LABOR MARKET ANALYTICS TO INFORM NORTHEAST OHIO WORKFORCE (NOW) REGIONAL
PLAN
5
OHIO’S OBJECTIVES FOR WIOA
OHIO STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE OBJECTIVES
REQUIRED LABOR MARKET ANALYSIS
5
6
6
EXISTING AND EMERGING LABOR MARKET WORKFORCE DEMAND AND SUPPLY
7
LABOR MARKET SKILLS GAP: IMPORTANT TO PRODUCE HARD DATA TO INFORM ACTION
7
HOW CAN THE REGION’S WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM INCREASE THE SUPPLY OF QUALIFIED
WORKERS AND CONNECT TO EMPLOYERS IN REAL TIME?
7
RESEARCHING REGIONAL GAP ANALYSIS
8
WIOA NEO ECONOMY AND JOB PRODUCTION: IMPLICATIONS FOR WIOA PLANS
11
WORKERS OFTEN LIVE IN ONE WORKFORCE AREA AND WORK IN ANOTHER
LESSON FOR THE WIOA NEO REGIONAL PLAN
EVIDENCE OF LOCAL LABOR MARKET DIFFERENCES
12
13
14
WIOA NEO ECONOMY LAGS BEHIND IN ECONOMY RECOVERY
18
MANUFACTURING AND GOVERNMENT JOBS HIT HARDEST
18
PARTS OF THE ECONOMY ALREADY EXCEED PRE-RECESSION JOB NUMBERS
19
SILVER LINING IN THE NEO ECONOMY: THOUSANDS OF JOBS WERE ADDED TO THE ECONOMY BY 27
INDUSTRIES, EXCEEDING PREVIOUS 2007 HIGHS
20
VIEWING NEO JOB PERFORMANCE AS OCCUPATIONS: TALE OF DUAL ECONOMIES
22
WHAT SPECIFIC JOBS REACHED NEW HIGHS BY 2015 IN MANAGERIAL; BUSINESS AND FINANCE; IT AND
ENGINEERING OCCUPATIONAL FAMILIES?
24
IN-DEPTH REALITIES AND INSIGHTS OF LABOR MARKET DEMAND
26
WHY DO EMPLOYERS HIRE NEW WORKERS?
IMPLICATIONS FOR THE REGION’S LABOR MARKET
IMPLICATION FOR WIOA AND HIGHER EDUCATION
WHY IS JOB CHURN IMPORTANT?
SKILLS ARE THE COMMON LANGUAGE OF EDUCATORS AND EMPLOYERS
26
27
28
28
30
ADDRESSING SKILL GAPS
31
JOBS IN DEMAND REQUIRING LESS THAN A BACHELORS DEGREE
31
IN DEMAND SKILLS BY EMPLOYERS ARE KEY TO KNOWING WHAT JOB SEEKERS NEED
FOR ENTRY-LEVEL OCCUPATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES
32
TOP SKILLS APPEARING ACROSS ALL ONLINE POSTINGS
SPECIFIC OR SPECIALIZED SKILLS MOST IN DEMAND
32
34
TOP SOFTWARE AND PROGRAMMING SKILLS IN DEMAND FOR NOW NEO
36
BASELINE, OR NON-TECHNICAL, SKILLS
37
EMPLOYERS POSTING THE MOST JOBS ONLINE AND TOP JOBS THEY POST
42
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JOBS IN DEMAND REQUIRING LESS THAN A BACHELORS DEGREE
43
IMPORTANT FINDINGS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NOW NEO
UPDATING OF OPPORTUNITY JOBS USING BURNING GLASS’S DEFINITION OF MIDDLE SKILL
GOOD-PAYING MIDDLE-SKILL JOBS IN DEMAND
WHAT EMPLOYERS POST THESE JOBS?
WHY THESE OCCUPATIONS?
INCREASED SKILL DEMANDS IS A FACTOR
43
44
45
45
46
46
IMPORTANCE OF DIGITAL SKILLS IN OCCUPATIONS NOT REQUIRING A BACHELORS
DEGREE
46
DIGITAL SKILL DEMANDS IMPACT ALL THESE OCCUPATIONS.
DEMAND FOR DIGITAL SKILLS APPEARS MOST IN THESE OCCUPATIONS
GREAT NEED FOR BASIC DIGITAL SKILLS IN MIDDLE-SKILL JOBS POSTED
ADVANCED DIGITAL SKILLS LARGELY INVOLVE APPLYING SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS ON THE JOB
47
48
49
51
CODING SKILLS IN DEMAND ARE EMERGING AS A PATH TO HIGHER-SKILL JOBS
55
ECONOMIC GROWTH IS LINKED TO USE OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES
HOW ARE THESE SKILLS EMERGING IN NORTHEAST OHIO’S LABOR MARKET?
DEMAND FOR CODE WRITING SKILLS VARIES AMONG JOB RESPONSIBILITIES SO, PROGRAMMING SKILLS ARE NEEDED IN A WIDE RANGE OF IT OCCUPATIONS…BUT
IN-DEPTH LOOK AT MANUFACTURING IN NOW NEO
MANUFACTURING JOBS ON OR NEAR THE FACTORY FLOOR ARE IN DEMAND
TOP JOB TITLES
EDUCATION EMPLOYERS PREFER
HIGH SKILL JOBS ARE GROWING IN MANUFACTURING
JOBS IN NEO MANUFACTURING SECTOR NOW LISTING DIGITAL SKILLS AS IMPORTANT
56
56
57
59
62
64
65
67
67
70
POSSIBLE CAREER PATHS
72
HEALTHCARE JOBS IN DEMAND
75
INCREASED DEMAND FOR HEALTH INFORMATICS SKILLS
WHAT JOB POSTS ARE FULL-TIME EMPLOYMENT?
78
80
FURTHER LOOK AT IT JOBS IN DEMAND
80
SKILLS PROGRESSION PATHWAY
83
COMPARING IT DEMAND IN MANUFACTURING AND HEALTHCARE
84
SEVEN FORCES THAT IMPACT ADVANCED MANUFACTURING; FINANCE & INSURANCE; HEALTHCARE; AND
PROFESSIONAL SERVICES; AND HEALTHCARE
86
IMPACT OF DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES ON SKILLS IN DEMAND: CYBER-SECURITY
87
JOB POSTINGS SEEKING CYBER-SECURITY EXPERTISE
88
EVIDENCE OF INDUSTRY INVOLVED WITH INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)
89
POSTINGS AND OCCUPATIONS DEMANDING DATA ANALYTICS AND DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE
SKILLS
89
TOP SPECIALIZED SKILLS NEEDED FOR DATA ANALYTICS
90
CLOUD COMPUTING
90
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TOP OCCUPATIONS IN DEMAND FOR DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES: NORTHEAST OHIO 92
EXPLORING THE SUPPLY-SIDE OF THE LABOR MARKET
95
IMPORTANT INSIGHTS ON DEMOGRAPHICS OF WORKERS EMPLOYED IN 2014
96
OCCUPATIONS WITH THE LARGEST PERCENTAGE OF WORKERS BETWEEN 55 AND 64 YEARS OF AGE 99
OCCUPATIONS WITH LARGEST CONCENTRATION OF WORKERS OF PRIME WORKING AGES 35 TO 44 100
OCCUPATIONS DOMINATED BY MALE WORKERS
101
OCCUPATIONS WITH MOST AND LEAST CONCENTRATION OF AFRICAN AMERICAN WORKERS
101
OCCUPATIONS WITH THE HIGHEST CONCENTRATION OF AFRICAN AMERICAN WORKERS, WHICH RANGE
FROM 30% TO 43% OF ALL WORKERS FILLING JOBS IN 2014
102
ECONOMIC INCLUSION AS A WIOA GOAL
103
WHO ARE THE MANDATED POPULATIONS, PRIORITY POPULATIONS, AND POPULATIONS FACING LABOR
MARKET BARRIERS OR PERSONAL HARDSHIPS?
104
BARRIERS THAT INDIVIDUAL JOB SEEKERS FACE IN ACCESSING TRAINING OR GAINFUL EMPLOYMENT 105
JOB SEEKERS IN OHIO LABOR EXCHANGE
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4
Labor Market Analytics to Inform Northeast Ohio Workforce
(NOW) Regional Plan
I. Introduction
According to stipulations in the federal act for WIOA and in the State of Ohio Plan,
regional and local plans need to include an economic and labor market analysis.
The act requires “the collection and analysis of regional labor market data (in conjunction
with the State of Ohio)”. Ohio requires a range of data and analysis to inform the planning
process and has provided each WIOA region with a set of data to use. This package of data
is included as an appendix to this plan. While these data are used, this research is directed
at documenting economic labor market realities and insights that draw upon additional
analysis and new job posting analytics. The intent is to help the WIOA leadership in NEO
respond to the major directives from Ohio, while developing the regional and local plans for
the five workforce areas.
Ohio’s Objectives for WIOA
The act stipulates the following objectives be addressed in plans
•
•
•
•
•
Increase employment, retention, and earnings of clients
Increase attainment of recognized credentials
Improve quality of workforce
Reduce welfare dependency
Increase economic self-sufficiency
Several of these objectives are new to WIOA and have yet to have outcome metrics
determined and guidelines provided on how these will be measured. All entities in NEO that
share missions and goals for any of these objectives will act together and ultimately
determine how the region responds. Certainly, WIOA Boards and WIOA programs can only
work to encourage and support efforts by postsecondary education institutions and
industry to increase the level of educational attainment of existing and emerging workforce.
Nonetheless, knowing where skill gaps exist in the region’s labor market is important to all
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who share in achieving this objective. It begins with agreement on what skills employers
find lacking in the region’s job seekers and the occupations where these are most in
demand.
Ohio Strategies to Achieve Objectives
Three main strategies are to be addressed in regional and local plans:1
•
Align Ohio’s education and training programs with the needs of business
•
Guide job seekers and students to careers that are most likely to result in
employment that provides a family-sustaining wage
•
Create industry-led dialogue with local and state workforce partners to identify skill
gaps in the labor market and provide ways to address any shortfalls
Research findings and implications provide direction to the five WIOA Boards and Directors
in assisting the state toward achieving these objectives.
Required Labor Market Analysis
The research design used sought to provide insights and hard data on major challenges
and opportunities in the labor market of WIOA NEO:
•
Analysis of existing and in-demand occupations generally and specifically within NEO
industries that are producing jobs
•
Analysis of skills needed by job seekers, especially in jobs employers cannot fill
within the region
•
Analysis of the workforce in the region based on skills, prior work experience and
barriers to job entry
•
Analysis of postsecondary education and training capacity within the region to
address the skills gap between demand and supply of workers in the region
1
State of Ohio, Workforce Innovations Opportunity Act, 2016 Combined State Plan, p 7
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•
Analysis of skills and jobs in demand in NEO needed by individuals currently not
participating equally in the job and income recovery
While not an exhaustive list, these issues are at the forefront in shaping workforce
development goals for WIOA and the broader regional workforce development system of
interests.
II. Need for Data Analytics on the NEO Labor Market
Existing and Emerging Labor Market Workforce Demand and Supply
‘The region’s labor market continues to experience a skills gap between employer
demand and what job seekers have to offer’. This assertion is accepted knowledge but is
seldom empirically verified.
Labor Market Skills Gap: Important to Produce Hard Data to Inform Action
Since the early 1990s, NEO leaders voice the need to address the ‘skills gap’ for middle
and higher skill jobs. A decade later the first data from online job postings were being
quoted. “The region suffered from thousands of jobs not filled” in manufacturing, IT, etc.
The inference was that employers found too few qualified applicants when hiring. Today,
the region still lacks a data-driven mandate based on sound labor market analysis.
To a large degree this rests on the assumption that the supply of qualified workers lags
behind. If employers are complaining about either the number or qualifications of
applicants, then there must be a shortage in the supply of these workers.
So what do we mean by skills gap in the market, and what else do we need to know in
order to act? Too often collection and analysis stops with demand, by occupation and
industry. Equal attention to the need for hard data about supply is short changed.
How Can the Region’s Workforce Development System Increase the Supply of
Qualified Workers and Connect to Employers in Real Time?
The capacity to better prepare workers for jobs in demand exists for higher education
and workforce development organizations. These systems help workers of all ages to
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understand their future employment options, given demand; to add the skills and education
employers seek from applicants; and help them overcome barriers that impede their
success as career and job seekers.
The Challenge: Inherently it is assumed that leaders in these systems know what needs
to be done in order to increase and improve the supply of workers to meet demand.
Somehow we will know what to do without really understanding why the gap exists and
what part of the potential supply of the workforce provides the best opportunities to
improve the supply of talent. Nothing could be farther from reality.

More needs to be known about the skills employers seek across the in demand
occupations and the strength of postsecondary career and professional education
programs offered in NEO that prepare completers for these jobs.

Do current education and training programs provide students with the skills in demand
today? How might education and training programs be improved? Do the numbers of
students enrolled in the region’s programs need to be boosted? Are students choosing
the programs with the best career employment options given market demand?
A regional skills gap is worsened by poor alignment of secondary and postsecondary
career and technical education programs with the skills in demand and jobs posted. Often
these programs produce too few or too many completers. We lack hard data on which
programs best prepare students for the jobs.
Realistically, to impact the skills gap we need labor market information that tracks
trends in the supply of new graduates in terms of career and technical education, as well as
trends in employer demand for middle-skill, good paying jobs. Just as important is to track
how the gap is bridged over time.
Researching Regional Gap Analysis
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The most recent study2 of NEO Skills Gap could only support generalities about where
programs and occupations in demand do not align. For example, it could only determine
that the region’s demand for hires for IT workers far exceeded the combined production of
IT graduates from all postsecondary institutions in the region.
The most that can be concluded is that we are not producing enough IT graduates to
meet employer demand. No one doubts that. But usually the numerical gap for a region is
so large that the possibility of growing the pipeline into IT programs is daunting and will
take years to achieve.
This investigation clarifies the issues around both conditions of demand and supply of
workers in the NEO job markets and establishes what is known and not known. This is
vital to understanding the potential role and opportunities for the WIOA system to set
strategies that correspond with the three strategic objectives in the Ohio WIOA Plan.
Workforce Demand. A deeper understanding of changing conditions of workforce
demand requires both basic knowledge of the region’s economy and job production,
especially during recovery from the dramatic recession, and what is expected in the next
few years. More importantly, though, is the goal to gain insights and hard data of the
dynamics at play in the labor market itself. If the need is to establish hard data on the skills
gap, the focus needs to be on skills employers seek. This requires a new approach to research
by using new data sources.
Workforce Supply. A deeper understanding of job seekers who are or may enter the
labor market at any point in time is important to establishing the lack of skills sought by
employers. This is especially important to learn for specific occupations. Only by knowing
the nature and magnitude of the skills gap and its impact on employer ability to fill job
openings can the broader workforce development system take action to reduce these gaps.
Most important is to determine skill development needs of those not currently working in
full-time, permanent jobs, or working at all.
2
Future Works, Building Opportunities for Cleveland Residents: Aligning Demand and Supply of Professional
and Technical Education, 2015
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Successfully doing so generates two positive outcomes: employers can satisfy a greater
share of total new hires with residents of the region, and the region’s workforce has
improved access to better jobs.
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III. Understanding Commute to Work Patterns
NOW NEO Economy and Job Production: Implications for WIOA Plans
There were 1,403,050 jobs provided by industry (including government) in 2007. Most
were within Cuyahoga and Summit counties (53% and 20%, respectively). Next are Lake and
Lorain counties
with 7% each. The
dominance of the
two largest urban
counties as
sources of
employment has
a profound
influence on the
shape of the local
labor markets and
shows that
boundaries for local workforce areas
do not align.
NOW NEO Region: Location of Jobs By
County 2007 and 2014
County Name
2007 Jobs
2014 Jobs
Cuyahoga County, OH
Summit County, OH
Lake County, OH
Lorain County, OH
Medina County, OH
Portage County, OH
Geauga County, OH
Ashtabula County, OH
Total NOW NEO
EMSI Analyst
747,226
273,169
101,090
99,340
60,886
53,827
35,239
32,273
1,403,050
708,468
260,116
94,311
95,796
58,772
53,537
33,459
30,001
1,334,460
As is shown in the next section,
the location of jobs, which is more
concentrated than the residences of
workers, leads to large numbers of
workers commuting to another
county for employment.
For example, there are more jobs
located in Cuyahoga and Summit counties than are residents who are employed. At the
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same time, in Lorain County there are fewer total jobs than residents who are employed.
Obviously, commuting between counties is occurring at a significant scale.
Workers Often Live in One Workforce Area and Work in Another
The NOW NEO Region of two adjacent MSA’s plus Ashtabula County is dependent on
Cuyahoga and Summit counties where three out of four jobs are located. There are an
estimated 1.3+ million employed persons living in the eight-county region that commute to
work daily to an Ohio workplace. All but 3% of them live and work in the eight-county
region. Thus, the WIOA NEO region is fairly self-contained as a regional labor market.
The region, however, is geographically large and some distances are too large to span
on a daily basis even by car. For a number of reasons, the region operates as an overlapping
set of local labor markets. As is shown in this report, the Cleveland and Akron MSA display
differences in labor market conditions. And yet everyday, thousands of workers stream
from and to these MSA’s on the way to work.
Total Workers Residing by County and Workplace Destination 2006 to 2010
Cleveland MSA
County of
Ashtabula Cuyahoga
Workplace
County of
Residence
GAP-Area
Ashtabula
68.7%
6.1%
Geauga
-37.6%
Portage
0.1%
14.7%
Cle/Cuy--Area
Cuyahoga
0.0%
90.3%
Area
Lake
1.2%
32.4%
Area
Lorain
0.1%
31.5%
Area
Medina
0.0%
34.0%
Summit
0.1%
14.1%
Total
31,557
695,834
Workers
Lake
Geauga
Akron MSA
Lorain
Medina
Summit
Portage
Total
WIOA
NEO
12.3%
4.9%
0.4%
0.1%
0.8%
0.3%
93.5%
11.1%
44.3%
0.4%
0.3%
3.0%
1.9%
98.6%
0.5%
2.5%
0.1%
0.5%
21.5%
44.0%
84.0%
2.3%
0.5%
1.8%
0.9%
2.8%
0.5%
99.2%
60.8%
3.1%
0.3%
0.1%
1.2%
0.4%
99.5%
0.4%
0.1%
62.3%
1.7%
1.0%
0.1%
97.3%
0.4%
0.1%
2.5%
45.9%
12.1%
0.6%
95.6%
0.4%
0.3%
0.4%
2.2%
73.3%
4.1%
94.8%
95,639
30,906
95,517
52,496
235,884
53,276
1,291,109
For more information on sampling and estimation methods, confidentiality protection, and sampling and nonsampling errors, see
<www.census.gov/acs/www/Downloads/data_documentation/Accuracy/MultiyearACSAccuracyofData2010.pdf>.
1. Few workers living in the region work outside the region. The highest percentage is
99.5% for workers that live and work in Lake County to a low of 84% for Portage
County.
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2. Given that over half of all jobs in the region are located in Cuyahoga, it is no surprise
that 90% of its residents work at Cuyahoga workplaces. However, Cuyahoga County
has the lowest percentage of employed among working age residents.
3. With Summit County having the second most number of jobs, 73% of its resident
workers work within the county.
4. Ashtabula, Lake, and Lorain have an insufficient job base within their respective
boundaries to support the number of residents who are employed. As a result 40%
of resident workers commute to jobs located in other counties.
5. For Medina, Geauga and Portage, the dependence on the jobs located in other
counties is strongest. More than half of resident workers commute to work in
another county. The largest numbers are commuting to Cuyahoga and Summit
Counties. Portage relies more on Summit County for jobs; Geauga to Cuyahoga;
Medina to Cuyahoga and Summit.
Aside from KSU in Portage, these three counties are classic bedroom communities.
The majority of workers in the three counties need to find jobs elsewhere because
there are not enough available locally. Very few who live outside these counties
commute into them for work. Commuting into these counties for work is nonexistent (mostly less than 5%).
6. Far more Summit resident workers commute to Cuyahoga then do the reverse: 14%
of Summit residents commute to Cuyahoga while only 3% of Cuyahoga residents
commute to Summit. Over 28.5K residents of Summit commute to Cuyahoga while
only 16K commute from Cuyahoga to Summit workplaces.
Lesson for the WIOA NEO Regional Plan
A regional plan needs to reflect the reality that the majority of jobs are in two counties
from two different workforce areas; and that the labor market opportunities for workers
and employers alike are not aligned with the political boundaries created for the five
workforce areas. However, there are many ways for the five local systems to work together
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to improve the outcomes for the region as a whole. The regional and local plans will need to
reflect ways to pursue regional cooperation.
Evidence of Local Labor Market Differences
The following analysis of the top jobs in the Cleveland and Akron MSAs provides insight
into how the same occupation ranks differently in terms of being in-demand.
The next two tables are for the Cleveland and Akron MSAs, separately. The focus is on the
occupations with over 1000 online job postings during 2015.
Also included are data on the:

Number of total jobs in 2015 for the respective occupations and MSA

Projected change in number of jobs from 2012 to 2022, provided by BLS
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
The ratio of total jobs in 2015 to the total job posts during 2015

Salary estimates for each occupation are from two sources—Starting salaries listed in
Summary of Cleveland MSA Occupational Structure and Demand
Category:
Demand and Employment
Burning
Glass
Source:
SOC
Code
Occupation Title
(ONET-6)
Number
of Job
Postings
Registered Nurses
Sales Reps, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except
Technical and Scientific Products
15-1132 Software Developers, Applications
15-1199 Computer Occupations, All Other
41-2031 Retail Salespersons
53-3032 Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers
43-4051 Customer Service Representatives
11-9199 Managers, All Other
41-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers
13-2011 Accountants and Auditors
11-9111 Medical and Health Services Managers
Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except
43-6014
Legal, Medical, and Executive
49-9071 Maintenance and Repair Workers, General
43-3031 Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks
13-1071 Human Resources Specialists
31-1014 Nursing Assistants
15-1121 Computer Systems Analysts
29-1171 Nurse Practitioners
11-2022 Sales Managers
11-3031 Financial Managers
13-1111 Management Analysts
Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers,
53-7062
Hand
First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative
43-1011
Support Workers
15-1151 Computer User Support Specialists
29-2061 Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses
15-1134 Web Developers
11-2021 Marketing Managers
15-1141 Database Administrators
31-9092 Medical Assistants
First-Line Supervisors of Food Preparation and
35-1012
Serving Workers
Combined Food Preparation and Serving Workers,
35-3021
Including Fast Food
Burning Glass Technologies
Salary
Burning
Glass
BLS/OES, 2015
Ratio of
Expected
Posts to
Mean
Number
Ohio Change
Jobs
Advertised
Jobs
in Jobs, 2012Salary
2022
29,070
15.4%
2.9
$76,947
BLS/OES
Mean
Salary
29-1141
10,180
41-4012
6,149
9,720
8%
1.6
$68,127
$65,620
$68,880
5,973
5,384
4,969
4,908
4,610
3,878
3,013
2,757
2,464
6,610
1,340
31,040
10,090
13,130
2,070
7,970
9,070
3,160
19%
0.8%
1.9%
8.1%
8%
5.5%
-1.5%
8.8%
18.2%
1.1
0.2
6.2
2.1
2.8
0.5
2.6
3.3
1.3
$92,457
$88,181
$35,243
$68,142
$67,218
$58,025
$83,365
$82,780
$75,120
$27,410
$44,560
$36,900
$102,580
$40,630
$72,320
$98,180
2,351
16,980
10.8%
7.2
$34,653
$34,720
2,279
2,051
2,043
1,877
1,766
1,753
1,686
1,616
1,592
9,490
11,340
3,430
12,550
4,870
1,840
3,120
4,850
3,400
6.2%
7.7%
6.2%
14.3%
21.8%
26%
6.5%
5.5%
14.6%
4.2
5.5
1.7
6.7
2.8
1.0
1.9
3.0
2.1
$41,037
$34,797
$53,895
$89,521
$137,124
$83,872
$87,813
$82,635
$39,500
$38,330
$59,620
$25,640
$81,270
$95,770
$133,510
$120,950
$83,480
1,440
16,660
13%
11.6
$28,528
$27,320
1,317
8,700
8.9%
6.6
$59,392
$54,030
1,303
1,229
1,212
1,198
1,198
1,143
3,100
7,600
1,130
1,150
870
4,000
17.8%
21.6%
19.2%
10.1%
12.9%
20.6%
2.4
6.2
0.9
1.0
0.7
3.5
$53,503 $45,890
$48,499 $43,760
$82,865 $63,280
$94,805 $125,870
$87,792 $68,520
$38,545 $29,930
1,129
5,650
11.9%
5.0
$54,455
$30,030
1,122
26,790
13.3%
23.9
$40,604
$19,670
85,590
270,790
3.2
posts and BLS estimates of mean salary for all workers in these jobs in 2015.
The two MSAs have some revealing differences:

In Cleveland, the most posts were for RNs; for Akron it was Retail Sales Persons and RNs
ranked fifth.
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
The ranking of IT occupation job posts were higher in Cleveland than for Akron; only two
IT occupations are among the top 30.
Summary of Akron MSA Occupational Structure and Demand
Category:
Demand and Employment
Burning
Glass
Source:
SOC Code
(ONET-6)
Number
of Job
Postings
Occupation Title
41-2031
53-3032
43-4051
Retail Salespersons
Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers
Customer Service Representatives
Sales Reps, Wholesale and Manufacturing,
41-4012
Except Technical and Scientific Products
29-1141
Registered Nurses
First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales
41-1011
Workers
15-1132
Software Developers, Applications
Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material
53-7062
Movers, Hand
49-9071
Maintenance and Repair Workers, General
11-9199
Managers, All Other
15-1199
Computer Occupations, All Other
Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing
43-3031
Clerks
Secretaries and Administrative Assistants,
43-6014
Except Legal, Medical, and Executive
29-1171
Nurse Practitioners
43-5081
Stock Clerks and Order Fillers
41-2011
Cashiers
13-2011
Accountants and Auditors
31-9092
Medical Assistants
11-9111
Medical and Health Services Managers
Securities, Commodities, and Financial
41-3031
Services Sales Agents
31-1014
Nursing Assistants
11-1021
General and Operations Managers
Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational
29-2061
Nurses
Combined Food Preparation and Serving
35-3021
Workers, Including Fast Food
13-1071
Human Resources Specialists
43-3071
Tellers
First-Line Supervisors of Office and
43-1011
Administrative Support Workers
Preschool Teachers, Except Special
25-2011
Education
First-Line Supervisors of Food Preparation
35-1012
and Serving Workers
Merchandise Displayers and Window
27-1026
Trimmers
Burning Glass Technologies
1,096
1,038
788
Salary
Burning
Glass
BLS/OES, 2015
Expected
Ratio of
Ohio
Posts to
Mean
Number
Change in
Jobs
Advertised
Jobs
Jobs, 2012Salary
2022
11,510
1.9%
10.5
$53,546
4,560
8.1%
4.4
$66,174
5,160
8%
6.5
$27,995
BLS/OES
Mean
Salary
$26,670
$44,340
$34,460
783
3,980
8%
5.1
$62,867
$61,960
757
6,900
15.4%
9.1
$95,723
$64,380
574
2,700
-1.5%
4.7
$51,900
$41,760
508
1,780
19%
3.5
$87,651
$85,800
442
6,470
13%
14.6
$26,891
$25,960
416
367
355
2,900
680
410
6.2%
5.5%
0.8%
7.0
1.9
1.2
$37,224
$58,351
$82,689
$39,010
$121,850
$75,560
344
3,990
7.7%
11.6
$30,626
$35,580
305
5,040
10.8%
16.5
$30,865
$34,840
277
251
246
233
229
220
440
5,560
7,080
2,760
1,640
1,040
26%
-5.3%
-1.3%
8.8%
20.6%
18.2%
1.6
$149,592
22.2
$44,593
28.8 N/A
11.8
$51,562
7.2
$34,796
4.7
$57,047
$91,900
$25,350
$20,500
$68,940
$28,340
$103,690
211
590
5.3%
2.8
$32,085
$98,050
187
186
3,780
4,340
14.3%
8.1%
20.2
23.3
$99,561
$77,573
$24,900
$111,060
185
2,360
21.6%
12.8 N/A
$39,610
183
11,030
13.3%
60.3 N/A
$19,110
170
165
1,080
980
6.2%
-1.2%
152
3,150
8.9%
150
840
17.6%
146
1,910
11.9%
145
11,109
6.4
$48,114
5.9 N/A
20.7
5.6 N/A
13.1
6%
104,660
$45,222
$44,103
$56,900
$26,080
$50,590
$26,550
$31,650
$23,826 N/A
9.4
The ratio of existing jobs to annual job postings is often used to measure intensity of
demand. It is also used as an indication of occupations under-represented by online
postings alone.

For the Cleveland MSA overall, there was one job posted during 2015 for every 3.2 jobs
in the economy; for Akron, it was one posting for every 9.4 jobs.
Shanahan Resources, Inc
16



This difference is partly the result of a greater number of managerial, professional and
technical jobs making the top 30 in Cleveland while Akron’s list is skewed more toward
Office and Administrative Support and Sales positions.
Within Cleveland, RNs; LPNs; IT; and Managerial positions had about as many job posts
as there were jobs filled with workers. This likely reflects greater efforts made by
employers to constantly recruit for these positions.
In Akron, there is less evidence of intense recruitment by posting online overall. Few
occupations had a ratio between one and three: IT and a few managerial positions. RNs
do not appear in high demand.
This is evidence that labor market conditions vary across the NOW NEO region and are only
an example of what can be revealed.
At the same time, similarities are important as well. By and large, the same occupations
make the top 30 jobs in demand in both MSAs, based solely on online job ads. This
emphasizes that to a larger extent, employers in both adjacent areas have similar workforce
needs, and that the differences in wages exist even given the significant commuting of
workers between these the two MSAs.
Shanahan Resources, Inc
17
IV. Anemic Economic Recovery
WIOA NEO Economy Lags Behind in Economy Recovery
NOW NEO Economy: Total Jobs Compared to Ohio and Nation 2015 & 2021
Region
2007 Jobs
NOW NEO
1,403,050
Ohio
5,306,828
Nation
135,366,499
EMSI Analyst
2007-2015
% Change
Change
1,353,196
(49,853)
-3.6%
5,257,760
(49,068)
-0.9%
139,286,250 3,919,751
2.9%
2015 Jobs
2021 Jobs
1,390,138
5,485,355
148,830,227
2015-2021
Change
36,942
227,595
9,543,977
% Change
2.7%
4.3%
6.9%
The NOW NEO region was hit harder than Ohio or the nation and is producing slower job
recovery than Ohio and the nation.
NOW NEO lagged behind the state and nation in jobs recovered from 2007 to 2015. Total
jobs in NOW NEO remains 3.6% below the 2007 level. The nation’s jobs in 2015 were 3%
higher than in 2007.
Expected net gains of total jobs for the NEO economy are only 37,000 jobs by 2021, six
years from now. In a region of nearly 1.4 million jobs, that is anemic performance at best.
Industry sectors that have great impact on NEO economic health and job production are:
Manufacturing; Professional, Technical and Scientific Services; Finance and Insurance;
Wholesale Trade; and Health Care and Social Assistance. With the exception of Health Care,
total jobs in all these sectors remain lower than in 2007 now eight years into recovery.
Manufacturing and Government Jobs Hit Hardest
Job losses in Manufacturing, as always, took the largest hit (as late as 2015 the region’s
prime sector was still over 25,000 jobs down from 2007. While job gains are occurring,
projections indicate the region will still be down 10,000 from 2007 by 2021. Other sectors
that took large job losses were in Government, Finance and Insurance and Construction,
and even Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services. Anemic recovery leaves these
sectors far short of 2007 peaks in job numbers.
Shanahan Resources, Inc
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NOW NEO: Economic Trends 2007 to 2021 by Industry Group
NAICS Description
62 Health Care and Social Assistance
72 Accommodation and Food Services
Management of Companies and
55
Enterprises
71 Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation
61 Educational Services
53 Real Estate and Rental and Leasing
Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas
21
Extraction
11 Crop and Animal Production
99 Unclassified Industry
22 Utilities
Other Services (except Public
81
Administration)
Professional, Scientific, and Technical
54
Services
48 Transportation and Warehousing
51 Information
42 Wholesale Trade
Administrative and Support and Waste
56
Management and Remediation Services
44 Retail Trade
23 Construction
52 Finance and Insurance
90 Government
31 Manufacturing
2007 2015
Change
2021
Jobs
20152021
Change
2007
Jobs
2015 Jobs
188,781
105,086
215,620
115,181
26,840
10,095
247,681
117,916
32,061
2,735
36,457
43,857
7,400
46,357
2,500
19,046
28,384
19,604
22,086
29,280
20,359
3,040
897
756
23,870
32,059
21,042
1,784
2,778
683
1,169
1,047
(122)
996
(51)
2,818
550
4,993
2,640
325
4,354
(177)
(225)
(639)
2,311
143
4,281
(329)
(182)
(73)
41,523
39,308
(2,215)
39,734
426
69,673
67,001
(2,673)
74,118
7,118
38,318
22,711
69,962
34,842
18,597
62,239
(3,476)
(4,114)
(7,723)
35,152
16,024
61,202
309
(2,573)
(1,038)
84,410
76,220
(8,190)
82,511
6,291
147,345
53,203
63,762
183,763
189,220
1,370,777
139,760
(8,978)
138,367
47,255
(8,982)
44,222
50,906
(9,601)
54,160
166,941
169,473 (14,290)
149,021
164,020 (25,200)
1,323,201 (47,576) 1,359,280
1,393
3,034
(3,255)
(2,533)
(15,000)
36,079
EMSI ANALYST
.
Parts of the Economy Already Exceed Pre-Recession Job Numbers
Fortunately, a few important sectors of the economy were not hit hard and already are
at job levels higher than in 2007: Health Care and Social Assistance; Management of
Companies and Enterprises (the corporate function); and even Arts, Entertainment and
Recreation. Together, over 35,000 jobs have been recovered and gained in these sectors.
These net new jobs were not always the same as the ones initially lost. Industries use
periods of recession to reorganize business operations. New technology is introduced which
requires deployment of workers to change and new job titles, responsibilities and skill sets
emerge as jobs are added back during recovery.
Likely, many of the jobs advertised online are middle or higher skill jobs. However, these
industries also employ large numbers of technician, sales, and support workers.
Shanahan Resources, Inc
19
Keeping an eye on labor market demand from these sectors is an important part of
Business Services strategy for WIOA planning.
Silver Lining in the NEO Economy: Thousands of Jobs Were Added to the Economy
by 27 Industries, Exceeding Previous 2007 Highs
However the top eleven are a mixed bag of industries when viewed for the type of jobs
prominent for these businesses:


Casinos; Gas Stations and Convenience Stores; Food Service Contractors;
Warehouse Clubs and Supercenters that mostly generate demand for lower paying
part-time jobs.
Still, the two with the largest job gains over 2007 are: General Medical and Surgical
Hospitals and Insurance Agents and Brokerages. Typically these new jobs are
professional and technical positions requiring middle to higher skills.
Shanahan Resources, Inc
20

The second list is 16 industries that produced total jobs from 500 to 999 higher in
The NOW NEO Economy: Industries with 2015 Jobs Above 2007 Highs
NAICS
2007
Jobs
Description
2015
Jobs
Change
20152007
2015
2021
Competitive
Location
Jobs
Effect
Quotient
1000 and Up Jobs in 2015 Than in 2007
44711
45291
45411
52421
53139
61131
62211
62321
62411
71321
72231
Gasoline Stations with Convenience
Stores
Warehouse Clubs and Supercenters
Electronic Shopping and Mail-Order
Houses
Insurance Agencies and Brokerages
Other Activities Related to Real Estate
Colleges, Universities, and Professional
Schools
General Medical and Surgical Hospitals
Residential Intellectual and
Developmental Disability Facilities
Child and Youth Services
Casinos (except Casino Hotels)
Food Service Contractors
6,075
7,193
1,118
7,031
0.93
555
2,830
9,156
6,325
12,420
0.65
8,004
1,806
2,984
1,179
3,592
0.89
700
6,313
556
7,627
2,028
1,315
1,472
8,310
2,823
1.06
3.90
833
1,956
8,967
10,790
1,823
12,314
0.92
560
71,224
81,571
10,347
91,540
1.83
7,625
4,290
5,815
1,525
7,162
1.50
1,652
1,130
0
2,481
2,238
2,827
3,557
1,108
2,827
1,076
3,225
4,695
4,007
1.23
3.30
0.79
1,749
4,695
724
500 to 999 Jobs in 2015 Above 2007 Highs
Power and Communication Line and
Related Structures Construction
31191
Snack Food Manufacturing
32551
Paint and Coating Manufacturing
All Other General Purpose Machinery
33399
Manufacturing
42481
Beer and Ale Merchant Wholesalers
44131
Automotive Parts and Accessories Stores
44411
Home Centers
44719
Other Gasoline Stations
45299
All Other General Merchandise Stores
Other Transit and Ground Passenger
48599
Transportation
Data Processing, Hosting, and Related
51821
Services
52393
Investment Advice
Direct Life, Health, and Medical
52411
Insurance Carriers
Outpatient Mental Health and Substance
62142
Abuse Centers
62431
Vocational Rehabilitation Services
90261
Education (State Government)
EMSI: Analyst
23713



411
1,148
737
1,289
0.70
701
337
2,687
877
3,274
540
587
1,093
3,307
1.69
8.56
663
966
5,158
5,663
504
5,364
4.40
563
893
4,265
5,747
743
2,847
1,456
4,926
6,678
1,467
3,639
563
661
932
724
792
1,901
5,126
7,828
1,573
4,154
1.40
1.38
1.00
1.42
0.91
664
78
1,152
941
247
526
1,098
572
1,348
1.17
424
1,384
1,956
572
1,929
0.69
390
1,034
1,657
622
1,868
0.94
120
3,508
4,214
706
4,373
0.69
883
2,215
3,006
791
3,622
1.46
297
2,437
8,964
3,145
9,830
708
866
3,540
10,092
0.97
0.52
832
205
2015 than 2007 totals. Three of these were manufacturing industries that added
jobs, not lost jobs, during recovery.
This positive sign, however, is offset by several Retail Trade and Wholesale Trade
industries on the list. Many of these new jobs likely remain low-to- middle skill in
nature, and pay less than a living wage as part-time or seasonal workers.
Among other highlights: Data Processing and Hosting business is rapidly growing in
NOW NEO.
Several more Health Care and Social Assistance industries appear on this list. Also,
Health Insurance Carriers is recovering and expanding.
Shanahan Resources, Inc
21
It is important to learn more about the types of jobs being added to the economy by
this mix of industries and determine the implications for WIOA regional and local priorities
to serve both businesses and job seekers.
A deeper look within the traditional industries reveals that even sectors with significant
job loss eight years into recovery have a bright spot. Specific industries serving niche
customer markets are growing at rates faster than these same industries nationally. Many
of these are in manufacturing. Manufacturing will be investigated further to determine
which, if any, of this growth is in middle and higher skill jobs.
Viewing NEO Job Performance as Occupations: Tale of Dual Economies
Again, charting job recovery between 2007 and 2015, a large number of job gains were
from most families of occupations: Lower skill to middle and higher skill jobs.
The stark contrast, however, is between the occupational families that require middle to
higher skills (Managerial; Business and Finance; IT; Community and Social Services and
Healthcare Professional and Technical) and those that do not (Healthcare Support; Food
Preparation and Serving; and Personal Care and Services). Both segments employ large
numbers in the economy and by 2015 are now at pre-recession highs in total jobs filled by
workers.
There are contrasts between these two occupational clusters in terms of level of job
responsibilities; skills and prior work experience; and average earnings.
Shanahan Resources, Inc
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NOW NEO: Occupations with 1000 and More Jobs in 2015
Employed Employed
Median
Change
in Industry in Industry
Hourly
2007 to
Group
Group
Earning
2015
(2007)
(2015)
s
SOC
Description
11-9111
11-9033
Medical and Health Services Managers
Education Administrators, Postsecondary
Property, Real Estate, and Community
Association Managers
Social and Community Service Managers
Food Service Managers
Managerial
11-9141
11-9151
11-9051
4,032
1,137
4,471
1,350
439
213
$43.52
$36.20
1,599
1,810
211
$25.56
1,070
1,927
1,213
2,068
142
141
$32.39
$22.20
4,497
4,833
336
$28.84
1,762
1,232
1,879
1,338
117
106
$34.06
$32.35
6,706
5,646
2,232
7,423
6,096
2,370
718
450
138
$36.63
$38.13
$38.63
1,128
1,707
3,053
1,440
1,924
3,262
312
217
209
$19.22
$25.64
$22.16
1,300
1,470
169
$18.21
1,930
923
2,081
1,026
151
104
$14.25
$20.94
1,521
1,668
147
$20.07
5,527
6,205
678
$46.77
8,978
9,617
638
$20.75
2,501
2,743
242
$17.67
2,275
1,350
919
3,382
2,507
1,575
1,067
3,526
233
226
148
144
$25.96
$44.22
$20.96
$13.77
1,522
1,659
136
$20.37
1,718
1,511
1,911
1,852
1,638
2,038
134
127
127
$40.46
$26.56
$31.79
1,282
1,405
124
$20.12
Business and Financial
13-2052
13-1081
Market Research Analysts and Marketing
Specialists
Personal Financial Advisors
Logisticians
15-1121
15-1132
15-1199
Computer Systems Analysts
Software Developers, Applications
Computer Occupations, All Other
13-1161
Computer and Mathematics
Community and Social Service
21-1015
21-1022
21-1021
21-1093
21-1014
Rehabilitation Counselors
Healthcare Social Workers
Child, Family, and School Social Workers
Mental Health and Substance Abuse Social
Workers
Social and Human Service Assistants
Mental Health Counselors
25-3021
Self-Enrichment Education Teachers
21-1023
Education, Training, and Library
Healthcare Practitioners and
Technical
29-1069
29-2061
29-2071
29-2034
29-1171
29-2055
29-2052
29-2012
29-1123
29-1126
29-2021
29-2099
Physicians and Surgeons, All Other
Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational
Nurses
Medical Records and Health Information
Technicians
Radiologic Technologists
Nurse Practitioners
Surgical Technologists
Pharmacy Technicians
Medical and Clinical Laboratory
Technicians
Physical Therapists
Respiratory Therapists
Dental Hygienists
Health Technologists and Technicians, All
Other
Shanahan Resources, Inc
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WIOA NEO: Occuaptions with 1000 and More Jobs in 2015
Employed Employed
Change
Median
in Industry in Industry
2007 to
Hourly
Group
Group
2015 Earnings
(2007)
(2015)
SOC
Description
31-9092
31-2021
Medical Assistants
Physical Therapist Assistants
Healthcare Support
4,884
1,076
5,407
1,211
524
135
$13.64
$28.46
7,501
8,273
772
$12.84
6,671
3,886
4,232
7,226
4,307
4,601
555
422
368
$9.16
$9.78
$9.05
3,212
3,537
325
$9.00
2,300
2,558
258
$9.05
3,417
1,147
3,564
1,246
147
100
$8.87
$19.61
5,018
1,292
5,994
1,404
976
112
$9.38
$9.14
3,915
2,374
4,351
2,541
436
167
$21.96
$11.99
6,530
6,713
183
$17.43
1,480
1,866
386
$10.77
1,058
1,158
100
$10.41
Food Preparation and Serving
35-2011
35-1011
First-Line Supervisors of Food Preparation
and Serving Workers
Bartenders
Food Servers, Nonrestaurant
Dishwashers
Hosts and Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge,
and Coffee Shop
Dining Room and Cafeteria Attendants and
Bartender Helpers
Cooks, Fast Food
Chefs and Head Cooks
39-9021
39-2021
Personal Care Aides
Nonfarm Animal Caretakers
41-3021
41-2022
Insurance Sales Agents
Parts Salespersons
49-3023
Automotive Service Technicians and
Mechanics
35-1012
35-3011
35-3041
35-9021
35-9031
35-9011
Personal Care and Service
Sales
Installation, Maintenance and Repair
Transportation and Materials Moving
53-3041
Taxi Drivers and Chauffeurs
Automotive and Watercraft Service
53-6031
Attendants
EMSI Analyst
What specific jobs reached new highs by 2015 in Managerial; Business and
Finance; IT and Engineering occupational families?
These are the jobs added for NEO that require the most skills and postsecondary
education. Some of these are mid level along career paths; others are more advanced
positions. Employers, though, view some of these as entry level; meaning that less than five
Shanahan Resources, Inc
24
years prior work experience is required, and some can be attained without a Bachelors
degree.
Growth in Region's Managerial; Business & Finance; Computer & Math; and Engineering
Occupations
2007 Jobs
Occupation
Computer Systems Analysts
Software Developers, Applications
Medical and Health Services Managers
Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists
Computer User Support Specialists
Management Analysts
Education Administrators, Postsecondary
Property, Real Estate, and Community Association
Managers
Accountants and Auditors
Social and Community Service Managers
Civil Engineers
Computer and Information Systems Managers
Logisticians
Computer Occupations, All Other
Software Developers, Systems Software
Food Service Managers
Information Security Analysts
Personal Financial Advisors
Business Operations Specialists, All Other
Operations Research Analysts
Meeting, Convention, and Event Planners
Financial Analysts
Web Developers
Human Resources Managers
EMIS Analyst
2021 Jobs
Change
(2007-2021)
% Change
(2007-2021)
2007 Jobs
6,729
5,665
4,121
4,537
3,975
4,962
1,149
2021 Jobs
8,146
6,779
5,062
5,372
4,368
5,313
1,467
Change
1,417
1,114
941
835
393
351
318
% Change
21%
20%
23%
18%
10%
7%
28%
1,625
1,943
318
20%
11,281
1,096
1,860
2,948
1,247
2,238
1,522
1,981
567
1,775
7,263
717
471
2,512
1,120
1,121
11,581
1,388
2,109
3,184
1,448
2,424
1,703
2,145
726
1,928
7,410
849
598
2,621
1,228
1,222
300
292
249
236
201
186
181
164
159
153
147
132
127
109
108
101
3%
27%
13%
8%
16%
8%
12%
8%
28%
9%
2%
18%
27%
4%
10%
9%
The percent growth in job totals for several of these exceeds 20% from 2007 to 2015.
These data inform about the recent past. Limiting the focus to only these occupations based
on expected growth in total jobs for the economy is not necessarily a good indication of
their real-time importance within the dynamics of the labor market. A direct investigation of
what jobs employers are posting online provides a more complete picture of jobs in
demand as they emerge and change.
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V. Labor Market Activity & Impact on Job Seekers
In-depth Realities and Insights of Labor Market Demand
Why Do Employers Hire New Workers?
Regional labor markets are dynamic, not static. Employers constantly search for new
workers. They seek either to expand the number of workers employed in specific
occupations, or to replace workers that now work for someone else or have retired. Even
during the recession when total jobs for the region declined dramatically, employers were
hiring. Job postings were down but still numerous.
To be specific, employers have three reasons to hire new workers:
1. Need to add workers employed in specific occupations (e.g. the region’s employers
together have a demand for Mobile Applications Developer that increases total jobs in
the region from 100 to 110). As the region grows the total number of jobs that derive
from expansion of driver industries, employers need to hire more workers, especially to
fill the faster growing occupations. In this example, industry expansion increases the
need for accounting services to support the economic growth, thereby increasing the
demand to fill added accounting jobs.
2. Need to hire new workers to replace persons who have vacated jobs (e.g. Network
Administrator) and entered retirement. The region’s employers will need to recruit new,
younger Network Administrators if they are to maintain the same number of positions.
For the region, retirements reduce a supply of workers available to industry. New
persons aspiring to be accountants need to emerge in the workforce if the supply of
Network Administrators needed by the region’s employers is to be maintained. The
influence of the aging workforce on employers plays out longer term.
3. Need to hire new workers to replace persons that leave one employer to work for
another, perhaps even changing occupations. Employers may decide to fill all or some
portion of vacant accountant positions if they choose to keep the number of
accountants the same.
This last point results from labor market churn and asks: Are these hires just as real for
job seekers as when hiring additional workers? In workforce development, yes they are.
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Large numbers of workers change jobs during a year. Workers change employers in
pursuit of advancement or move to another region. Employers let employees go for poor
performance, business decline, etc. These occurrences happen every day with the net affect
that employers need to decide whether or not to replace these departing employees:3 And
if so, for the same or a different assignment?
How well are the OMJ centers advising clients on career and training options? How well
do career technical education programs meet the needs of employers for new workers?
Answering requires a thorough understanding of the number and nature of the jobs
employers seek to fill. How are changes in job responsibilities, required qualifications, and
specific skills reflected in job ads?
Traditional labor market metrics fall short of incorporating the following changes as they
emerge in real time:

Only job postings reflect employer intent to hire workers for all three reasons.
Traditional estimates of job growth and job openings for the region overall do not
include the impact of labor market churn.
As a result, current job postings frequently differ from economic forecasts of new job
demand that are based on previous year-to-year changes in the distribution of jobs by
occupation. IT jobs, for example, as a percent of all jobs within the region and by industry
of employment have trended upward gradually for years. BLS estimates of future increases
are based on these trends. These estimates can be compared to emerging changes that are
evident in recent job ads. A different pattern often emerges when comparing the two
indicators of labor market demand.
Implications for the Region’s Labor Market
3
Data on labor turnover are drawn from administrative records submitted by employers that identify
workers covered under unemployment. Workers changing jobs is determined by flagging workers that are
dropped by the employer they left and show up with a new employer.
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Replacing workers lost to job churn often is the dominant reason employers hire new
workers. Some industries face large numbers of retirements within a few years based on
aging of their workers. Just as important, the number of jobs impacted by labor turnover (or
churn) is large. It can affect all industry and dominate the labor market for many low-skill,
low-wage occupations.
On the other hand, in industries and occupations that are fast growing, the need to
expand the number and percentage of workers employed in specific occupations (CyberSecurity Analyst for example) can be the dominant reason for hiring. This is especially true
for occupations where the most valued skills are not easily transferable to other
occupations.
As a result, ideally, information and data on labor market activity in the next one-to-five
years needs to include data on all three reasons:



Need to add new jobs in all or some occupations based on overall region’s job
growth
Need to replace workers who retire; attracting new workers into the labor force is
needed in order to fill vacated jobs
Need to replace workers no longer with the same employer
Implication for WIOA and Higher Education
For higher education, it does not matter whether job openings are the result of job
growth, retirements or labor turnover. It does not matter whether job openings by
occupation result from regional job growth or the fact that some occupations grow faster
than others.
What matters is that employers across the region need to add NEW workers to fill new
or vacant positions. Employers seek to hire additional workers that are best qualified—
applicants that meet their skill and experience requirements. This is where higher education
plays a vital role to help bring supply and demand more into alignment.
Why Is Job Churn Important?
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Churn occurs as workers move from job to job, either by their choice or because they
were let go by their employers. Labor market churn allows employers the opportunity to redefine or eliminate jobs as workers vacate them, and enables workers to pursue career
change or advancement by changing jobs and employers.

Churn is considered healthy for the economy. Workers pursue career change or
advancement by changing employers. Firms can implement changes in job
assignments, replace less-productive workers, and improve competitiveness.

Current churn rates have yet to recover to pre-recession highs.
 They vary by occupation and are highest for low-wage occupations.
 Workers in Architecture and Engineering, as a group, have the lowest incidence of
workers moving from job to job.
 Jobs in Food Preparation and Serving have the highest, more than three times the
average rate.4

IT workers suffered the least drop in churn during the downturn and have recovered
the fastest during the recovery. Because of the increasing importance of IT to all
industry, these workers experienced the lowest unemployment during the recession,
and new hires were made at a faster pace than for other occupations.
As a result of workers vacating previous jobs,
“The vast majority of hiring in the U.S. is driven by the need to replace workers who
leave one job for another…this job to job movement is known as labor market
churn.”5
Workers often need to acquire new skills through postsecondary education in order to
move into a new job with another employer. And the region’s supply of workers qualified to
replace these departing workers often need new skills in order to satisfy employer changing
job requirements.
Ibid; p 9.
Careerbuilder and EMSI, The Pulse of U.S. Hiring Activity: Labor Market Churn by Occupation & Metro,
http://www.economicmodeling.com/2014/12/02/the-slowdown-in-job-churn-explained-and-visualized/
4
5
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Students completing degrees and certificates from postsecondary institutions are likely
employed full time while in college. So they are not part of the ‘emerging workforce’. They
are in fact taking part in labor market churn as described.
The larger question is: what part of the fluid movement of workers from job to job is a
change of employer but not a change in occupation, and what part of labor churn supports
career change or advancement?
Skills are the Common Language of Educators and Employers
In this report a case is made for skills-based career paths, rather than education or
occupations per se. This argument starts with the idea that skills that employers build into
distinct occupations vary from occupation to occupation. Yet specialized skills are
mentioned often in several occupations.
It is important to engage employers in discussions of core skills they often find missing
from applicants, and how program curriculum can be improved. This can lead to better
results for students rather than: “what jobs can our students find?” Career and technical
education degree programs generally are not intended to prepare students for specific jobs
or even specific occupations. Student learning outcomes generally help prepare graduates
for a range of IT jobs, but not any one job completely.


Training programs delivered as one year or less are usually designed with specific jobs in
mind (such web developer), or to develop students’ knowledge of skills clusters to
prepare them for helping with cyber-security or big data, or to work with specific
software, languages or platforms.
Training programs target individuals that need to up-skill. These shorter programs can
bring skill sets in line with what employers seek in jobs.
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Seldom do Associate or Bachelor degree programs align with a single or dominant
occupation. Rather, they match with a broader set of occupations on the basis of a shared
set of core skills that employers seek across the identified occupations.
Researching the value of defining career pathways using skills rather than jobs as the
primary path to career advancement is worth pursuing.
Addressing Skill Gaps
All metro economies have in common two specific problems concerning the skills gap.

Middle and Higher Skill Jobs In Demand Which Typically Require a Bachelors degree;
these jobs primarily are found in Management; STEM; and Healthcare Professional
and Technical occupations. Mostly, employers with the most job ads are in
Professional Services; Healthcare; Manufacturing; Finance and Insurance; and on a
smaller scale, IT industries.

Jobs in Demand that Require Only Some Postsecondary Education and Training
Including possibly an Associate degree; these jobs are primarily found in Sales;
Office/ Administrative Support; Installation, Maintenance and Repair; and
Production. The first two occupations are found in demand in all industries with
sizable job bases in the region. The second occupations are largely found in
Manufacturing.
Assisting employers and job seekers connect around jobs in demand for both segments
of the labor market are important for the WIOA NEO boards and agencies to understand.
Jobs in Demand Requiring Less than a Bachelors Degree
The majority of employed persons do not have a Bachelors degree (74%). Definitely,
even a greater share of job seekers working part time or not at all do not have a Bachelors
degree. Where are the jobs for them? Are employers hiring for jobs that pay better than
average wages yet typically require some postsecondary education up to and including an
Associate degree? What are the skills employers seek for these jobs? Are these skills that
many job seekers lack?
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Total labor market demand is researched by searching for the skills that increasingly are in
demand by employers and the impact this has on job responsibilities, qualifications
(including education) and average pay.

What skills appear in the largest number of ads across all occupations? There were over
197,000 online job ads reported for NEO during 2015. What occupations most often
include these skills as important to job performance? What employers have these jobs?
What are the implications for skill assessment and training needs for job seekers most
often served by WIOA?
In each case, what is the role of the WIOA workforce system in NEO in addressing the
needs of employers to fill these jobs and in up-skilling of (potential) workers to fill these
jobs?
VI. Skills In-demand & Implications for Job Seekers
In Demand Skills by Employers Are Key to Knowing What Job Seekers Need
for Entry-level Occupational Opportunities
This analysis proceeds in search of jobs in demand and the skills required that are most
appropriate for the populations of jobs seekers WIOA is mandated or intends to serve.
These skill sets likely are foundational in preparation of many WIOA clients for any career
employment opportunities.
The first task is to identify those skills most often appearing in online job ads. Those
appearing most often are more likely for jobs in occupational families of low to middle skill:
Sales; Office and Administrative Support; Services; and blue collar occupations such as
Production. Establishing these skills linked to jobs in demand suggests foundational skills of
job seekers not currently employed or in the labor force.
Top Skills Appearing Across All Online Postings
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Most but not all job ads specify skills that employers seek from applicants. In fact, during
2015 only twenty-three percent of all online ads did not specify a single skill. Likely, these
are for low-skill jobs, especially part-time or temporary positions. The more skilled the
position, the more skills appear in the ad. In fact, on average IT occupations have the most
skills listed of any occupational family. This includes Engineers and Scientists.
By isolating skills appearing the most in job postings, no matter the occupation, we gain
insight into what skills job seekers must possess to compete. There are three ways to
organize demand for skills that appear in job ads. 6
1. Customized to specific occupations and the nature of job assignments. These are
technical skills stipulated by employers. Examples: accounting; welding or machining
(as skills not jobs); and patient care.
2. Software and Programming skills, which can be required in non-IT jobs as well. Most
occupations today require some of these skills.
3. Baseline skills, or what is often called ‘soft’ or non-technical skills. These are not the
typical ‘show up on time’ workplace attributes. Rather skills mentioned in job ads
are more germane to successful performance on the job. These include
communication, writing,
problem solving skills, etc.
Top Postings Asking for Specialized Skills during
2015: NOW NEO Region
Job Postings
#
%
Customer Service
27,077
17.7%
often in job ads enables productive
Sales
19,027
12.5%
Scheduling
18,656
12.2%
discussion about required skills, not
Building Relationships
16,301
10.7%
Top TenBudgeting
Occupations Asking for Sales Skills during 201514,405
in NOW NEO 9.4%
just on jobs employers
Job Postings
Filing
13,214
8.6%
#
%
need to fill. Occupations BGTOCC Occupation
Supervisory Skills
13,062
8.5%
41401100 Sales
Representative
4,270 12,837
23.1%
Project
Management
8.4%
41203100 Retail Sales Associate
4,188
22.7%
45.8%
vary on skills needed to
Patient Care
12,536
8.2%
41101100 Retail Store Manager / Supervisor
1,082
5.9%
Repair
7.0%
11202200 Business
Development / Sales Manager
968 10,733
5.2%
perform the job.
Customer
Contact
10,475
6.9%
43405100 Customer Service Representative
551
3.0%
Total
Posts
Asking
for
Specialized
Skills
152,812
453
2.5%
However, many skills are 13201194 Account Manager / Representative
41302100 Insurance
Sales
Agent
2.2%
Source:
Labor
Insight Jobs (Burning Glass406
Technologies)
Knowing what skills appear most
common to a wide variety
of occupations. This also
6
Skills
43601192 Account Executive
43414100 Personal Banker / Banking Sales Staff
43307100 Teller
Total Top TenPostings for Sales Skills
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
389
361
293
12,961
2.1%
2.0%
1.6%
24.4%
Burning Glass Technologies, Labor/Insight
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spans families of occupations (for example, Sales and Office and Administrative Support).
Once the most occurring skills are identified, occupations and employers that need these
top skills can be established. Traditional thinking is to search for jobs, and then identify skills
needed in the job. Linking skills to jobs is a new way to define employer demand.
Specific or Specialized Skills Most in Demand
Here are the top ten skills appearing in online job ads in the NOW NEO Region.
Customer Service skills appear in over 27,000 ads (18% of all ads). Followed at a distant
second by Sales and third by Scheduling. Only Patient Care is specific to a single industryspecific occupation in Healthcare. Most others might appear in job ads from any industry,
including Healthcare.
These ten skills are quite varied; all are
distinct and likely to be linked to
different combinations of occupations.
All have varied importance as a skill to
the posting. For some occupations this
skill is of great importance. In others, it
is of less importance, but enough so to
be included in ads.




Almost 1 in 5 job ads specify
Customer Service Skills.
Customer Service Rep and Retail
Sales Associate account for 1 in 4 of
these ads (over 6,000 ads during
2015).
The top ten occupations together
accounted for 47% of all such ads.
Most of the demand for customer
service skills is for jobs in the Sales and Related occupations, which is to be expected.
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Customer Service skills top the list of
all specialized skills simply because of the
high number of job postings in the Sales
and Related Occupations.
Top Employers
Most of the employers with the largest
numbers of postings asking for Customer
Service skills are the same employers
seeking Sales skills.
Together these dominate the list of top
skills in the economy because of the large
number of Sales and Related occupations.
Top Employers Asking for Customer Service Skills
Job
Employer
Postings
CVS Health
664
Lowe's Companies, Inc
649
The PNC Financial Services Group, Inc.
567
Keycorp
519
The Home Depot Incorporated
513
Giant Eagle Supermarkets
412
Cleveland Clinic
339
Sears
289
Dollar General
263
Deloitte
233
Macy's
231
Fifth Third Bank
225
Citizens Financial Group
207
University Hospitals
202
Best Buy
174
AT&T
150
Burlington Coat Factory
145
Office Depot
143
Caesar's Entertainment
140
Oracle
140
H&R Block
138
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
Sales Skills is the second most listed.



The top ten occupations are obvious fits for jobs where sales skills are important. The
top three are in the Sales and Related Occupation Family.
4.5 jobs out of ten postings were for Sales Rep and Retail Sales Associate.
Top employers in the region for these occupations are national retailers. They are
ranked in order by number of posts: CVS; Home Depot; Macy’s; Lowes; PNC; and Best
Buy.
Implication: Is the lack of strong sales and customer service skills among job seekers
with less than a Bachelors degree creating barriers to job entry? Which of these
occupations are truly opportunities for these workers? Are there job advancement
opportunities, and are these jobs permanent? Do they pay close to a living wage? Which of
the remaining top specialized skills should be explored?
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TOP Software and Programming Skills in Demand for NOW NEO
Thirty-nine percent of all software
skills mentioned during 2015 were for
Top Software and Programming Skills Appearing in Job
Postings during 2015: NOW NEO Region
Skills
the basic Microsoft Office Suite
applications. Excel tops the list.
Specifying this spreadsheet tool likely
occurs most often in non-IT jobs where
applicants are less likely to be
proficient.
The next fifteen are specific IT
skills and IT job responsibilities
regardless of whether they are IT
professionals or not. SQL, Oracle, SAP,
JAVA, JavaScript, Enterprise Resource
Job Postings
#
%
Microsoft Excel
21,941
14.4%
Microsoft Office
20,050
13.1%
Microsoft Word
8,944
5.9%
Microsoft Powerpoint
8,157
5.3%
SQL
7,510
4.9%
Oracle
6,120
4.0%
SAP
4,928
3.2%
JAVA
3,909
2.6%
JavaScript
3,350
2.2%
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
3,271
2.1%
Microsoft C#
2,993
2.0%
.NET Programming
2,796
1.8%
Microsoft Access
2,784
1.8%
Microsoft Windows
2,715
1.8%
Extensible Markup Language (XML)
2,545
1.7%
Microsoft Outlook
2,542
1.7%
SQL Server
2,445
1.6%
Word Processing
2,444
1.6%
LINUX
2,293
1.5%
UNIX
1,879
1.2%
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
38.7%
46.9%
Planning are the specific IT skills common to posts no matter the specific occupation. These
fifteen are prime skills to develop in IT students regardless of career pursuit in IT.
Occupations with Most Ads Asking for Excel and Office Suite
With the exception of Customer Service Rep, about half of all ads for these occupations
specify the need for proficiency with Excel and Office Suite applications.
Office/Administrative Assistants; Bookkeeper/ Accounting Clerks; Accountant; and
Customer Service Reps accounted for the most employer posts.
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Still, the number of posts asking for these skills in occupations not typically considered
middle-skill are impressive:
Payroll Specialist; Executive
Assistant; and Retail Store
Manager.
The implication is that a
large number of positions
for Office and
Administrative Support and
Sales may not be available
to job seekers lacking these
NOW NEO Region: Top Occupations Asking for
Microsoft Excel and Office Skills
BGTOCC
Occupation
43601400 Office / Administrative Assistant
43303100 Bookkeeper / Accounting Clerk
43405100 Customer Service Representative
13201193 Accountant
13107192 Human Resources / Labor Relations Specialist
43601300 Medical Secretary
43305100 Payroll Specialist
13102100 Buyer / Purchasing Agent
43601191 Executive Assistant
Occupation with Largest Concentration of Demand for Excel &
Office
Job Postings
Ads Asking for
Excel and Office
All Ads
Excel &
Office as
% of All
%
#
%
#
1,747
1,207
1,070
1,010
495
420
304
253
248
5.6%
3.9%
3.5%
3.3%
1.6%
1.4%
1.0%
0.8%
0.8%
3,378
2,403
4,466
1,846
1,324
944
592
444
389
51.7%
50.2%
24.0%
54.7%
37.4%
44.5%
51.4%
57.0%
63.8%
6,754 21.8%
15,786
42.8%
basic computer software skills. This information suggests that specific short training
certificates offered as boot camps can impact a large number of potential job seekers
typically served by WIOA.
Questions are: Are these good job opportunities for job seekers with less than a Bachelors
degree? Do they pay a living wage or the opportunity to advance into a job that does?
These questions are best addressed by additional investigation of skills sought by employers
and in discussion with employers demanding these proficiencies. Given the list of top
employers, some of these positions may be among the better jobs available to WIOA
enrolled clients with less than an Associate degree.
Baseline, or Non-technical, Skills
A new report from Burning Glass provides insights for educators, employers and
student/job seekers. The relative number of baseline vs technical skills appearing in ads
varies greatly across occupations; the higher the skill level of the job, the greater the
emphasis on technical rather than baseline or soft skills that employers place in the ads.
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Baseline skills appearing in job posts
are ones that employers often find
missing from applicants and are the
hardest to find. These vary among
occupations and industries. For
example, math is often listed for
production jobs in manufacturing
because applicants often do not have
good math skills. Math is seldom
mentioned in ads for science,
engineering or IT jobs because it is
assumed they will have these skills.
A few baseline skills are important to
employers no matter the occupation—
Writing, Communications, and
Organization.
“We have effectively let employers
define baseline skills by analyzing what
they request most often in job
postings. We defined skills sought by
employers across multiple occupations and that are not typically taught in training
programs as baseline skills. That includes many soft skills, certainly, but also skills like
Microsoft Word and Excel. People can be formally taught to use these software packages—
but far more learn to use them on their own.
Technical skills mean skills that both can be taught and are specific to a particular
occupation or industry. For example, software programs ranging from Adobe Photoshop to
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SPSS may be either self-taught or learned in a formal setting, but the demand for these
skills is limited to specific roles and industries.”7
Burning Glass finds that the mix of baseline skills, like technical skills, varies across
occupations—even within broad occupational families. “Baseline skills are most
emphasized in roles that involve higher levels of personal interaction relative to technical
activities. In Customer Support roles, over half of all requested skills are baseline skills.
Clerical and Administrative, Human Resources, Hospitality, Sales, and Management are the
other areas where employers place the greatest emphasis on baseline skills.” 8
Communication Skills was included in 38%
of all job posts during 2015, topping the list
by a large margin.
Top Postings Asking for Baseline Skills during
2015: WIOA NEO Region
Skills
Many of these are what we refer to as
soft skills or 21st Century Skills. From
Research to Communication, at least one in
ten job ads include one or more of these
skills as important to making hires.
Quite a range of occupations has large
numbers of postings, which include one or
more of the top baseline skills important to
employers. These include Healthcare
workers providing patient care; Sales
workers; several IT occupations and a few
Business professional or technical positions.
Not all posts for these occupations list
Job Postings
#
%
Communication Skills
58,145
38.1%
Writing
29,382
19.2%
Customer Service
27,077
17.7%
Organizational Skills
24,716
16.2%
Problem Solving
22,882
15.0%
Team Work/ Collaboration
20,021
13.1%
Computer Skills
18,917
12.4%
Planning
18,899
12.4%
Detail-Oriented
17,378
11.4%
Research
16,060
10.5%
Building Effective Relationships
14,068
9.2%
Critical Thinking
12,866
8.4%
Project Management
12,837
8.4%
Troubleshooting
11,798
7.7%
Mathematics
8,809
5.8%
English
8,587
5.6%
Time Management
8,500
5.6%
Creativity
7,548
4.9%
Leadership
7,391
4.8%
Presentation Skills
6,048
4.0%
Analytical Skills
4,671
3.1%
Meeting Deadlines
4,529
3.0%
Self-Starter
4,361
2.9%
Listening
4,199
2.7%
Mentoring
4,146
2.7%
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
particular baseline skills; however, the
majority of them do (5,181 out of 8,877 total posts for RNs). The fact that far more
7
8
Burning Glass, The Human Factor: The Hard Time Employers Have Finding Soft Skills, November 2015, p 7.
Ibid, p 8.
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technical skills are mentioned for RNs than baseline, does not imply they are any less
important to the employer. Remember, employers often spell out skills they are concerned
about.
As important as these appear to be for employers in making hiring decisions,
postsecondary students and job seekers need to assess themselves for baseline skills in
preparation for employment.
Top 20 Occupations with Emphasis on Baseline Skills
As a general proposition, it is
never clear what employers mean
when complaining about ‘soft’
skills. These new focused data
provide a start to understanding
what can be taught and what is
best learned through experiential
learning.
The implication is that employers,
educators and case managers
need to work together to address
these gaps. This is just as
important as efforts to improve
BGTOCC
41203100
41401100
43405100
15113100
41101100
29114100
43601400
43303100
11202200
15112100
13201193
13111100
31909200
31101400
15115100
15119909
43307100
13107192
13201194
29117100
Occupation
Retail Sales Associate
Sales Representative
Customer Service Representative
Software Developer / Engineer
Retail Store Manager / Supervisor
Registered Nurse
Office / Administrative Assistant
Bookkeeper / Accounting Clerk
Business Development / Sales Manager
Systems Analyst
Accountant
Business / Management Analyst
Medical Assistant
Nursing Assistant
Computer Support Specialist
Project Manager
Teller
Human Resources / Labor Relations Specialist
Account Manager / Representative
Nurse Practitioner
Job
Postings
5,197
4,818
3,613
3,432
2,978
2,849
2,491
1,530
1,499
1,257
1,166
1,119
1,080
1,030
1,000
946
944
900
899
862
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
technical skill attainment of
students/ job seekers.
It is important to further document how different occupations stress different combinations
of these nine baseline skills and how they contribute to job performance. In what ways are
the outcomes influenced by industry or organizational culture in the workplace?
Burning Glass has conceptualized the broad range of soft or foundational skill sets into
six clusters that are required for some occupations and industries.


Customer Service
Presentation and Persuasion
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



Detail Oriented
Supervision
Positive Disposition
Project Management, Research & Strategy
Conclusion: It is no longer confusing what employers mean by ‘soft’ skills. These are
definitive and can be incorporated into curriculum and experiential learning within education
and training programs and client services. Should this become an important skill issue for
WIOA and the larger workforce development system to address, more detailed analysis of
labor market data and discussions with employers will be needed.
Shanahan Resources, Inc
41
Employers Posting the Most Jobs Online and Top Jobs They Post
The top two employers based on job posts are the two largest healthcare organizations
with 10% of all job posts. This is not to suggest that they accounted for 10% of all hires
during 2015. It does reflect how intensively they solicited applications. It is no surprise that
RNs were the top occupations in terms of online postings.
The remaining thirteen companies span a range of industries and posted from 600 to
1,500 posts during 2015. Major chains and big box retailers made the list as well as major
firms in Finance and Insurance but only one manufacturer (Sherwin-Williams).
Other than RNs, three occupations were close in total posts from these firms: TractorTrailer Truck Driver; Retail Sales Associate; and Software Developer/ Engineer. Truck driver
posts for many of these employers is from major trucking companies in the region.
Sales positions; Office and Administrative jobs; and mid-level IT professionals were the top
jobs posted by these employers.
Top Employers with Highest Percent of Ads Requiring Excel and Office Proficiency
Employer
Job Postings
Cleveland Clinic
308
University Hospitals
165
Keycorp
75
Progressive Insurance
62
Nlc Loans
58
Mattress Firm
43
Sherwin Williams
43
Nestle USA Incorporated
38
Z Wireless
38
Time Warner
34
The Office Professionals Incorporated
32
Eaton
31
Airgas Incorporated
30
Case Western Reserve University
28
Amtrust North America
26
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
Employer
Teletech
Willis
Oracle
Chrysler
Mercy Health
Watcam
Account Prinicpals
Koninklijke Philips N V
T Mobile Usa Incorporated
Gander Mountain
Jo-Ann Fabric
The PNC Financial Services Group, Inc.
Advance Auto Parts Incorporated
Amtrust Financial Services Incorporated
Cardinal Health, Inc.
Shanahan Resources, Inc
Job Postings
26
26
25
24
24
24
23
23
23
22
22
22
21
21
21
42
VII. Job Opportunities for Job Seekers without a
Bachelors Degree
Jobs in Demand Requiring Less than a Bachelors Degree
Only a minor percentage of job seekers working part time or not at all have a Bachelors
degree. Even a majority of employed persons do not have one. Where are the jobs for
them? Are employers hiring for jobs that pay better than average wages yet typically do not
require a Bachelors? What are the skills employers seek for these jobs? Are these skills
lacking in many job seekers?
Recent research by the Cleveland Federal Reserve Bank provided important new insights
on what they define as middle-skill ‘Opportunity Occupations’.9 This study began as a
collaboration of economists at the three Federal Reserve Banks. The objective was to find
job opportunities in metropolitan economies for workers who have some postsecondary
education but lack a Bachelors degree; and jobs that earn an above average wage in their
labor market. The largest 100 metropolitan areas (MSAs) are included. Kyle Fee and Lisa
Nelson developed a similar report for all metro areas in Ohio.
Opportunity occupations “do not (typically) require a Bachelors degree and pay at least the
national annual median wage, adjusted for regional differences in cost of living.”10
Important Findings and Implications for NOW NEO
1. Currently, about one in four jobs nationally meet the criteria of being good
opportunities for workers without Bachelor degrees.
2. Cleveland MSA has the third largest percentage of jobs in opportunity occupations
(36%) using O*Net estimates of jobs needing less than a Bachelors. O*Net used survey
data from workers that identifies their occupation and level of educational attainment.
However, using education in Burning Glass’ analysis of online job ads, Cleveland is
seventh at 30%. Akron MSA is close with 33% and 28%, respectively.
9
A term introduced in a recent study by team of researchers at the Federal Reserve Banks in Cleveland,
Atlanta, and Philadelphia. Identifying Opportunity Occupations in the Nation’s 100 Largest Metro
Economies, 2015.
10
Ibid, page 1.
Shanahan Resources, Inc
43
Their research identified 20 occupations not requiring a Bachelors degree that had the
most jobs in 2014 in Ohio. Only seven of these met the criteria of ‘opportunity occupations’.
Meaning only these seven paid workers better than the national average. However, these
were not the only occupations that met the criteria.
Taking a direct approach, they found 30 detailed occupations (23 more) that met their
criteria of “do not (typically) require a Bachelors degree and pay at least the national annual
median wage, adjusted for regional differences in cost of living”.11
Ranked by number of occupations by Families of Occupations, there were:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Office and Administrative Support (6)
Sales (4)
Installation, Maintenance and Repair (4)
Production (3)
Business and Finance (2)
Healthcare—RN & LPN (2)
The implication is clear: the search for middle skill-jobs that pay well should focus on these
six occupational families.
However in each case, there still are many occupations that do not pay enough to make
the list of 30. Even for job posts for the 30 occupations, only some are actual opportunities.
At this time, they estimate that about a third of all jobs in NEO represent opportunities for
the thousands of individuals not yet benefiting from economic recovery.
Updating of Opportunity Jobs Using Burning Glass’s Definition of Middle Skill
A less rigorous definition is used by Burning Glass to identify occupations typically
considered middle-skill: Occupations with less than 80% of all posts in which employers
prefer a Bachelors. They also use $17 an hour as proxy for a living wage (based on MIT
calculator).
11
Kyle Fee and Lisa Nelson, A Look behind the Numbers, Vol. 7, Issue 1; January 22, 2016, Federal Reserve
Bank of Cleveland, p13 & 14.
Shanahan Resources, Inc
44
Good-Paying Middle-skill Jobs in Demand
NEO: Top 30 Occupations Based on Postings,
Typically Middle-skill, Last 365 Days
These occupations demand
postsecondary education beyond high
school up to an Associate degree and pay
better than average earnings.
BGTOCC
Occupation
Manager
11102192
11202200
11905100
General Manager
Business Development / Sales Manager
Restaurant / Food Service Manager
Business & Finance
Burning Glass’ definition broadens the
number of occupations considered middleskill as long as 21% or more of job openings
are accessible to job seekers without a
Bachelors degree.
The balance of job openings accessible
with less than a Bachelors degree varies
across occupational families and
occupations among the thirty with the most
online ads in the last 365 days. Only small
shares of posts are middle-skill
opportunities in the top half of the table.
13107191
13107192
13201194
13207200
29114100
29114103
29114191
29201200
29206100
15114100
15114200
15115100
Recruiter
Human Resources / Labor Relations Specialist
Account Manager / Representative
Loan Officer
Healthcare Professional and Technical
Registered Nurse
Intensive / Critical Care Nurse
Clinical Case Manager
Laboratory Technician
Licensed Practical / Vocational Nurse
IT
Database Administrator
Network / Systems Administrator
Computer Support Specialist
Office and Administrative Support
43101191
43303100
43414100
43601300
43601400
Office Manager
Bookkeeper / Accounting Clerk
Personal Banker / Banking Sales Staff
Medical Secretary
Office / Administrative Assistant
Maintenance, Installation and Repair
49101100
49302300
49907191
49909900
Maintenance / Service Supervisor
Automotive Service Technician / Mechanic
Maintenance Technician
Repair / Service Technician
Other
What Employers Post These Jobs?
Topping this list are healthcare
51906100 Quality Inspector / Technician
53303200 Tractor-Trailer Truck Driver
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
organizations and trucking companies. Given RNs and Tractor-trailer Truck Drivers top the
list of middle-skill jobs that pay well, this is no surprise.
Other top employers included other Hospitals; Financial Institutions; Manufacturers; and
a few chain retail operations.
This list of employers is consistent with the list of middle-skill occupations with the
largest numbers of job posts during 2015.
Shanahan Resources, Inc
45
Why These Occupations?


What explains why these 30 occupations require less than Bachelors degree but pay
better than national average wages?
What is there about these specific posts that result in better pay than similar
occupations?
One explanation is that many traditional jobs now require more skills. What impact is
increased demand for IT and other digital skills having on traditional jobs in these families of
occupations? What skills are included in job ads today that impact many of these jobs?
Up-skilling by employers occurred for some occupations and not others; for some
employers and not others.
Increased Skill Demands is a Factor
Many of the 30 occupations found by Fee and Nelson are among those now requiring
many of the skills most often included in online job ads. The increased importance of
foundational skills common to numerous occupations such as Customer Service; Microsoft
Applications and Communication skills raise the level of preparedness of job seekers and
may translate into better compensation and are more likely to be full time jobs.
Importance of Digital Skills in Occupations Not Requiring a Bachelors Degree
Again, middle-skill jobs are defined as those with less than 80% of job postings calling for
a Bachelors degree and with a median hourly wage above the national living wage of $15$17. (This criteria set by Burning Glass.) The focus here is to search for jobs that satisfy the
middle-skill criteria and require significant digital skills in performing their jobs.
Digitally intensive jobs12: Jobs that normally require any of the digital skill groups defined
below. Recent technological change has had a direct impact on all levels of the labor market
with 65% of all jobs requesting digital skills.
12
Definitions and data provided by Burning Glass with Labor/Insight
Shanahan Resources, Inc
46
Digital skill demands impact all these occupations.

Many of these jobs are in Office and Administrative Support

Digital Skills demand is growing in middle-skill jobs across all occupations
Burning Glass research13 on the nation reports that across all occupations 41% are now
middle-skill jobs (as defined above) and 78% of these require digital skills. Within groups:
13
Burning Glass Technologies, Crunching the Numbers: The Digital Skills Gap in the Workforce,
March 2015, p 11.
Shanahan Resources, Inc
47




46% of Production jobs are
middle-skill and 80% of
these demand digital skills.
49% of Office and
Administrative Support are
middle-skill and all of these
now demand digital skills.
51% of Sales & Related jobs
are middle-skill and 94%
require digital skills.
In contrast, while
equivalent shares of jobs in
Construction & Extraction;
Transportation & Material
Moving are now middleskill, few demand digital
skills to perform their
duties (21% and 2%,
respectively).
Demand for Digital Skills
Appears Most in These
Occupations
Jobs most in-demand requiring
digital skills are a blend of middle
and higher skill positions in NEO.
Middle-skill occupations are
shaded.
Digitally intensive jobs: Jobs that
NEO: Top 30 Occupations Based on Postings,
Requiring Digital Skills, Last 365 Days
BGTOCC
11202200
11905100
Occupation
Management
Business Development / Sales Manager
Restaurant / Food Service Manager
Business and Finance
13107192
13111100
13201102
13201193
13201194
13205100
Human Resources / Labor Relations
Specialist
Business / Management Analyst
Auditor
Accountant
Account Manager / Representative
Financial Analyst
Engineer
17214100
Mechanical Engineer
Healthcare Professional and Technical
29114100
29114103
29117100
29206100
Registered Nurse
Intensive / Critical Care Nurse
Nurse Practitioner
Licensed Practical / Vocational Nurse
IT
15112100
15113100
15113300
15114100
15114200
15115100
15119902
15119909
15119995
Systems Analyst
Software Developer / Engineer
Computer Systems Engineer / Architect
Database Administrator
Network / Systems Administrator
Computer Support Specialist
Network Engineer / Architect
Project Manager
IT Project Manager
Healthcare Support
31909200
Medical Assistant
Sales
41101100
41401100
Retail Store Manager / Supervisor
Sales Representative
Office and Administrative Support
43303100 Bookkeeper / Accounting Clerk
43405100 Customer Service Representative
43405103 Registrar / Patient Service Representative
43601400 Office / Administrative Assistant
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
normally require any of the digital skill groups defined on the previous page.14
14
Definitions and data provided by Burning Glass with Labor/Insight
Shanahan Resources, Inc
48
Recent technological changes have had a direct impact on all levels of the labor market with
65% of all jobs requesting digital skills.
Productivity digital skills refer to occupations that require only productivity software skills
and no other digital skill group. Productivity software skills refer to spreadsheet and word
processing tools like Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Word, as well as enterprise
management software like Oracle or SAP. These proficiencies are increasingly becoming a
baseline skill requirement for a majority of occupations.
Advanced digital skills consist of occupations with higher-level digital skill requirements in
areas such as customer relationship management (CRM) software, higher end computer
networking, digital media & design software, social media tools, and search engine analysis.
Occupation-specific digital skills are focused on technologies commonly used in Health Care,
Production, and Manufacturing occupations. While productivity software skills are usually
still required of these occupations,
the core skills in this group are
NEO: Occupations with Most Posts for Digital Productivity Skills
Evident in Posts Last 365 Days
Microsoft Excel, Office, Word, Powerpoint, Outlook, Word Processing; Enterprise
Resource Planning (ERP); Peoplesoft; Salesforce; Adobe Acrobat
specific to the machinery and
43,508
technology used by each
occupation such as AutoCAD for
drafting occupations or the
knowledge of radiology machines
by Radiology Technicians.
Great Need for Basic Digital
Skills in Middle-skill Jobs
Posted
Of the over 200,000 jobs posted
during the last 365 days as of the
middle of May, there were 43,508
BGTOCC Occupation
43601400 Office / Administrative Assistant
41401100 Sales Representative
43405100 Customer Service Representative
43303100 Bookkeeper / Accounting Clerk
15113100 Software Developer / Engineer
13201193 Accountant
11202200 Business Development / Sales Manager
13111100 Business / Management Analyst
41101100 Retail Store Manager / Supervisor
13107192 Human Resources / Labor Relations Specialist
15115100 Computer Support Specialist
15119909 Project Manager
13205100 Financial Analyst
15112100 Systems Analyst
13201102 Auditor
29114100 Registered Nurse
15114200 Network / Systems Administrator
13201194 Account Manager / Representative
15119995 IT Project Manager
15119902 Network Engineer / Architect
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
Job Postings
#
2,255
1,908
1,699
1,590
1,495
1,390
931
770
753
731
729
722
648
624
491
487
430
429
418
405
18,905
%
5.2%
4.4%
3.9%
3.7%
3.4%
3.2%
2.1%
1.8%
1.7%
1.7%
1.7%
1.7%
1.5%
1.4%
1.1%
1.1%
1.0%
1.0%
1.0%
0.9%
43.5%
job ads seeking workers with basic productivity digital skills.
Shanahan Resources, Inc
49
These few account for 44% of all ads and the top four potentially represent skills sets
many job seekers lack when applying for jobs that do not typically require a degree.
For some, these skills are included in one-third to a majority of all ads for the occupation.
NEO: Industries with Most Posts for Digital Productivity Skills
Evident in Posts Last 365 Days
Microsoft Excel, Office, Word, Powerpoint, Outlook, Word Processing;
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP); Peoplesoft; Salesforce; Adobe
Acrobat
NAICs
54
52
31-33
62
56
44-45
51
72
61
48-49
43,508 Job Postings
#
Industry
Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services
(54)
Finance and Insurance (52)
Manufacturing (31-33)
Health Care and Social Assistance (62)
Administrative and Support and Waste
Management and Remediation Services (56)
Retail Trade (44-45)
Information (51)
Accommodation and Food Services (72)
Educational Services (61)
Transportation and Warehousing (48-49)
All Other
19.22%
17.01%
16.49%
13.12%
Many of these skills may not be
addressed in current CTE programs
of study.
The greatest demand for these
occupations, especially for the top
four positions cluster in a few
6.34%
industry sectors. Outside of
6.08%
3.72%
3.14%
3.10%
2.50%
9.00%
Manufacturing which ranks third in
Burning Glass Technologies, Labor/Insight
demand for ads for these skills, the
others are high technology and
advanced professional and business
services.
The need for strong support staff workers is expected for these industries:
NEO: Employers with Most Posts for Digital
Productivity Skills Evident in Posts Last 365 Days
Microsoft Excel, Office, Word, Powerpoint, Outlook, Word Processing;
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP); Peoplesoft; Salesforce; Adobe
Acrobat
43,508
Employer
University Hospitals
Keycorp
Cleveland Clinic
Deloitte
Oracle
Progressive Insurance
Sherwin Williams
Accenture
Envisionrx
Kent State University
Case Western Reserve University
Advantage Solutions
Metrohealth System
Nestle USA Incorporated
Job Postings
#
1,070
565
513
491
378
287
246
222
216
205
204
174
162
159
4,892
%
3.9%
2.0%
1.8%
1.8%
1.4%
1.0%
0.9%
0.8%
0.8%
0.7%
0.7%
0.6%
0.6%
0.6%
17.6%

Professional Services

Finance and Insurance

Healthcare
On a smaller scale, relative to all
current jobs, less than 7% of all ads
asking for one or more of the basic
productivity skills are from
employers in the remaining industry
sectors. Most notable of industries
with little demand for these skills
are Retail Trade and
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
Shanahan Resources, Inc
50
Accommodation and Food Services. The need for support workers with digital skills is not as
great a need in these industries.
This observation is further supported by the identity of employers from the region that
demand these skills from workers they hire. Mostly these are major employers from the top
four industries noted above.
Advanced digital skills largely involve applying software applications on the job
These more advanced digital skills are needed increasingly in a range of applications.
Within the context of application they are needed in a variety of occupations. Only one is
directly related to IT.
Top advanced digital skills in demand differ based how they are used:

Customer Relations

Computer & Network Support

Digital Media & Design

Social Media & Search Engine Analysis
Shanahan Resources, Inc
51
Most of these needs and skills are not new but are now used more widely across businesses
Ilustration of Advanced Digital Skills Linked to Occupations
Advanced Digital Skills
Customer Relationship
Management
Computer & Network
Support
Digital Media &
Design
Social Media Tools &
Search Engine Analysis
Top Occupations
Top Skills
Account
Manager /
Representative
Sales
Representative
Sales
Manager
Computer
Support
Specialist
Network /
Systems
Administrator
Graphic
Designer /
Desktop
Publisher
Marketing
Coordinator /
Assistant
Recruiter
Graphic
Designer /
Desktop
Publisher
Network /
Systems
Support
Specialist
Multimedia
Designer
Search Engine
Optimization
Specialist
•
Salesforce CRM
•
SAP CRM
•
Siebel CRM
•
SQL
•
•
Linux
Cisco
•
Adobe Photoshop
•
Adobe Acrobat
•
InDesign
•
Social Media Platforms
•
Blogging
•
Google Analytics
Burning Glass Technologies, Cruched by the Numbers: The Digital Skills Gap in the Workforce, March 2015, p. 5
and industries.

While advanced, coding is not required for these workers.

Sales Rep, among all these occupations, is most in demand in NEO.
The occupation in which any of these digital skills is most in demand in NEO is Sales Rep.
Shanahan Resources, Inc
52
Yet, only 10% of all Sales Rep ads list any specific advanced digital skill. Customer Relations
Management software and online resources are needed in only a fraction of the job
postings. This need likely accounts for why Business Development/ Sales Manager had the
NOW Region: Jobs in Demand by Occupation Requiring Advanced Digital Skills:
Last 365 Days
Examples: Microsoft Powerpoint; SQL; Salesforce; Adobe Photoshop; SQL Server; Microsoft Outlook;
Adobe Indesign; Adobe Illustrator;Adobe Acrobat;Customer Relationship Management (CRM); Adobe
Creative Suite; SAP
All Job Postings
Occupation
Job Postings
#
7,974
Sales Representative
2,614
Business Development / Sales Manager
1,686
Computer Support Specialist
1,271
Account Manager / Representative
1,222
Network / Systems Administrator
1,214
Database Administrator
973
Web Developer
923
Marketing Manager
920
Recruiter
896
Account Executive
530
Marketing Specialist
516
Product Manager
413
Business Intelligence Analyst
411
Public Relations / Communications Specialist
401
Executive Assistant
323
Business Intelligence Architect / Developer
307
Market Research Analyst
284
Technology Consultant
249
Graphic Designer / Desktop Publisher
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
Posts for Advanced
Advanced Digital as
% of All
Digital
BGTOCC
%
26.3%
8.6%
5.6%
4.2%
4.0%
4.0%
3.2%
3.0%
3.0%
3.0%
1.7%
1.7%
1.4%
1.4%
1.3%
1.1%
1.0%
0.9%
0.8%
848
512
255
196
349
811
536
250
152
140
137
142
257
93
194
242
90
171
152
10.6%
19.6%
15.1%
15.4%
28.6%
66.8%
55.1%
27.1%
16.5%
15.6%
25.8%
27.5%
62.2%
22.6%
48.4%
74.9%
29.3%
60.2%
61.0%
second most demand for CRM skills, among others. Advanced digital skills comprised two in
ten of all these job ads.

Rounding out the occupations with demand for advanced digital skills in one or more of
the four business needs are Account Manager and Account Executive.

Within Computer and Network support, the majority of all ads for several IT occupations
had high demand for some combination of these digital tools: Database Administrator
and Web Developer in particular.

Database Administrator definitively would need specific skills associated with Computer
and Network Support and perhaps Customer Relations Management.

Web Developer would also need some of Digital Media and Design and search engine
analysis; perhaps even digital media.
Shanahan Resources, Inc
53
Finally, the five occupations with largest number of ads including some combination of
advanced digital skills are not the ones for which these skills are core to performing well in
the job. In all cases, these ads account for less than 30% of all job ads for each occupation.
They are most numerous because these occupations generally are among those most in
demand based on online job demand. It is the occupations, which are highlighted that are
the ones for which advanced digital skills, have become of critical importance to meeting
employer demand in today’s labor market.
Location by County & Workforce
Area
Two-thirds of all these posts were
for workplaces in Cleve/Cuyahoga
County—the largest Workforce Area
in NEO.
Job Posts for Occupations Needing Advanced or Occupationally Specific Digital
Skills: Location of Jobs with WIOA NEO 2015
County
Cuyahoga, OH
Summit, OH
Lorain, OH
Lake, OH
Medina, OH
Portage, OH
Geauga, OH
Ashtabula, OH
Job Postings
#
52,516
14,389
3,997
3,338
2,057
1,349
721
703
%
66.4%
18.2%
5.1%
4.2%
2.6%
1.7%
0.9%
0.9%
Location
Quotient
1.5
1.1
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.5
0.4
0.5
Posting numbers are for all jobs in
an occupation, not just those asking
for digital skills. According to
Burning Glass, about 65% of all jobs
posted are listing digital skills. Of
WDA/ Workforce Areas
Cleve/Cuyahoga
Summit/Medina
Lorain
Lake, OH
GAP
WIO NEO
Job Postings
#
52,516
16,446
3,997
3,338
2,773
79,070
%
66.4%
20.8%
5.1%
4.2%
3.5%
100.0%
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
course, this will vary among occupations. While some Sales Rep ads now stress digital skills,
these likely account for much less than 65% of the total for this position.
The major point from these data is that jobs stressing digital skills overall are more often for
workplaces in Cuyahoga and Summit counties, than for any other counties.
Shanahan Resources, Inc
54
Coding Skills in Demand are emerging as a path to higher-skill jobs
Demand for programming skills is large, growing, and not just for IT jobs. Coding skills are
needed to work with data, to create websites, to build products and technologies, and to
conduct research.15 Burning Glass Technologies researched its database of online job ads to
find:

Coding skills are defined as the use of a computer program to write instructions to a
computer, not to choose from a menu of pre-programmed options.

Coding skills are now in demand for more than IT professionals. Engineers, Designers,
Scientists, and Marketing Analysts are asked to perform coding among their job duties.

Coding skills are most important for higher-skill jobs. Middle-skill jobs require more
basic digital skills.
15
Burning Glass & Oracle Academy, Beyond Point and Click: Expanding Demand for Coding Skills, June
2016
Shanahan Resources, Inc
55

Acquiring coding skills opens up career advancement opportunities for many middleskill workers.

Jobs in occupations requiring coding skills today are growing faster and pay better than
jobs in the occupations that do not.
Economic Growth is linked to use of new technologies
The growing importance of programming skills for workers in these occupations is the
result of impact of industry adopting disruptive technologies to gain market share.
What evidence exists of increased
demand for these skills in northeast
Ohio?
According to Burning Glass, there
are five distinct areas of business
operations and occupational focus
where coding skills prevail in industry:
1. IT operations
2. Data Analytics
3. Engineering software
4. Science and the need for workers to write code to guide programming
5. Art & Design
In each of these distinct needs, online job ads posted are huge and job growth nationally
is expected. Skills sets involved in each of these areas are distinct, and each is expected to
grow jobs over the next decade.
How are these skills emerging in Northeast Ohio’s Labor Market?
Demand for programming skills impacts over 17,000 of the more than 200,000 job
postings in the last 365 days.
Shanahan Resources, Inc
56

Demand for
Programming Skills
(code-writing skills) is
most intensive in
specific occupations.
All but two are IT
Professional
occupations. The two
exceptions are
Business
Management/ Analyst
and Marketing
NEO:Top Occupations Posted with Demand for Coding Skills, Last
365 Days
IT: Hardware Programming Languages Software;: IT: Object-Oriented Programming
Language Software; IT: Procedural Programming Language Software; IT: Programming
Languages;: IT: Web Development and Design Technologies
BGTOCC
Occupations
Job Postings
17,289
#
%
15113100 Software Developer / Engineer
4,860
29.8%
15113492 Web Developer
949
5.8%
15114100 Database Administrator
922
5.6%
15112100 Systems Analyst
651
4.0%
15114200 Network / Systems Administrator
534
3.3%
15113300 Computer Systems Engineer / Architect
531
3.3%
15113191 Computer Programmer
498
3.1%
15119902 Network Engineer / Architect
463
2.8%
15119901 Software QA Engineer / Tester
445
2.7%
15115100 Computer Support Specialist
342
2.1%
15119991 Data / Data Mining Analyst
310
1.9%
13111100 Business / Management Analyst
292
1.8%
15119995 IT Project Manager
264
1.6%
15119994 Business Intelligence Architect / Developer
258
1.6%
11202191 Marketing Manager
189
1.2%
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
Manager.
IT occupations had 60% to 70% of all online posts requiring specific programming skills.

IT developer job postings include programming skills more than half the time.

Web Developer and UX/UI Developer are jobs in which over 70% of all job ads
specify program skills.

Business analyst positions tend to require programming skills.
Demand for code writing skills varies among job responsibilities IT Professionals have the highest responsibility for improving and developing new software.
Web development has a distinct need of these workers. For example:

Specific needs and skills are needed to address Big Data Access and Management
needs.

Arts & Design workers must excel at design software and web development.
Shanahan Resources, Inc
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NOW NEO--TOP 25 Specialized Skills of Postings
Emphasizing Writing Code
NOW NEO--TOP 25 Software & Programming
Skills of Postings Emphasizing Writing Code
Hardware Programming Languages Software; ObjectOriented Programming Language Software; Procedural
Programming Language Software; Programming Languages;
Web Development and Design Technologies
Skills
Job Postings
17,287
#
%
SQL
8,417
48.7%
JAVA
4,053
23.4%
Oracle
3,575
20.7%
Software Development
3,514
20.3%
Microsoft C#
3,461
20.0%
JavaScript
3,287
19.0%
Project Management
3,192
18.5%
.NET Programming
3,177
18.4%
SQL Server
2,749
15.9%
Web Development
2,398
13.9%
ASP
2,062
11.9%
Technical Support
2,034
11.8%
LINUX
1,925
11.1%
Software Engineering
1,901
11.0%
Extensible Markup Language (XML)
1,756
10.2%
Customer Service
1,726
10.0%
UNIX
1,597
9.2%
Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) 1,445
8.4%
jQuery
1,433
8.3%
Information Systems
1,358
7.9%
Business Process
1,341
7.8%
Budgeting
1,261
7.3%
Web Application Development
1,221
7.1%
C++
1,214
7.0%
Scheduling
1,189
6.9%
Hardware Programming Languages Software; Object-Oriented
Programming Language Software; Procedural Programming
Language Software; Programming Languages; Web Development
and Design Technologies
Skills
Job Postings
17,287
#
%
SQL
8,417
48.7%
JAVA
4,053
23.4%
Oracle
3,575
20.7%
Microsoft C#
3,461
20.0%
JavaScript
3,287
19.0%
.NET Programming
3,177
18.4%
SQL Server
2,749
15.9%
Microsoft Excel
2,090
12.1%
Microsoft Office
2,073
12.0%
ASP
2,062
11.9%
LINUX
1,925
11.1%
Extensible Markup Language (XML)
1,756
10.2%
UNIX
1,597
9.2%
jQuery
1,433
8.3%
C++
1,214
7.0%
Python
1,080
6.2%
Visual Studio
1,077
6.2%
Oracle PL/SQL
1,043
6.0%
Microsoft SQL
1,039
6.0%
Microsoft Powerpoint
1,031
6.0%
HTML5
995
5.8%
Adobe Photoshop
936
5.4%
Microsoft Sql Server Integration Services (SSIS) 851
4.9%
Microsoft Windows
839
4.9%
Transact-SQL
797
4.6%
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
For most occupations, explicit demand for programming skills occurs for only a portion of all
posts for these jobs. However for the occupations shaded in the next table, from 60% to
93% of all postings for the occupation list specific programming skills as needed. Not all IT
jobs require programming skills in a majority of the ads: System Analyst and network and
support jobs list programming skills less than half the time.
While advanced digital (often software applications) are in high demand for positions like
Sales Rep and Marketing Manager, workers do not need to be able to write code in order to
modify or customize these applications.
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NOW NEO: Occupations with Most Online Posts Requesting Coding Skills, Last
365 Days
BGTOCC
Occupation
96,972
15113100
15114100
15113492
15112100
15113300
15119902
15114200
15119995
15119901
15113191
13111100
15115100
15119991
Software Developer / Engineer
Database Administrator
Web Developer
Systems Analyst
Computer Systems Engineer / Architect
Network Engineer / Architect
Network / Systems Administrator
IT Project Manager
Software QA Engineer / Tester
Computer Programmer
Business / Management Analyst
Computer Support Specialist
Data / Data Mining Analyst
Cyber / Information Security Engineer /
15112200
Analyst
15119994 Business Intelligence Architect / Developer
41401100 Sales Representative
11202191 Marketing Manager
15119993 Business Intelligence Analyst
15113493 UI / UX Designer / Developer
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
Job Postings
#
%
5,304
26.9%
995
5.0%
969
4.9%
892
4.5%
680
3.5%
593
3.0%
581
2.9%
567
2.9%
542
2.8%
520
2.6%
511
2.6%
409
2.1%
320
1.6%
ALL Ads
6,654
1,327
1,041
2,029
1,121
1,430
1,345
1,237
933
763
2,003
1,797
522
Coding
Ads as %
79.7%
75.0%
93.1%
44.0%
60.7%
41.5%
43.2%
45.8%
58.1%
68.2%
25.5%
22.8%
61.3%
298
1.5%
835
35.7%
290
276
208
202
196
1.5%
1.4%
1.1%
1.0%
1.0%
369
8,461
958
419
231
78.6%
3.3%
21.7%
48.2%
84.8%
So, Programming skills are needed in a wide range of IT occupations…but
At the top is Software Developer/ Engineer.
This one IT occupation dominates online job ads for all IT professionals. In 2015, 28% of
all ads for IT professionals were for Software Developer/ Engineer (or Software Developer,
Applications in BLS terminology). As late as 2015 jobs for this position were second to
Computer System Analyst among IT professional in the economy.
Because these job ads are so dominate among online ads, it is important to do a deeper
dive into these ads to determine how homogeneous these jobs really are. Eight of ten posts
are for workplaces in Cuyahoga County. In taking a closer look at this occupation’s ads:

What specific skills are most requested?

Do skills in demand differ by level of education?
Shanahan Resources, Inc
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Still, it is clear that the Software & Programming skills are at a lower-entry level for
employers accepting less than a Bachelors degree when hiring.
NEO: Top Software & Programming Skills for
Software Developers Requiring a Bachelors
Degree or more, Last 365 Days
NEO: Top Software & Programming Skills
for Software Developers Requiring
Postsecondary Education But Not a
Bachelors Degree Last 365 Days
Job Postings
%
Job
Skills
Postings %
Skills
Total Posts = 3,963
SQL
JAVA
Microsoft C#
.NET Programming
JavaScript
Oracle
ASP
SQL Server
Extensible Markup Language (XML)
C++
Visual Studio
Microsoft Office
jQuery
LINUX
Microsoft Excel
Total Posts = 433
SQL
JAVA
.NET Programming
Microsoft Office
Microsoft C#
Microsoft Excel
ASP
JavaScript
Microsoft Word
AutoCAD
SQL Server
Oracle
C++
UNIX
Microsoft Visio
34.84%
39.37%
33.17%
30.45%
26.49%
29.47%
25.78%
25.11%
25.30%
24.80%
22.43%
20.13%
19.81%
16.76%
14.56%
15.44%
14.32%
12.99%
11.69%
10.65%
10.74%
10.23%
10.26%
9.87%
9.55%
9.54%
8.59%
9.15%
7.40%
8.15% Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
The mix of employers with the most job ads for Software Developers/ Engineers differ
for ads accepting less than Bachelors degree and those that do not. Companies tend to
appear on only one list as a top employer. Of those wanting a Bachelors degree, they are
major companies in Finance and Insurance; Manufacturers; and IT services. Oracle, which
primarily has a large sales and service staff in the region had the most job ads for
Developers.
Among employers exclusively seeking workers with less than a Bachelors degree, most
are in healthcare; higher education; and retail trade and telecommunications.
A few, like General Electric; Kroger; and IBM were among the top employers for both
levels of education. Likely, as noticed above, the difference is in the nature of the specific
job assignment that fits within this broader occupational title.
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Ohio: Top Employers Postings for Software Developers
Requiring Postsecondary Education But Not a
Bachelors Degree
Employer
Ohio: Top Employers Postings for Software Developers
Requiring Postsecondary Education But Not a
Bachelors Degree
Employer
General Electric Company
Kroger Company
IBM
Compugain
State Of Ohio
Emerson Electric Company
Synchrony Financial
Ge Healthcare Worldwide
University Hospitals
Kent State University
Anthem Blue Cross
Ohio Department Of Health
UnitedHealth Group
Compass Group
Humana
Time Warner
Ge Healthcare
Big Lots Incorporated
Brooksource
Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
Cleveland Clinic
Job
Postings:
2,271
34
31
21
19
17
14
14
13
13
11
10
10
10
9
9
9
8
7
7
7
7
General Electric Company
Kroger Company
IBM
Compugain
State Of Ohio
Emerson Electric Company
Synchrony Financial
Ge Healthcare Worldwide
University Hospitals
Kent State University
Anthem Blue Cross
Ohio Department Of Health
UnitedHealth Group
Compass Group
Humana
Time Warner
Ge Healthcare
Big Lots Incorporated
Brooksource
Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
Cleveland Clinic
Job
Postings:
2,271
34
31
21
19
17
14
14
13
13
11
10
10
10
9
9
9
8
7
7
7
7
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
Shanahan Resources, Inc
61
VIII.
Job Opportunities in NOW NEO Priority
Sectors
Three sectors of the region’s workforce needs are explored: Needs of Manufacturers;
Healthcare Organizations; and all industries reliant on quality IT operations and workforce.
In-depth Look at Manufacturing in NOW NEO
These employers are among the region’s most identifiable manufacturers. They span a
wide range of product markets and still provide a large part of the best jobs in the
economy.
Posting data includes all job ads appearing during 2015 for each firm. They range from
105 to 412 jobs. These are for all occupations found in manufacturing, not just those
directly related to manufacturing activities.
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Occupations with the Most Posts
For manufacturers, Sales Rep had
the most total job posts. Software
Developer/ Engineer is second. These
two very different workforce needs are
by far the most posted of all
occupations within the families of
Sales and IT occupations. Not a
surprise, then, that they rise to the top
even for manufacturers.
Also, note that four are in
Production or Transportation/
Materials Handling occupations. These
are highlighted in tan.

Employers less often post these
jobs online. These numbers may
Top 25 Employers by Job Posts for
Manufacturing, Last 365 Days
Employer
Steris Corporation
General Electric Company
Nestle USA Incorporated
Avery Dennison
Alcoa
Eaton
Philips Electronics North America Corp
Danaher Corporation
Tremco Corporate
Component Repair Technologies
Parker Hannifin
PepsiCo Inc.
Ricoh Electronics
Meggitt Plc
Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc.
Invacare Corporation
Swagelok Company
Oldcastle Precast Incorporated
Avon
Xerox
Xellia Pharmaceuticals
PPG Industries
Western Enterprises
Dr Pepper Snapple Group
BASF Corporation
Job Postings
302
293
292
261
231
220
191
158
151
137
135
123
115
110
109
109
109
102
98
98
95
90
86
84
82
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
understate the actual number of
solicitations for job openings by these firms.

Next, four managerial positions make the top 15.
Shanahan Resources, Inc
63
The overall point is that
Top 25 Occupations In-demand in NOW NEO, Last
365 Days
manufacturers seek to hire a
wide range of workers, not just
those working near or on the
factory floor.
Manufacturing Jobs on or
near the factory floor are in
demand
Production Jobs and Machine
Operators are the most in
demand.
Machinist; CNC Operator; and
other jobs on the factory floor
experienced substantial online
workers persists even as the job
sector continues to remain
thousands below 2007 levels.
Job Postings
823
672
554
521
521
513
480
429
391
387
317
304
301
286
261
260
258
241
218
211
208
197
194
189
182
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
postings. The need to hire new
losses for manufacturing as a
BGTOCC
Sales Representative
Mechanical Engineer
Production Worker
Manufacturing Machine Operator
Software Developer / Engineer
Laborer / Warehouse Worker
Maintenance Technician
Manufacturing Engineer
Production Supervisor
Business Development / Sales Manager
Customer Service Representative
Industrial Engineer
Accountant
Quality Inspector / Technician
Machinist
Electrical Engineer
Retail Sales Associate
Bookkeeper / Accounting Clerk
Quality Control Systems Managers
Account Manager / Representative
Merchandiser / Ad Set Associate
Engineering Manager
Project Manager
Maintenance / Service Supervisor
Product Demonstrator
Manufacturing and Production Jobs Posts in NOW NEO Economy
2015
Job Postings
Occupation
#
%
Production Worker
688
15.9%
Manufacturing Machine Operator
644
14.9%
Production Supervisor
495
11.5%
Machinist
382
8.8%
Quality Inspector / Technician
377
8.7%
Quality Control Systems Managers
294
6.8%
CNC Operator
191
4.4%
Production Plant Manager
182
4.2%
Quality Control Analyst
170
3.9%
Electronic / Electrical Assembler
162
3.8%
Press / Press Brake Operator
148
3.4%
Tool and Die Maker
112
2.6%
CNC Programmer
71
1.6%
Molding / Casting Worker
71
1.6%
Grinder / Sharpener
55
1.3%
Total All Posts
4,320
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
Shanahan Resources, Inc
93.6%
64
Top Employers Posting Jobs on or near the
factory floor
The list of employers is much the same as for all
posts for all occupations. However, the rankings
shift. Nestle and Steris drop down the list as most
of their ads are not for jobs in factories. Avery
and Eaton move the top.
Top Job Titles for Posts for Manufacturers for
Workers on or near Factory Floor
Job Title
Maintenance Technician
Production Supervisor
Machine Operator
Machinist
CNC Operator
Quality Manager
CNC Machinist
Quality Inspector
Maintenance Supervisor
CNC Programmer
Tool and Die Maker
Field Service Technician
Quality Technician
Production Manager
Maintenance Manager
Service Technician
Quality Assurance Technician
Quality Asurance Manager
Production Worker
Quality Control Inspector
Field Service Engineer
Assembler
Manufacturing Supervisor
Quality Control Technician
Maintenance Mechanic
Manufacturing Manager
Production
Press Operator
Quality Specialist
Production Operator
Job Postings
#
%
271
6.5%
208
5.0%
199
4.7%
133
3.2%
83
2.0%
80
1.9%
79
1.9%
67
1.6%
60
1.4%
56
1.3%
55
1.3%
53
1.3%
52
1.2%
51
1.2%
48
1.1%
47
1.1%
46
1.1%
45
1.1%
44
1.0%
44
1.0%
42
1.0%
41
1.0%
41
1.0%
40
1.0%
35
0.8%
35
0.8%
28
0.7%
25
0.6%
23
0.5%
22
0.5%
Top Employers with Most Ads for Jobs On or
Near Factory Floor
Employer
Avery Dennison
Eaton
Nestle USA Incorporated
Swagelok Company
Kennametal Incorporated
Alcoa
Steris Corporation
Horsburgh And Scott
Western Enterprises
Automation Tool & Die Incorporated
PPG Industries
Amresco Incorporated
Parker Hannifin
PepsiCo Inc.
Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc.
Henkel
Tremco Corporate
Basf Corporation
Enginetics Aerospace
Illinois Tool Works
Job
Postings
111
88
65
56
51
43
43
38
36
35
30
28
27
26
22
22
21
20
20
20
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
Top Job Titles
The top job titles used by employers in
ads are quite typical of workers on the
factory floor for most of the
manufacturing industries based in NEO.
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
Shanahan Resources, Inc
65
Manufacturing & Production Jobs are skilling up with significant job notices
Top 20 Special ized Skills of Manufacturing Jobs
Requiring Digital Skills: NEO 2015
Jobs with the most posts are skilled positions
requiring specific skill sets and at least an
Associate degree in most cases. This list confirms
the often-voiced demand for Machinists; CNC
Operators and Programmers.
Underlying this list of top skills appearing in job
ads are new digital skills required to perform the
jobs.
Hundreds of ads list these types of specialized
skills for working in today’s NEO manufacturing
environment.
Industry and Location of Employment

Machinery; Chemicals; Paper and
Fabricated Metal posted the most jobs
during 2015.

Most posts are for job sites in Cuyahoga
and Summit counties, keeping with the
general pattern of where jobs are and
expected to be in the near future.

For living outside of Cuyahoga County,
Job
Postings
Skills
Inspection
Computer Aided Drafting/Design (CAD)
Machining
Mechanical Engineering
Manufacturing Processes
Repair
Computer Numerical Control (CNC)
Electrical Engineering
AutoCAD
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) Programming
Lean Manufacturing
Six Sigma
Machinery
Manufacturing Engineer
Mathematics
Process Improvement
Blueprints
Process Engineering
Scheduling
Process Control
940
829
752
735
696
671
636
571
567
511
484
412
395
385
381
373
360
355
345
328
NOW NEO: County Location of
Manufacturing and Production Jobs
from the Manufacturing Industry
County
Cuyahoga, OH
Summit, OH
Lake, OH
Lorain, OH
Portage, OH
Medina, OH
Geauga, OH
Ashtabula, OH
Job Postings
49.79%
18.22%
12.14%
7.38%
4.65%
4.06%
2.31%
1.45%
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
many likely need to commute into the county for work in manufacturing.
Shanahan Resources, Inc
66
Education employers prefer
By far no more than vocational training is needed.
However, almost one in three of these jobs
require at least an Associates degree or more.
Strong evidence of a shift in skills required for
many of these jobs.
Minimum Education Desired by Employers
for Jobs on or Near Factory Floor
Education
High school or vocational training
Associate's degree
Bachelor's degree
Graduate or professional degree
Job Postings
71.14%
13.16%
25.26%
4.02%
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
High Skill Jobs are Growing in Manufacturing
Analysis is based on recent online job posts as well as most recent data of job gains since
2007 by occupation. Middle and higher skill jobs are in clusters of occupations in
Management; Business and Finance; Computer and Math; Engineers and Scientists.
Manufacturing employs more of these workers than any other industry sector—35%.





These positions comprise 49% of 2015 jobs in Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts which is
large and growing sharply in NEO. Recent job growth in these four occupations are in
traditional manufacturing industries.
Top professional and technical occupations have experienced steady, modest increases
in total jobs in NEO.
Most of these industries use some level of advanced technology.
These occupations employ from 20 to nearly 50% of all jobs, depending on the industry
and their use of advanced technology and existence of corporate and technical facilities
in the region.
Companies in these industries are part of the growth economy and are a bright star
within an entire sector, which continues to lose jobs overall.
Shanahan Resources, Inc
67
NOW NEO: Manufacturing Industries with Job Growth in Managerial; Business and Finance; Computer and Math;
Engineering; and Scientists
NAICS
Industry
Occupation
Group Jobs
in Industry
(2007)
Occupation
Group Jobs
in Industry
(2015)
Occupation
Group Jobs
in Industry
(2021)
Change
(2007 2021)
118
124
130
12
10%
9.2%
24
82
107
83
346%
10.8%
25
53
64
39
156%
8.5%
25
48
34
9
36%
10.8%
139
123
154
15
11%
9.8%
699
875
889
190
27%
26.7%
532
636
678
146
27%
35.2%
267
348
351
84
31%
26.7%
204
230
231
27
13%
12.5%
111
75
124
88
146
98
35
23
32%
31%
11.2%
11.9%
75
88
97
22
29%
12.5%
80
116
144
64
80%
12.3%
34
54
75
41
121%
11.5%
50
47
55
5
10%
8.0%
% Change
(2007 2021)
% of Total
Jobs in
Industry
(2015)
Manufacturing
311
Food Manufacturing
311412
311942
Frozen Specialty Food Manufacturing
Roasted Nuts and Peanut Butter
Manufacturing
Confectionery Manufacturing from Purchased
Chocolate
Spice and Extract Manufacturing
312
314
321
322
323
Beverage and Tobacco Product
Textile Product Mills
Wood Product
Paper
Printing and Related Support Activities
323113
Commercial Screen Printing
324
325
Petroleum and Coal Products
Chemical
325510
Paint and Coating Manufacturing
All Other Basic Organic Chemical
Manufacturing
Adhesive Manufacturing
Unlaminated Plastics Profile Shape
Manufacturing
Plastics Pipe and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing
Plastics Bottle Manufacturing
Unlaminated Plastics Film and Sheet (except
Packaging) Manufacturing
311911
311352
325199
325520
326121
326122
326160
326113
327
Nonmetallic Mineral Product
327320
All Other Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Mineral
Product Manufacturing
Clay Building Material and Refractories
Manufacturing
Ready-Mix Concrete Manufacturing
331
Primary Metal
327999
327120
331221
331513
Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and
Alloying
Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing
Steel Foundries (except Investment)
332
Fabricated Metal Product
331420
332912
332721
332919
332420
332996
332811
Fluid Power Valve and Hose Fitting
Manufacturing
Precision Turned Product Manufacturing
Other Metal Valve and Pipe Fitting
Manufacturing
Metal Tank (Heavy Gauge) Manufacturing
Fabricated Pipe and Pipe Fitting
Manufacturing
Metal Heat Treating
89
130
147
58
65%
16.6%
126
48
125
52
133
64
7
16
6%
33%
11.4%
9.2%
460
427
469
9
2%
18.1%
247
257
252
5
2%
10.1%
132
134
180
48
36%
18.1%
18
102
142
124
689%
16.0%
71
84
91
20
28%
18.0%
84
83
95
11
13%
9.4%
Shanahan Resources, Inc
68
NOW NEO: Manufacturing Industries with Job Growth in Managerial; Business and Finance; Computer and Math;
Engineering; and Scientists
NAICS
Industry
Occupation
Group Jobs
in Industry
(2007)
Occupation
Group Jobs
in Industry
(2015)
Occupation
Group Jobs
in Industry
(2021)
Change
(2007 2021)
% Change
(2007 2021)
% of Total
Jobs in
Industry
(2015)
Manufacturing
333
Machinery
333992
Welding and Soldering Equipment Manufacturing
771
809
772
1
0%
24.6%
333993
333912
333120
333314
Packaging Machinery Manufacturing
Air and Gas Compressor Manufacturing
Construction Machinery Manufacturing
Optical Instrument and Lens Manufacturing
Mechanical Power Transmission Equipment
Manufacturing
Industrial and Commercial Fan and Blower and
Air Purification Equipment Manufacturing
Air-Conditioning and Warm Air Heating
Equipment and Commercial and Industrial
Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing
143
141
126
40
232
171
153
122
260
176
127
49
117
35
1
9
82%
25%
1%
23%
25.2%
24.9%
22.3%
31.9%
93
117
107
14
15%
28.8%
82
97
119
37
45%
19.0%
73
94
98
25
34%
18.3%
333613
333413
333415
333995
Fluid Power Cylinder and Actuator Manufacturing
52
80
89
37
71%
24.9%
333923
Overhead Traveling Crane, Hoist, and Monorail
System Manufacturing
50
68
65
15
30%
24.8%
334
Computer and Electronic Product
631
757
812
181
29%
50.4%
333
488
366
33
10%
50.9%
328
394
472
144
44%
44.5%
139
155
151
12
9%
50.5%
43
102
129
86
200%
22.4%
47
86
112
65
138%
22.6%
76
80
82
6
8%
22.4%
846
1,013
1,071
225
27%
49.6%
77
150
234
157
204%
17.8%
67
79
84
17
25%
18.9%
236
325
377
141
60%
24.9%
86
104
102
16
19%
15.5%
36
56
76
72
95
75
59
19
164%
34%
15.5%
23.1%
334513
334510
334418
334517
335
Instruments and Related Products Manufacturing
for Measuring, Displaying, and Controlling
Industrial Process Variables
Electromedical and Electrotherapeutic Apparatus
Manufacturing
Printed Circuit Assembly (Electronic Assembly)
Manufacturing
Irradiation Apparatus Manufacturing
Electrical Equipment, Appliance, and
Component
335991
Other Communication and Energy Wire
Manufacturing
Noncurrent-Carrying Wiring Device
Manufacturing
Carbon and Graphite Product Manufacturing
336
Transportation Equipment
336412
Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior Trim
Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Steering and Suspension
Components (except Spring) Manufacturing
335929
335932
336360
336330
337
339
Furniture and Related Product
Miscellaneous
339112
Surgical and Medical Instrument Manufacturing
Gasket, Packing, and Sealing Device
Manufacturing
Sporting and Athletic Goods Manufacturing
Dental Equipment and Supplies Manufacturing
339991
339920
339114
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.
Jobs in NEO Manufacturing Sector Now Listing Digital Skills as Important
Engineering occupations top the list
with the most occupations in high
demand across NEO.
Jobs in Manufacturing Requiring Digital Skills: NEO 2015--Top
Postings
BGTOCC
Of most importance is the number
of ‘factory floor’ occupations which
now need strong IT or other digital
skills. Traditionally, skilled training
programs for these occupations have
not included an emphasis on digital
skill development as part of training.
11202200
11904100
11202191
11202192
13201194
13107191
13116100
17214100
17219904
17207100
17204100
17302300
17213100
17301300
17205100
41401100
41903100
51404100
51404191
51403100
51411100
51401200
Occupation
Managerial
Business Development / Sales Manager
Engineering Manager
Marketing Manager
Product Manager
Business and Finance
Account Manager / Representative
Recruiter
Marketing Specialist
Engineering
Mechanical Engineer
Manufacturing Engineer
Electrical Engineer
Chemical / Process Engineer
General / Electrical Engineering Technician
Materials Engineer
Mechanical / Electrical Drafter
Civil Engineer
Sales
Sales Representative
Sales Engineer
Production
Machinist
CNC Operator
Press / Press Brake Operator
Tool and Die Maker
CNC Programmer
Job Postings
#
%
330
209
139
130
5.9%
3.7%
2.5%
2.3%
167
68
58
3.0%
1.2%
1.0%
655
345
206
156
102
95
90
64
11.6%
6.1%
3.7%
2.8%
1.8%
1.7%
1.6%
1.1%
784
66
13.9%
1.2%
244
138
131
88
53
4.3%
2.4%
2.3%
1.6%
0.9%
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
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Software and Programming Skills
Top 20 Software and Programming Skills Required in Jobs in
Manufacturing Emphasizing Digital Skills
Again, basic Microsoft Office
proficiency is needed that spans a
range of occupations.
Also, AutoCAD and CAD are
included in 9% of all ads.
Most of the remainder are specific
IT tools that appear to be needed for
working in today’s manufacturing
setting.
Skills
Microsoft Office
Microsoft Excel
AutoCAD
Computer Aided Drafting/Design (CAD)
Microsoft Powerpoint
Microsoft Word
SAP
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Salesforce
SQL
Oracle
Microsoft Windows
Adobe Photoshop
Extensible Markup Language (XML)
Microsoft Access
Microsoft Project
Microsoft Outlook
LINUX
.NET Programming
SQL Server
Job Postings
#
%
860
17.0%
686
13.6%
443
8.8%
442
8.7%
365
7.2%
253
5.0%
221
4.4%
182
3.6%
151
3.0%
142
2.8%
109
2.2%
104
2.1%
91
1.8%
87
1.7%
85
1.7%
84
1.7%
74
1.5%
71
1.4%
69
1.4%
65
1.3%
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
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Estimated Earning
The high mean salaries of jobs in Engineering, IT, and Management are not a surprise.
However, the relatively strong mean salaries for Production workers are.
Estimated Salary for Top 20 Occupations Demanding Digital Skills by
Manufacturers
With the exceptions of
Mechanical Drafters and Cutting,
Source:
Punching and Press Machine
SOC Code Occupation Title
Operators, and maybe CNC
41-4012
Operators, workers employed in
manufacturing production jobs
on average earn living wages.
Much of this is the result of
these jobs now requiring digital
skills.
Mean
Advertised
Salary
Mean Salary
17-2141
17-2199
11-2022
11-2021
51-4041
17-2071
Sales Rep, Wholesale and Manufacturing,
Except Technical and Scientific Products
Mechanical Engineers
Engineers, All Other
Sales Managers
Marketing Managers
Machinists
Electrical Engineers
11-9041
Architectural and Engineering Managers
$82,980
$128,430
17-2041
Chemical Engineers
Computer-Controlled Machine Tool Operators,
Metal and Plastic
Market Research Analysts and Marketing
Specialists
Computer User Support Specialists
Cutting, Punching, and Press Machine Setters,
Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic
Mechanical Drafters
Tool and Die Makers
Materials Engineers
Database Administrators
Commercial and Industrial Designers
Network and Computer Systems
Administrators
Sales Engineers
$92,956
$92,460
$38,365
$37,290
N/A
$69,290
$46,654
$45,890
$29,607
$31,530
$54,012
$45,588
$68,962
$94,128
N/A
$50,660
$51,560
$94,750
$68,520
$69,820
51-4011
13-1161
15-1151
51-4031
17-3013
51-4111
17-2131
15-1141
27-1021
15-1142
Possible Career Paths
Salary
BLS/OES,
2015
Burning Glass
41-9031
$71,792
$68,880
$76,439
$74,552
$94,210
$97,355
$41,378
$76,171
$76,550
$93,120
$133,510
$125,870
$39,700
$75,910
$83,203
$73,800
$83,864
$107,150
From entry level to mid or higher levels in an occupation path where progression
requires digital skills:
Industrial Machining and Machine Installation, Repair & Operation


CNC Operator: Operates a computer-controlled machine used for a variety of functions
in a manufacturing process such as drilling holes and soldering metal—Level Three—No
Software & Programming Skills Required. Two-thirds earn less than $35K yearly; only
high school or vocational training required.
CNC Programmer: Programs computer-controlled equipment used to cut wood, plastic,
or metal according to precise measurements, or equipment used for different
manufacturing processes. Level Two—IT skills are needed. Level Two—Auto CAD; CAD
and CAD/CAM, but no other specific IT skills—not developing but simply operating
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computer panels to program machine. High school or vocational training typically all
that is required. 90% earn more than $35K.
Quality Assurance



Quality Inspector/ Technician: inspects and evaluates products according to company
quality control standards. Inspects goods or packaging in a production or
manufacturing facility. Level three–Excel; SAP,ERP required for small share of ads; mean
salary of $38K and over 60% need only high school or vocational training.
Quality Control Analyst: Responsible for calibrating equipment, inspecting products,
processing and testing materials, and reporting results. May work in other production
environments to monitor and improve quality and efficiency in production systems and
products. Level Two—needs to use some software applications; mean salary is $50K and
half of ads prefer a Bachelors degree.
Quality Manager: Manages quality control in an organization or for a project. Develops
quality control policies and monitors quality in different settings such as manufacturing
production, technology product development and research laboratories. Level One—
94% require an Associate degree or more; mean salary of $75K.
Manufacturing Machines



Manufacturing/ Production Technician: Works with manufacturing equipment and
machinery. Performs set up and tests, monitors, adjusts and repairs machines used to
produce products or other machines. Inspects equipment, troubleshoots problems with
machines or designs. Level Three—No computer or IT skills except a few jobs requiring
PLC; mostly high school or vocational training acceptable. Mean Salary is $30K.
Machinist: Builds and repairs precisely detailed and sized metal parts used in a variety of
tools and appliances. Builds parts following a blueprint or creates original designs. Level
Three—small share of openings require CAD or CAM; no other IT skills; High School or
Vocational Training only. Mean salary is $39,900.
Mechanical Drafter: Prepares detailed drawings needed to manufacture or repair
machinery and equipment, with dimensions and other specific engineering data. Uses
computer aided design software. May create diagrams for products that include
mechanical and electronic components, such as cars or computers. Level One—
Bachelors plus advanced IT and computer-assisted design skills required. Mean Salary is
$57K.
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Each of these skills progressions that enable workers to advance from job to another are
illustrated in the pyramid.
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Healthcare Jobs In Demand
Across the region RNs are 17% of all workers in the Healthcare Sector, and in high
demand. Over the next years, total employed is expected to increase by 13%; current job
posts are over 14K in the last 365 days. Employers still recruit for more A.D.Ns than B.S.Ns:
8 posts for Associate degrees to 6 for Bachelors graduates. Median hourly earnings is
$31.48 in the region. While less than 1% of all employed in the Healthcare Sector, the
demand is high for Medical and Clinical Lab Technicians and Medical Assistants, measured
by growth rates of nine and twelve percent, respectively, in the next six years. Job postings
are 540 and 1,205, respectively. Lab techs typically require an Associate degree while Med
Assistants typically require only postsecondary training to acquire needed skills.
NOW Region: Employment, Projections & Job Postings - Targeted Healthcare Occupations
SOC
291141
292061
292011
292012
291171
Description
Registered Nurses
Employ- Employed 2016 ed 2022
Change
(2016 2022)
% % of Total Median
Job
Change
Jobs in Hourly Postings
(2007 HealthEarn- Last 365
2022) care 2016
ings
Days
33,381
37,579
4,198
13%
17.4%
$31.48
14,646
8,575
9,302
727
8%
4.5%
$20.69
1,969
1,747
1,910
162
9%
0.9%
$27.91
275
1,457
1,595
138
9%
0.8%
$20.36
540
1,445
1,704
259
18%
0.8%
$44.21
2,012
Medical Assistants
5,085
5,708
623
12%
2.7%
$13.61
1,205
Phlebotomists
1,112
1,212
100
9%
0.6%
$14.50
207
Licensed Practical and
Licensed Vocational Nurses
Medical and Clinical
Laboratory Technologists
Medical and Clinical
Laboratory Technicians
Nurse Practitioners
%
Posts
A.D.N
%
Posts
B.S.N
8,111
5,733
98
370
Healthcare Support
319092
319097
512
--
EMSI ANALYST & BG LABOR/INSIGHT
The occupations listed on the next page had 100 or more posts during 2015 and
accounted for two out of three jobs posted in healthcare—over 22,000 posts. Total online
jobs posted in 2015 were over 197,000. The healthcare occupations alone had more than
double the number of posts for all other occupational job posts from healthcare
organizations. Not surprising, RN dominated employer demand with 13,263 ads throughout
NEO. However, numerous other professional and technical positions in healthcare were in
high demand.
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Support positions for healthcare workers had a more modest demand in 2015. There
were 2,868 posts for Nursing and
Medical Assistants combined, but
considerably fewer for Home Health
Aids.
Among non-healthcare occupations
(not shown), several were jobs in
Management and support staff in Office
Administration. Jobs such as Sales Rep
and Medical Secretary represent
employment opportunities for
individuals that, if employed, are not
earning a living wage. Healthcare
employers are more likely to require
more skills for these occupations than is
the case in other industry sectors.
It is likely that job seekers who
have yet to benefit from the recovery
lack the foundational skills revealed to
be important to employers earlier in this
research: these postings are more likely
to emphasize the importance of
customer service and Microsoft skills,
for example.
Top Job Postings for Healthcare Employers: NOW NEO
Last 365 Days
Occupation
Healthcare Professional and Technical
Registered Nurse
Physician
Licensed Practical / Vocational Nurse
Nurse Practitioner
Intensive / Critical Care Nurse
Physical Therapist
Nursing Manager / Supervisor
Occupational Therapist
Physician Assistant
Clinical Case Manager
Speech Language Pathologist
Radiology Technician
Director of Nursing
Laboratory Technician
Dental Assistant
Laboratory Technologist
Surgical Technician / Technologist
Respiratory Therapist
EMT / Paramedic
Dentist / Orthodontist / Prosthodontist
Pharmacy Technician
Mental Health / Behavioral Counselor
Pharmacist / Pharmacy Director
Physical Therapy Assistant
Dialysis Technician
Medical Director
Health Technician / Technologist (Other)
Cardiovascular Technician / Technologist
Caregiver / Personal Care Aide
Occupational Therapy Assistant
Psychologist
Ultrasound Technologist / Sonographer
Dietitian / Nutritionist
MRI / CT Technician / Technologist
Medical Coder
Sub-Total
Healthcare Support
Nursing Assistant
Medical Assistant
Home Health Aide
Phlebotomist
Sub-Total
Job Postings
#
%
13,263
5,507
1,945
1,869
1,790
1,134
868
836
736
681
478
374
341
303
289
274
257
251
249
248
219
216
214
208
160
158
157
152
380
171
167
157
133
109
117
34,294
25.6%
10.6%
3.8%
3.6%
3.5%
2.2%
1.7%
1.6%
1.4%
1.3%
0.9%
0.7%
0.7%
0.6%
0.6%
0.5%
0.5%
0.5%
0.5%
0.5%
0.4%
0.4%
0.4%
0.4%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.7%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.2%
0.2%
66.2%
1,756
1,112
514
193
3,575
3.4%
2.1%
1.0%
0.4%
6.9%
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
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Location of Posted Healthcare Jobs
All Healthcare Job Postings by County of
Workplace
Cuyahoga County is the location of
employment for 78% of jobs posted in
Healthcare. This cluster of employment for the
region’s healthcare organizations is the most
Job Postings for RNs; Nurse
Practitoner; and Intensive
Care Nurse
County
Job Postings
Cuyahoga, OH
62.93%
Summit, OH
16.69%
Lorain, OH
7.83%
Lake, OH
4.06%
Medina, OH
3.25%
Ashtabula, OH
1.81%
Portage, OH
1.75%
Geauga, OH
1.68%
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning
Glass Technologies)
concentrated of all
jobs. Just over half of
all jobs and postings
are for jobs based in
Cuyahoga.
Most of the
remaining posts for
job sites are in the
County
Cuyahoga, OH
Lorain, OH
Summit, OH
Lake, OH
Medina, OH
Portage, OH
Ashtabula, OH
Geauga, OH
Total Posts
Workforce Areas
Cleve/ Cuyahoga
Summit/ Medina
Lorain
Lake
Ashtabula/ Geauga/ Portage
Total Posts
Job Postings
#
%
25,334
77.5%
2,198
6.7%
1,938
5.9%
1,316
4.0%
721
2.2%
400
1.2%
397
1.2%
378
1.2%
32,682
100.0%
25,334
2,659
2,198
1,316
1,175
32,682
77.5%
8.1%
6.7%
4.0%
3.6%
100.0%
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
Summit/Medina and Lorain Workforce Areas.
More on nursing. While half are located in Cuyahoga County, jobs in nursing are even
more concentrated. Online ads for RNs, Nurse Practitioners, and Intensive Care Nurses are
for job sites in Cuyahoga (63% of all ads). Job seekers interested in these professions will
find a commute to Cleveland necessary most of the time. Those living in the outreaches of
the NOW NEO region may not find this
feasible.
Top Employers
Cleveland Clinic and University
Hospitals dominate the demand based
on job postings for workers. No other
provider accounts for more than 2% of
all jobs posted for healthcare workers
and others to work in healthcare
Top Employers with Healthcare Job Postings
Employer
Cleveland Clinic
University Hospitals
Fresenius
Mercy Health
Western Reserve Hospital
Beech Brook
Unity Health Network
Southwest General Health Center
Cleveland Clinic Business Operations Center
CVS Health
Department of Veterans Affairs
Alliance Healthcare Solutions
Hillcrest Hospital
Akron General Medical Center
UnitedHealth Group
Fairview Hospital
Job Postings
#
%
1,176
25.0%
893
19.0%
115
2.4%
103
2.2%
80
1.7%
79
1.7%
60
1.3%
59
1.3%
49
1.0%
48
1.0%
48
1.0%
46
1.0%
39
0.8%
36
0.8%
34
0.7%
33
0.7%
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
Shanahan Resources, Inc
77
organizations. Despite the trend of these hospital systems building satellite facilities
throughout the region, and merging with others, the majority of their employment remains
in Cleveland/ Cuyahoga.
Increased Demand for Health Informatics Skills
Health Informatics Skills Most Needed in Support Positions
Occupation
Job Postings
#
%
Medical Assistant
501
9.0%
Medical Secretary
490
8.8%
Registered Nurse
405
7.3%
Nurse Practitioner
370
6.6%
Registrar / Patient Service Representative
246
4.4%
Clinical Data Systems Specialist / Manager
211
3.8%
Medical Coder
152
2.7%
Office / Administrative Assistant
131
2.4%
Medical Biller
116
2.1%
Healthcare Administrator
101
1.8%
Licensed Practical / Vocational Nurse
100
1.8%
Percent of All Posts
50.7%
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
Health informatics focuses on electronic
health records (EHR), health information
exchange (HIE) standards and portable medical
.
data collection devices Employers are
incorporating the need for these skills into
existing occupations within their organizations:
patient care and other occupations alike.
Most jobs impacted are support
occupations: Medical Assistant or Secretary;
Registrar/ Patient Service Rep; and Medical Coder. On a small scale, RN posts report these
skills.
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The Specialized and Software and Programming skills for positions, which include health
informatics, strongly reinforce that it is support occupations where employers are vesting
these job responsibilities.
Health Informatics software and
Programming Skills Most Needed in Support
Positions
Occupation
Microsoft Office
ICD-9-CM Coding
Microsoft Excel
Microsoft Word
Word Processing
ICD-10
SQL
Microsoft Powerpoint
Epic Systems
Microsoft Outlook
EPIC software
Microsoft Project
Job Postings
#
%
1,317
22.1%
992
16.7%
607
10.2%
411
6.9%
402
6.8%
243
4.1%
178
3.0%
166
2.8%
154
2.6%
120
2.0%
112
1.9%
102
1.7%
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
Specialized Health Informatics Skills Most Needed in
Support Positions
Occupation
Medical Coding
Patient Care
Customer Billing
Scheduling
Patient/Family Education and Instruction
ICD-9-CM Coding
Electronic Medical Records
Medical Terminology
Communicable Disease knowledge
Building Relationships
Data Entry
CPT Coding
Filing
Medical Records Maintenance
Treatment Planning
Job Postings
#
%
2,682
45.0%
1,837
30.8%
1,638
27.5%
1,497
25.1%
1,026
17.2%
992
16.7%
965
16.2%
912
15.3%
883
14.8%
866
14.5%
842
14.1%
837
14.1%
833
14.0%
753
12.6%
725
12.2%
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
Top specialized skills listed in all ads that include health informatics as part of job
responsibilities are: Medical Coding and Patient Care. Further evidence that increasingly
nurses and others delivering patient care need to understand and use the new networks
and data systems used to track and share patient information. Customer billing and
scheduling rank third and fourth, respectively, in terms of frequency of appearance in job
ads and allude to Medical Secretary and Registrar/ Patient Representative.
In terms of IT skills, Microsoft applications top the list along with ICD-9 CM Coding, the
International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification. A few job ads
require more specific IT skills, which imply these workers are directly responsible for data
systems and networks that house health information.
The need to hire healthcare workers and the related need to hire other occupations is
among the largest in the region. Two out of three of these posts are for job sites in
Cleveland/ Cuyahoga workforce area.
Shanahan Resources, Inc
79
Healthcare providers based in the other four workforce areas have fewer jobs than is
needed to provide employment and career opportunities for their residents.
Residents in the other four workforce areas already commute to Cuyahoga for employment
in healthcare organizations. These data suggest the future holds more of the same.
The NOW Regional Plan includes ways that all five-workforce areas will cooperate to ensure
that needs of healthcare organizations and job seekers aspiring to work in healthcare are
met.
What Job Posts Are Full-Time Employment?
Over half of all job
posts explicitly say the
Full Time Jobs as % of All Jobs in Selected Healthcare Occupations
Occupation
position is full-time and
permanent. This
understates the actual
percentages because
Registered Nurse
Licensed Practical / Vocational Nurse
Intensive / Critical Care Nurse
Medical Secretary
Job Postings
Full time
5,209
856
538
503
Total
8,877
1,444
880
944
FT as % of
All
%
58.7%
59.3%
61.1%
53.3%
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
sizable shares of posts are silent on the nature of the job. Very few indicate positions are
part-time or temporary, or even consulting relationships. Of the actual job ads researched,
only Oracle was found to specify posts for persons to work as outside consultants. That was
for IT posts.
Further Look at IT Jobs in Demand
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Posts for Software Developer/ Engineer are about five times more than the next most
posted job which is for System Analyst.
RITE Board employers
consider Software Developer/
Engineer as a mid-level
occupation with important
levels of responsibility. The
high rate of postings may be an
indication that this position is
difficult to fill.
Several other occupations
that are developer roles are
found further down the list.
These reflect a more specific
role: Web Developer; UI/UX
Developer; Mobile Applications
Developer
Most occupations among
the rest of the top tenmost
posted are roles dealing with
data or network systems.
Only Burning Glass
differentiates between an
Top Posts for IT Occupations for NOW NEO, Last 365 Days
BGTOCC
Job Postings
#
%
Software Developer / Engineer
6,036
26.8%
Systems Analyst
1,869
8.3%
Computer Support Specialist
1,684
7.5%
Network Engineer / Architect
1,305
5.8%
Database Administrator
1,178
5.2%
Network / Systems Administrator
1,171
5.2%
IT Project Manager
1,160
5.2%
Computer Systems Engineer / Architect
1,006
4.5%
Web Developer
952
4.2%
Software QA Engineer / Tester
877
3.9%
Cyber / Information Security Engineer / Analyst
832
3.7%
Computer Programmer
708
3.1%
Data Entry Clerk
428
1.9%
Business Intelligence Analyst
403
1.8%
Business Intelligence Architect / Developer
321
1.4%
Technology Consultant
281
1.2%
Clinical Data Systems Specialist / Manager
273
1.2%
Graphic Designer / Desktop Publisher
250
1.1%
Chief Information Officer / Director of Information Technology246
1.1%
Database Architects
213
0.9%
UI / UX Designer / Developer
200
0.9%
Data Warehousing Specialist
195
0.9%
Mobile Applications Developer
188
0.8%
Network / Systems Support Specialist
152
0.7%
Telecommunications Engineering Specialists
135
0.6%
Hardware Engineer
80
0.4%
Data Scientist
65
0.3%
Security Management Specialists
64
0.3%
Computer Operator
60
0.3%
Webmaster / Administrator
51
0.2%
Web Designer
49
0.2%
Multimedia Designer / Animator
38
0.2%
RF Engineer
20
0.1%
Computer Scientist
15
0.1%
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
22,505
100.0%
Architect/ Developer and an Analyst role for Business Intelligence.
While O*Net has 28 separate titles for IT occupations, Burning Glass has 34 for which
there were job posts in 2015 in NEO.
Employers with the Most IT Job Postings in 2015
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



The employers with the most IT postings are familiar names and are from different
industries.
A few large employers each posted several hundred positions during 2015.
Several of these are members of the RITE Board: Progressive Insurance; Cleveland Clinic;
Sherwin-Williams;
Top Employers with Most Posts for IT Occupations
Eaton; and Hyland
Job
Job
Software.
Employer
Postings
Employer
Postings
Oracle
379
Best Buy
72
This information
Deloitte
370
Pricewaterhousecoopers
66
Progressive Insurance
335
CGI Group
62
can be useful for
Emerald Resource Group
324
Eaton
61
Cleveland Clinic
302
Hyland Software
56
early engagement
Sherwin Williams
265
Steris Corporation
56
The PNC Financial Services Group, Inc.
239
Strategic Systems Incorporated
56
of employers to
Accenture
226
American Greetings Corporation, Inc.
54
Progressive
175
ConsultUSA
54
discuss improving
Keycorp
154
Exodus Integrity Services
53
Koninklijke Philips N V
132
Amtrust North America
52
their access to
University Hospitals
127
Allstate
51
Rockwell Automation Incorporated
113
Carroll Technology Services
49
qualified talent.
Location of Workplace
for IT Jobs Posted
Anthem Blue Cross
Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland
Capgemini
IBM
Infiniti
Philips Electronics North America Corp
100
100
91
86
84
79
Western Reserve Systems
Case Western Reserve University
Windstream Communications
CVS Health
Cc Administrative Campus
Growing Financial Industry Company
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
Jobs for IT workers, based on work
Location of Worksites for IT posts
sites for positions posted during 2015, is
extremely skewed toward Cuyahoga
County. IT jobs there are most
concentrated, based on analysis in this
report.
49
47
47
46
44
44
County
Cuyahoga, OH
Summit, OH
Medina, OH
Lake, OH
Lorain, OH
Portage, OH
Geauga, OH
Ashtabula, OH
Job
Postings
85.55%
6.21%
2.61%
2.34%
1.85%
1.03%
0.33%
0.08%
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
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This reality makes the commute to work problematic for job seekers living in outlying areas
of the region. Even Summit County is potentially the location for 6% of all jobs posted for IT
positions.
Skills Progression Pathway
As with manufacturing, the Akron and San Jose TechHire partnerships created a conceptual
skills path for new IT workers which includes two entry-level occupations; six mid-level
occupations and two advanced positions that are in demand in NEO. Skills that need to be
acquired in order to advance up the pyramid are outlined in the diagram. This provides an
Shanahan Resources, Inc
83
initial starting point for individuals to use in thinking about what they need to do based on
skills assessment, and what next steps might be for advancement and improved earnings.
Comparing IT Demand in Manufacturing and Healthcare
Healthcare needs for
information technology
NEO: Top IT Occupations In Demand in Last 365 Days
differ from other industry
Manufacturing
Healthcare
Job Postings
Job Postings
sectors, especially
Occupation
manufacturing in NEO.
#
Software Developer / Engineer
541
Systems Analyst
166
Computer Support Specialist
132
Computer Systems Engineer / Architect
131
Software QA Engineer / Tester
112
Network Engineer / Architect
96
IT Project Manager
87
Computer Programmer
86
Database Administrator
67
Network / Systems Administrator
60
Web Developer
35
Business Intelligence Analyst
34
Cyber / Information Security Engineer / Analyst
33
Clinical Data Systems Specialist / Manager
13
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
Healthcare appears to
not place as much
emphasis on developer
roles. While Software
Developer/Engineer
dominates the jobs in
demand in
manufacturing, it is
%
30.0%
9.2%
7.3%
7.3%
6.2%
5.3%
4.8%
4.8%
3.7%
3.3%
1.9%
1.9%
1.8%
0.7%
#
107
238
48
20
9
33
30
21
48
71
46
12
21
154
%
11.0%
24.4%
4.9%
2.0%
0.9%
3.4%
3.1%
2.2%
4.9%
7.3%
4.7%
1.2%
2.2%
15.8%
Systems Analysts that were the most in demand in healthcare in the last 365 days.
Healthcare is the only source of demand for Clinical Data Systems Specialist/ Manager,
which had the second most job postings.
The specific skills associated with IT needs in healthcare vs manufacturing differ as well.
This is expected given that the two sectors appear to have different needs from use of
information technology.


The demand from manufacturers appears to be more advanced than for healthcare,
based on specific IT languages and software.
The specific skills and order of importance, based on number of postings, clearly
differ for these two industry sectors in NEO.
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This warrants discussion with major employers within the region to better understand
the nature of IT needs for manufacturing and healthcare. Educators and workforce
development specialists will be able to better respond to these distinct needs.
Manufacturing Sector: Top Sepecialized
Skills for IT Positions
Job
Postings
Project Management
461
SQL
357
Technical Support
301
Software Development
241
Oracle
232
Customer Service
211
JAVA
203
SAP
184
Budgeting
169
Software Engineering
166
Product Development
163
UNIX
161
Business Process
158
Microsoft C#
157
C++
150
Scheduling
Healthcare Sector:
TopManufacturing
Software and
Sector: Top Software150
and
.NET
Programming
149
Programming Skills for Programming
IT Positions Skills for IT Positions
Systems Engineering
147
Job
Job
Skills
LINUX Skills
138
Postings
Postings
Validation
137
Microsoft Office
227
SQL
357
SQL
189
Oracle
232
Microsoft Visio
128
JAVA
203
.NET Programming
98
Microsoft Office
198
Microsoft Excel
98
SAP
184
Microsoft Project
98
Microsoft Excel
171
JavaScript
84
UNIX
161
Microsoft C#
82
Microsoft C#
157
SQL Server
66
C++
150
ASP
63
.NET
Programming
149
Crystal Reports
63
LINUX
138
Transact-SQL
57
Oracle
54 (XML)
Extensible Markup Language
133
Eclipsys
52
SQL Server
132
Microsoft Powerpoint
48 (ERP)
Enterprise Resource Planning
129
jQuery
42
JavaScript
122
Skills
Healthcare Sector: Top Sepecialized
Skills for IT Positions
Skills
Information Systems
Systems Analysis
Project Management
SQL
Scheduling
Disaster Recovery Planning
Microsoft Visio
Technical Support
Printers
Customer Service
.NET Programming
Microsoft Project
Training Materials
Change Management
Help Desk Support
System Documentation
System Implementation
Domain Name System (DNS)
Software Installation
Electronic Medical Records
Shanahan Resources, Inc
Job
Postings
345
249
214
189
157
137
128
128
112
105
98
98
97
94
94
90
87
86
85
84
85
IX. Longer Term, what is behind emerging, rapid changes
in labor market demand today?
1. What industries and employers in NEO are impacted?
2. What evidence already exists in employer job ads of new skills and education in
demand?
3. What is the evidence that middle-skill jobs existing today are being impacted by
adoption of Disruptive Technologies in the NEO Economy?
Seven Forces that Impact Advanced Manufacturing; Finance & Insurance;
Healthcare; and Professional Services; and Healthcare
Implementation of these technologies creates new and increased demand for digital
skills and, in some cases, for workers to possess coding skills to develop or improve
software.
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How are these new technologies impacting workforce demand in northeast Ohio’s
economy?
8-County NEO: Top Occupations with Skills Needed for Cyber-security
Last 365 Days
Impact of Disruptive
Technologies on Skills in
Demand: Cyber-security
The rapid increase in the need
for workers to tackle cybersecurity issues is in part due to
the rise in Big Data and Cloud
Computing.

Employers see these skills
impacting a range of
occupations. Most, but not
all, are for IT Professionals.
Information Security; Information Systems; Network Security; LINUX; Cryptography;
Cisco; Project Management; UNIX; Technical Support; Information Assurance; Virtual
Private Networking (VPN); Risk Assessment; Network Engineering; Transmission Control
Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP / IP); Business Process;Internal Auditing; JAVA; Risk
Management; ITIL; or, System/Network Configuration
BGTOCC
Occupation
Job Postings
2,133
#
%
15112200 Cyber / Information Security Engineer / Analyst 638
31.0%
13201102 Auditor
198
9.6%
15119902 Network Engineer / Architect
165
8.0%
15113100 Software Developer / Engineer
139
6.8%
15114200 Network / Systems Administrator
87
4.2%
15113300 Computer Systems Engineer / Architect
72
3.5%
15115100 Computer Support Specialist
64
3.1%
15112100 Systems Analyst
58
2.8%
11302100 Chief Information Officer / Director of Information Technology
52
2.5%
15119995 IT Project Manager
46
2.2%
13119902 Security Management Specialists
40
1.9%
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
1,559
75.8%
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


Three of ten are for a new
position: Cyber/ Information
Security Engineer/ Analyst, a midlevel IT career occupation.
One in ten jobs for Auditors need
these skills as well.
A number of other occupations
are affected.
Job Postings Seeking Cybersecurity Expertise
The specialized skills employers
listed in these postings accounted
for 10 to 42% of the 2,133 job
postings seeking applicants with the
expertise to help with cyber-security
challenges.
The inclusion of accounting and
internal auditing expertise addresses
concerns about securing information
and addresses digital forensics.
8-County NEO: Top Skills Needed for Cyber-security Last
365 Days
Information Security; Information Systems; Network Security; LINUX;
Cryptography; Cisco; Project Management; UNIX; Technical Support;
Information Assurance; Virtual Private Networking (VPN); Risk
Assessment; Network Engineering; Transmission Control Protocol /
Internet Protocol (TCP / IP); Business Process;Internal Auditing; JAVA; Risk
Management; ITIL; or, System/Network Configuration
Specialized Skills
Job Postings
2,133
#
%
Information Security
898
42.1%
Network Security
487
22.8%
Project Management
478
22.4%
Information Systems
468
21.9%
SQL
405
19.0%
Internal Auditing
401
18.8%
Cryptography
351
16.5%
LINUX
330
15.5%
Business Process
328
15.4%
Accounting
324
15.2%
Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX)
311
14.6%
Oracle
306
14.3%
Budgeting
305
14.3%
Technical Support
296
13.9%
Cisco
289
13.5%
UNIX
264
12.4%
Routers
256
12.0%
Scheduling
252
11.8%
Risk Assessment
250
11.7%
Customer Service
243
11.4%
Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
243
(TCP / IP)
11.4%
Network Engineering
238
11.2%
Switches
231
10.8%
Virtual Private Networking (VPN)
229
10.7%
Risk Management
227
10.6%
Disaster Recovery Planning
226
10.6%
Staff Management
224
10.5%
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
This extensive list of skills needs to be explored with employers to determine those more
difficult to find among job seekers.
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Evidence of Industry Involved with Internet of Things (IOT)
There is little evidence that employers are seeking IT talent to work on their involvement
with IOT’s.
8-County NEO: Top Occupations Asking for IT Skills
Needed for Internet of Things Last 365 Days
Across NEO, only 414 jobs
posted included one of more
Apache Hadoop; Hbase; Real Time Streaming Protocol;
Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)
of these specific skills:
Job
BGTOCC
Occupation
Postings
15113100 Software Developer / Engineer
89
15114100 Database Administrator
28
15119902 Network Engineer / Architect
28
15119901 Software QA Engineer / Tester
28
15119991 Data / Data Mining Analyst
27
15111191 Data Scientist
25
15119906 Database Architects
23
15113300 Computer Systems Engineer / Architect
15
15119907 Data Warehousing Specialist
12
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
Apache Hadoop; Hbase; Real
Time Streaming Protocol;
Amazon Elastic Compute
Cloud (EC2). Ads including
these skills appear in an array
of IT occupations, but with no
particular emphasis.
Postings and Occupations Demanding Data Analytics and Data Management
Software Skills
Data Analytic and Data
Management Software skills are
8-County NEO: Top Occupations with Skills Needed for Data
Analytics Last 365 Days
required skills for those working with
Advanced Analytics; Big Data Analytics Software; Data Mining and Analysis;
Statistical Analysis Software
Big Data and Cloud Computing and
Storage and account for over 4,100
online ads in NEO.
Obvious skill clusters that
BGTOCC
Occupation
4,111
15113100 Software Developer / Engineer
15119991 Data / Data Mining Analyst
15114100 Database Administrator
13111100 Business / Management Analyst
15119993 Business Intelligence Analyst
15113300 Computer Systems Engineer / Architect
15119906 Database Architects
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
Job Postings
#
%
520
13.9%
240
6.4%
217
5.8%
137
3.7%
103
2.7%
100
2.7%
100
2.7%
1,417
37.8%
prepare workers for these
responsibilities are: Advanced Analytics; Big Data Analytics Software; Data Mining and
Analysis; and Statistical Analysis Software.


These seven occupations total account for 38% of this total demand in last 365 days.
Software Developers/Engineers had two times as many posts as the next most-posted
occupation. These posts were 14% of all posts.
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

Demand for Data Analytic skills impact a long list of other occupations that together
account for the remaining 62% of all posts.
As is the case with most advanced technologies and skill levels, demand is skewed
toward locations in Cuyahoga County.
Top Specialized Skills Needed for Data Analytics


SQL, a programming
language used to
communicate with a
database, tops the list of
skills.
SAS, a software suite
developed for advanced
analytics, multivariate
analyses, business
intelligence, data
management, and predictive
analytics, was second.
Again, a long list of specific
knowledge or skills appear in at
least one in every ten posts. All
are related to data development,
management and applications.
8-County NEO: Top Speicialized Skills Needed for Jobs
Requiring Data Analytics Last 365 Days
Advanced Analytics; Big Data Analytics Software; Data Mining and
Analysis; Statistical Analysis Software
Specialized Skills
Job Postings
4,111
#
SQL
1,674
SAS
1,016
Project Management
777
Mathematics
774
Data Analysis
737
Data Modeling
635
Oracle
628
Data Warehousing
606
Statistics
583
Software Development
554
Business Intelligence
537
JAVA
532
Economics
505
Extraction Transformation and Loading (ETL)
496
Business Process
493
SQL Server
457
Data Mining
448
Data Management
415
Apache Hadoop
400
Budgeting
393
Big Data
376
Customer Service
372
Spreadsheets
372
Optimization
366
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
%
41.3%
25.1%
19.2%
19.1%
18.2%
15.7%
15.5%
15.0%
14.4%
13.7%
13.3%
13.1%
12.5%
12.2%
12.2%
11.3%
11.1%
10.2%
9.9%
9.7%
9.3%
9.2%
9.2%
9.0%
Cloud Computing
The ability to access, administer or analyze information on Clouds, basic to advanced skills is
critical skills for those working with Cloud Computing. The need to deal with data stored on
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Clouds impacts a large number of occupations but is a primary job responsibility for none of
them. Ads asking for the skill sets used to identify these ads are only a small portion of all
ads for any of these occupations.
While most posts are for IT or Managerial jobs, a few are in Business occupations—
specifically Business Development and Business Analyst.
Specific need expressed in job ads
for these skills highlighted in green
in the table is limited in NEO: Only
665 job ads mentioned any of
these three required skills.
It appears that the use of Clouds
for data storage for NEO, no doubt,
is on par with other advanced
economic regions. However, this
has not greatly impacted what is
sought from new hires within
companies.
8-County NEO: Top Occupations with Skills Needed for Cloud
Computing Last 365 Days
Software as a Service (SaaS); Amazon Web Services (AWS); or Platform as a
Service (PaaS)
BGTOCC
Occupation
665
15113100
41401100
11202191
15119902
15114200
15113300
15112100
11202200
15114100
13111100
15119995
11202192
Software Developer / Engineer
Sales Representative
Marketing Manager
Network Engineer / Architect
Network / Systems Administrator
Computer Systems Engineer / Architect
Systems Analyst
Business Development / Sales Manager
Database Administrator
Business / Management Analyst
IT Project Manager
Product Manager
Cyber / Information Security Engineer /
15112200
Analyst
Source: Labor Insight Jobs (Burning Glass Technologies)
Shanahan Resources, Inc
Job Postings
#
%
112
17.4%
65
10.1%
44
6.9%
41
6.4%
25
3.9%
24
3.7%
18
2.8%
17
2.6%
17
2.6%
15
2.3%
15
2.3%
15
2.3%
14
2.2%
91
Top skills and occupations in demand for Disruptive Technologies:
Northeast Ohio
Common and Unique Skills for Six Disruptive Technologies
The first table includes the Top Five Specialized Skills listed the most among postings
seeking persons with specific proficiency with each of the disruptive technologies, one at
time. In the table, the five skills listed first were most in demand for jobs to work in an
Additive Manufacturing environment, e.g. Only Project Management, as a skill, appears in
Specialized Skills Among the Top Five for Job Postings for the Disruptive Technologies
Internet of
Things
Cybersecurity
Cloud
Computing
Data
Analytics
3D Modeling/ Design
Mechanical Engineering
Computer Aided Drafting/Design (CAD)
Product Development
Mechanical Design
Additive
Advanced
Manufacturing Robotics
X
X
X
X
X
JAVA
Apache Hadoop
Big Data
SQL
Oracle
Software as a Service (SaaS)
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Project Management
X
Information Security
Network Security
Technical Support
Information Systems
LINUX
Cryptography
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
SAS
Data Analysis
X
X
X
X
X
Robotics
Inspection
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) Programming
Systems Integration
Burning Glass, Labor/ Insight
Shanahan Resources, Inc
X
X
X
X
92
more than disruptive technology. Truly, distinct skills are tops given specific job
responsibilities for workers, depending on the technical area.
The second table identifies the Top Five Occupations linked to each distinct disruptive
technology and the challenges employers face that require the specific skills from the first
table. In this case, the diversity of assignments that Software Developer/Engineers are
asked to address is evident in that this occupation is in the top five for each of IT-based
technical area of expertise. Also this is the case for Network Engineer/ Architect and Cyber/
Information Security Engineer/ Analyst.
Common and Unique Occupations for Six Disruptive Technologies
Addressing the challenges to industries of Big Data & Analytics; placing data on Clouds,
and the emergence of Internet of Things has created the rapid growth of information and
network security. Employers need workers that can hone their expertise in one or more of
these areas.
It appears that employers are concerned with what skills are needed (many new tools
emerge out of need) and then determine which occupations are best suited to address the
need. While a single new occupation at the mid-level now exists for cyber-security, basic
skills and knowledge is the job of other positions as well—even an Auditor.
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Occupations Among the Top Five for Job Postings for the Disruptive Technologies
Software Developer/Engineer
Network Engineer/ Architect
Database Architects
Data Scientist
Database Administrator
Cyber/ Information Security Engineer/ Analyst
Auditor
Systems Analyst
Web Developer
Business/ Management Analyst
Computer Programmer
General/ Electrical Engineering Technician
Mechanical/ Electrical Drafter
Manufacturing Engineer
Electrical Engineer
Business Development/ Sales Manager
Sales Representative
Computer Systems Engineer Architect
Marketing Manager
Burning Glass, Labor/ Insight
Internet of
Things
Cybersecurity
Cloud
Computing
Data
Analytics
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Additive
Advanced
Manufacturing Robotics
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Shanahan Resources, Inc
X
X
94
X. Labor Market Supply
Exploring the Supply-side of the Labor Market
In real time, the dynamics that define the available supply of talent at any point in time,
or over time are the following: individuals seeking a change of employer or career, career
advancement; or those entering the job market seeking full time, permanent employment
for the first time.

The largest pools of adult workers who become active job seekers are already
employed, most full time. This pool includes under-employed workers in temporary or
part time jobs, or jobs not fully utilizing their skills and abilities. Some of these workers
are enrolled in postsecondary education and training programs to better prepare
themselves to meet employer expectations.

A second pool of potential job seekers is the recently unemployed seeking reemployment and un- or under-employed workers who live within a feasible daily
commute of where job openings are located. Currently, these numbers remain quite
large due to lack of job recovery since the recession that began in 2007. As the recovery
of jobs continues, it is increasingly evident that these workers are structurally un-or
underemployed, meaning that they lack the experience or competencies now being
sought by employers. The workplaces from which they were displaced are not the same
as exist today, just a few years later. In addition, poor information and spatial disparities
create poor connections between employers and job seekers. Finally, employers too
often have shown disinterest in hiring from this pool of workers given how long they
have now been out of work.

A third pool of adults are individuals returning to the labor force after extended absence
and seeking employment; or are entering for the first time. Mostly this group is youth
and young adults emerging from high school or postsecondary education and seeking
full time or permanent employment for perhaps their first time.
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The Number of Job Seekers is Not Easy to Document. The challenge is to quantify the supply
of active job seekers that may or may not be actively pursuing job opportunities based on
labor market demand. Some are identifiable; others respond to job ads that cannot be
tracked easily.

Some register as job seekers in public and private job boards. This is more likely for
individuals who are unemployed (who are required to register and actively pursue their
options for future employment). Individuals receiving services through WIOA likely are
enrolled and tracked by the local workforce system.

At least the annual number of completers of high school, vocational training, and
college credentials are known. Most are seeking a new job or promotion and are part of
the supply of workers during any period when employers are seeking applicants.

However, as evidenced in the discussion on job churn, the largest numbers of workers
being hired by employers are workers seeking to leave their current jobs. Data on the
large numbers that change jobs one or more times during a year is hard evidence they
are succeeding.
Employers Also Hire From Outside the Region. Many employers have strategies and
resources devoted to recruiting workers from outside the region; perhaps even outside the
country. The prevalence and success of this strategy is highly conditional to the time and
situation, as well as level and sophistication of the jobs. Short term shortages in the local
supply of workers needed for oil and gas fracking operations, for example, produced high
wages and induced substantial numbers of distant workers to relocate to where the jobs
are, if only temporarily.
For the jobs of most importance to fill, employers will find a way to do so. While
availability of a quality workforce is highly important to business plans to expand or
relocate, no research has found evidence that growth options were lost due to lack of
qualified workers.
Important Insights on Demographics of Workers Employed in 2014
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The Cleveland Center for Community Solutions recently released a labor force report for
the NOW region of NEO in support of the WIOA regional planning effort. The purpose was
to report on the working age population of the eight-county region and their status in the
labor market and to determine differences by age, gender, race and ethnicity and level of
education. Key findings as reported by them are:16

In 2011‐2013, the labor force in northeast Ohio numbered nearly 1.5 million persons
ages 16 and over. The labor force participation rate in the region was 63 percent,
lower than the 2008‐2010 rate of 66 percent.

Total employment in the region numbered 1.3 million workers, 58 percent of the
population 16 and over, a slight decline from 59 percent in 2008‐2010.

There were 148,000 unemployed persons in northeast Ohio in 2011‐2013, 10.0
percent of the labor force. This is not significantly different from the 10.4 percent
unemployment rate in 2008‐ 2010.

Unemployment rates were highest among younger workers, 29.2 percent for 16‐to‐
19 year‐ olds, and 15.1 percent for those 20 to 24.

Although males had higher labor force participation and percent employed than
females, they also had larger unemployment rates (11.1 percent) than females
(8.9 percent).

Compared to other racial/ethnic groups, African Americans had lower labor force
participation and percent employed. Their unemployment rate (20.5 percent) was
almost three times that for Whites (7.9 percent).

Hispanics had high labor force participation (69 percent) and percent employed (60
percent), but also a high unemployment rate (13.6 percent).

Increasing educational attainment was associated with higher labor force
16
Joseph Ahern; Demographic Profile of the Labor Force in Northeast Ohio, 2011-2013;
Center for Community Solutions, June 2016
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participation and percent employed, and decreasing unemployment. The
unemployment rate among those with no high school diploma (26.9 percent) was
four times as high as that for those with at least an Associates degree (6.5 percent
or lower).

Almost three‐fourths of workers worked full‐time in the past year (i.e., 35 or more
hours per week), and 61 percent worked full‐time and full‐year (50 to 52 weeks). A
lower proportion of younger (under 25), older (65 or over), female, African American,
Hispanic, and less-educated workers were full‐time/ full‐year.

More than half of all employed workers were found in: Manufacturing; Health Care
and Social Assistance; Retail Trade; Education; and Accommodation and Food
Services.

Unemployment was still ten percent or more for those previously employed in:
Administration, Support, and Waste Management; Construction; Arts, Entertainment,
and Recreation; and Accommodation and Food Services. These accounted for 30
percent of all unemployed workers.

Median annual earned income for all workers in the region in 2011‐2013 was
$29,980 (in 2013 dollars), lower than the median of $30,351 in 2008‐2010. For
those who worked full‐time, full‐year, the median in 2011‐2013 income was
$43,028, not significantly different from the 2008‐2010 median of $43,432.

Females working full‐time, full‐year had a median earned income of $37,255, only 75
percent of the median for males ($49,708). Full‐time, full‐year medians for African
Americans ($32,541) and Hispanics ($31,980) were only 71 and 70 percent,
respectively, of the median for Whites ($45,941).
The impact of level of education attainment on employment status is dramatic for those
living in northeast Ohio.
Only 52% of adults with only a high school credential were employed at the time they
responded to the census. In contrast, 72% of working-age adults with an Associate degree
were employed. Having a college degree creates the largest increase, with more modest
increases in rates of employment the higher the level of college degree.
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Occupations with the Largest Percentage of Workers between 55 and 64 years of
age

The median percent of all
workers ages 55 to 64 is
19% for all occupations.
 There are 26 occupations
with percentages ranging
from 30 to 37%.
 Most of these were in
Production jobs in 2014.
 Next are specific
occupations in
Installation, Maintenance
and Repair.
 The region’s blue-collar
workforce is aging
rapidly.
 No other cluster of
occupations presents
such a major loss of
individuals over the next
five to ten years.
Most of these jobs are in
manufacturing industries.
With only select market
niches adding manufacturing
jobs, it is not clear which of
these jobs will need to be
Occupations with Largest Percentage of Workers 55 to
64, 2014
SOC
11-3061
11-9032
11-9161
11-1011
25-4021
27-3042
43-2011
43-5051
47-4011
49-9045
49-2093
49-9044
51-4023
51-4032
51-4061
51-4062
51-4111
51-4191
51-4194
51-6052
51-8011
51-8012
51-8013
51-8021
51-8092
53-6051
Description
Management
Purchasing Managers
Education Administrators, Elementary and
Secondary School
Emergency Management Directors
Chief Executives
Education, Training and Library
Librarians
Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and
Media
Technical Writers
Office and Administrative Support
Switchboard Operators, Including Answering
Service
Postal Service Clerks
Construction and Extraction
Construction and Building Inspectors
Installation, Maintenance and Repair
Refractory Materials Repairers, Except
Brickmasons
Electrical and Electronics Installers and
Repairers, Transportation Equipment
Millwrights
Production
Rolling Machine Setters, Operators, and
Tenders, Metal and Plastic
Drilling and Boring Machine Tool Setters,
Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic
Model Makers, Metal and Plastic
Patternmakers, Metal and Plastic
Tool and Die Makers
Heat Treating Equipment Setters, Operators,
and Tenders, Metal and Plastic
Tool Grinders, Filers, and Sharpeners
Tailors, Dressmakers, and Custom Sewers
Nuclear Power Reactor Operators
Power Distributors and Dispatchers
Power Plant Operators
Stationary Engineers and Boiler Operators
Gas Plant Operators
Transportation and Materials Moving
Transportation Inspectors
Age 55-64 %
of
Occupation
30%
31%
31%
31%
34%
30%
30%
32%
30%
38%
30%
31%
34%
31%
33%
37%
34%
32%
36%
32%
31%
38%
30%
31%
36%
32%
filled with new workers. The
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net result is that it is not clear that the aging of the workforce employed in 2014 should be a
major concern for workforce development.
Occupations with Largest Concentration of Workers of Prime Working Ages 35 to
44
The median percent that this age
group comprises in all jobs in NEO
is 21%.



Computer and Mathematical
occupations and jobs in
Protective Services (or law
enforcement) have the
greatest number of specific
occupations with 30 to 34 % of
all workers between the ages
of 35 and 44.
For the IT occupations listed,
this likely results from the
more recent and rapidly
growing need for IT workers in
number and as a percent of all
jobs in the economy.
In law enforcement, the
demanding physical nature of
jobs for police and firefighting
personnel likely explains why
this age group is the largest
pool of workers in these jobs.
Occupations with Largest Percentage of Workers 35 to
44, 2014
Age 35-44 %
of
Occupation
SOC
Description
11-2031
Mangagement
Public Relations and Fundraising Managers
30%
11-3021
Computer and Information Systems Managers
32%
Computer and Mathematical (IT)
15-1132
15-1141
15-1142
15-1143
Software Developers, Applications
Database Administrators
Network and Computer Systems
Administrators
Computer Network Architects
30%
30%
30%
34%
Scientists
19-1099
19-1042
Life Scientists, All Other
Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists
Healthcare Professional and Technical
36%
33%
29-1041
Optometrists
30%
29-1081
29-1122
29-1123
Podiatrists
Occupational Therapists
Physical Therapists
30%
30%
31%
33-1012
33-2011
33-3021
33-3051
33-3052
47-2171
47-4021
Protective Service
First-Line Supervisors of Police and
Detectives
Firefighters
Detectives and Criminal Investigators
Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers
Transit and Railroad Police
Construction and Extraction
Reinforcing Iron and Rebar Workers
Elevator Installers and Repairers
32%
32%
35%
34%
35%
33%
30%
Both of these two occupational clusters have a below average concentration of older
workers.
An important implication for the IT workers of prime age is the need for incumbent
training. Given how rapidly skills required and jobs change, employers and workers alike
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should have concern for how these experienced workers stay current and how they can add
skills in pursuit of advancing careers.
Occupations Dominated by Male Workers
Males comprise from 90 to 100% of all workers for 164 of over 700 detailed occupations
with jobs in NEO in 2014. The median percent of males among all occupations is 67%. The
range across the more than 700 occupations was from 3% to 100%.
Clearly the gender imbalance from one occupation (or family) to another is extreme.
There are too many detailed occupations to be captured in a table, so important types of
occupations in which males dominate with 90 to 100% of all workers are:

Extraction and Construction

Transportation and Materials Moving

Installation, Maintenance and Repair

Production

Protective Services

Engineering

Management
The top five are no surprise; all have been traditionally jobs held by men..
Male workers, in contrast, are the majority of IT workers but to this extreme.
Efforts to improve the inclusion of women into Management and STEM career employment
may improve the overall effectiveness of the region’s workforce to support economic
development based on technology advance and new business processes.
Occupations with Most and Least Concentration of African American Workers
About twenty percent of the over 700 detailed occupations have little to no African
American workers. For the over five hundred occupations, the median percent of African
American workers is 12%.
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Occupations with the highest concentration of African American workers, which
range from 30% to 43% of all workers filling jobs in 2014
These are clustered in several types of occupations:

Healthcare Support Services

Protective Services

Personal Care and Service

Production

Transportation and Materials Moving
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In each, however, the specific
occupations are not the most skilled
Occupations Concentration of African American Workers,
2014
SOC
Description
21-1013
21-1093
Community and Social Service
Marriage and Family Therapists
Social and Human Service Assistants
jobs within the occupational family.



Transit workers dominated the
specific occupations under
Transportation…not truck drivers
or forklift operators.
Production jobs are not in
manufacturing but laundry and
dry cleaning.
Jobs for African Americans in
Protective Services are not in
police and fire services but
private security.
43%
35%
39%
38%
39-6011
39-6012
39-9021
Home Health Aides
Psychiatric Aides
Nursing Assistants
Orderlies
Protection Services
Gaming Surveillance Officers and Gaming
Investigators
Security Guards
Transportation Security Screeners
Building and Grounds Cleaning and
Maintenance
Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners
Personal Care and Service
Baggage Porters and Bellhops
Concierges
Personal Care Aides
39-9041
Residential Advisors
40%
33-9031
33-9032
33-9093
37-2012
Americans are rarely present were
43-3041
43-5053
51-6011
51-6021
These represent significant
barriers to entry for African
53-3011
Americans into most of the middle-
53-3021
53-3022
53-4041
53-6021
skill opportunities identified in this
40%
31%
38%
35%
43%
36%
33%
Sales
41-2012
Professional and Technical.
31%
32%
Healthcare Support Services
31-1011
31-1013
31-1014
31-1015
Occupations in which African
Managerial; STEM; and Healthcare
Black or
African
American
53-6061
Gaming Change Persons and Booth Cashiers
Office and Administrative Support
Gaming Cage Workers
Postal Service Mail Sorters, Processors, and
Processing Machine Operators
Production
Laundry and Dry-Cleaning Workers
Pressers, Textile, Garment, and Related
Materials
Transportation and Materials Moving
Ambulance Drivers and Attendants, Except
Emergency Medical Technicians
Bus Drivers, Transit and Intercity
Bus Drivers, School or Special Client
Subway and Streetcar Operators
Parking Lot Attendants
Transportation Attendants, Except Flight
Attendants
31%
32%
32%
31%
34%
34%
39%
31%
37%
37%
32%
report.
Economic Inclusion as a WIOA Goal
What does Economic Inclusion mean? Does this necessarily mean assisting ‘hardest to
serve’ with the goal of gainful employment? A couple of definitions are provided that reflect
different perspectives.
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“Economic inclusion is a term used to describe a variety of public and private efforts
aimed at bringing underserved consumers into the financial mainstream.” It means
connecting people to jobs, housing and small business, rebuilding local networks and
connections.17
“True economic inclusion exists when traditionally underrepresented individuals and
businesses are included in the economy in a meaningful way. It means that there are
legitimate opportunities for minorities to participate in the economy as business
owners, as leaders, as executives, and as workers.”18
A practical definition is adopted for the WIOA plans that focuses on workers lacking the
skills valued by employers. The focus on economic inclusion is limited to identification of
the skills employers seek that are lacking by most that are not sharing equally in the
region’s economic recovery in terms of gainful employment.
Who are the mandated populations, priority populations, and populations facing
labor market barriers or personal hardships?
What responsibility does WIOA leadership have to set metrics for the region to promote
economic inclusion strategies? How do we address this in the regional and local plans?
WIOA Mandated Populations

Youth: New emphasis on disconnected youth; ISY (14 – 21); OSY (16 to 24)

Dislocated Workers—(more to it than unemployed, also includes underemployed)

Adults seeking help in finding gainful employment —also includes under-employed
(universal customer) and low-income, public assistance, skills deficient, etc.
Priority or Population with Special Needs

Veterans and Military Family Members receive “priority of service” that cuts across the
three-mandated population of clients.
17
Walter White, Cleveland State University, in response to an email from Grace Kilbane
18
Commission on Economic Inclusion, Greater Cleveland Partnership
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
Under the WIOA Adult program, priority for individualized career services and training
are provided to low-income individuals, public assistance recipients, or individuals who
are basic skills deficient. Some persons may be employed in low-skill, part-time or
temporary jobs.

Persons with disabilities qualify for special assistance if this poses a hardship to
completing training or securing and performing jobs that provide gainful employment.
Barriers that individual job seekers face in accessing training or gainful
employment
These barriers can be further distinguished based on:



Limited evidence of an ability to perform or sustain jobs
Employer biases that exclude job seekers for reasons other than their ability to perform
the duties needed for the job (i.e. non-economic reasons)
Local labor market failures that create barriers to job entry and limits choice of
employers and job seekers
Challenges face individuals who wish to work due to past economic exclusion.
Individuals who lack skills and a demonstrated positive workplace behavior (especially in
full-time, permanent middle-skill jobs); language barriers from lack of English skills; lack of
financial and geographic mobility that limits access to jobs or ability to manage family
responsibilities and perform job duties; and limited transportation to work and
arrangement for care of children or other family members.
Labor market failures occur when access to jobs is impeded by geographic or
informational barriers or by employers whose hiring decisions are based in part on factors
other than qualifications. The individual’s limited career choices or employment aspirations
also can result in self-imposed limitations on employment outcomes. Any of these barriers
can result in lower employment rates and over or under representation of individuals by
industry and occupation.
Both self-imposed and employer-imposed barriers often occur along race or ethnicity,
gender, and age of individuals. New employer-imposed barriers arose during the Great
Shanahan Resources, Inc
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Recession as employers shied away from job seekers unemployed for longer than six
months.
Individual (potential) job seekers can qualify for or experience any combination of these
circumstances. What in-demand jobs are truly opportunities for these groups, especially
where their lives can be improved
through skill building and
educational attainment that
prepares them for pre- or entry-level
positions?
The focus of research is on
economic factors that can impact the
labor market outcomes of those experiencing some measurable degree of exclusion from
better job opportunities.
Occupations of Choice by Job Seekers
Job Seekers in Ohio Labor
Exchange
Over 33,000 individuals are
registered in the Ohio Labor
Exchange during the last six months.
As with total jobs, most (46%) live in
Cuyahoga County. Next is Summit
with 19%. Geauga County has the
fewest with 2%. Most of these job
seekers are currently unemployed
persons perhaps still receiving
unemployment benefits.
General types of employment for
Onet Family Title
Grand Total
Management
10236
Business & Financial
4023
Computer & Mathematical
2681
Architecture & Engineering
2273
Life, Physical & Social Science
943
Community & Social Service
1156
Legal
402
Education, Training & Library
2999
Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports &
2875
Media
Healthcare Practioner & Technical
1798
Healthcare Support
2569
Protective Service
1126
Food Preparation & Serving Related
3436
Building & Grounds Cleaning and
3999
Maintenance
Personal Care & Service
1568
Sales & Related
6341
Office & Administrative Support
13034
Farming, Fishing & Forestry
548
Construction & Extraction
9634
Installation, Maintenance & Repair
4484
Production
10298
Transportation & Material Moving
6983
Military Specific
611
Not Identified
128
Totals
94145
Unique Individuals
33867
%
10.9%
4.3%
2.8%
2.4%
1.0%
1.2%
0.4%
3.2%
3.1%
1.9%
2.7%
1.2%
3.6%
4.2%
1.7%
6.7%
13.8%
0.6%
10.2%
4.8%
10.9%
7.4%
0.6%
0.1%
100.0%
these job seekers who have prior work experience and/ or are seeking employment are
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106
skewed to segments of the economy hardest hit in the recession, still lag in recovery and
tend to be lower-skill occupations. Half of all choices picked by individuals fall in the shaded
titles.
This corresponds with the educational attainment of these 33,867 (mostly) prior
workers.
Almost half (45%) have
only a high school
credential. Only 22%
have an Associate degree
or above. Fortunately,
Education Attainment of Individuals in Ohio Labor Exchange
Education Level
DOCTORAL DEGREE
MASTERS DEGREE
BACHELORS DEGREE
ASSOCIATES DEGREE
SOME COLLEGE
VOCATIONAL/TECHNICAL DEGREE
OTHER POST-SECONDARY DEGREE OR CERTIFICATION
HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATE OR EQUIVALENCY
LESS THAN HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATE
DID NOT PROVIDE
Grand Total
Grand Total
218
1191
4076
2457
5960
859
113
15904
4450
91
35319
% of Total
0.6%
3.4%
11.5%
7.0%
16.9%
2.4%
0.3%
45.0%
12.6%
0.3%
100.0%
only 13% have less than a high school credential.

Almost half (47%) are over 45 or older

Two of three are male

African Americans are slightly over represented in this database when compared to
their presence in the workforce.
Graduates from the region’s postsecondary education providers of Associate Degrees in IT
totaled 2,688 over the most recent five-year period—2010 through 2014.






The number of graduates fluctuates greatly from year to year—a low of 459 in 2010 to a
high of 607 in 2013 and back to 471 in 2014.
The year to year fluctuations is the same for each type of institution
However, individual institutions do not always follow this pattern. Stark State has the
most graduates each year but the numbers swing up and down on alternate years. Stark
averages 94 each year, growing from a low of 74 in 2010.
University of Akron is the next largest pool of graduates, averaging 66 grads.
Cuyahoga Community College produced about the same number as Akron, averaging 60
grads per year.
Lorain County Community College averaged 40 per year.
Number of Completers of Associate Degrees in IT by Type of Institution, 2010 to 2014
Institution Type
For Profit
Private, Non-profit College
Public Community College or Branch Campus
Total
2014
162
15
294
471
2013
229
24
354
607
2012
228
56
305
589
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2011
222
28
312
562
2010
207
21
231
459
Total
1,048
144
1,496
2,688
107
Is this rate of increase in the region’s potential IT job
seekers
large
to impact
NOW
NEO Has
28enough
Associate
Degreesthe
IT
Majors
Computer and Information Sciences, General
Computer and Information Sciences, Other
Computer Programming, Specific Applications
A Computer Science
Computer Support Specialist
Computer Systems Analysis/Analyst
Computer Systems Networking and
Telecommunications
Information Technology
Web Page, Digital/Multimedia and
Information Resources Design
Computer and Information Sciences and
Support Services, Other
Computer Graphics
Computer Programming, Other
Computer Programming, Vendor/Product
Certification
Computer Programming/Programmer,
General
Computer Software and Media Applications,
Other
Computer/Information Technology Services
Administration and Management, Other
Data Entry/Microcomputer Applications,
General
Associate's degree - Data
Entry/Microcomputer Applications, Other
Associate's degree - Data
Modeling/Warehousing and Database
Data Processing and Data Processing
Technology/Technician
Informatics
Information Science/Studies
Information Technology Project
Management
Web/Multimedia Management and
Webmaster
System, Networking, and LAN/WAN
Management/Manager
Network and System
Administration/Administrator
Modeling,
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Simulation
108
skills gap? Probably not. Is the number of graduates from the 28 different IT degree
concentrations have the right mix of skills given the IT skills and jobs most in demand? It is
impossible to say until more is known about what specific skills and IT jobs align best with
each of the 28 programs and mix of skills stressed.


Students can choose among 28 different Associate degree programs in IT, each with at
least slight to major differences in curriculum and focus of IT knowledge and expertise.
These are offered at 30 different locations by nine public institutions; 3 private, nonprofit institutions; and 18 locations of for-profit providers.
The approach for deciding for each program aligns best with the skill needs of each of
the 34 IT professional occupations is complicated. As already noted, most IT occupations
require more than an Associate degree. So, job seekers that have not earned a Bachelors
degree previously will be at a disadvantage in the job market. Employers overwhelmingly
stipulate only those with a Bachelors need apply.
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