
shortcomings as those noted with respect to those for radio receivers.
In Section IV, table 8 gives data on the total number of television receivers per 1 000 inhabitants for the
years 1953, 1958 and 1960;and table 9presents figures for the years 1950 and 1953 to 1960 inclusive for
countries for which time series were available. Figures marked L" in the tables represent the number of
licences and those marked '
R ", estimates of the number of receivers in use.
When comparing the data it should be borne in mind that in many countries a large number of television sets
are installed in cafes, bars, restaurants and other public places. Furthermore, television clubs or other forms
of collective tele-viewing on a organized basis are found in several countries (e.g. Italy, Iraq, Japan). For
such countries, information based on number of receivers may not give a real picture of television audiences.
However, for television as for radio, ratios showingthe number of sets per 1 000 inhabitants m a y be used
as a rough indication of the availability of television receiving facilities.
T h e distribution of countries according to the number of television receivers per 1 000 inhabitants in 1953
and 1960,is shown in table N which follows.
N.
Distribution of countries according to the number of television
receivers per 1 000 inhabitants, by continents
(1953, 1960)
Continents
Africa
Year
Total
number
of
countries
Number of countries with the following numbers of
receivers per 1 000 inhabitant
at
least
one
2
11
21
51
101
to
m
to
to
to
more
than
10
20
50
100
200
200
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
2
1
1953
1960
0
-
-
5
3
2
1953
1960
10
24
-5
1953
1960
1953
1960
-
-
4
5
2
19
70
1
7
15
-
America, North
America, South
Asia (excl. USSR)
Europe (incl. USSR)
Oceania
World totals
-
8
24
8
1
5
-
--
-
1
8
1
10
1
7
-
-
1
1
-
3
3
1. Including countries which receive television programmes from neighbouring countries, but excluding countries with less
than 50 000 inhabitants
22
In 1953, of the 19 countries which had television receivers, only 4 had more than 10 receivers per 1 000 inhabitants ; in 1960 out of 70 countiies, 31 had more than 10 receivers per 1 000 inhabitants, including 13
countries which had more than 50 receivers per 1 000 inhabitants. Television in Africa, Asia and Oceania is
still in its beginnings. In these areas only two countries had more than 10 sets per 1 000 inhabitants in 1960 :
Australia (108)and Japan (64).
Estimates of the number of television receivers in use in the world, by continents, for the years 1953, 1958
and 1960 are presented in Table 0.
0. Estimated number of television receivers in use and
receivers per 1 000 inhabitants, by continents
(1953, 1958, 1960)
1953
Continents
Total
number
(ooo)
1958
Per 1000
inhabitants
Africa
America, North
America, South
Asia (excl. USSR)
Europe (incl. USSR)
Oceania
-
-
28 000
100
8
3 300
122
1
World totals
31 400
-
Total
number
(000)
1960
Per 1000
inhabitants
0.1
21 1
11
1
-
20
54 000
1 400
1620
17 700
500
12
15 000
26
6
29
28
Total
nGtby
Per 1000
inhabitants
120
61 000
2 100
6 200
31 000
0.5
23 1
15
4
number
(000)
1100
49
69
100 000
34
As in the case of radio receivers, the data are approximative only. But it can be said that, roughly, there were
about 100 million television sets in the world in 1960, and that this number had more than tripled during the
last 7 years.
In 1953, 89 per cent of the television receivers in use in the world were to be found in Narth America (and
almost all of these were in the U.S.A.). Europe (incl. USSR) accounted for 11 per cent. Numbers of receivers
in South America and Asia were negligible (0.3 per cent). In 1960,North America had 60 per cent of the world
total of television sets, Europe (incl. USSR) 31 per cent and the rest of the world 9 per cent.
23
Graph
VI.
Total number of television receivers, by continents : 1953 and
1960
(in millions)
60
50
40
30
20
NORTH
AMERICA
EUROPE.
ASIA
(incl. USSR)
(excl. USSR)
SOUTH
AMERICA
24
OCEANIA
AFRICA
Graph
Vll,
Distribution of television receivers, by continents
Estimated percentages : 1953 and 1960
1953
t
-SOUTH
REST O F T H E W O R L D
AMERICA 0.3%
ASIA (excl. USSR)
1960
THE WORLD
USSR) 6 %
ERICA 2%
1%
0.1 %
The trend of increase, parallel to that of television transmitters, shows that North America doubled its number
of sets from 1953 to 1960. In the rest of the world, the rate of increase w a s higher ; in Europe (incl. USSR)
the number of television sets increased almost tenfold from 1953 to 1960. In the other continents small
numbers have been increasing at even higher rates.
From tables 8 and 9 in Section IV, it m a y be seen that in 1953, only 8 countries had more than 10 000
receivers :United States (27 300 000); United Kingdom (2 957 000); Canada (593 000); USSR (225 000); Cuba
(79 000); France (60000); Belgium (15 000)and Federal Republic of Germany (12 000). In 1960, seven
countries had more than 2 000 000 receivers : United States, United Kingdom, Japan, U S S R , Federal Republic
of Germany, Canada, and Italy.
Tables P and Q present data for 12 countries with more than 1 million television sets and for 15 countries
with more than 40 sets per 1 000 inhabitants.
P.
Q. Countries with more thzn 40 television receivers
Countries with more than 1 million television
receivers in 1960
Country
United States of America
United Kingdom
Japan
USSR
Germany, Federal Republic of
per 1 000 inhabitants in 1960
Number of receivers
(in thousands)
Country
56 000
11 076
5 992
5 000
4 635
Canada
Italy
France
Brazil
Australia
3 930
2 124
1 902
Germany, Eastern
Sweden
1035
1200
1122
United States of America
Canada
United Kingdom
Sweden
Denmark
310
218
21 1
Australia
Germany, Federal Republic of
Cuba
Netherlands
Belgium
108
Japan
Germany, Eastern
Czech os lovakia
Italy
Malta and G o z o
France
1030
Number of receivers
per 1000 inhabitants
137
119
83
74
69
68
64
60
58
43
43
41
T h e United States is the leading country with respect to both the total number of television sets in use and
the number of sets per 1 000 inhabitants. T h e United Kingdom has the second highest total number of sets,
and the third highest number of sets per 1 000 inhabitants. Canada has the sixth highest total number of sets,
but the second highest number of sets per 1 000 inhabitants. Japan and the Federal Republic of Germany,
which occupy the third and fifth places with respect to the total number of receivers in use, are in eleventh and
seventh place with respect to the number of sets per 1 0 0 0 inhabitants. T h e U S S R , with its 5 million receivers,
occupies fourth place with respect to the total number of receivers, but has only 19 receivers per 1 000
inhabitants.
T h e six countries with more than 100 sets per 1 000 inhabitants in 1960 were :United States (310), Canada
(218), United Kingdom (211), Sweden (137), Denmark (119), Australia (108).
26
Graph
VIII.
N u m b e r of television receivers per
1000 inhabitants in
selected countries,
1953- 1960
500
400
ISA
300
onad
IK
200
~
weden
4
IO0
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
I
1
1953
1954
CzechoslAvakia
1955
I
I
1956
1957
27
1958
1959
1960
1U. RADIO AND TELEVISION BROADCASTING PROGRAMMES
Statistics on radio and television broadcasting are difficult to present in an international tabulation mainly
because of the lack of uniformity in national definitions and classifications.
Tables 5 and 1 0 in Section IV give data for 43 and 26 countries respectively, concerning the proportion
of broadcast time (in percentage of broadcasting hours) devoted to different categories of radio and television
programmes, according to the original schemes of classification employed by the different countries. T h e
information comes mainly from the replies to Unesco questionnaires.
T h e data refer in general to a " typical week" or in a few cases to an " average week" .T h e criteria used
to choose a" typical w e e k " m a y differ, but it m a y be assumed that the collected data represent closely the
existing situation in individual countries. T h e data represent a composite of programmes broadcast by a wide
variety of stations. Methods used for aggregating the various programmes m a y vary substantially ; in addition,
figures m a y or m a y not include regional stations.
Figures on radio programmes do not include broadcasts intended for audiences ab-oad.
A brief analysis of the main problems which affect the comparability of data on the subject will be made in
this Section ; and for radio programmes a tentative suggestion of a classification for international reporting
will be formulated.
7. RADIO BROADCASTING PROGRAMMES
Data on radio programmes as they are broadcast (i.e. reports on the specific content of weekly programmes)
are available for many countries. But the criteria adopted for classifying the great variety of items which are
included in homogeneous groups differ from one country to another.
From the analysis of about 90 replies to Unesco questionnaires, the following conclusions m a y be drawn .
It m a y be said that the classification of programmes according to their composition is generally based on the
principal subject of the content ; in some cases, for instance in Yugoslavia, a distinction is made between
musical and spoken transmissions. O n e country (Italy) makes a distinction between cultural and information
type programmes. Another country (Canada) distinguishes between programmes regarded as being devoted to
a) entertainment, b) information and c) idea and opinion. Switzerland distinguishes programmes as belonging
to five main categories :music, mixed, spoken word, information, and special broadcasts.
T h e number of categories or main groups thus introduced ranges from four broad categories to a very detailed
classification (e.g., 31 groups in Austria).
T o illustrate the diversity in classifying radio programmes by content the following examples are given :
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (6groups)
CZECHOSLOVAKIA (4 groups)
1. Music
2. Sport
1. N e w s
2. Music
3.
4.
5.
6.
3. Literature, drama
4. Children and youth
TUNISIA (5 groups)
1. Music
2. Variety
3. Talks, stories, reading, etc.
N e w s bulletins
Religious subjects
Drama
Cultural subjects
INDIA (8groups)
1. Indian music
2. Western music
3. Spoken word
4.
Theatre
5. N e w s , commentaries, sports
28
J A P A N (Commercial programme : 7 groups)
INDIA (cont.)
4. Drama, plays, features
1. N e w s
5. N e w s bulletins (incl. regional news)
6. Educational programmes
2. Social and cultural subjects
3.
4.
5.
6.
Music
Literature and amusement
Sport
Advertising
7. Other
7. Publicity
8. Special audience programmes (e.g. religious,
women, rural, industrial, armed forces, tribal
areas and other miscellaneous items not
included under items 1 to 7 above)
I T A L Y (20 groups)
Y U G O S L A V I A (10 groups)
Entertainment and cultura 1
Music
1. Symphonic music
2. Lyric music
3. Chamber music
4. Serious music interludes
5. Light music
1. Symphonic and serious music
2. Light music
3. Folk music
Spoken word
6. Light music interludes
4. N e w s
5. Socio-political programmes
6. Economics
7. Revues, variety, opera and
musical comedy
8. Thzatre and radio plays
7. Literature and cultural subjects
7. Adaptations of literary works
10. School broadcasts and
children's entertainment
8. Children and youth
9. Sport
10. Other
11. High-level special broadcasts
12. Religious services, talks
13. Cultural subjects
14. Announcements, time signals, etc.
J A P A N (National programme :13 groups)
1. N e w s
2. Social problems
3. Political and economic subjects
4. Agriculture, forestry and fisheries
5. Cultural programmes for w o m e n
Information
15. N e w s
16. Sport
17. Comments and documentaries
18. Discussions
19. Economics, professional organizations
and social affairs
20. Reviews of art and entertainment
6. Cultural programmes for the general public
7. Drama
8. Serious music
9. School education
10. Social education
11. Entertainment
12. Light music
13. Sport
Definitions used as a basis for classification also differ and often the same term is employed to designate
different categories of programmes. A few examples m a y be cited. For instance, the term " educational '
may
be used to refer to programmes exclusively prepared by or on behalf of educational organizations (e.g.
United States) or to include not only programmes of purely didactic content but also educational programmes
in the broad sense of the term such as cultural talks, documentaries, and other programmes designed to further
the popularization of knowledge (as in Brazil). SimilarIy,the designation " programmes for children", normally
applied to entertainment programmes for this type of audience , m a y sometimes include school broadcasts
as well. T h e term "serious music " m a y or m a y not include semi-classical music; "light music'' m a y cover the
range from popular music (including folk music, dance music and jazz) to semi-classical music, or it m a y be
confined to semi- classical and certain classes of popular music.
Only two types of programme I' news I' and musical transmissions in general are sufficiently clearly identified to allow of international analysis.
T h e term news " as used in the majority of programme schemes includes news bulletins and weather reports,
reports on current events, interviews, press reviews and commentaries on news. With regard to 'I sport ",
-
-
29
practice differs in different countries, but there is a general tendency to include sports news and comments
on sports under the heading I* news I' .In some cases (e.g. in commercial stations in Japan) all announcements
.
concerning relations between stations and listeners are classified as 'news '
A s w e have already seen, definitions of the different classes of music in national programmes differ greatly.
They may range from two broad categories (light and serious music) to diversified schemes of 13 classes in
France and 16 in Austria. Sometimes, musical transmissions are not identified separately but included under
the heading I' entertainment ", as in Canada. Information on some borderline cases such as music separating
two different programmes or accompanying spoken programmes, or the proportion of types of music in programmes identified as "records ",was not always available. Nevertherless an effort has been made to present
data on the global time of musical transmissions, on the assumption that they are more trustworthy than data
on the distribution in different classes of music.
Table 6 in Section IV presents a compilation of the relative percentages of time devoted'to"news","music''and
all other types of programmes for 85 countries. T h e data refer in general to a It typical week" in 1959 (or 1960).
S o m e of the data are defective in certain respects but lack of precision w a s not always considered sufficient
grounds for rejection. For such data even if they are not suitable for a detailed analysis can at least be used to
give a rough indication of the relative importance of these two significant categories of radio transmissions
in national programmes. Information from some replies to Unesco questionnaires had to be put aside since
the classifications used made it difficult to include such information in an international tabulation.
For the purpose of this table, and in order to give the widest possible coverage to the various classifications
reported, the term '
n e w s I' is used here to include commentaries and sports as well. But it should be borne
in mind that the types of item included under this heading m a y vary widely.
O n the basis of the information contained in table 6 of Section IV, two histogrammes showing therespective
proportions of total broadcasting time devoted to news and musical transmissions in 91 programmes from 85
countries (for a typical week in 1959 or 1960) are given below in graph IX.
It will be seen that the majority of countries devoted from 11 to 15 per cent of broadcasting time to "news I'
and from 51 to 60 per cent to musical broadcasts. In these classes fall also the medians of the two variables,
the first being 14 per cent and the second 52 per cent.
30
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8. SUGGESTIONS FOR AN INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF RADIO BROADCASTING
PROGRAMMES
Since the beginning of radio broadcasting experts and professional organizations have felt the need to establish
certain standards which would allow the comparison of statistics on the composition of the various national
programmes. S o m e steps have been taken in this direction. Certain classifications had been suggested for the
purposes of international tabulations but it may be said that the efforts made in the past towards the adoption
of international concepts have not met with the success expected,mainly because they lacked continuity. A s
m a y be seen from the analysis given earlier in this Section, a multiplicity of classifications and a wide
diversity of definitions are in use in different countries.
However, this experience does not mean that the endeavour towards an international standardization would
be premature. From the existing national schemes the items to be classified are sufficiently known, and in
recent studies by experts in the field of radio programmes considerable agreement concerning both the basic
aims of classifications and the broad groups which can best serve for analytical purposes can be discerned.
Uniform statistics on the content of broadcasting programmes are much in demand by broadcasters and other
students of mass communications media. This type of information, which would make it possible to obtain an
objective analysis of the use of broadcasting in the different countries of the world, is essential for the future
improvement and planning of broadcasting services.
T h e problem of the comparability of statistics for measuring the various aspects of human activities is the
concern of all competent organizations. Unesco in pursuance of its efforts towards the standardization and
improvement of statistics within its special sphere has adopted an international recommendation with regard
to educational statistics and has devoted attention to the problem of standardization in the fields of cultural
and mass communication statistics.
T o work out a standard classification of radio programmes by content is a very intricate task. N o classification can serve all the purposes of the analyst. However, if a sufficiently detailed scheme were to be
proposed users could then adapt it to their particular requirements.
It is believed that despite the difficultiesan attempt should be made to prepare a scheme of classification
which would bring about a minimum degree of comparability in the reporting of radio programmes statistics,
and which would provide a basis for systematic discussion of the subject. Such discussion, no doubt, could
only be carried on fruitfully by people with an intimate practical knowledE_of_broadcasting;
- statisti__
cians can, however, lay d o w n a framework for it as a tentative suggestion for the solution of basic issues.
~
From the analysis of the classifications of national programmes which were available, it could be deduced
that though only in a few cases have such classifications been based entirely on the main function of the
broadcasts (as in Canada and Italy), there is a tendency to identify at least certain categories according to
their function (e.g. entertainment, educational broadcasts, cultural broadcasts).
S o m e countries have various types of programmes at different levels of " quality ", that known as the " thirdprogramme ''being devoted to higher quality broadcasts. In one country, the United Kingdom, there are four
types of domestic programme : the light programme, the home service, the third programme and network three.
T h e first two are intended for wide audiences ; the light programme's main purpose being "to provide a service
for entertainment and relaxation 'I while the home service gives more time to n e w s and information, and is
also responsible for broadcasts to schools.The third programme is designed to interest cultured minority
audiences, the emphasis of the programmes being on the " excellent performance of great works and on the
reflection of contemporary music and thought n3. Network three offers minority audiences programmes dealing
with matters of special scientific and cultural interest, recreational pursuits, etc.
1.
Such organizations include :International Broadcasting Union (UIR) (founded in 1923 and dissolved in
International Radio and Teievislon Organization (OIRT), Prague.
European Broadcasting Union (EBU),Geneva.
2. British Broadcasting Corporation, B.B.C. Handbook 1961. London, 1361
3.
T h e Sound Broadcasting Society, Unsound Broadcasting. London,
32
1957 @age 4).
1950).
For the purposes of international comparability it might prove to be helpful to bring together the diversity of
items included in radio programmes in more or less homogeneous groups based on the main functions of the
broadcasts and to some degree on their intended audiences.
Since it is generally recognized that the main functions of radio broadcasts are information, enlightenment
and entertainment, a solution might be to start with a classification based on these three broad categories.
Obviously, it is extremely difficultto draw precise boundaries between the above-mentioned categories.
What is considered as purely entertainment in one country, for example, may be considered as being of a
cultural significance in another ; or again, it is not easy to find a satisfactory definition of what should be
understood as information. IAnd, of course, there will always be innumerable borderline cases. Problems of
this type, however, are common to all attempts at classification,and due allowance must be made for them
when definitions are laid down, even if this means adapting arbitrary solutions in some cases.
T o the three main categories of information, entertainment, and enlightenment a fourth would have to be
added for broadcasts intended for special target audiences (other than school broadcasts).The principal
categories could then be sub-divided into several classes. Such sub-classificationwould help to identify
certain of the features which are treated so diversely in national statistics. For instance, there is the problem
of whether serious music and serious dramatic performances should be considered as an entertainment or cultural features ; or whether interpretative commentaries on the news should be considered as of an informative
or a cultural type of programme, etc. However, if such broadcasts are presented separately as specific subclasses of the categories of main entertainment and information respectively, those who feel that they should
come under the heading of enlightenment should have no difficulty in identifying them and reclassifying them
as they wish.
'
A tentative scheme of classification is given below. For the purposes of this classification, informationtype programmes have been defined as those reporting news on current events (regional, national or international) and including weather reports, commentaries on current affairs, sports news, market reports, services
(programmes announcements, time signals) and advertisements.
The term 'I entertainment is used to cover programmes whose main purpose is amusement and relaxation.
Music, drama, variety, etc. are included under this heading.
Under the heading I' enlightenment I' have been included those cultural programmes intended to stimulate
intellectual curiosity, as well as programmes of a purely didactic nature.
I' Broadcasts for special audiences 'I cover programmes specially designed for distinct groups of listeners,
in which the three foregoing categories may be represented, with the specific addition of religious broadcasts.
Suggested international classification of radio broadcasting
programmes, by content
I. INFORMATION
Sacred music
Chamber music
Opera
1. N e w s bulletins (including weather reports but
not sports news)
2. Press reviews, news commentaries and
b) Light music (other than popular music) :
interviews
3. Sports news, including reports, commentaries
and interviews
4. Market reports
5. Topical actualities
6. Services (programmes announcements, time
signals, etc.)
7. Advertising
Semi-classical
Operettas, musicals, etc.
c) Popular music :
Popular contemporary music
Folk music
Dance music, jazz
2. Drama
11. ENTERTAINMENT
a) Serious drama (classical and serious plays)
i. Theatrical plays
..
11. Plays specially written for radio
iii. Serials
1. Music (orchestral, instrumental and vocal)
a) Serious music :
Classical and comtemporary serious music
33
3. Documentaries
b) Popular drama (comedy, melodrama, mystery
and crime, adventure, etc.)
4. Didactic programmes :
i. Theatrical plays
ii. Plays specially written for radio
iii. Serials
a) Kindergarten
b) Broadcasts for schools
c) Broadcasts for University and other educational establishments
d) Language courses
e) Physical culture
3. Variety
a) Variety shows
b) Contest, quizzes, games
4. Sporting events
IV. BROADCASTS FOR SPECIAL AUDIENCES
111. ENLIGHTENMENT
1. Religious (including church services,
devotional programmes, talks, etc.)
1. Cultural talks (philosophy, history, natural
2. Farmers
and social sciences, literature, fine arts, etc.)
3.
4.
2. Discussions (including forum, panel and roundtable discussions)
5.
Women, housekeeping (including cookery)
Children and youth (excluding didactic
programmes)
Others
9. TELEVISION BROADCASTING PROGRAMMES
Classification schemes for television broadcasting programmes are even more heterogeneous than those used
for radio transmissions. T h e following classifications reported for 6 countries in the Unesco questionnaire
are cited as examples :
DENMARK, 5 groups (1 361):
3. Films
4. Children 's stories
5. Arts
6. Entertainment
1. Spoken word, actualities
2. Sport
3. Theatre, literature
4.
5.
Entertainment
Classical music
7. Religious
8. Sport
9. Theatre
10. Miscellaneous
0
COSTA RICA, 6 groups (1361) :
1. Entertainment
2. N e w s
3. Cultural
4. Sciences
5. Religious
6. Economics
FED. REP. OF GERMANY,11 groups (1960)
1. Actualities
2. Sport
3. Entertainment
4. Theatre
5. Films
6. Documentaries
7. Religion
POLAND,10 groups (1959):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Drama
Literature
Music and ballet
Entertainment
News
8. Children Is, youth, women's
9. N e w s
10. Broadcasts from abroad
11. Intervals, advertisements, etc.
Sport
CANADA, 15 groups (1960)
7. Popular and scientific
8. Programmes for children and school
Predominantly entertainment
9. Advertising
10. Films
1. "General " entertainment
2. Creative arts
3. Sport
NETHERLANDS, 10 groups (1960):
Predominantly information
1. Actualities
2. Documentaries
4. N e w s and weather
34
5. Farm and fisheries
6. Household and its activities
Predominantly idea and opinion
10.
11.
12.
13.
Canadian activities and heritage
Religious
School and other youth education
Political and other controversial public affairs
14. Social and human relations
15. Other
7. Science and nature
8. Foreign information
9. Other
In table 10, Section IV,data on the distribution of broadcast time in television programmes, according to
national classifications,are given for 27 countries.
Television programmes differin composition from radio programmes. The combination of visual and auditory
perception naturally makes television a much more appropriate means for the transmission of all kinds of
dramatic, artistic and sporting events. Experts also agree that television is a more appropriate vehicle than
radio for educational programmes. A specific feature of television broadcasting is the telecasting of films.
On the other hand, the emphasis on music which is characteristic of the majority of national radio broadcasting programmes is of lesser importance in television broadcasts.
A comparison of the approximate per centage of total broadcasting time devoted to sports in both television
and radio programmes in 7 countries, as presented in Table R below,shows that there is a tendency for
television programmes to contain a larger proportion of sporting events than in sound programmes. However,
it should not be forgotten that the definitions used for the classification of the various programmes may not
be strictly comparable.
R. Approximate percentage of total broadcasting time devoted to
sports in television and radio programmes
In television
programmes
Country
In radio
programmes
%
Au stralia
13
4
National programme
Commercial programme
Belgium
Flemish programme
6
4
6
10
10
8
Brazil
Canada
France
Italy
Japan
National programme
Commercial programme
10
3
13
6
Poland
Rumania
11
Present conditions are such that a systematic analysis of television programmes on an international scale is
hardly feasible as yet. Some types of television programmes are still not easily identifiable, others are
variously defined in different countries, and for some countries up-to-dateinformation is not readily available
It would therefore be premature and even more difficult to attempt to outline a standard classification
for all television programmes. In some countries television services are still only in their infancy, and even
where such services are more developed programmes are still subject to considerable modification and
experimentation. The work done on the subject with respect to radio broadcasting is more advanced. There
it is possible to suggest certain standards. When agreement has been reached on a uniform scheme for the
classification of radio programmes it will be time to begin work on a similar scheme for television.
-
-
35
IV STATISTICAL TABLES
A. RADIO BROADCASTING
1. Number of transmitters and total transmitting
power: 1950, 1960
2. Total number of receivers and receivers per 1 000
inhabitants : 1950, 1760
3. Total number of receivers and receivers per 1000
inhabitants (in selected countries) :1950 -1960
4. Total number of wired receivers : 1950, 1955 and
1960
5. Composition
of domestic radio broadcasting
programmes according to national classifications,
during a typical week in 1959
6. Percentage of time devoted to news, music and
other types of programmes, from total broadcasting
time during a typical w e e k in 1959
37
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TABLE 2. TOTAL NUMBER OF RECEIVERS AND RECEIVERS
PER 1000 INHABITANTS, 1950, 1960 (or 1959)
Statistics relate to all types of receiving sets for radio broadcasts to the general public,
including wired receivers connected to a radio distribution system ". Figures represent
either the estimated number of receivers in use (R)or the number of licences issued and
in U few cases the number of sets declared (L)
A. Radio Broadcastins!
1960 (or 1959)
1950
Code
Country
Total
receivers
(thousands)
Receivers
per 1 000
inhabitants
Total
receivers
(thousands)
Receivers
per 1 000
inhabitam s
AFRICA
20
Bechuanaland
176
11
0.4
0.3
Cameroun
...
...
Algeria
Angola
Basutoland
1
Cape Verde Islands
Central African Rep.
2
0.6
...
...
Chad
0.1
Comoro Islands
Congo (Brazzaville)
...
Congo (Leopoldville)
2
Dahomey
...
...
6
'0.6
...
0.5
...
0.8
0.4
Gambia
R
Ghana
Guinea
Ivory Coast
2
Kenya
Liberia
L
L
R
2
Morocco 5
Mozambique
2
Niger
Nigeria
Portuguese Guinea
Reunion
Rhodesia and Nyasaland
Ruanda-Urundi
SBo T o m 6 and Principe
L
L
L
L
'1
14
3
...
...
13
1.8
15
Mali
...
...
...
...
Libya
Madagascar
2
1
...
4
3
...
...
...
...
b
9.8
20
134
9.2
15
2
...
...
15
0.5
0.6
1.9
30
7
...
...
0.2
3
...
...
50
1.0
2.1
10
1.8
12
13
...
Gabon
Senegal
'4
593
53
...
6.0
Ethiopia
Mauritania
Maw% ius
3
0.7
1
1
5
0.5
10
35
5.0
85
20
2
54
12
1
6
3
9
10
2
3 3
13
2
3
4
48
6
* 109
* 22
40
55
57
80
13
17
9
62
73
70
8
5.0
40
61
13
2
532
37
2.3
143
1.8
46
14
61
1.5
0.9
125
42
8
3
0.3
14
48
7.
61
6
0.9
4
2
A. Radio Broadcastinn
1950
Code
Country
AFRICA
Sierra Leone
Somalia
(Fr.)
South Africa
South West Africa
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanganyika
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
UAR
Total
Receivers
receivers
per 1000
(thousands)
inhabitants
Total
receivers
(thousands)
Receivers
1000
per
inhabitants
(cont.)
Seychelles and deps.
Somaliland
1960 (or 1959)
Egypt
Upper Volta
Zanzibar and P e m b a
R
L
R
L
L
555
L
R
L
L
L
7.7
3.0
0.5
1.4
...
L
R
L
L
L
65
264
...
0.6
R
L
R
R
R
2.1
1.2
5 070
23
575
R
R
L
L
R
c.1
2.5
3.3
0.2
6
3
0.4
1
1.7
8.5
4
45
18
0.4
2
0.2
'
...
9
3
12
71
63
24
5.0
996
3
19
11
1.7
18
5.3
3
35
0.9
6
2
4
41
14
58
0.7
'2
170
90
1 500
3.O
5.1
27
18
370
29
104
16
3.0
8 050
* 75
1100
115
34
452
*64
163
50
26
...
...
102
225
6.4
210
21
34
86
24
56
6
1.0
19
0.2
13
...
17
AMERICA, North
B a h a m a Islands
British Honduras
Canada
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominican Republic
El Salvador
Guadeloupe and deps.
Guatemala
Haiti
Nicaragua
R
L
R
R
R
Panama
United States of America 8
R
R
Honduras
Martinique
Mexico
Netherlands Antilles
'
1 .o
'
27
'4.0
5
10
'1
'
25
'
18
2.3
1 892
34
16
11
'
81
85 200
73
210
1
15
'
104
560
125
18
3 300
39
3*75
64
66
76
200
3* 51
163
168 500
159
948
West Indies
Barbados
Jamaica
Antigua
Trinidad and Tobago
Windward Islands
L
R
L
L
L
7.9
23
0.4
26
* 2.6
51
38
16
9
41
*9
31
147
2.8
58
* 9.0
130
88
52
70
* 27
A. Radio Broadcasting
1%0 (or 1959)
1950
Country
Code
Total
receivers
(thousands)
Receivers
per 1000
inhabitants
Total
receivers
(thousands)
Receivers
per 1000
inhabitants
AMERICA, South
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
British Guiana
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
French Guiana
Paraguay
Peru
Surinam
Uruguay
Venezuela
R
R
R
L
R
2 198
150
2 500
9.4
ti 550
128
50
48
22
R
R
L
R
R
*500
50
0.1
70
500
* 44
L
R
R
3 500
250
4 570
37
700
167
75
70
65
96
16
'4
ti 51
59
1 971
170
0.8
105
1100
139
41
26
62
101
5.0
362
218
27
148
44
12
800
1250
50
291
186
R
R
R
R
L
...
8.0
...
...
...
0.5
11
11
0.6
60
24
3* 12
* 6.0
115
L
L
1
1
AS1 A
Aden, Colony and Protectorate
Afghanistan
Bahrain
Brunei
Burma
Cambodia
Ceylon
3.1
34
0.7
0.9
4
74
2
3* 82
71
6
4
19
350
36
* 7 000
* 10
445
100
165
43
178
55
2 148
670
935
150
400
5
7
45
21
1 94
12 410
64
380
*' 15
100
135
38
16
9* 9
61
China
China (Mainland)
Cyprus
L
L
Hong Kong
L
I ndia
L
R
L
L
L
China (Taiwan)
Indonesia
Iran
haq
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Korea, Republic of
Laos
L e ban on
Macao
Federation of Malaya
Muscat and O m a n
Nepal
Netherlands N e w Guinea
lo
*1 000
14
13
80
1
546
213
184
30
153
L
L
R
L
L
9 193
2.8
88
0.1
L
L
R
R
R
4.6
53
38
*2
2
27
35
1
1
3
11
6
122
111
2
4
0.1
30
24
10
...
...
...
...
...
...
52
4.6
252
1 .o
13
7.5
21
36
2
1
11
A. Radio Broadcasting
1950
Country
Code
Total
receivers
(thousands)
1960 (or 1959)
Receivers
per 1000
inhabitants
Total
receivers
(thousands)
Receivers
per 1000
inhabitants
ASIA (cont.)
North Borneo
Pakistan
Philippines
Portuguese Timor
Sarawak
L
L
R
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Syria
Thailand
Turkey
Viet-Nam,Republic of
R
L
L
L
R
L
L
L
0.9
62
79
0.1
1.3
10
41
50
...
362
12
3
0.8
64
4
0.4
2
2
40
15
I
D.
17
~ . .
17
276
600
0.7
34
37
3
22
1
46
74
142
260
163
1341
125
12
87
57
6
48
9
28
279
289
182
259
332
EUROPE
Albania
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia
Denmark
L
Finland
France
Germany
Federal Republic of l 1
Germany, Eastern
Gibraltar
Greece
L
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
L
L
L
L
L
Malta and Gozo
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Por tuga1
Rumania
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom 12
Yugoslavia
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
9
1319
1 548
227
2 421
1217
7
190
179
195
283
43
1 977
2 644
1431
3 530
1 523
722
6 890
180
165
1228
10 981
276
241
9 018
180
190
148
22
16 441
5 574
4.8
783
296
3 489
3.4
167
31
60
66
245
100
68
202
L
L
L
L
L
36
1 968
786
1 464
228
115
195
241
59
27
L
L
L
L
313
887
2 153
1 037
12 356
336
19
32
307
221
244
21
L
L
620
35
298
3 185
53
323
185
94
2 224
50
494
l2 8 005
98
222
284
174
l2 162
312
70
213
272
285
177
93
3 126
1021
5 268
848
2 008
2 717
2 744
1445
15 163
1562
109
90
367
273
289
84
A. Radio Broadcasting
1950
Country
Code
Total
receivers
(thousands)
1960 (or 1959)
Receivers
per 1000
inhabitants
Total
receivers
(thousands)
Receivers
per 1000
inhabitants
OCEANIA
American Samoa
Australia
British Solomon Islands
C o o k Islands
Fiji Islands
Gilbert and Ellice Islands
Nauru
N e w Caledonia
N e w Hebrides
N e w Zealand
Niue
Tokelau Islands
Tonga
Western Samoa
R
L
L
R
L
L
L
L
L
L
R
R
R
L
0.2
1 859
1
0.1
.".
3.1
11
227
'1
...
11
23
222
5
24
61
4
75
107
15
245
40
5
16
29
0.03
...
2.0
0.2
454
32
4
238
0.2
0.3
7.6
0.7
580
0.0 1
2
0.2
-
0.1
0.5
0.8
0.5
2 284
0.6
0.4
24
_^.
2
6
0.01
0.1
3.0
USSR
USSR
L
1 1 452
62
40 818
1. 1951
2. Although a licence system is in force, figures relate to estimated number of receivers in use
3. 1758
4. 1952
5. For 1950,former French Zone
6. 1949
7. 1948
8. Including Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands
9. 1957
10. Figures relate to the number of receivers' contracts with the Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK)
11. Including West Berlin. Figures for 1960 also include the Saar
12. Including combined sound-television licences
54
194
T A B L E 3. T O T A L NUMBER OF RECEIVERS A N D RECEIVERS
P E R 1 000 INHABITANTS : 1950-1960
(in selected countries)
See following page
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TABLE 4. TOTAL NUMBER OF WIRED RECEIVERS:
1950, 1955 and 1960 (or 1959)
T h e term "wired receivers 'I applies to sets linked b y wire to a wireless reception centre
(radio distribution system). Figures refer to the number of subscribers to such systems.
A. Radio &oadcasting
Number of wired receivers (thousands)
Country
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Ceylon
Czechoslovakia
Falkland Islands
Germany, Federal Republic of
Ghana
Hong Kong
Hungary
Japan
Kenya'
Federation of Malaya
Malta and Gozo
Netherlands
Nigeria
Poland
Rumania
Sierra Leone
Singapore
South Africa
Switzerland
United Kingdom
USSR
1950
1955
1960 (or 1959)
...
...
8.2
129
300
12
41
19
114
562
10
425
0.3
119
71
43
259
0.3
110
41
55
259
291
0.3
21
38
528
1225
1.3
26
4.0
-
0.3
...
10
36
1.6
32
...
6
24
486
12
5 50
13
1.7
13
172
961
9 685
54
1319
510
3.7
34
25
50
481
* 55
1331
725
3.6
47
13
264
1 077
19 544
12
504
1 074
30 500
12
13
18
20
15
15
West Indies
Barbados
Jamaica
Trinidad and Tobago
3.6
1.2
10
1. 1956
2. 1951
3. Including West Berlin and the Saar
60
TABLE 5. COMPOSITION OF DOMESTIC RADIO BROADCASTING P R O G R A M M E S ,
ACCORDING TO NATIONAL CLASSIFICATIONS DURING A TYPICAL WEEK
IN 1959 (or 1960)
A. Radio Bondcasting
Approximate
percentage of
total programme
time per week
Country,
type of programme and total
broadcasting time per week
ARGENTINA
- 135 hours
Popular music
N e w s and information
Theatre, complete features
Humour
Theatre, serial features
Entertainment
Light music
Miscellaneous
100
26
16
6
5
4
4
4
35
A U S T R A L I A (cont.)
Rur a1
Services (including weather)
Variety
Kindergarten
Features
N e w Australian sessions
AUSTRIA
- 277 hours
2
I
1
1
t
2
LOO
Music :
AUSTRALIA
Commercial programme
Approximate
per centage of
total programme
time per week
Country,
type of programme and total
broadcasting time per week
- 248 hours
Popular music
Drama
Advertising
Light music
NEWS, weather, etc.
Religion
Sports
Talks, interviews
Women's
Children's
Variety, talent
Serious music
Quiz game panel
Hill-billy music
National programme (ABC)-133 hours
(Metropolitan transmitters)
Classical music
Popular music
Light music
News
Sports
100
41
12
12
11
6
4
4
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
100
24
20
12
7
6
Talks, discussions, comments
Announcements, films, etc.
Religion
P arliamentary
Drama
4
4
3
3
3
Magazine (women's)
Children's
Schools
3
2
2
Serious music
Symphonic music
Opera concerts
Operas
Chamber music
Instrumental concerts
Instrumental soloist concerts
Soloist singers concerts
'Light music
Dance and popular music
Other light music
Requested concerts
Light music mixed with spoken word
Light music of a higher level
Folk music
Operettas
J azt
Interval music
6
2
1
1
1
1
1
17
16
6
5
3
3
1
1
1
Spoken word:
Current news
Advertisements
Science
Literary
School broadcasts
Women
Conferences on music
Civism and folklore
Literary for children
Religion
Sport
Politics
Agriculture
12
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
A. Radio Emadcasting
Country,
type of programme and total
broadcasting time per week
Approximate
percentage of
total programme
time per week
Approximate
percentage of
total programme
time per week
Country,
type of programme and total
broadcasting time per week
~
A U S T R I A (cont.)
B E L G I U M (cont.)
Practical advice
Announcements
Youth
Other
B A H A M A ISLANDS
Music (orchestra and instrumental)
Theatre and quizzes
French Programme (cont.)
1
- 125 hours
Music
N e w s and weather reports
Drama
Religious
Variety
Remote broadcasts
Educational
Talks
2
2
1
1
Lyric
Music (soloist)
Chamber music
Cabaret
School broadcasts
100
70
10
8
7
2
1
1
1
BRAZIL
5
4
1
- ...
100
Folk and popular music
Advertising
Light music
Classical music
Sport
39
21
10
5
4
BELGIUM
Flemish programme
- 178 hours
Light music
Light music (commercial records)
Popular music (live programme)
Miscellaneous
W e Ifar e transmiss ions
Serious music
Classical music (commercial records)
Symphonic music (orchestras)
Popular music (commercial records)
Chamber music (orchestras)
Recitals (vocals and instrumental
music)
Choirs
Welfare transmissions
Spoken Word
N e w s , comments, actualities,
and other
School and other youth education
Sport (reports and commentaries)
Religious
Literature and drama
French programme
- 203 hours
Light music (records)
Relayed programmes
News
Variety
Special broadcasts
Serious music (records)
100
37
5
3
2
.
14
3
2
2
News
G a m e s and quizzes
Educational
Politics and public affairs
Theatre
4
2
2
2
1
Children and youth
Humour
Interviews
Lectures
Civic and religious
1
1
1
1
1
t 1
Women
Gymnastic
Classes
Others
2
2
1
4
-
B U L G A R I A 215 hours
(Programmes Radio Sofia I, 11.)
16
Spoken word
7
2
1
1
News
Children
Literature
Youth
Theatre
Others
100
29
14
13
11
10
100
10
3
2
2
1
7
Music
Music for Radio Sofia
Music for Turkish population
Regional programme music for
Radio Varna and Stara Zapora
-
7
62
55
6
14
A. Radio Broadcasting
Country,
type of programme and total
broadcasting time per week
Approximate
percentage of
total programme
time per week
- 495 hours
100
Predominantly entertainment :
Genera1 entertainment
Creative arts
Sport
42
12
CANADA
Predominantly information :
N e w s and weather
Farm and fisheries
Household and its activities
Science and nature
Foreign information
Other
Predominantly idea or opinion :
Canadian activities and heritage
Religion
Schools, other youth education
Political, public affairs
Social and human relations
Other
C E Y L O N 3 - 175 hours
COLOMBIA (cont.)
3
14
5
2
1
1
Religious programmes
Children's programmes
Muslim programmes (Music and Talks)
Women 's programmes
CHINA, Republic of
- ...
Cultural and entertainment
Education
Variety
News and commentary
Public service
5
4
4
DENMARK
2
1
1
10
4
4
3
3
9
9
9
4
3
FINLAND
22
21
13
9
5
100
- 126 hours
- 357 hours
Music
N e w s and announcements
Commentaries
Religious services
Lectures and discussions
Children's and youth
Reading and recitation
Radio plays
9
63
100
61
25
Music
N e w s bulletins
Cultura1 subjects
Sport
Religious subjects
Drama
35
43
10
10
...
- 132 hours
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
100
Popular music
Serious music
FolkIore
-
Music
News
Talks
Language courses
Reading
Outside broadcasts and meetings
Services
School broadcasts
Children's hour
Drama
Youth programme
Mixed programmes
100
100
2
2
2
1
20
Music
News
Literature, drama
Children and youth
3
COLOMBIA ...
3
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Spoken word:
N e w s and announcements
Feature
Rural service
Drama
General talks
Other
7
News
Theatre
Cultural
Sport
Humour
Literary
Other
42
Music
Approximate
percentage of
total programme
time per week
Country,
type of programme and total
broadcasting time per week
41
16
11
5
4
4
3
3
3
2
0.3
8
100
50
15
15
10
5
5
100
56
10
6
5
4
3
2
2
A. Radio hadcasting
Country,
type of programme and total
broadcasting time per week
FINLAND
Country,
type of programme and total
broadcasting time per week
(cont.)
GREECE
School broadcasts
Entertainment
T i m e signals, chimes
Press review
Sports
Talks
Special programme
Foreign reviews
Music in parallel programme
Features
Language courses
Interviews
Others
FRANCE
Approximate
percentage of
total programme
time per week
2
2
2
1
1
I. 11. 111.)
Symphonic music
Mixed music, light music
N e w s broadcasts
Variety
Songs
Educational
Chamber music
Commentaries, magazines
Presentation of records
Opera, opera-bouffe
Jazz
Radio plays
Light music
Literary programmes
Programmes for youth
Reviews of arts and literature
Theatre
Dance music
Folk music
Sports
Operettas
Poetry and literature
Physical culture
Sacred music
Discussions
R e 1 igiou s
Announcements
Miscellaneous (time signals,
chimes, etc.)
- 432 hours
Light music
Classical music
National music
N e w s Commentaries
Religious broadcasts
Reports
Miscellaneous prose works
National broadcasts
Theatrical broadcasts
Various speeches
Educational broadcasts
Sports
Cultural programmes
Reports from foreign countries
Radio chronicles
R e cteation
-
4
- 398 hours
(Programmes France
'Approximate
percentage of
total programme
time per week
100
11
11
10
8
8
100
61
15
7
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
HONG KONG
Chinese service :
Cantonese music
Mandarin music
Drama, talks, discussion,features
News, weather, announcements
Swatow music
Out side broadcast
Women's and children's programme
Request programme
Education
Religious
Variety and quizzes
Serious music
Miscellaneous
6
6
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
English service :
Popular and dance music
Drama, talks, discussions:,features
Light music
Serious music
News, weather, announcements
Request programmes
Variety and quizzes
Magazines etc.
Religious
Women's and children's programmes
Portuguese music
French music
2
64
100
26
21
17
11
5
4
4
3
2
1
1
1
3
100
26
17
15
14
11
5
3
3
3
I3
A. Radio Broadcasting
Country,
type of programme and total
broadcasting time per week
HUNGARY
- 266 hours
Music
Spoken journal
N e w s bulletins, press reviews
Literature
Youth
Drama
Requested records
Weather forecasts
Theatre and cinema programmes
Announcements
ICELAND
Approximate
percentage of
total programme
time per week
100
11
6
5
5
2
2
1
1
- 84 hours
-
...
21
19
16
9
8
6
5
4
4
- 202 hours
100
ITALY
- 232 hours
4
4
3
28
26
17
11
9
2
2
2
2
l 1
100
Entertainment and cultural :
3
2
2
1
Light music
Symphonic music
Revues, variety, operettas and
musical comedy
Cultur a1 subjects
Announcements, time signals etc.
Lyric music
Chamber music
Light music interludes
Serious music interludes
Theatre and radio plays
Adaptations of literary works
Schools broadcasts and children's
entertainment
High-level special broadcasts
Religious services,talks
100
Indian music
N e w s bulletins (including regional
news)
Drama, plays, features
Spoken word
Educational programmes
Western music
Publicity
Special audience programme
(religious, women, rural, industrial,
armed forces, tribal areas, and others)
27
Music and entertainment
Arabic service
Overseas service
Programme for newcomers to Israel
News and reportage
Education
Religion
Features and documentaries
Children and youth
Dram a
Sports
100
5
Sport
Tradition a1 mu sic
Light music
Variety
Other
ISRAEL
1
Classical music
Light music
News
Advertisements and announcements
Talks
Reportage, etc.
Literature
Weather forecasts
Children's hours
Plays
Church services
Interviews
Approximate
percentage of
total programme
time per week
I R E L A N D (cont.)
67
Semi-cl assical music
INDIA
Country,
type of programme and total
broadcasting time per week
48
21
5
4
2
2
1
17
23
8
2
1
1
Information :
IRELAND
- 76 hours
Advertising programmes
Irish language programmes
News
Symphonic and orchestral music
Drama
100
News
Sport
E c onomics, pr ofessional organizations and social affairs
Reviews of art and entertainment
Comments and documentaries
Discussions
16
14
13
8
6
65
12
2
2
2
A. Radio Broadcasting
Approximate
percentage of
total programme
time per week
Country,
type of programme and total
broadcasting time per week
JAPAN
MOROCCO
National programme (NHK)- 262 hours
100
News
Serious music
Social education
Entertainment
Sport
School education
Social problems
Cultural programmes
for the general public
Cultural programmes for w o m e n
Light music
Agriculture, forestry, fisheries
Political and economic subjects
Drama
16
14
Commercial programme
- 130
11
11
8
8
7
6
6
5
5
2
1
100
37
24
20
14
hours
Music
Literature and amusement
Social and cultural subjects
News
Advertising
Sport
KOREA
3-
3
2
193 hours
100
Music
Education
News
Entertainment
Children
Other
MALAYA, Federation of
49
20
10
8
3
10
- 199 hours
Popular music
Drama, stories, variety
Talks, features
Classical music
News
R e ligion
Children and youth
Sport
Programme summaries, network
and other announcements
Other music
Miscellaneous
100
46
Approximate
percentage of
total programme
time per week
Country,
type of programme and total
broadcasting time per week
- 149 hours
100
34
22
14
Music
Variety
News
Cultura1
R e 1 igious
Symphonic music
P 1 ays
Children's programme
Literature
Games
MOZAMBIQUE
8
8
5
4
2
2
1
- 224 hours
100
74
12
7
Music
Advertisements
News
CUItur a1
Religious
Entertainment
Education a1
NETHERLANDS
2
2
2
1
- 270 hours
100
Light music
Serious music
Entertainment (radio plays,
variety, features, etc.)
R e 1 igious
News
Talks (literature, sports, arts,
politics, etc.)
Various (Women's, sick persons,
youth, school broadcasts,
farmers, etc.)
NETHERLANDS ANTILLES
-
...
26
16
12
10
7
1
4
100
16
10
10
9
4
2
2
\
1
Commercial programmes
Music
Entertainment
Cul ture
Educational
News
NE w ZEALAND
National programme
1
36
26
14
10
7
7
Light music
Serious music
-
...
100
48
19
A. Radio Broadcasting
Approximate
percentage of
total programme
time per week
Country,
type of programme and total
broadcasting time per week
Country,
type of programme and total
broadcasting time per week
N E W ZEALAND'(cont.)
Commercial programme
-
...
Light music
Family and dramatic serials
Women Is sessions
Other spoken programmes
Variety and quiz
Crime and thriller serials
Sport
Adventure serials
Church and devotional services
Children's sessions
NIGERIA
- 110 hours
Music : folk, light and dance
News
Talks
Classical music
Muslim religion
Vernacular magazine
Christian religion
Sport commentaries
Schools
Youth magazines
Women Is
Children 's
Variety, entertainment
POLAND
- 315 hours
PORTUGAL'
Talks, documentaries, children's
educational
N e w s and commentaries
Plays, short stories, serials
Church and devotional services
Variety and quiz
Children's sessions
Modern jazz, etc.
Sport
- 242 hours
Music
News
Literature and drama
Children Is and school broadcasts
Adverti sements
Educational
Urban programme
Sport
Variety
Mi sce1laneous
Approximate
percentage of
total programme
time per week
Music (records)
Classical music
Spoken journal
Entertainment
Sport
C u 1tura1
News bulletins
Theatre
Others
9
8
6
4
2
2
1
1
100
-
SINGAPORE 277 hours
69
10
7
4
Popular and classical music
Schools
News
Talks, features
Drama, stories
Religion
Children
SportS
3
2
2
1
1
1
SPAIN
100
- 237 hours
Music
Advertisements
News
Cultural
Entertainment
Religion
Women
Children
Soci a1
Politics
Others
57
17
5
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
100
SWEDEN
-
Programme
I
Music (Classical, symphonic)
Education and children's programme
News
PIays
Miscellaneous
6
4
2
2
2
1
2
Programme I1
Entertainment
Music (classical, symphonic)
67
32
15
14
9
5
4
3
1
17
100
62
10
9
8
8
1
1
1
100
bo
9
7
6
6
3
1
1
1
6
...
Entertainment
Cultural
53
18
10
100
100
36
20
14
8
7
2
13
100
33
25
A. Radio Broadcasting
Approximate
percentage of
total programme
time per week
Country,
type of programme and total
broadcasting time per week
Country,
type of programme and total
broadcasting time per week
SWEDEN (cont.)
TUNISIA
Cultural
News
Education and children's programme
Plays
Miscellaneous
SWITZERLAND
- 305 hours
20
13
Music
News, commentaries, sport
Variety
Talks, stories, reading, etc.
Theatre
4
2
3
100
UNITED KINGDOM
Musical Broadcasts :
9
5
5
4
1
1
Mixed broadcasts :
5
1
Variety
Musical-literary
'280 hours
Light music
Serious music
Talks and discussions
Features and drama
News
Dance music
Variety
Sch 001s
Children's hour
Religion
Out side broadcasts
Mi scel laneous
20
10
Light music
Solo singers and musicians
Symphonic music
Chamber music
Dance music
Operas, operettas
Choirs
Oratorios
- 104 hours
USSR
- ...
Approximate
percentage of
total programme
time per week
100
41
28
23
6
2
100
23
16
14
10
10
8
5
3
3
3
3
2
100
Spoken word:
9
Theatre, quizzes, games
Lectures, discussions
Literature
7
3
News :
Reviews, commentaries
N e w s service
propaganda
Information ("
general interest
8
3
'I)
53
28
10
7
2
-
100
YUGOSLAVIA
...
Music
of
1
Light music
Symphonic and serious music
Folk music
Special broadcasts
Religion
Children and youth
School broadcasts
Women
Broadcasts in Romanche and
foreign languages
Agriculture
Other (gymnastics, announcements)
Music
Socio-political programmes
Literature, drama
Children's and youth
Miscellaneous
2
2
1
1
34
22
9
Spoken word
News
Literature and cultural subjects
Socio-political programmes
Economics
Children's and youth
Sport
Others
1
1
15
5
4
2
2
1
6
1. 1961
2. Network programmes only. Data refer to broadcasts of the national and regional networks of the Canadian Broadcas-
3.
ting Corporation. E a c h of the
Average w e e k
3
networks comprises certain
68
CBC
and privately-owned stations
TABLE 6. PERCENTAGE OF TIME DEVOTED TO NEXJS,MUSIC AND OTHER TYPES OF
PKOGKAMMES, F R O M T H E TOTAL O U T P U T OF RADIO BROADCAST TIME,
DURING A TYPICAL WEEK IN 1959 (or 1960)
A. Radio
Country
News
2
Music
All other types
of
programme
Broadcasting
Total
%
%
/b
%
Angola
Cape Verde Islands
Chad
Central African Republic
Congo (Leopoldville)
9
31
26
28
67
52
55
22
64
24
17
19
50
24
100
100
100
100
100
Gabon
Ghana
Madagascar
Mali
Mauritania
14
26
19
35
29
22
34
65
37
9
64
40
16
28
62
100
100
100
100
100
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Niger
Nigeria
15
14
7
29
19
28
39
74
53
61
57
47
19
18
20
100
100
100
100
100
Portuguese Guinea
Reunion
Seychelles
Somalia (Former British Somaliland)
Somaliland (Fr.)
17
14
33
45
59
27
40
42
38
27
52
35
25
100
100
100
100
100
23
28
20
38
41
23
39
31
57
100
100
100
Bahamas
Bermuda
British Honduras
Canada
Cuba
IO
8
19
20
31
70
73
52
20
19
29
..
39
...
30
100
100
100
100
100
Dominican Republic
Guadeloupe
Martinique
Netherlands Antilles
St. Pierre and Miquelon
25
15
11
7
22
50
20
62
26
58
25
65
27
67
20
100
100
100
100
100
16
9
11
30
54
54
37
34
100
100
100
AFRICA
Tanganyika
Tunisia
Zanzibar and Pemba
12
21
25
AMERICA, North
AMERICA, S o u t h
Argentina
Brazil
British Guiana
55
A. Radio
Broadcasting
2
All other types
News
Music
%
%
%
9
53
38
100
7
9
52
21
45
13
100
11
13
41
70
45
77
79
16
11
11
21
9
24
16
Federation of Malaya
10
7
11
Netherlands N e w Guinea
10
C ou ntIy
A M E R I C A , South
of programme
Total
%
(cont.)
Colombia
AS1 A
Aden
Brunei
10
100
100
100
100
71
100
53
56
50
28
19
37
36
33
29
63
57
47
100
41
100
53
33
100
30
26
100
7
49
40
56
60
67
16
10
15
48
62
56
36
28
29
100
10
13
18
31
40
9
15
14
100
100
100
100
100
100
10
10
Ceylon
Cyprus (Greek)
(Turkish)
(English)
Hong Kong (Chinese)
(English)
India
Israel
Japan (Nat iona 1)
(Commercial)
Korea, Republic of
Kuwait
North Borneo
Portuguese India
Singapore
Turkey
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
EUROPE
Bulgaria
10
Czechoslovakia
25
59
47
73
75
61
Denmark
16
18
13
11
11
41
56
57
31
82
43
26
30
58
7
18
19
18
15
11
67
56
16
56
57
15
25
66
29
32
Austria
Belgium (French)
(Flemish)
Finland
France (France
Gibraltar
Greece
Hungary
Ice land
Ire land
Italy
Malta and G o z o
I, 11, 111)
70
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
A. Radio Broadcasting
News 1
Music'
All other types
of programme
Total
%
%
%
%
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portuga1
Spain
7
25
20
15
7
42
46
53
63
60
51
29
27
22
100
100
100
100
100
Sweden (Prog. I)
(Prog. 11)
SwitzerIand
United Kingdom
Yugoslavia
7
13
12
10
16
14
25
55
48
79
62
33
42
19
100
Australia (National)ti
(Commercial)
British Solomon Islands
F"' 7
I' 1
French Polynesia
18
10
25
14
13
55
55
42
37
27
35
33
31
50
100
100
100
100
100
Gilbert and Ellice Islands
New Caledonia
New Zealand (non-commercialprog.)
Papua
20
21
7
14
60
8
67
49
20
71
26
37
100
100
100
100
...
53
...
Country
EUROPE (cont.)
65
33
100
100
100
100
0CE ANI A
55
USSR
U
USSR
100
1. Including weather reports,commentaries on news and sport
2. Including all kinds of musical broadcasts
3. Network programmes only. Data refer to broadcasts of the national and regional networks of the Canadian
Broadcasting Corporation. Each of the 3 networks comprises certain CBC and privately-owned stations
4. Average week
5. Including music from programmes classified elsewhere as "variety and "records
6. Metropolitan transmitters
7. 1958
71
B. TELEVISION BROADCASTING
7. Total number of transmitters in operation for
regular and experimental broadcasts : 1953, 1958,
1960
8. Total number of receivers and receivers per 1 000
inhabitants : 1953, 1958, 1960
9. Total number of receivers and receivers per 1000
inhabitants (in selected countries) : 1950 and 1953
-
1960
10. Composition of television broadcasting programmes
according to national classifications, during a
typical week in 1960
73
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82
TABLE 10. COMPOSITION OF TELEVISION BROADCASTING PROGRAMMES,
ACCORDING TO NATIONAL CLASSIFICATIONS, DURING A
TYPICAL WEEK IN 1960 (OR 1961)
B. Television Broadcasting
Approximate
percentage of
total programme
time per week
Country,
type of programme and total
broadcasting time per week
Country,
type of programme and total
broadcasting time per week
AUSTRALIA
National programme
BELGIUM
(ABC) - ...
Drama (including films)
Sport
Light entertainment (including
popular music, variety)
ChiIdren 's
News and newsreels
Documentaries
Talks, interviews
Services
Schools broad casts
Women's programmes
Religious
Rural
Classical and light music
Kindergarten
Actualities and outdoor
broadcasts
Commercial programme
- ...
Drama
Children's
Advertising
Variety and talent
Sport
N e w s and weather
Cartoons
Women's
Light and popular music
Talks, interviews
Religious
Documentaries
Quiz, game and panel
AUSTRIA
Approximate
percentage of
total programme
time per week
- 25 hours
Films
Actualities
Transmissions from abroad
Youth and family
Entertainment
Plays
Sport
Culture and popular education
Other
100
French programme
17
13
- 31 hours
Films (fiction and short films)
News
Variety, games
Youth programmes
Theatre
Documentaries
Sport
Scientific progr ammes
Music
Literary programmes
Women's
Religion
Political
12
10
9
8
6
5
4
4
4
3
2
2
-
Flemish programme
42 hours
News
Films (fiction and short films)
Culture
Sport
Scientific programmes
Theatre, literary, music
Variety, games
Youth programmes
Announcements
1
100
53
9
8
6
4
4
4
3
3RAZIL
- ...
Advertisements
Sport
Theatre
News
Children's programmes
Popular and folk music
Games and quizzes
Humour
Interviews
Women's programmes
Instructive programmes
Light music
Lectures
Civic and religious solemnities
Classes
Politica1
Classical music
Gymnastics
2
2
2
2
1
100
24
20
14
12
9
8
3
2
1
83
100
24
18
11
10
8
6
6
6
3
2
2
2
2
100
23
19
18
12
7
7
6
6
1
100
20
10
10
8
8
6
5
4
4
3
3
3
3
1
2
B. Television Broadcasting
Country,
type of programme and total
broadcasting time per week
Approximate
per centage of
total programme
time per week
BRAZIL (cont.)
DENMARK
Mi sce 11ane ou s
CANADA2
- 130
10
hours
Predominantly Entertainment :
'I General 'I entertainment
Sport
Creative arts
Predominantly Information :
N e w s and weather
Household and its activities
Sciences, nature
Foreign information
Farm, fisheries
Other
Predominantly Idea or Opinion :
Political, other controversial
public affairs
Religious
Canadian activities and heritage
School, other youth education
Social, human relations
Oth.er
COSTA RICA
- 32 hours
Entertainment
News
C u 1tura1
Science
Religious
Economics
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
- 23 hours
100
45
10
FINLAND
5
- 54
51
15
15
13
6
100
hours
Test card and tuning music
Advertisements
Films
Actualities
Programmes of social content
International programme exchange
Entertainment
News
Youth and children's
Dram a
Music
5
5
3
3
1
9
4
3
2
2
2
1
FRANCE
- 55 hours
100
100
33
17
16
8
7
- ...
Children's, youth, women's
Theatre
Entertainment
Sport
Documentaries
Broadcasts from aboard
Films
News
Actualities
Intervals, advertisements, etc.
Religion
5
5
4
1
1
1
1
1
84
38
17
13
8
6
5
4
4
3
2
1
100
News
Variety
Documentaries
Youth programmes
Sport
Drama
production R.T.F.")
Films ("
Other films
Music
Out side broadcasts
Regional broadcasts
G E R M A N Y , Federal Republic
Films (TV and cinema)
News
Sport
Entertainment
Dram a
Operas and ballets
Scientific and cultural programmes
Quiz programmes
Concerts
Operetta
Marionettes
Announcements
Other
100
Spoken word, actualities
Sport
Theatre, literarure
Entertainment
Classical music
65
20
5
5
3
2
- 37 hours
Approximate
percentage of
total programme
time per week
Country,
type of programme and total
broadcasting time per week
25
22
20
9
8
5
5
4
1
0.5
0.5
100
15
14
12
11
11
10
7
7
7
5
1
B. Television Ehndcasting
Approximate
percentage of
total programme
time per week
Country,
type of programme and total
broadcasting time per week
HUNGARY
- 17 hours
100
Films
Theatre
Sport
Entertainment
News
Youth programmes
Actualities
Pedagogic a1 programmes
Fine arts programmes
ITALY
MEXICO
38
15
13
11
8
5
5
3
2
- 67hours
~
20
15
11
10
9
9
NETHERLANDS
7
6
- 117 hours
100
Education
News
Entertainment
Cultural
Women's culture
Music
Social problems
Drama
Light music
Sport
Political, economic
Agricultural, forestry, fisheries
39
16
13
hours
100
Commercial programme
- 64
Literature, amusement
Social, cultural programmes
Sport
News
Music, dancing
Advertisement
Other
6
6
NEW ZEALAND
5
- 22 hours
- 64 hours
Comedy
Crime and thriller
Children's
D o cumen tary
Adventure
Western
Drama
News
Travel
Quiz
Talks, interviews
Sport
Religious
Actualities
Music
4
3
3
3
1
1
35
24
19
12
5
1
4
85
Approximate
percentage of
total programme
time per week
100
Entertainment
Actualities
Sport
Films
Documentaries
Theatre
Children's stories
Arts
Religious
Miscellaneous
3
2
8
-
National programme ( N H K )
- ...
Films (cinema)
Theatre
Popular music
Sport
News
Folk music
CUItura1
Advertisements
Practical advice
Quizzes
Interviews and variety
Semi-classical music
Classical music
Children's films
Commentaries
Documentaries
100
Schools broadcasts
News
Cultura1
Sport
Variety, revue and light music
Youth programmes
Drama
Films ('cinemaand TV)
Actualities
Lyric, symphonic and chamber music
Other
JAPAN
Country,
type of programme and total
broadcasting time per week
23
16
11
9
6
5
5
5
5
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
100
19
16
13
11
10
10
7
7
5
2
100
17
16
12
11
9
9
8
7
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
B. Televisim Ekoadcastinn
Country,
type of programme and total
broadcasting time per week
NORWAY
- 16 hours
Sport
Drama, comedies
News, reporting
Instruction and discussion
Children's programmes
Music, song
Religious services
Miscellaneous
POLAND3
- 29
Approximate
percentage of
total programme
time per week
100
Actualities
News
Varieties
Advertisements
Talks and interviews
Musical ensemble
Theatre
Films
Sketches
Sport
Children's programmes
Women's
Concert
Culinary
Ballet
Youth programme
- 26
7
6
6
SWITZERLAND
2
1
German programme
23
20
5
5
5
4
3
3
17
hours
Sport
Intervals and advertisements
Children and youth
Miscellaneous
French programme
15
11
11
10
10
Information :
News
Actualities
86
27
26
13
9
9
4
2
2
1
7
100
15
5
Entertainment :
Variety and light music
Films
Qu'izzes
3
2
2
2
2
Music
Documentaries and artistic films
Children's programmes
Sport
The aue
Village programmes
- 20
Cultural :
Documentaries
Theatre
Religion
Opera, operetta, musical festivals
Classical music
Literature and arts
Popular theatre
Dance, ballet, pantomime
9
6
6
100
100
Information :
News
Actualities
100
hours
RUMANIA
- 29 hours
Music
News
Children
Films
Theatre!
Cultur a1
Women's
Religion
sport
Miscellaneous (quizzes,
advertising, etc.)
10
24
22
14
10
8
- 29 hours
SPAIN I
3
3
News
Films
Drama
Children's and school programmes
Music and ballet
Entertainment
Sport
Popular scientific
Literary
Advertising
8
8
8
2
Political
Literary, cultural
" Enterprise clubs I'
Other
7
100
PORTUGAL
RUMANIA (cont.)
26
21
17
13
hours
Approximate
percentage of
total programme
time per week
Country,
type of programme and total
broadcasting time per week
- 20hours
11
6
4
3
2
2
1
1
8
8
6
17
6
4
1
100
9
6
B. Television Bodcastinn
Country,
type of programme and total
broadcasting time per week
SWITZERLAND (cont.)
Culture
Documentaries
Theatre
Religion
Literature and arts
Opera, operetta, musical festivals
Classical music
Dance, ballet, pantomime
Entertainment:
Variety and light music
Films
Quizzes
Sport
Children's and youth programmes
Intervals and advertisements
Miscellaneous
Italian programme 13 hours
Information :
News
Actualities
Culture :
Documentaries
Religion
Opera, operetta, musical festivals
Theatre
Classical music
Literature and arts
Popular theatre
Dance, ballet, pantomime
Entertainment :
Films
Variety and light music
Qu'itzes
-
Sport
Intervals, advertisements
Miscellaneous
THAILAND
- ...
Entertainment (TV drama)
Foreign newsreel
Non-fiction film
Local and foreign news
Commercial
General knowledge
Approximate
percentage of
total programme
time per week
Approximate
percentage of
total programme
time per week
Country,
type of programme and total
broadcasting time per week
THAILAND (cont.)
7
6
5
5
4
4
3
Children's programme
Musical show
Cartoon
Fiction film
Newsreel
Sport
Scientific
Women's
Hygiene feature
14
6
5
3
2
1
1
10
10
5
16
6
5
2
1
UNITED KINGDOM
National programme (BBC)-63 hours
Talks, demonstrations and
documentary programmes
Outside broadcasts of sporting
and other events
Children's programme
Light entertainment
Entertainment films
Drama
News services
Schools broadcasts
Religion
Opera, music and ballet
Other broadcasts
Commercial programme (ITA) ...
1
100
9
7
13
5
4
3
2
-
100
23
18
12
11
8
7
7
5
3
2
4
100
Drama,stories,serials in dramatic form 41
Children's programme (including
school broadcasts)
Talks and religion
Variety and light entertainment
Sport
News
Advertising magazines
YUGOSLAVIA 24 hours
1
1
1
11
9
4
17
4
9
100
-
Films
20
14
11
6
6
2
100
17
News
17
Light entertainment, humour
15
11
Sport
Drama
9
Specia1 programme
9
Children's programmes
8
4
Opera, music and ballet
4
Actualities
Other (advertising,dancing,classes,etc.) 4
19
15
7
7
7
7
1. Average week, 1959
2. Network programmes only. Data refer to broadcasts on the English and French networks of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Each of the networks comprises certain
Centre only
3. 1959, Warsaw
4. 1958
87
CBC and privately-owned stations
UNESCO PUBLICATIONS: NATIONAL DISTRIBUTORS
AFGHANISTAN: Panuzai. Press Department, Royal
Afghan Ministry of Education, KABUL.
ALBANIA: N. Sh. Botimeve Naim Frasheri. TIRANA.
ARGENTINA : Editorial Sudamericana S.A:, Alsina
500, BUENOSAIRES.
Melbourne Universitv Press. 369
AUSTRALIA:
~~.
Lonsdale Street, MELBOURNE
C.l (Vicioria).
AUSTRIA: Verlag Georg Fromme & Co., Spengcrgasse 39. WICN
V.
BELGIUM: Office de publicitk S.A., 16. rue Marcq.
BRUXELLES
1 ; N.V. Standaard Boekhandel. BelgiBlei
151. ANTWERPEN.
For ‘The Courier’: Louis de Lannoy, 22, place de
Brouckkre, BRUXELLES.
BOLIVIA: Libreria Seleccioncs, avenida Camacho 369.
L A PAZ; Libreria Universitaria, Universidad de San
Francisco Xavier, SUCRE;Lihreria ‘Los Amigos del
Libro’, calle Perci 11, COCHABAMBA;
Instituto de
Estudios Sociales y Econbrnicos, Universidad Mayor
de San Sim6n. Facultad de Ciencias Econbrnicas,
casilla 1392, COCHABAMBA;
Libreria de la Universidad
Tkcnica de Oruro, casilla 637, ORURO.
BRAZIL: Fundaqao Getdlio Vargas, 186 praia de
Botafogo,caixa postal 4081, RIO De JANEIRO.
BULGARIA: Raznoiznos, 1 Tzar Assen, SOFIA.
B U R M A : Burma Translation Society. 361 Prome
Road, RANGOON.
CAMBODIA: Librairie Albert Portail, 14, avenue
Boulloche. PHNOM-PENH.
C A N A D A : The Queen’s Printer, Orr~W.4font.).
CEYLON: Lake House Bookshop, P.O. Box 244,
Lady LochoreBuilding,IOOParsons Road, COLOMBO2.
CHILE: Editorial Univcrsitaria
S.A., avenida
B. O’Higgins 1058, casilla 10220,SANTIAGO.
For ‘The Courier’: Comisibn Nacional de la Unesco
en Chile, calle San Antonio 255, 7.O piso, SANTIAGO.
CfIINA: The World Book Co. Ltd., 99 Chungking
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(TaiwaniFormosa).
COLOMBIA: Libreria Central, carrera 6-A n.” 14-32.
BOGOTA;Lihrerla Buchholz Galeria, avenida Jimknez
de Quesada 8-40,BOGOTA;J. GermBn Rodriguez N.,
oficina 201, Edificio Banco de Bogota. apartado
nacional83, GIRARDOT;
Libreria Caldas Ltda.,carrera
22,n.O 26-44,hlANIZALEs (Caldas).
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n.0 21-11,CARTAGENA.
C O N G O : La Librairie, Institut politique congolais,
B.P. 2307, L6OPOLDVILLE.
COSTA RICA: Iniprenta y Librrrla Trejor S.A.,
apartado 1313, SAN JOSE.
For‘The Courier’:Carlos Y,lerin SBenz & Co. Ltda..
.El Palacio de las Re! istas .awartado 1924. SAN JOSE.
C U B A : Libreria Econbmica,.P&.Zayas 505-7,apartado
113, LA HABANA.
CZECHOSLOVAKIA:
Artia Ltd.. 30 \’e SmeiAkh.
PRAHA2.
D E N M A R K : Ejnar Munksgaard I.td.. 6 Nerrcgade,
K ~ B E N H AK.
VN
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Libreria Dominicana, Mercedes 49. spartJda de correos 656,CIUDAD
TRUIILLO.
E C U A D O R : Casa de Is Cultura Ecuatoriana, Nucleo
del Guayas, Pedro Moncayo y 9 de Octubre, c a s h
de correo 3542, GUAYAQUIL.
EL SALVADOR : Profesor Federico CBrdenas Ruano,
Libreria ‘LaLuz’. 6.8 avenida Norte n.O 103,SAN SAL~~
VADOR.
ETHIOPIA: International Press Agency, P.O.Box 120.
ADDISABABA.
FINLAND: Akateeminen Kirjakauppd, 2 Keskuskatu,
HLLSINKI.
FRANCE: Librairie de I’Unesco,place de Fontenoy,
[email protected] 12598-48.
F R E N C H W E S T INDIES: Lihrairie J. Bocage, rue
Lavoir. B.P. 208. FORT-DE- FRANC^ (Martinique).
G E R M A N Y (FED. REP.): R. Oldenbourg Verlag,
Unesco-Vertrieb fur Deutschland, Rosenheimerstrasse 145. MUNCHEN
8.
G H A N A : Methodist Book Depot Ltd.,Atlantis House,
Commercial Street.P.O.Box 100,CAPECOAST.
GREECE: Librairie H. Kauffmann, 28. rue du Stade,
ATHZNES.
G U A T E M A L A : Comisi6n Nacional de la Unesco,
5.’ Calk 6-79,zona 1 (Altos),GUATEMALA.
HAITI: Librairie ’A la Caravelle’,36. rue Roux, B.P.1 11,
PORT-AU-PRINCE.
H O N D U R A S : Libreria MCxico, frente Zapateria
Atenas, apartado postal 767. TEGUCIGALPA,
D.C.
H O N G K O N G : Swindon Book Co., 64 Nathan Road,
KOWLOON.
H U N G A R Y : Kultura. P.O. Box 149. BUDAPEST
62.
INDIA: Orient Longrnans Ltd.: I7 Chittaranjan Ave.,
CALCUTTA13; Nicol Road, Ballard Estate, BOMBAYI;
36A Mount Road, MADRAS
2; Kanson House, 1/24
I.
Asaf Ali Road, N E W DELHI
Sub-depofs: Indian National Commission for Cooperation with Unesco. Ministry of Education, N E W
DELHI
3; Oxford Book and Stationery Co., 17 Park
Street. CALCUTTA16,and Scindia House,NEW DELHI.
INDONESIA: P. N. Fadjar Bhakti, Djalan Nusantara
22. DIAKARTA.
IRAN: Commission nationale iranienne pour I’Unesco,
avenue du Musk. TEHERAN.
IRAQ: McKende’s Bookshop, BAGHDAD.
IRELAND: The National Press, 2 Wellington Road,
Ballsbridge, DUBLIN.
ISRAEL:Blumstein’s Bookstores Ltd.,35 Allenhy Road
and48 Nahlat Benjamin Street. TELAvlv.
ITALY: Libreria Zanichelli, Portici del Pavaglione,
BOLOGNA
; Libreria Commissionaria Sansoni (Ayente
generale), via Gino Capponi 26, casella postale 552.
FIRENZE;
Hoepli, via Ulrico Hoepli 5, MILANO;
Libreria Internazionale Rirzoli, Galeria Colonna,
Largo Chighi, ROMA;Libreria Internazionale Modernissimn, via della Mercrde 43, 45, ROMA; Lihreria
Paravia. via Garibaldi 23, TORINO.
JAMAICA: S:iacs:er’s Book Room, 91 Harbour Street,
KINGSTON;
Knox Educational Services. SPALDINGS.
JAPAN: Maruzen Co. Ltd., 6 Tori-Nichome,Nihonbashi, P.O.Box 605,Tokyo Central,TOKYO.
J O R D A N : Joseph 1. Bahoris & Co., Dar-ul-Kutub,
Salt Road. P.O.Box 66. A M M A N .
K E N Y A . ESA Bookshop, P.O. Box 30167. NAIP.OBI.
KOREA: Korean National Commission cor Unesco,
P.O.Box Central 64,SLOUL.
LEBANON: Librairie Antoine. A. Naufal et Freres,
I3.P. 656,BEYROUTFI.
LIBERIA: Cole &Yancy Bookshops Ltd.,P.O.Box 286,
MONROVIA.
L U X E M B O U R G : Lihrairie Paul Bruck,22 Grand-Rue,
LUXEMBOURG.
M A L A Y A (FEDERATION OF) & SINGAPORE:
Federal Publications Ltd., Times House, Rher
Valley Road,S L ~ G A P O R F .
M A L T A : Sapienza’s Library,26 I‘hgsway,VALLETTA.
MAURITIUS: Nalanda Co. Ltd.,30 Bourbon Street,
PORT-LOUIS.
hfEXICO: Editorial Hermes, Ignacio Mariscal 41,
MEXICO, D.P.
M O N A C O : British Library. 30,boulevard des Moulins
MONTE-CARLO.
hfOROCCO: Centre de diffusion documentaire d u
BEPI, B.P. 211, RABAT.
NETHERLANDS : N.V. Martinus Niihoff.Lange
Voorhout 9, ’s-GRAVENHAGB.
NETHERLANDS ANTILLES: 0.C.T. Van Dorl,
and Co. (Ned. Ant.) N.V., WIILEMSTAD
(Curawo,
N.A.).
N E W Z E A L A N D : The Government Printing OfficC.
WELLINGTON
; Government Bookshops, AUCKLAND,
DIJNEDIN,
WELLINGTON.
CIIRISTCHURCH,
NICARAGUA: Librerla Cultural Nicaragiiense, calle
15 de Septiembre y avenida Bolivar, MANAGUA.
NIGERIA: C M S (Nigeria) Bookshops, P.O. Box 174,
LAGOS.
N O R W A Y : A.S. Bokhjernet, Lillc Grensen 7, OSLO.
PAKISTAN: The West-Pak Publishing Co. Ltd.,
Unesco Publications House, P.O. Box 374, 56-N
Gulberg Industrial Colony, LAHORE.
P A N A M A : Cultural Panamefia,Avenida 7.. n.0 TI-49,
apartado de correos 2018, PANAMA.
P A R A G U A Y : Agencia de Librerias de Salvador
Nina, Yegros. entre 25 de Mayo y Mcal. Estigarribia.
AFVNC16N ; Albo Industrial Comercial S.A.,Seccibn
Lihreria, GraI. Diaz 327, ASUNCI~N.
PERU: ESEDAL S.A., Departamento de Venta de
Publicaciones,Edificio Santos,Jir6n Ica 441-A,oficina
108, apartado de correo 577, LIMA.
For ‘The Courier’:Distribuidora de Revistas, INCA
S.A., apartado 3115, LIMA.
PHILIPPINES: T h e Modern Book Co., 508 Rizal
Avenue, MANILA.
P O L A N D : 06rodek Rozpowszechniania Wydawnictw
Naukowych PAN,Palac Kultury i Nauki, WARSZAWA.
PORTUGAL: Dias &Andrade Lda.,Livraria Portugal.
rua do Carmo 70. LWBGA.
RHODESIA &N Y A S A L A N D (FEDERATION OF):
(Southern
The Book Centre, First Street, SALISBURY
Rhodesia).
R U M A N I A : Cartimex, Str. Aristide Briand 14-18,
P.O.Box 134-135,BUCURE$TI.
SENEGAL: La Maison d u livre, 13, avenue Rome.
DAKAR.
SINGAPORE: See Malaya (Federation of).
REPUBLIC OF S O U T H AFRICA: Van Schaik’s
Bookstore (Pty)Ltd., Libri Building. Church Street,
P.0.Box 724,PRETORIA.
SPAIN: Libreria Cicntlfica Medinaeli, Duque de
Medinaceli 4, MADRID
14.
For ‘The Courier’: Edicinnes Iberoamericanas SA.,
calle de Okate 15, MADRID.
S W E D E N : A B C. E. Fritzzs Kungl. Hovbokhandel.
Fredsgatan 2. STOCKHOLM 16.
For ‘The Courier’: Svenska Unescoradet,Vasagatan
15-17.STOCKHOLMC.
SWITZERLAND: Europa Verlag, Rimistrasse. 5.
Zthua;Payot,40, rue du March&, GENBVE.
T A N G A N Y I K A : Dar cs Salaam Bookshop, P.O.
Box 9030,DARES SALAAM.
THAILAND: Suksapan Panit,Mansion 9, Rajdamnern
Avenue, BANGKOK.
TUNISIA: Societe nationale d’kdition et de diffusion,
10, rue de Russie,TUNIS.
T U R K E Y : Librairie Hachette, 469 Istiklal Caddesi
Beyoglu, ISTANBUL.
U G A N D A : Uganda Bookshop,P.O.Box 145,KAMPALA.
UNITED A R A B REPUBLIC: La Renaissance d’ggypte.
9 Sh. Adly Pasha, CAIRO
(Egypt).
UNITED K I N G D O M : H.M. Stationery Office,P.O.
Box 569, LONDON,S.E.I.
UNITED STATES O F AMERICA: Unesco Puhlications Center, 801 Third Avenue, NEW YORK 22,
N.Y.,and,except for periodicals: Columbia University
Press. 2960 Broadway,NEW YORK
27, N.Y.
U R U G U A Y : Oficina de Representaci6n de Editorials,
plaza Cagancha 1342.1.“ piso. MONTEVIDEO.
USSR: Meibdunarodnaja Kniga, MOSKVA
G-200.
VENEZUELA: Libreria Politkcnica,calle Villaflor,local
A,al lado General Electric, Sabana Grande,CARACAS,
Libreria Cruz del Sur, Centro Comercial del Este,
local 11, apartado 10223, Sabana Grande. CARACAS;
Braulio Gabriel Chacares, apartado 8260, CARACAS;
Libreria Fundavac C.A.,apartado del Este 5843, CARACAS; Libreria Selecta, avenida 3, n.O 23-23,MBRIDA.
VIET-NAM : Librairiepapeterie Xub-Thu, 185-193,
rue Tu-Do,B.P. 283,SAIGON.
YUGOSLAVIA: Jugoslovenska Knjiga, Terazije 27
BWRAD.