LATIN FOR PHARMACY STUDENTS II.
Takácsné Tóth EmĘke
Debrecen, 2013
ϭ
Latin for Pharmacy Students II.
©Takácsné Tóth EmĘke
Front cover designed by: Szabó-Boros Mónika
ϯ
6. MUSCLES.......................................................………………………………………
Comparison of Adjectives ....………....……………………………………………....
Prefixes and Prepositions.....................................................................................
Latin Conjugation.................................................................................................
7. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM……………………………………................................
Routes of Drug Administration....................................…………………………….
Present and Past Participles......……………………………………………………...
Prescriptions Related to the GI Tract…………………………………………………
Declension 4……………………………………………………………...............……..
8. THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM……………………………........................................
Medicines of the Respiratory System..……………………………………................
Declension 5......………………………………………………………………………....
Latin Diminutives.........................……………………………………………………...
9. THE SKIN...............................................................................................................
Dermatological Problems and Preparations...……………………………………...
Prescriptions of Topical Preparations...........……………………………………......
10. THE HEART AND CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM................................................
Blood and Blood Vessels .....……………………………………………………….……
Pharmacology of the Cardiovascular System..………………………………….……
Prescriptions Related to the Nervous System...………………………………………
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES ......................................……………….........................
APPENDIX……………………………………………………………………………….............
4
9
10
14
18
21
23
24
25
28
30
32
34
36
37
39
42
45
46
47
49
52
Latin for Pharmacy Students II.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ϰ
͸Ȃ
6/A MUSCLES
HEAD AND UPPER LIMB MUSCLES
͸Ȃ
TRUNK AND LOWER LIMB MUSCLES
ϱ
ϲ
͸Ȃ
MUSCLE NAMES
Names of muscles may consist of several parts, each of them denoting some characteristic feature of the
particular muscle. For example the name of extensor carpi radialis longus muscle shows us that this muscle
extends the wrist, it is quite long, and travels along the lateral bone of the forearm. Similarly, latissimus
dorsi is the broadest muscle of the back.
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anterior
levator
minimus
pronator
brevis
vastus
major
transversus
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a) pollicis, dorsi, oris, nasalis
b) quadratus, quadriceps, lumbricalis, piriformis
c) flexor, masseter, risorius, teres
d) brevis, latissimus, vastus, gracilis
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smaller cylindrical muscle
two-headed muscle of the thigh
deep muscle that flexes the fingers
muscle raising the shoulder blade
short muscle that extends the thumb
muscle at the cheeckbone
circular muscle of the eye
muscle that lowers the angle of the mouth
slanting inner muscle of the belly
bigger rhombus shaped muscle
muscle lowering the lower lip
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m. serratus anterior
m. flexor digitorum superficialis
m. biceps brachii
m. flexor carpi ulnaris
m. depressor anguli oris
m. levator labii superioris
m. latissimus dorsi
m. abductor pollicis longus
m. vastus lateralis
m. gluteus maximus
m. obliquus internus abdominis
m. rhomboideus minor
m. quadriceps femoris
m. extensor carpi radialis brevis
m. levator scapulae
m. teres major
m. orbicularis oris
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
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6.
8.
12.
13.
17.
18.
19.
20.
22.
25.
26.
27.
28.
31.
33.
34.
35.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
7.
9.
10.
11.
14.
15.
16.
21.
23.
24.
25.
29.
delta shaped
smallest
straight
lowers a part
saw-tooth shaped
moving away
closes an angle
long and round
transverse
raises a part
biggest
two-headed
smaller
turns the palm up
helps in laughing
big
vast, great
slender, thin
slanting
moves closer
helps in chewing
four-headed
opens an angle
constricts an opening
circular
four sided
long
three-headed
broadest
rhombus shaped
flat fish shaped
short
wormlike
pear-shaped
30.
32.
34.
turns the palm down
trapezium shaped
bigger
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CONDITIONS OF MUSCLES
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surgical removal of a myoma
benign growth of smooth muscle in the wall of the uterus
sudden involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles
severe weakness of muscles
inflammation of the muscles
softening of muscle tissue
inflammation of heart muscle
muscle pain
myasthenia gravis, myoma, myospasm, myomalacia (cordis), myositis,
myocarditis, myalgia, myomectomy
6/B COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
Several muscle names contain reference to the relative size of the muscle, which is expressed in terms of
comparative (teres major muscle) or superlative (gluteus maximus muscle) adjectives. Adjectives are
compared in Latin in the same manner as in English. There are three degrees of comparison: positive,
comparative and superlative.
1. The positive degree of adjectives is the normal dictionary form
e.g. longus, longa, longum
2. The comparative degree is formed by adding -ior (male and female) or –ius (neuter) to the base of the
adjective
e.g. longior, longius (meaning longer)
3. The superlative adjectives are formed by adding –issimus, -issima or –issimum to the base
e.g. longissimus, longissima, longissimum (meaning longest, very long)
English adjective
long
severe, heavy
Positive
longus 3
gravis 2
Comparative
longior, longius
gravior, gravius
Superlative
longissimus 3
gravissimus 3
The most important irregular adjectives used in Anatomy are as follows:
Positive
magnus 3
parvus 3
big
small
Comparative
maior, maius
minor, minus
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latissimus
minus
forte
fortior
brevius
minima
longior
gravis
fortissimum
gravissima
gravior
superior
inferior
posterior
Superlative
maximus 3
minimus 3
ϭϬ
͸Ȃ
6/C PREFIXES AND PREPOSITIONS
Several muscle names contain prefixes that originally were prepositions to show the exact location of
a muscle compared to a bone. Infraspinatus muscle’s origin is in the fossa below the spine of the shoulder
blade, while subscapularis muscle fills the fossa under the shoulder blade. These prefixes attached to the
beginning of the words have the same meaning as the prepositions they come from. Thus the Latin preposition
infra translates as below, and sub translates as under.
Latin prepositions can take different cases, that means nouns following prepositions must be put in
certain grammatical forms. For example in the expressions in vivo or in vitro the nouns are in Ablative case,
while the expressions a.m. (ante meridiem) or p.m. (post meridiem) contain nouns in Accusative case.
In Pharmacy Latin we mostly use prepositions that take either Accusative or Ablative case. There are,
however, some can take both cases with a slight change in meaning.
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pro oculogutta
cum acido salicylico
per os
ante cibum
ad capsulas
sine fuchsino
in vitro
in vitrum
intra cutim
contra solarem
for
with
through
before
to
take Accusative
extra = outer
infra = below
inter = between
supra = above
sub = under (with verbs of motion)
without
in
into
inside/within
against
take Ablative
a(b) = from
sub = under
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intramuscularis ĺ into a muscle
intercostalis ĺ
sublingualis ĺ
intracranialis ĺ
subcutaneus ĺ
intraarterialis ĺ
peroralisĺ
extracellularis ĺ
intradermalisĺ
intraabdominalisĺ
transdermalis ĺ
intravenosusĺ
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post (cibum) ĺ post cibum
contra (reuma) ĺ contra reum……
ad (nodus) ĺad nod….
ad (sacculus) (ceratus 3) ĺad saccul… cerat…
ad (saliva) ĺ ad saliv…….
ad (scatula) ĺ ad scatul…..
contra (nodus) ĺ contra nod……..
pro (dosis) ĺ pro dos…
after meals
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cum (belladonna) ĺ cum belladonn……
cum (mentholum) ĺcum menthol…
cum (aqua) ĺ cum aqu…
cum (resorcinum) ĺ cum resorcin….
cum (sal) ĺ cum sal…….
cum (vitaminum) ĺ cum vitamin…
intra (vena) ĺ intra ven….
per (rectum) ĺ per rect…
pro (oculoguttae) ĺpro oculogutt…
pro (parvulus) ĺ pro parvul…
sine (resorcinum) ĺsine resorcin…
in (vivus) ĺ in viv….
sub (signum) ĺsub sign…… veneni
contra (nodus) ĺcontra nod…
in (vitrum) (fuscus 3) ĺ in vitr… fusc…
pro (injectio) ĺ pro injecti……..
in (tubus) ĺ in tub….
pro (infans) ĺ pro infan…..
cum (codeinum) ĺ cum codein…..
pro (infans) ĺpro infan……..
ad (vitrum) ĺ ad vitr…
ad (vulnus) ĺ ad vulner…......
contra (dolor) ĺ contra dolor…….
sine (morbus) ĺ sine ……
intra (musculus) ĺ intra muscul….
pro (balneum)ĺ pro balne…
pro (adultus) ĺ pro adult….
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ia.
ic.
ig.
im.
iv.
sc.
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Pilula antispastic….. pro parvul……
Pulvis alcalin….. cum belladonn……
Pulvis purgativ……. cum belladonn…….
Sal ad rehydratio………. pro parvul…..
Solutio ophthalmic…… cum benzalkoni………
Solvens pro oculogutt…….. cum benzalkoni…..
Solvens viscosa pro oculogutt…… (pl !)
Suppositorium antipyretic………. pro infan…..
Suppositorium antipyretic………. pro parvul…..
Suppositorium antispastic…. pro parvul……
Unguentum antiphlogistic……. pro infan……
Unguentum boraxat…… cum aqu…. calcis
Unguentum cholesterinat…. pro infan…..
Unguentum cum aetherole….. pro parvul…..
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ZULWHWKHVROXWLRQRQWKHOLQHV
suo nomine (s.n.)
sub signo veneni (sub
sign. ven.)
ex tempore (ex temp.)
lege artis (l.a.)
pro dosi (pro dos.)
ad manus medici (ad
man.)
pro die (pro d.)
to the doctor’s hands
immediately
according to the rules (of
pharmacy)
for one dose
by one’s own name
for one day
under a poison label
Latin expression
Translation
to the doctor’s hands
immediately
according to the rules (of pharmacy)
for one dose
by one’s own name
for one day
under a poison label
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(What case endings can you identify in the Latin names?)
Unguentum infantum=
Unguentum neonatorum=
Unguentum nasale=
Unguentum oleosum=
Unguentum refrigerans=
Unguentum paraffini=
Sparsorium infantum=
Sparsorium antimycoticum=
Unguentum contra dolorem=
Pulvis obstipans=
Simple ointment=
Suppository for piles=
Combined powder=
Expectorant powder=
Rehydration salt for children=
Powder against gastric acid=
Eyedrop for newborns=
Yellow eye ointment=
Cooling cream=
Watery cream=
1.the maximum amount of strong active
ingredient in one dose
2. the medicine must be dispensed at once and
freshly prepared
3. label that it is poisonous
4. the medicine must be made according to the
basic rules
5. the maximum amount of strong active
ingredient for one day
6. a physician's direction to a pharmacist that the
label on the bottle containing the drug indicates
the chemical name of the medicine.
7. the doctor will administer it
Meaning
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FoNo VII/22
Pulvis antacidus
(Pulv. antacid.)
Antacidum.
Indication: Hyperacidity.
Rp.
Natrii hydrogenocarbonatis
…………………………..(g 20.0)
Bismuthi subnitratis ponderosi
…………………………. (g 35.0)
Magnesii subcarbonatis levis
………………………….. (g 40.0)
M. f. pulvis.
D. ad scatulam.
S.: Mix a pinch of powder in 1 dl of water and drink 2
hours after meals. Keep in a dry place.
Ͳ
FoNo VII/ 139
PULVIS ANTACIDUS
(Pulv. antacid.)
I.Natri…. hydrogenocarbon…….
II.Bismuthu… subnitr…. ponderos….
III.Magnesi… subcarbon…. lev…
Preparation: grind sodium hydrogen carbonate and mix
with bismuth subnitrate in a mortar. Finally, mix
magnesium carbonate in portions to the powder mixture.
Packaging: In a waxed paper bag and in carton.
Label: Mix a pinch of powder in 1 dl of water and drink 2
hours after meals. Keep in a dry place.
Antacidum.
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M. f. sol.
Misce fiat suppositorium.
Mix it to be tea mixture.
M. f. pasta.
Misce fiat suspensio.
D. ad caps. cerat.
Put it into a box.
D.ad vitr. fusc.
Da, signa. /Detur, signetur.
Rp.
Hungarian standardized prescriptions
antacid.
fiant lege artis
sub sign. ven.
to the doctor’s hands
ex temp.
sparsorium
for a child
pro d.
pro dos.
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¾ Medicus curat, natura sanat. = _________________________________
¾ Mens sana in corpore sano. =__________________________________
¾ Contra vim mortis non est medicamen in hortis. =
___________________________________________________
ϭϰ
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6/D LATIN CONJUGATION
The term conjugation is applied to the inflection of verbs, and may be affected by person, number, tense
(praesens, praeteritum and futurum), aspect (actio imperfecta, perfecta and instans), mood (modus indicativus,
coniunctivus and imperativus), and voice (activum and passivum).
Besides finite/conjugated forms there are also so-called non-finite ones like infinitivus, gerundium, supinum,
and participium, which have noun-like features.
Conjugation is also the traditional name for a group of verbs that share a similar conjugation pattern in a
particular language. Latin has four conjugations of verbs. In the dictionary all verbs appear with four main
parts:
Conj.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
first person
singular of the
present
indicative active
signo
I label
misceo
I mix
contundo
I smash
audio
I hear
the present
infinitive
active
signare
to label
miscere
to mix
contundere
to smash
audire
to hear
the first person
singular of the
perfect indicative
active
signavi
I have labelled
miscui
I have mixed
contudi
I have smashed
audivi
I have heard
supine
(shows an aim)
second person
singular imperative
signatum
to label (aim)
mixtum
to mix (aim)
contusum
to smash (aim)
auditum
to hear (aim)
signa
Label!
misce
Mix!
contunde
Smash!
audi
Hear!
In Pharmacy Latin we mostly use the imperative form of the verbs to give a command to the pharmacist. To
get the imperative form, we first cut down the –re ending of the infinitive, then we attach the –a, -e or –i
ending of the imperative to the imperfect stem. E.g. the infinitive signare will give us the imperative form
Signa! (meaning Label!)
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recipio, recipere, recepi, receptum = take
addo, addere, addidi, additum = add
caveo, cavere, cavi, cautum = avoid
conspergo, conspergere, conspersi, conspersum = sprinkle
divido, dividere, divisi, divisum = divide
do, dare, dedi, datum = give, put
extraho, extrahere, extraxi, extractum = pull, extract
infundo, infundere, infudi, infusum = infuse, pour on
repeto, repetere, repetivi, repetitum = repeat
solvo, solvere, solvi, solutum = solve, dissolve
suspendo, suspendere, suspendi, suspensum = hang, suspend
verto, vertere, verti, versum = turn
impleo, implere, implevi, impletus = fill
applico, applicare, aplicavi, applicatum = apply, administer
3
Recipe!
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ĐŽŶƐ͘ ĐŽŶƚ͘ D͘
Abbreviation
͘
^͘
Ĩ͘
ĂĚĚ͘
ĐŽƋƵ͘ Ěŝů͘
Full form
signa, signetur
ne repetatur = ne reiteretur
consperge
dilue
da, detur, dentur
contunde
solve, solvatur
misce
coque, coquatur
fiat, fiant
adde
ƐŽůǀ͘
ŶĞƌĞƉ͘
English meaning
Label! (be labelled)
It must not be repeated!
Sprinkle!
Dilute!
Give! (be given)
Smash!
Dissolve!
Mix!
Cook! (be cooked)
(in order) to be
Add!
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corpus
medulla
mamma
pes
os
cutis
aqua
dolor
ventriculus
articulatio
somatmyelmastpus, podstomatdermhydralggastrarthr-
nasus
auris
oculus
auditus
visus
sensus
inflammatio
cartilago
os
musculus
rhinotopt-, ophthalmacuopt-, -opia, -opsia
aesthe-itis
chondroste(o)my-
VOCABULARY
masculinum
man, person
homo, -inis m
hortus, -i m
masseter, -eris m
morbus, i m
nodus, -i m
parvulus, -i m
sal, salis m
sphincter, -eris
m
tumor, -oris m
garden
helps in
chewing
disease
piles,
hemorroid
little child
salt
constricting
muscle
tumor
Nomina
femininum
deadly
belladonna, -ae f
nightshade
heel, limestone
calx, calcis f
death
mors, -tis f
balneum, -i n
neutrum
bath
cibum, -i n
fuchsinum, -i n
meal
fuchsin(e)
natura, -ae f
praeparatio, -onis f
nature
preparation
nomen, -inis n
rectum, -i n
name
rectum
solvens, -ntis f
vis f
solvent
power
signum, -i n
venenum, -i n
vitaminum, -i n
sign
poison
vitamin
vulnus, -eris n
injury, wound
ϭϲ
͸Ȃ
Adiectiva
abductor
adductor
acutus 3
antiphlogisticus 3
antipyreticus 3
antispasticus 3
benignus 3
biceps
brevis 2
deltoideus 3
depressor
extensor
flexor
fluidus 3
fortis 2
gracilis 2
magnus 3
maior, maius
levator
longus 3
lumbricalis 2
malignus 3
takes farther
moves closer
acute
reducing inflammation
reducing fever
relieving spasm/cramp
benign
two-headed
short
delta shaped
lowers a part
opens an angle
closes an angle
fluid
strong
slender, thin
big, large
bigger, larger
raises a part
long
wormlike
malign
maximus 3
minor, minus
obliquus 3
orbicularis 2
piriformis 2
pronator
quadratus 3
quadriceps
rectus 3
rhomboideus 3
sanus 3
risorius 3
soleus 3
suus 3
supinator
teres
transversus 3
trapezius 3
latissimus 3
triceps
vastus 3
vivus 3
biggest, largest
smaller
oblique, slanting
circular
pear shaped
turns the palm down
four sided
four-headed
straight
rhombus shaped
healthy, sound
helps in laughing
flat fish shaped
one’s own
turns the palm up
long and round, cylindrical
transverse
trapezium shaped
broadest
three-headed
vast, large
living, alive
Praepositiones
a(b) (+Abl.)
ad (+Acc.)
ante (+Acc.)
contra (+Acc.)
cum (+Abl.)
extra (+Acc.)
in ( +Acc.)
in (+Abl.)
infra (+Acc.)
from
to, towards
before
against
with
outside, outer
in(to)
in
below
inter (+Acc.)
intra (+Acc.)
per (+Acc.)
post (+Acc.)
pro (+Abl.)
sine (+Abl.)
sub (+Acc.)
sub (+ Abl)
supra (+Acc.)
Verba
caveo, cavere, cavi, cautum
conspergo, conspergere, conspersi, conspersum
curo, curare, curavi, curatum
divido, dividere, divisi, divisum
do, dare, dedi, datum
extraho, extrahere, extraxi, extractum
infundo, infundere, infudi, infusum
repeto, repetere, repetivi, repetitum
sano, sanare, sanavi, sanatum
solvo, solvere, solvi, solutum
suspendo, suspendere, suspendi, suspensum
verto, vertere, verti, versum
avoid
sprinkle
cure, treat
divide
give
pull, extract
infuse, pour on
repeat
heal
solve, dissolve
hang, suspend
turn
between
into, within, inside
through
after
for
without
under
under
above