APT-17
2017SouthCarolinaPest
ManagementHandbook
Table of Measurements and Conversions Standard Measure Length: 1 ft = 12 in 1 yd = 3 ft 1 mi = 5,280 ft 1 mph = 88 ft/1 min Area: 1 sq in = 0.007 sq ft 1 sq ft = 144 sq in 1 sq yd = 1,296 sq in = 9 sq ft 1 ac = 43,560 sq ft = 4,840 sq yd Volume: 1 tsp = 0.17 fl oz 1 tbs = 3 tsp 1 fl oz = 2 tbs = 6 tsp 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 16 tbs 1 pt = 2 cups = 16 fl oz 1 qt = 2 pt = 32 fl oz 1 gal = 4 qt = 8 pt = 128 fl oz = 231 cu in Note: To convert liquid ounces to gallons, multiply by 0.0078125(.008) Weight: 1 oz = 0.0625 lb 1 lb = 16 oz 1 ton = 2,000 lb 1 gal of water = 8.34 lb Metric Conversion Length: 1 in = 25.4 mm = 2.54 cm 1 ft = 304.8 mm = 30.48 cm 1 yd = 914.4 mm = 91.44 cm = 0.914 m 1 mi = 1,609 m = 1.61 km 1 mm = 0.03937 in 1cm = 0.394 in = 0.0328 ft 1 m = 39.37 in = 3,281 ft 1 km = 3,281 ft = 0.621 mi Area: 1 sq in = 6.45 sq cm 1 sq ft = 929 sq cm 1 sq yd = 8,361 sq cm = 0.8361 sq m 1 ac = 4,050 sq m = 0.405 h 1 sq m = 1,550 sq in = 10.76 sq ft 1 h = 107,600 sq ft = 2.47 ac Volume: 1 fl oz = 29.5 ml = 0.0295 L 1 pt = 437 ml = 0.437 L 1 qt = 945 ml = 0.945 L 1 gal = 3,785 ml = 3.785 L 1 ml = 0.033 fl oz 1 L = 33.8 fl oz = 2.112 pt = 1.057 qt = 0.264 gal Weight: 1 oz = 28.35 g 1 lb = 454 g = 0.4536 kg 1 ton = 907 kg 1 gal of water = 3.786 kg 1 g = 0.035 oz 1 kg = 35.27 oz = 2.205 Lb Concentration: 1 part per million (ppm)= 1 milligram/liter = 1 milligram/kilogram 1 percent = 10 grams/liter 0.1 percent = 1,000 milligrams/liter 0.01 percent = 100 milligrams/liter 0.001 percent = 10 milligrams/liter Concentration: 1 part per million (ppm)= 0.00001 percent = 0.013 oz in 100 gal of water 1 percent = 10,000 ppm 0.1 percent = 1,000 ppm 0.01 percent = 100 ppm 0.001 percent = 10 ppm Temperature: To convert degrees Celsius (°C) to degrees Fahrenheit (°F): multiply by 1.8 and add 32. Example: 30 degrees °C = 86 degrees °F. (30x1.8+32) To convert degrees Fahrenheit (°F) to degrees Celsius (°C): subtract 32 multiply by 0.56. Example: 50 degrees °F = 10 degrees °C (50‐32x0.56). Abbreviations: ac = Acre; cm = Centimeter; fl oz = Fluid ounce; ft = Foot or Feet; g = Gram; gal = Gallon; h = Hectare (1h = 10,000 square meters); in = Inch; kg = Kilogram; km = Kilometer; L = Liter; lb = Pound; mi = Mile; oz = Ounce; pt = Pint; m = Meter; mg = Milligram; min = Minute; ml = Milliliter; mm = Millimeter; qt = Quart; sq = Square; tbs = Tablespoon; tsp = Teaspoon; yd = Yard. South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017
2017SouthCarolina
PestManagementHandbook
The Pest Management Handbook is a set of recommendations developed by Clemson University Extension pest management specialists and university researchers for South Carolina growers. These recommendations were derived from various sources of information available to these contributors at times prior to publishing this handbook and represent their current views on managing field crop pests based on pesticide labels, their own research or experience, and/or a number of other sources. The chemical recommendations provided here are based on pesticide active ingredients. Pesticide products mentioned here are for applicator convenience and are examples only; their mention is not product endorsement. Pesticide products not mentioned here may also be efficacious and their absence from these recommendations does not necessarily mean that they are not also effective pest management tools. These recommendations are not meant to be an exhaustive recommendation, and associated comments, given here are in all cases are superseded by the pesticide product labels. It is your responsibility as a pesticide user to read and follow the instructions on the product label in deciding your pesticide purchases and in their use, including mix/loading of the product, application, clean‐up, and the disposal of unwanted product, rinsates, and clean empty product containers. The 2017 Pest Management Handbook is also available as an electronic copy on the Clemson University Extension web site under Row Crops section. The web site address is: http://www.clemson.edu/extension/rowcrops/
South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017
2017TECHINCALCONTRIBUTORS
MikeMarshall
ExtensionWeedSpecialist,2017PMHEditor
EdistoResearchandEducationCenter
64ResearchRoad
Blackville,SC29817
(803)284‐3343x228
[email protected]
JeremyGreene
ExtensionEntomologist
EdistoResearchandEducationCenter
64ResearchRoad
Blackville,SC29817
(803)284‐3343x228
[email protected]
BobBellinger
ExtensionEntomologist
ClemsonUniversity
107LongHall
Clemson,SC29634
(864)656‐5042
[email protected]
FrancisReay‐Jones
ExtensionEntomologist
PeeDeeResearchandEducationCenter
2200PocketRoad
Florence,SC29506
(843)662‐3526x208
[email protected]
JohnMueller
ExtensionPlantPathologist
EdistoResearchandEducationCenter
64ResearchRoad
Blackville,SC29817
(803)284‐3343x273
[email protected]
DanAnco
ExtensionPeanutSpecialist
EdistoResearchandEducationCenter
64ResearchRoad
Blackville,SC29817
(803)284‐3343x261
[email protected]
PaulPeterson
ResearchPlantPathologist
PeeDeeResearchandEducationCenter
2200PocketRoad
Florence,SC29506
(843)307‐2966
[email protected]
JenniferTsuruda
ExtensionApiculturist
ClemsonUniversity
109FBarreHall
Clemson,SC29634
(864)656‐2218
[email protected]
CoryHeaton
StateWildlifeSpecialist
SandhillResearchandEducationCenter
900ClemsonRoad
Columbia,SC29229
(803)699‐3190
[email protected]
JayCrouch
AreaAgronomyAgent
NewberryCountyExtensionOffice
1860WilsonRoad
Newberry,SC29108
(803)276‐1091x113
[email protected]
BrianBeer
AreaLivestockAgent
LancasterCountyExtensionOffice
107SouthFrenchStreet
Lancaster,SC29721
(803)283‐3302x115
[email protected]
South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017
TABLEOFCONTENTS
Introduction
SprayerCalibration....................................................................................................................................................................1
SprayerDriftManagement.....................................................................................................................................................4
SprayerCleaning.........................................................................................................................................................................4
HerbicideAdjuvants..................................................................................................................................................................6
PesticideSafety............................................................................................................................................................................6
PesticideResistanceManagement......................................................................................................................................7
PesticideApplicationRecordkeeping................................................................................................................................9
HoneybeeStewardship..........................................................................................................................................................10
RelativeToxicityofPesticidestoHoneybees...............................................................................................................12
ModeofActionforHerbicides............................................................................................................................................15
CropReplantandRotationGuideFollowingHerbicideApplication..................................................................17
Corn
WeedControlinCorn.............................................................................................................................................................22
CornInsectControl..................................................................................................................................................................55
Cotton
WeedControlinCotton..........................................................................................................................................................77
CottonInsectManagement................................................................................................................................................105
CottonDiseaseControl........................................................................................................................................................119
CottonNematodeControl..................................................................................................................................................123
Forages
GrassForageWeedControl...............................................................................................................................................126
PastureandHayInsectManagement............................................................................................................................144
GrainSorghum
WeedControlinGrainSorghum.....................................................................................................................................150
GrainSorghumInsectControl..........................................................................................................................................160
Peanut
WeedControlinPeanut......................................................................................................................................................168
PeanutInsectControl..........................................................................................................................................................185
PeanutDiseaseManagement............................................................................................................................................190
PeanutNematodeControl..................................................................................................................................................202
SmallGrains
WeedControlinSmallGrains..........................................................................................................................................203
SmallGrainInsectControl.................................................................................................................................................212
SmallGrainDiseaseControl..............................................................................................................................................218
Soybean
WeedControlinSoybean...................................................................................................................................................221
SoybeanInsectControl.......................................................................................................................................................255
SoybeanDiseaseControl....................................................................................................................................................265
SoybeanNematodeControl...............................................................................................................................................271
Sunflower
WeedControlinSunflower...............................................................................................................................................273
Tobacco
WeedControlinTobacco...................................................................................................................................................279
TobaccoInsectControl........................................................................................................................................................283
TobaccoDiseaseManagement.........................................................................................................................................293
TobaccoNematodeManagement...................................................................................................................................302
AquaticWeedControl...............................................................................................................................................................303
Farm‐StoredGrainInsectManagement.........................................................................................................................309
South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017 INTRODUCTION
SPRAYERCALIBRATION
distancewhichmatchesthenozzlespacing
on your boom (for broadcast sprays) or
row spacing you use (for band
applications). The distance should be
measuredinafieldtypicalofthoseyouwill
bespraying,ratherthanasmoothsurface.
2. Selectagearandenginespeedcombination
which will allow you to comfortably drive
across your fields and develop adequate
spraypressurefortheparticularnozzleson
your rig. Drive the measured distance at
your preselected gear and engine speed
combinationandrecordthetimerequired
todrivethedistanceinseconds.Toimprove
precision, you may want to time two or
moreseparaterunsandtaketheaverageof
tworuns.
MikeMarshall,ExtensionWeedSpecialist
Accurate application of pesticides is essential
to adequately control target pests, avoid
excessive crop injury, and minimize chemical
costs and harm to the environment. This has
become even more critical in recent years as
some pesticide use rates go from pounds per
acre to fractions of one ounce per acre.
Unfortunately, sprayer calibration is often
neglectedoravoided.Therearemanywaysto
calibrate a sprayer, some more difficult than
others. If you have a reliable method with
which you are comfortable, stick with it. The
following is a guide to a straightforward
method.
Sprayercalibrationshouldbedonewithclean
water, not with the chemical mix in the spray
system. Before you calibrate your sprayer,
thoroughlycleanit.Also,besuretocheckfor
nozzleoutputuniformity,asdefectsoruneven
wear will cause some nozzles to put out
significantlymorethanothersofthesametype.
To do this, catch and measure the output of
each nozzle for a specific length of time (30
seconds, 1 minute, etc.) and determine the
average output per nozzle (total combined
outputofallnozzlesdividedbythenumberof
nozzles). Discard and replace any nozzle that
variesmorethan5percentfromtheaverage.
1/128acremethod:
Thisisperhapsthemostfrequentlyusedand
quickest method of calibration. It involves
measuring a specific driving distance rather
thananarea.Followthesestepstocalibrateby
the1/128acremethod.
1.
Table1.Distancecalibrationtableforsprayers
Nozzle Distance Nozzle Distance
orRow totimefor orRow totimefor
spacing calibratio spacing calibratio
(inches
n(feet)
(inches
n(feet)
)
)
40
102
26
157
38
107
24
170
36
113
22
185
34
120
20
204
32
127
18
227
30
136
16
255
28
146
14
291
3.
Measure a specific distance in a field
according to table 1. Select a driving
1 Park the sprayer and, using a measuring
cuporbucket,catchthesprayoutputfrom
asinglenozzleforthelengthoftimeittook
youtodrivethemeasureddistanceinstep
one.Besurethatthesprayerisrunningat
thesameenginespeedandspraypressure.
Note:Forbandingrigswhereyouusedrow
spacingtodeterminethedistanceinstep1
and where more than one nozzle is
South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017 directedtotherow,catchtheoutputforall
nozzlesdirectedtoasinglerow.
4. The total amount of water, measured in
ounces,collectedpernozzleorrowinstep
3equalsgallonsperacre(GPA).
Determining how much herbicide product
toaddtothespraytank:
Nowthatyouhavesuccessfullycalibratedyour
sprayer, the next step is to determine how
much chemical you need to add to the tank.
all non‐uniform nozzles (and yes there were
some!)
1.
2.
3.
Dividethetankcapacitybygallonsperacre
to get the number of acres a full tank can
spray:
[Tankcapacity(gallons)÷GPA]=Number
ofacrescoveredbyonefulltank
1.
4.
Multiply the recommended pesticide rate
fromthelabel(pt/A,oz/A,lb/A,etc.)bythe
number of acres covered by a full tank
(fromstep1.)
3. Note: All pesticide rates in this handbook
are given as broadcast rates. For band
applications,youmustadjusttherateusing
the
following
formula:
[BandWidth×BroadcastRate]÷RowWidth
=BandRate
Examplesofcalibration&howmuchtoput
inthetank.
BroadcastApplication:
Youplantospraygenericglyphosateherbicide,
plusanonionicsurfactantforburn‐downprior
toplantingcotton.Yoursprayerhasauniform
nozzle spacing of 18 inches. You have
thoroughlycleanedyoursprayerandreplaced
2.
[500galtank÷20GPA]=25acrescovered
byonetankload
So,1qt/A×25acres=25quarts(~6.25
gallons)ofglyphosatepertankload
Whataboutthesurfactant:
500gal×(1qt/100gal)=5qts.surfactant
perspraytankload.
BandApplication:
You plan to apply Staple herbicide plus
nonionic surfactant in a 19 inch band on 38
inch rows. Your banding rig is set up with
threenozzlesdirectedtothebandoneachrow.
2 FromTable1,notethatthedistanceto
driveis227feet.Measurethisdistance
inthefieldtobesprayed.
Setyourthrottleanddrivethe227feet
for several runs. Let’s say that it took
youanaverageof39secondstodrive
thisdistance.
Now, at the same engine speed and at
your desired spray pressure, and with
your sprayer standing still, catch the
output in ounces for 39 seconds from
anyonenozzle,theaveragetimeittook
yourrigtotravelthe227feet.Youcatch
20 ounces during the 39 second time
period.Therefore,yoursprayeroutput
is20GPA.
After reading the generic glyphosate
label and the weed control
recommendations for cotton, you
decide to spray glyphosate at 1 qt/A,
plusanonionicsurfactantat1qt/100
gallonsofspraymix.Let’sassumeyou
have a 500‐gallon spray tank.
How many acres will one tank load
cover?
South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017 Yoursprayerhasbeenthoroughlycleaned,and
the nozzles are uniform in output, after
replacingthoseoutofrange.
(GPA)underthehoodneedstomatchasclose
as possible to the GPA of your post‐directed
band. The hooded rig is set up to use two
nozzlespost‐directingona13inchbandand
hasthreenozzlesunderthehoodsprayinga
25inchband.
Scenario1:Onepumpapplyingonetankmix.
Usingthechartagain,thedistancetotravel
fora38inchrowis107feet.Youmeasure
your course drive it several times. Let’s
assumeittookanaverageof18seconds.
2. Park the sprayer and at the same engine
speed and your desired pressure, collect
theoutputofeachofthethreenozzlesfor
18seconds.Ifthecombinedtotaloutputof
the three nozzle band cluster is, for
example,25ounces,thesprayerisapplying
25gallonsperacre.
3. Now, let’s say your sprayer has a 200
gallontank.ThebroadcastrateforStaple
is2.2floz/A,andnonionicsurfactantis
tobeaddedat1qt/100gal.ofspraymix.
[200galtank÷25GPA]=8acrescovered
pertank
1.
Thedistancetotravelfora38inchrowis
107 feet (Table 1). You measure your
courseanddriveit.Let’sassumeittookan
averageof18seconds.
2. Park the sprayer and at the same engine
speed and at the desired pressure, and
collect the output of the three nozzles
under the hood for 18 seconds. Combine
the output of the three nozzles and
measure. The combined total, for example
20 ounces, equals the application rate in
GPA.Inthiscaseyourhoodsareapplyingat
20GPA.
3. Next, with your sprayer running at the
sameenginespeedandpressure,collectthe
outputofthetwopost‐directingnozzles.
Combine the output from these two
nozzlesandmeasure.Thecombinedtotal,
for example 13 ounces, equals the
applicationrateinGPA.Inthiscasethepost
directingnozzlesareapplyingat13GPA.
4. Remember, you want the application rate
tobethesameforboththepost‐directedand
hooded application. To accomplish this,
decide which application rate fits your
particular needs. In this example we will
assumethat13GPApost‐directedisideal.
To get your hooded application to be 13
GPA,insteadof20GPA,reducethesizeof
thespraytipsunderthehoodandre‐runthe
calibration procedure. Continue this
processuntilyourhoodedapplicationrate
and post‐directed application rate are
similar.
Scenario 2. Two (2) pumps applying
separatetankmixes.
1.
4. Now,reducetheratefora19inchband:
[19inchband÷38inchbroadcast]×2.2
oz/AStapleproduct=1.1oz/AStaple
Therefore:8acres×1.1floz/A=8.8floz
Stapleneededpertank
Surfactantneededpertankis,200gallon
tank×(1qtsurfactant/100gallonspray).=2
qts.nonionicsurfactantpertank
Note: the surfactant rate in this example is
calculatedbasedonamountpervolumeofspray
mix, rather than amount per acre, it is
calculated the same as for broadcast
applications.
Post‐DirectedandHoodApplications:
Youplantouseahoodedsprayertomakepost‐
directed and hooded applications in your 38
inch row cotton. Given, the gallon per acre
3 South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017 From Table 1, the distanceto travel for a
38 inch row is 107 feet. Your course is
measuredandyoudriveit.Let’sassumeit
took
18
seconds.
2. Park the sprayer and at the same engine
speed and desired pressure, collect the
outputofthethreenozzlesunderthehood
for18seconds.Combinetheoutputofthe
threenozzlesandmeasure.Thecombined
total, for example 18 ounces, equals the
application rate in GPA. In this case the
hoods are applying at 18 GPA.
3. Next,withthesprayerrunningatthesame
enginespeedanddesiredpressure,collect
the output of the two post‐directing
nozzles. Combine the output from these
two nozzles and measure. The combined
total, for example 15 ounces, equals the
applicationrateinGPA.Inthiscasethepost
directingnozzlesareapplyingat15GPA.
4. Remember,youwanttheapplicationrateto
be the same for both the post‐directed and
hooded application. To accomplish this,
decide which application rate fits your
particular needs. In this example we will
assumethat15GPApost‐directedisideal.
To get your hooded application to be 15
GPA instead of 18 GPA, you have two (2)
options.
a) First reduce the pressure for the pump
applyingunderthehood.Caution:Besure
thatafterreducingthepressurethespray
tip still produces an acceptable spray
pattern. Repeat the calibration procedure.
Continue this process until your hooded
application rate and post‐directed
applicationratearesimilar.
b) The second option is to change to a
smaller spray tip size under the hood to
reduce the application rate to 15 GPA.
Repeatthecalibrationprocedure.Continue
thisprocessuntilyourhoodedapplication
rateandpost‐directedapplicationrateare
similar.
1.
SPRAYDRIFTMANAGEMENT
MikeMarshall,ExtensionWeedSpecialist
 READthePESICIDELABELforinstructions
onpreventingdrift!
 Useascoarseaspraypatternaspossible.
 Useasolidconeorflatfanspraynozzletip
insteadofahollowconetip.
 Use a low spray pressure. Be sure your
nozzles will maintain pattern at a lower
pressure.
 Don’t apply pesticides under windy or
gusty conditions. Read your label for max
speeds!
 Useahand‐heldanemometertodetermine
windspeedatthelocationandtimeofyour
applications.
 Determinewinddirection.
 Don’t spray when the wind is less than 3
mph to avoid spraying in thermal
inversions.
 Maintainrequiredbufferzones.
 Useanapplicationmethodandformulation
thatislesslikelytocausedrift.
 Use drift control/drift reduction agents in
yourtankmix.
 If possible, don’t spray when the
temperatureisabove90–95OF.
 Know your surroundings, especially the
location and distance of sensitive crops,
sensitivesites.
Asanapplicator,YOUareresponsibleforwherethe
chemicalsfromyourapplicationsgo!
SPRAYERCLEANING
MikeMarshall,ExtensionWeedSpecialist
Smallamountsofpesticidesleftinsprayerscan
cause serious damage if applied to sensitive
crops.Forexample,tracesofgrowthregulator
typeherbicidesusedforpastureweedcontrol,
4 South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017 including 2,4‐D, Banvel, Weedmaster,
Crossbow,etc.,cancreateseriousproblemsif
accidentlyappliedtosensitivebroadleafcrops
includingtobacco,cotton,tomatoesandother
sensitive plants. Most of these herbicides,
particularlytheesterformulationsof2,4‐Dand
Crossbow,aredifficulttothoroughlywashout
ofasprayer.Therefore,werecommendusinga
dedicatedsprayerforapplicationofpastureand
brushcontrolherbicides.
The sulfonylureas and imidazolinones
herbicides, including Accent, Classic, Exceed,
Staple,andScepter,havealsocreatedsprayer
cleaning challenges. These herbicides have a
high unit activity (a small amount of product
thatisleftinthesprayerisveryactiveonaper
acre basis). Small amounts of these materials
cause serious damage to non‐target,
susceptible crops. Other products, including
Valor SX, have specific clean‐out instructions
outlined on the label and should be followed
explicitly
to
prevent
subsequent
contaminationofsensitivecrops.
Yourtankisonlyonepartofthesprayer.You
candoanexcellentjobofcleaningthetank,but
if chemical residues are left in the hoses,
strainers,andpump,seriouscropdamagecan
stilloccur.Pesticidescanbeabsorbedintothe
lines,inadditiontopolyethyleneorfiberglass
tanks,wheretheycanremainforalongtime.
Some dry flowable and wettable powder
formulationsbuilduponthebottomsofspray
tanks,particularlyinsprayerswithinadequate
agitation. The longer a spray mix is left in the
system, the greater is the potential
contamination problem the next time you use
thesprayerunit.Sprayersshouldbecleaned
as soon as practical and herbicide spray
mixturesshouldneverbeallowedtodryin
thesprayer.
Personal protective equipment that is
recommeded on the pesticide label for that
product should be worn during clean‐up. Do
notcleansprayersnearwells,sinkholes,creeks
or other surface water, or near desirable
vegetation.
Many herbicide labels have sprayer cleanup
recommendations on the label. For example,
Valor product label recommends a specific
tankmixcleanerproduct(Valenttankcleaner)
after each use of a flumioxazin containing
product. Other products recommend adding
householdammoniaat1gallonofammoniafor
each 100 gallons of water. Ammonia is also
usefulforremoving2,4‐Desterresiduesleftin
thesprayerbecauseammoniachangestheless
solubleesterintoamorehighlywatersoluble
ammonium salt of 2,4‐D. Many commercial
tankcleanersareavailableandmostdoagood
job, if properly used, of cleaning a sprayer.
They are just like ammonia in that plenty of
waterandproperprocedurearerequired.
Sprayercleaningprocedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
5 Drainthesprayequipment.Thoroughly
rinsethetankandflushhoses,boomand
nozzleswithcleanwater.Loosenand
physicallyremoveanyvisibledeposits.
Fillthesprayerwithcleanwaterandadd
householdammonia(onegallonofa3%
activeammoniaproductforevery100
gallonsofwater).Flushthehoses,boom
andnozzles.Shut‐offtheboomandthen
top‐offthetankwithwater.Letthe
materialcirculateforatleast15minutes,
andthenflushthehoses,boomand
nozzlesagain.Drainthetank.
Removescreens,strainers,andtips;clean
inabucketofwater.
Repeatstep2.
Thoroughlyrinsethetank,hoses,boom
andnozzles.
South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017 Important: Remember to clean all other
associated application equipment. Personal
protectiveequipment,asprescribedonthelabel,
shouldbewornduringtheclean‐upprocessand
do not clean sprayers near wells, sink holes,
creeksorothersurfacewater,orneardesirable
vegetation.
Stickers:Adjuvantsthatpromoteadherenceof
herbicides to the plant foliage. They reduce
runoff potential during application and wash
offbyrainfall.Theseareusuallyblendedwith
wettingagentstoprovidebettercoverageand
arecalledspreader‐stickers.
AntifoamingAgents:Thesematerialsreduce
foam in a sprayer system so that pumps and
nozzlescanoperateeffectively.
Compatibility Agents: Aid in holding
herbicides in solution when mixed with
pesticidesorfertilizers.
Crop Oils: These are non‐phytotoxic light
petroleum or vegetable oils that contain
surfactants.Usemuch likeasurfactant.Hasa
tendencytoburncroptissue.Choosecropoil
whichcontains80%orgreateroil,andtherest
assurfactantsoremulsifiers.
DriftControlAgents:Materialsusedtoreduce
the number of fine particles in the spray
patternwhichcouldresultindriftdamage.
HERBICIDEADJUVANTS
MikeMarshall,ExtensionWeedSpecialist
SprayAdditives
Asprayadditiveisanysubstanceaddedtoan
herbicide tank mix to enhance performance.
Adjuvants are classified on the basis of their
use rather than chemistry. Adjuvants include
surfactants, emulsifiers, wetting agents,
stickers, de‐foamers, compatibility agents,
cropoils,anddriftcontrolagents.
TypesofSprayAdditives:
Surfactants (surface‐active‐agent): Are used
toimproveemulsifying,dispersing,spreading,
wetting,orothersurfacemodifyingproperties
of a liquid. Three types of surfactants are
emulsifiers,wettingagents,stickers.Choosea
non‐ionic surfactant based on composition. A
surfactant with 80% or greater active
ingredientisagoodchoice.
Emulsifiers: Substances that promote
suspensionofoneliquidinanother.Theyare
mostcommonlyusedtodisperseoilinwater.
These are usually contained in the herbicide
packageformulation.
Wetting agents: Reduce interfacial tensions
between surfaces that would normally repel
each other. These allow a spray solution to
spread and adhere better to waxy cuticles of
plants.Nonionicsurfactants(NIS)arethetype
usually added to a spray tank. They are good
dispersing agents, stable in cold water, and
havelowtoxicitytoplantsandanimals.
PESTICIDESAFETY
RobertBellinger,SafetyEducationCoordinator
PesticideStorageTips
Areyoudoingthese?
o Store your pesticides in a detached
structure?
o Haveastoragebuildingwithasoundroof?
o Have a storage building with a sound,
liquid‐prooffloor?
o Store your pesticides in their original
container?
o Have pesticides you store with intact,
readablelabels?
o Store your pesticides separately from
gasoline,otherfuelsandsolvents?
6 South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017 Properly rinse procedure your empty
pesticidecontainers!
The proper rinse procedure requires that
youplanahead!
 Readandfollowlabeldirections!
 Wear the required protective clothing and
equipment.
 Rinse containers immediately after
emptying because pesticides will dry or
solidify quickly and become difficult to
remove.
 Consider the volume of the rinsate when
fillingthesprayertank.Leaveenoughroom
in the sprayer tank to accommodate the
rinsatebeforefillingthetank.
 Have back‐flow protection when filling the
sprayertankandrinsingthecontainer.
You have two acceptable ways to rinse
emptypesticidecontainers:
1)Triple‐rinsingor
2) Pressure‐rinsing (jet‐rinsing) using a
device specifically manufactured to wash
container
interiors.
Triple‐rinsecontainerinstructions:
 Allow empty pesticide container to drain
into the sprayer tank for at least 30
seconds.
 Fill container one‐quarter full of clean
water or appropriate spray rinse diluent.
Replace cap securely and roll, swirl and
shake the contents vigorously for at least
onefullminutetorinseallsurfaces!
 Remove container cap and empty rinsate
intothespraytank.Allowthecontainerto
drainforatleast30seconds.
 Repeatthefill,shakeanddrainprocedure
two(2)moretimes,usingcleanwater.
 Properly dispose of the rinsed containers
as soon as possible. Dispose of caps with
thecontainersunlessrecycling.
 Plastic and plastic‐lined bags can be
triple‐rinsed.Forpaperandfiberbagsand
similar containers, completely empty the
contents into the tank. Open both ends of
the container to remove any remaining
pesticideandtopreventreuse.
Howtopressure‐rinsecontainers:
 Allow the empty pesticide container to
drain into the sprayertankfor atleast 30
seconds.
 Hold the container upside down over the
sprayer tank opening so that rinsate will
run into the sprayer tank. For ease and
safety, puncture through the bottom of
metal containers and through the side of
plasticcontainerswithappropriatetoolor
pressure‐rinsing nozzle‐follow specific
manufacturerdirections.
 Thoroughly rinse the empty container for
the time interval recommended by the
pressure‐rinsenozzlemanufacturer,butno
lessthan30seconds,usingatleast40psi
waterpressure.
 Properlydisposeofyourrinsedcontainers
as soon as possible. Dispose of caps with
containers,unlessrecycling.
PESTICIDERESISTANCE
MANAGEMENT
RobertG.Bellinger,ExtensionEntomologist
Repeated use of pesticides – herbicides,
insecticides,
fungicides,
nematicides,
rodenticides,andothers‐canleadtoresistance
intherespectivepestpopulations.Applicators
are encouraged to rotate products with
differing modes of action within a crop year.
Many pesticide labels now give detailed
guidance.
Resistance may be defined as “a heritable
change in the sensitivity of a pestpopulation
that is reflected in the repeated failure of a
producttoachievetheexpectedlevelofcontrol
when used according to the label
recommendationforthatpestspecies”.
7 South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017 Resistancearisesthroughtheover‐useand/or
misuseofapesticideagainstapestspeciesand
resultsfromtheselectionofresistantformsof
the pest and the resulting evolution of pest
populationsthatareresistanttothatpesticide
and its mode of action (MoA). Pesticides do
NOTcausethemutationsforresistance.
In the majority of cases, not only does
resistance render the selecting compound
much less effective but it often also confers
cross‐resistance to other chemically related
compounds. Cross‐resistance occurs when
resistance to one pesticide confers resistance
toanotherpesticide,evenwherethepesthas
notbeenexposedtothelatterproduct.
The objective of successful Pesticide
Resistance Management is to delay the
evolutionofpestresistancetopesticides,orto
help regain susceptibility in pest populations
inwhichresistancehasalreadyarisen.
Because many pest populations are usually
largeinsizeandquicklyreproduce(especially
mites,manyinsectsandmostplantpathogens),
thereisalwaysariskthatpesticideresistance
mayevolvequickly,especiallywhenpesticide
aremisusedorover‐used.
Ifyouobtainlesscontrolofapestwithagiven
pesticide than you are accustomed to, or
believeisreasonabletoexpect,firstchecktobe
sure that you applied the pesticide properly
accordingtothelabelinstructions.Ifyoumade
your application properly, next consider if
there were any extreme environmental
conditions–veryhot,verycool,heavyrain,etc.
Ifnoneoftheseconditionsexisted,orarenot
believed to have an effect on the product’s
performance, then pesticide resistance is a
possibility.
Doing everything you can to delay pesticide
resistance is important for the obvious
reasons.Thereisnotverymuchnewchemistry
comingtoallowustoswitchtonewpesticide
modes of action. For instance, there have not
been any significant new modes of action for
herbicidesinaboutthreedecades.Whilenew
herbicide products are coming onto the
market, often in conjunction with herbicide
resistant crop varieties, the herbicides
themselves are some of the oldest herbicides
wehave,forinstance2,4‐D.
There are several ways to delay pesticide
resistance. The best is to use Integrated Pest
Management(IPM)andtouseeconomicinjury
thresholds to determine when to apply a
pesticide(s). Other methods include rotating
crops to prevent buildup of the same pest
populations over time, to use the lowest
effective rate or rate recommended by the
pesticidelabeloraknowledgeableexpert,and
makespotorperimeterapplicationsonsmall
or defined pest populations. When using
pesticides,rotatepesticidemodesofactionby
rotatingpesticidechemicalfamilies.
For most growers, however, knowing what
pesticides to use to do this has been difficult
because of a lack of knowledge of the many
different modes of action. Until recently
pesticide labels did not provide much
informationtoassistinthesedecisions.
To help growers and others combat pesticide
resistance a number of national and
international resistance action committees
have been formed by the pesticide industry
andotherstoaddresstheproblemofpesticide
resistance.Thesecommitteesarebasedonthe
different major pesticide groups. So, for
herbicides there is an Herbicide Resistance
Action Committee (HRAC), an Insecticide
Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) for
insecticides, a Fungicide Resistance Action
Committee (FRAC) for fungicides, and so on.
These committees have studied the modes of
actionoftherespectivepesticidefamiliesand
developedasystemtohelpgrowersandothers
8 South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017 PESTICIDEAPPLICATION
RECORDKEEPING
betterselectpesticidesfromdifferentpesticide
chemicalfamiliestoallowuserstoeffectively
rotate the modes of action and thus combat
pesticide resistance in their pests. This
information is now appearing on pesticide
labels.Inadditiontothesystemdevelopedby
the respective Action Resistance Committees,
manypesticidemanufacturersarebeginningto
supplyinformationonresistancemanagement
on their labels in sections titled “Resistance
Management”.
Todate,genericpesticideproductstendnotto
have as much information as brand name
pesticide
products.
When you want to rotate modes of action
against your pests, first make sure that
whatever pesticide you select is labeled for
your intended use. Next, look for a pesticide
group number on the label, or a statement
indicating the pesticide group. Using these
pesticide group numbers, you do not have to
know or understand the complex modes of
action of these chemicals, you just have to
select a product(s) with a different group
number that is labeled for your pest
management need. Examples of group
numberswhentheyappearonpesticidelabels
are usually in the upper right hand corner of
thelabel,looklikethis:
GROUP
4A
INSECTICIDE
GROUP
3
HERBICIDE
GROUP
11
FUNGICIDE
RobertBellinger,PesticideSafetyCoordinator
CertifiedPrivateApplicatorsarerequiredto
keeprecordsoftheirapplicationsofRestricted
Use Pesticides (RUPs). This federal
requirementisadministeredbytheUSDAand
in South Carolina is enforced by the
DepartmentofPesticideRegulation.
Theinformation–“dataelements”–required
to be kept are actually minimal. Private
Applicators will likely want to record more
information on their applications, all of their
applications, to help with their present and
futurepestmanagementefforts.Goodrecords
help you trouble‐shoot application problems
andduplicatepestmanagementsuccesses.
The data elements required to be kept on
eachRUPapplicationare:
 The brand/product/trade name of the
pesticide
 EPAproductRegistrationNumber
 Totalamountofpesticideproductapplied
 Sizeofareaorthenumberofunitstreated
 CroporSiteappliedto
 Actuallocationoftheapplication
 Dateofapplication:Month,Day,Year
 Certified applicator name and license
number
Recordsmustbemadewithin14daysofeach
application of an RUP. Records must be
maintained for a minimum of two (2) years
fromthedateoftheapplication.
Spot treatments: Spot applications aresmall
applicationswhichtotallessthan1/10thofan
acre,andtheyaremadeinthesameday.Spot
9 South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017 cropsinSouthCarolinaareheavilydependent
on honey bees for good pollination. Annual
farmcashreceiptsofcropsharvestedinSouth
Carolinathataredependentonhoneybeesfor
pollination are estimated at $25 million. This
does not include home‐grown vegetables and
fruits and plants for wildlife that are highly
dependentonbeesforpollination.Someofthe
fruitsandvegetablesthatarehighlydependent
onbeesforpollinationareapples,cantaloupes,
cucumbers, squash, strawberries, and
watermelon.
Use
integrated
pest
management
recommendations whenever possible to
minimize harmful effects to our beneficial
insects.Manypesticidesareextremelytoxicto
bees.Thosepesticidesthataretoxicorhighly
toxic to bees will have a bee protection
warningstatementonthelabel.Thepesticide
applicator should always review the product
label directions carefully before each use and
followtheguidelinestoprotectourpollinators,
which include native bees as well as honey
bees. Keep in mind that even herbicides and
fungicidescanhavenegativeeffectsoninsect
pollinators and can have synergistic effects
whencombinedwithotherpesticides.
It is not only the formulation of the chemical
pesticide that is important, applicators must
also be aware of the proper dose. Pesticides
shouldbeusedonlywhennecessary,especially
if flowering plants are present or nearby and
are attractive to bees. Select the least toxic
pesticidetogetthejobdonewhenpossibleand
usetheleasthazardousmethodofapplication.
Granular pesticide formulations are safest.
Directed sprays applied with ground
equipment are the next safest method for
applying pesticides to protect bees. Aerially
applieddustsorspraysarethemostlikelyto
contact bees and cause problems. Apply
pesticideswhentheairiscalmtoreducedrift
into areas where bees may be foraging or
nesting.Ifapesticideapplicationisnecessary,
applications do not apply to nurseries or
greenhouses.
ForSpottreatmentsyoumustrecord:
 Dateofapplication‐month,day,year
 Brandorproductname
 EPARegistrationNumber
 Totalamountofpesticideapplied
 Location of the pesticide application,
designated as “spot application” with a
shortdescription.
Recordkeepingtips:
Record all three (3) identifiers for your RUP.
They’reallonthelabel!
 TheProductorBrand(Trade)name
 The Common Chemical name of the
activeingredients
 TheEPARegistrationNo.
KeepadditionalinformationthatwillhelpYOU
better achieve YOUR pest and pesticide
managementobjectives.Forinstance,amount
of water used, spray pump pressure, boom
height, nozzle spacing tip used, tractor speed
or rpms, other equipment settings, and
weather information such as temperature,
rainfallthe24hoursbeforeand24hoursafter
the application, wind speed (recorded at the
site of the application at the time of the
application), notes on any application
problems, and any other information that
wouldbeusefultoyou.
Youarerequiredtokeeprecordsofanyworker
or handler pesticide safety training you
conduct or have conducted for your ag
employees.
HONEYBEESTEWARDSHIP
JenniferTsuruda,ExtensionApiculturist
Honeybeesareourmostbeneficialinsect.The
estimatedvalueofhoneybeepollinationinthe
US is $14 billion. Many commercially grown
10 South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017 apply in the evening when bees are not
present.Ifmanagedbeecoloniesarepresent,it
is best to give the beekeeper plenty of notice
(3‐4 days if possible) of your intentions. The
beekeeper has the option to relocate their
beehivesifadjacentfieldsaretobesprayed.If
therearemanybeehivesorhivesthatcannot
bemovedonshortnotice,thebeekeepermay
cover their beehives with wet burlap for no
longerthan2days.Itwillbenecessaryforthe
beekeeper to spray covered hives with water
and keep the burlap wet, especially in hot
weather.
Beekeepers are advised to cooperate with
growers in the area to help protect bees and
are encouraged to have a contract with the
landowner. Beekeepers should scout the area
before bee colony placement to gain a good
understanding of local farming practices,
especially the use of highly toxic pesticides.
Beekeepers are ill advised to place their
coloniesinhighpestdensityareas,astheymay
require multiple pesticide applications. An
exampleiscottongrowingareaswherevarious
pests are expected. Beekeepers should post
their name and contact information in the
apiary or on colonies for identification
purposes.Informationontherelativetoxicities
of insecticides and miticides (used in specific
crops)tohoneybeesandnaturalenemiesmay
befoundatwww.ipm.ucdavis.edu.
Mosquito abatement programs should take
intoconsiderationtheprotectionofourinsect
pollinators.Manyofthepesticidesusedtokill
mosquitoes will also kill honey bees.
Beekeepers are urged to contact county
officials who manage mosquito abatement
programs to inform them of the location of
their apiaries, so their honey bees can be
protected.
Clemson University has started a bee
stewardship
program
to
facilitate
communication between beekeepers and
pesticide applicators and prevent accidental
poisoningofhoneybees.Beekeeperscanmap
their hive locations and licensed pesticide
applicators can access this information when
they have an application planned. The
applicatorcanthencontactthebeekeepersin
theareaoravoidapplyingpesticidesnearthe
hives.Interestedindividualsfrombothsidesof
thisissueareencouragedtoreadmoreabout
the program on the Clemson University
Beekeeping website and can sign up for the
programthereaswell.
11 South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017 RELATIVEHONEYBEESENSITIVITYTOWARDPESTICIDES
JenniferTsuruda,ExtensionApiculturist
PESTICIDETOXICITYTOWARDHONEYBEES
GroupIHighlyToxic:Severebeelossesareexpectedifthefollowingpesticidesareappliedtofloweringcropsorweeds
whichareattractivetobeesorwhenthesepesticidesareappliednearabeehive.Thesepesticideswillremainhazardous
toforagingbeesforupto24hoursorlongerafterapplication.
abamectin(Agri‐Mek,Zephyr)
acephate(Orthene,Address)
aminocarb(Matacil)
arsenicals
avemectin(AVID)
azinphosmethyl(Guthion)
bendiocarb(Ficam)
benzenehexachloride(BHC)
bifenthrin(Brigade,Capture)
bifenazate(Acramite)
bonyl(Swat)
calciumarsenate
carbaryl(Sevin,Sevin80S,Sevin
carbofuran(Furadan)
carbosulfan(Vantage)
XLR‐Plus)
chlordane
chlorpyrifos(Dursban,Eradex,
chlorethoxyfos(Fortress)
Lorsban)
clofentezine(Apollo)
clothianidin(Poncho600)
crotoxyphos(Cyodrin)
cyfluthrin(Baythroid)
cyhalothrin(Karate,Warrior)
cypermethrin(Ammo,Cymbush)
d‐phenothrin(Sumithrin)
decamethrin(Decis)
deltamethrin(Decis)
diazinon(Diazinon,Spectracide)
dichlorvos(DDVP,Vapona)
dicrotophos(Bidrin)
dimethoate(Cygon,Dimethoate,
Rebelate)
emamectin(Proclaim)
endosulfan(Thiodan)
EPN
esfenvalerate(Asana)
ethylparathion(Parathion)
famoxadone(Famoxate)
famphur(Famphos)
fenitrothion(Sumithion))
fenpropathrin(Danitol,Dasanit)
fensulfothion(Dasanit)
fenthion(Baytex)
fenvalerate(Ectrin,Pydrin)
fipronil
flucythrinate(PayOff)
famoxadone(Famoxate)
formetanate(Carzol)
gamma‐cyhalothrin,(Proaxis)
heptachlor
hexythiazox(Savey)
imidacloprid(Admire,Provado)
imidan
indoxacarb(Avaunt,Steward)
lambda‐cyhalothrin(Commodore,
leadarsenate
lindane(BHC)
Warrior)
LPOS(Sulfotine,RAIDTVK)
malathion(Cythion,ULV)
methamidophos(Monitor,
Tameron)
methidathion(Supracide)
methiocarb(Mesurol)
methomyl(Lannate,Nudrin)
methprene
methylparathion(Penncap‐M)
methylparathionEC
mevinphos(Phosdrin)
mexacarbate(Zectran)
monocrotophos(Azodrin)
naled(Dibrom)2
omethoate(Folimat)
oxamyl(Vydate>1lb/A)
parathion
phenthoate(Cidial)
phenamiphos(NemacurP)
permethrin(Ambush,GardStar,
phorate(ThimetEC)
phosdrin
Pounce)
phosmet(Imidan)
phosphamidon(Dimecron)
polymer‐encapsulatedmethyl
parathion(Penncap‐M)
prallethrin(ETOH)
proparite(Omite)
propoxur(Baygon)
pyridaben(Pyramite)
pyrazophos(Afugan)
resmethrin(Synthrin,SPB‐1382)
spinosid(XDE‐105,Tracer)
tebufenozide(Confirm)
TEPP2
tetrachlorvinphos(Appex,Gardona) thiamethoxam(Actara,Platinum)
tralomethrin(Scout)
zeta‐cypermethrin(Fury,Mustang)
12 South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017 PESTICIDETOXICITYTOWARDHONEYBEES(cont)
GroupIIModeratelyHazardous:Thesecanbeusedaroundbeesifdosage,timing,andmethodofapplicationare
correct,butshouldnotbeapplieddirectlyonbeesinthefieldordirectedatthehive.
aldicarb(Temik)
aspon(ASP‐51)
aldicarbsulfoxide
acetamiprid(Assail)
aluminumphosphide(Phostoxin)
Bacillusthuringiensis(Di‐Beta)
bifenazate(Floramite)
binapacryl
biothion
carbaryl(SevinXLRformulation,
carbanolate(Banol)
carbophenothion(Trithion)
Sevinmol)
chlorfeninphos(Sopona)
coumaphos(Agridip,Asunthol,Co‐
crotoxyphos(Ciodrin)
Ral)
cypermethrin(Ammo)
cyromazine(Trigard)
DDT
deltamethrin(Decis)
demeton(Systox)
demeton‐s‐methyl(Metasystox)
diatomaceousearth(Diatect)
disulfoton(Di‐Syston)
dichlofenthion
dioxathion(Delnav)
DSMA
emamectinbenzoate(Proclaim)
endosulfan(Thiodan<0.5lb/A,
endrin
ethion(Ethodan)
Thionex)
ethoprop(Mocap)
ethyulan(Perthane)
fluvalinate(Mavrik)
fonofos(Dyfonate)
formetanate(Carzol)
fundal(Galecron)
malathion(Cythion,ULV<3fl
oz/A)
methyldemeton(Metasystox)
mirex
MSMA
neem(Azatin,Neemix)
oilsprays(superiortype)
oxamyl(Vydate<0.5lb/A)
oxydemeton‐methyl(MetasystoxR)
paraquat
perthane
phorate(Thimet)
phosalone(Zolone)
pirimicarb(Pirimor)
profenfox(Curacron)
propamocarb(Carbamult)
propamocarbhydrochloride(Banol) pymetrozine(Fulfill)
Pyramat
pyrethrum
pyriproxyfen(Esteem)
RDE(Rhonthane)
ronnel(Co‐Ral,Korlan)
sabadilla
spinosad(SpinTor,ConserveSC,
sulprofos(Bolstar)
stirofos(Rabon)
Entrust)
sumithrin(Anvillollo)
summeroil
tartaremetic
TDE
temephos(Abate)
terbufos(Counter)
trichlronate(Agritox)
thiacloprid(Calypso,YRC‐2894)
thiamethoxam(Actara,Platinum)
thiazopyr(Mandate,Visor)
thiodicarb(Larvin)
trichoronate(Agritox)
zephyr
13 South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017 PESTICIDETOXICITYTOWARDHONEYBEES(cont)
GroupIIIRelativelyNonhazardous:Thesecanbeusedaroundbeeswithaminimumriskofinjury.
allethrin(Pynamin)
amitraz(Mitac)
amitrole
avermectin(Agr‐Mek)
azadirachtin(Align)
azoxystrobin(Abound)
Bacillusthuringiensis(Biobit)
DiPel,Full‐Bac,Javelin,MVP)
Baculovirusheliothis
Beauveria(Mycotrol)
benomyl(Benlate)
binapacryl(Morocide)
bordeauxmixture
bromopropylate(Acarol)
bromoxynil
capsaicin(HotPepperWax)
captan
carbaryl(SevinG,BaitG)
carbofuran(FuradanG)
chloramben
chlorbenzide(Mitox)
chlorobenzilate(Acaraben)
chlordimeform(Fundal)
chlorobenzilate(Acaraben)
chlorothalonil(Bravo)
coppercompounds(Kocide)
copperoxychloridesulphate
copper8‐quinolinolate
coppersulfate(Monohydrated)
cryolite(Cryolite,Kryocide)
cyromazine(Trigard)
dalapon
dazomet(Mylone)
demeton(Systox)
dexon
diazinon(DiazinonG)
dicamba(BanvelD)
dichlone(Phygon)
dicofol(Kelthane)
difolatan
diflubenzuron(Dimilin)
dimite(DMC)
dinobuton(Dessin)
dinocap(Karathane)
diquat
disulfoton(Di‐SystonG)
dodine(Cyprex)
dyrene
endothall
EPTC(Eptam)
ethephon(Ethrel)
ethion(Ethion)
ethoprop(MocapG)
fenbutatin‐oxide(Vendex)
fenhexamid(Elevate)
fenson(Murvesco)
ferbam
fluvalinate(Mavrik,Spur)
folpet(Phaltan)
garlicbarrier
genite923
glyodin(Glyoxide)
heliothispolyhedrosisvirus
hexythiazox(Savey)
kaolin(Surround)
karathane(Dinocap)
kepone
malathion(MalathionG)
menazon(Saphos)
mancozeb(DithaneM‐45)
maneb(DithaneM‐22)
MCPA
menazon(Saphos)
metaldehyde(MetaldehydeBait)
methoprene(Altosid)
methoxychlor(Marlate)
metiram(Polyram)‐F1
monuron(Telvar)
myclobutanil(Rally)
nabam(Parzate)
nemagon
neotran
nicotine
nicotinesulfate
ovex
oxythioquinox(Morestan)
pentac
propargite(Omite)
pyrethrum(natural)
pyrimidinamine(Vangard)
pyriproxyfen(Esteen)
rotenone(Rotenone)
ryania(Rynodine)
sabadilla
silvex
simazine(Princep)
soap(M‐Pede)
sulfur
tebufenozide(Confirm)
TDE(Rhothane)
tetradifon(Tedion)
tetram
thioquinox(Eradex)
thiram(Arasan)
toxaphene
trichlorfon(Dylox)
trifloxystrobin(Flint)
vendex
zineb(Dithane)
ziram
2,4‐D
2,4‐DB
2,4,5‐T
Fungicides
Mevinphos(Phosdrin*),Naled(Dibrom*),andTEPPhaveshortresidualactivityandkillonlythebeescontactedattimeoftreatmentorshortly
thereafter.Theyareusuallysafetousewhenbeesarenotinflight;theyarenotsafetousearoundcolonies.
3Not all strains of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticides are safe for bees. The label for XenTari® (Valent BioSciences), with active ingredient B.
thuringiensisaizawai,reads"Thisproductishighlytoxictohoneybeesexposedtodirecttreatment.Donotapplythisproductwhilebeesareactively
visitingthetreatmentarea."
4List or information derived in part from Delaplane, K., University of Georgia, Tarpy, D., North Carolina State University, Fell, R., Virginia Tech,
Johansen,C.A.andMayer,D.F.PollinationProtection.1990,WicwasPress;BulletinE‐53‐W,Hunt,G.J.,PurdueUniversity;EnvironmentalEntomology
33(5):1151‐1154.
1
2
14 South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017
MODEOFACTIONFORHERBICIDES
MikeMarshall,ExtensionWeedSpecialist
MODEOFACTION(MOA)FORHERBICIDES
Siteof
Action
Group
1
MOA
ChemicalFamily
(ies)
Howitkillstheplant
Product
Examples
ACCase
Inhibitors
Arloxyphenoxy
propionate(FOPS)
Blocks the first step in fatty acid synthesis in
grasses, broadleaves are naturally resistant to
thefopsanddimsduetoaninsensitiveACCase
enzyme.
FOPS:
Assure II,
FusiladeDX
DIMS: Select
MAX, Poast
Plus
SU:Accent,
Classic,
Beacon
IMI:Cadre,
Raptor,
Scepter
PM:Staple
Cyclohexanedione
(DIMS)
2
ALSInhibitors
Sulfonylurea(SU)
Blockstheproductionofbranchedchainamino
acids (isoleucine, leucine, and valine) in the
plant. Plant death occurs due to insufficient
Imidazonlinone(IMI) branchedchainaminoacidlevelsatthegrowing
points.
Pyrimidines(PM)
3
4
Microtubule
Protein
Inhibitor
Synthetic
Auxins
Dinitroaniline(DNA)
Phenoxy(PX)
BenzoicAcid(BA)
Interferes with the alignment of the spindle
apparatus during mitosis and prevents normal
celldivisioninroottissue.
Synthetic auxins mimic the natural plant
hormoneIAA.Theseherbicidesaffectcellwall
plasticity and nucleic acid metabolism which
leadstoinhibitedcelldivisionandgrowthinthe
meristemregions(growingpoints).
CarboxylicAcid(CA)
5
Photosystem
IIInhibitor
Triazine(TZ)
Triazinone(TN)
6
Nitriles(NT)
7
Benzothiadiazinones
(BZ)
Ureas(UR)
8
9
Fatty
Acid/Lipid
Biosynthesis
Inhibitor
EPSPSynthase
Inhibitor
Thiocarbamate(TB)
Glycines(GC)
PS II herbicides inhibit photosynthesis by
bindingtotheQB‐bindingsiteontheD1protein
of the photosystem II complex in the
chloroplast.ItblockselectronflowfromQAto
QBandstopsCO2fixationandproductionofATP
and NADPH2 which is the energy needed for
NT:Buctril
plant growth and development. Plant death
occursduetoexcessfreeradicalsdestroyingcell BZ:
membranes.
Basagran
UR:Lorox,
Direx,
Cotoran
Mostsusceptibleplantsfailtoemergefromthe TB:Tillam
soil.Germinationisnotinhibitedbutgrowthof
grass coleoptiles/broadleaf epicotyls ceases
belowsoilsurface
Glycines inhibit EPSP synthase enzyme which GC:
leads to the depletion of the aromatic amino Glyphosate
acidstryptophan,tyrosine,andphenylalanine.
15 DNA:Prowl,
Treflan,
Sonolan
PX:2,4‐D,
2,4‐DB
BA:Clarity,
Banvel,
Status
CA:Stinger,
Milestone
TZ:
Atrazine,
Simazine,
Caparol
TN:Sencor
South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017
MODEOFACTION(MOA)FORHERBICIDEFAMILIES(cont)
Siteof
Action
Group
10
12
13
28
14
15
22
MOA
ChemicalFamily
(ies)
Glutamine
Synthesis
Inhibitor
PhosphinicAcids
(PA)
Howitkillstheplant
Phosphinicacidsinhibittheactivityof
glutamine synthetase which converts
glutamateandammoniatoglutamine.
Accumulation of ammonia to lethal
levelsdestroysplantcellsandtissue.
Phytoene
Pyridazinone(PZ) Pyridazinone inhibits the phytoene
Desaturase
desaturase enzyme in the carteniod
Inhibitor
biosynthesispathway
Isoxazolidinone inhibits the 1‐deoxy‐
DOXP
Isoxazolidinone
D‐xyulose 5‐phosphate synthase
synthase
(IA)
(DOXP),akeycomponentintheplastid
Inhibitor
isoprenoidbiosynthesispathway.
Pyrazole and triketones inhibit the 4‐
HPPD
Pyrazole(PA)
hydroxyphenyl‐pyruvate dioxygenase
inhibitor
(4‐HPPD) which affects carotenoid
biosynthesis.
Triketone(TE)
These herbicide families deplete the
carotenoid (accessory pigments in
photosynthesis) pool that protects
chlorophyll in the plant which results
inacharacteristicbleaching(white)of
theplanttissue.
PPO
Diphenylether
These
herbicides
inhibit
the
inhibitors
(DE)
photoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO),
an enzyme that is responsible for
N‐
chlorophyll and heme biosynthesis.
phenylphthalimide PPO inhibition leads to accumulation
(NP)
of PPIX (protoporphyrin IX) which
Arytriazinone
creates free radical oxygen in the cell
(AT)
anddestroyscellmembranes.
VLFA
Chloroacetamide Acetamidesareherbicidesthatinhibit
inhibitors
(CA)
very long chain fatty acid synthesis
(VLFA) in shoot tissue during
germinationofsensitiveplants.
Photosystem
Bipyridyliums
Bipyridyliums are herbicides that
IInhibitor
(BP)
capture electrons fromphotosystem I
complex in the chloroplast and are
reduced to form herbicide free
radicals. These free radicals destroy
cellmembranes.
16 ProductExamples
PA:Liberty
PZ:Solicam,Zorial,
Brake
IA:Command
PA:Balance,Corvus
TE:Callisto,Impact,
Laudis
DE:Flexstar,Reflex,
Blazer,Cobra
NP:Resource,Valor
AT:Spartan,Aim,Cadet
CA:DualMagnum,
Intrro,Warrant,Outlook,
Parrlay,Zidua
BP:Gramoxone,Reward
South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017
CROPREPLANTGUIDELINESFOLLOWING
HERBICIDEAPPLICATION
MikeMarshall,ExtensionWeedSpecialist
Wheat
Tobacco
Sunflower
Peanuts
Grain
Sorghum
Cotton
Corn
Soybeans
M=months,D=days,Spring=Thespringfollowingapplication,‐‐‐=noinformation
Aatrex
Acuron
Accent/Q
Achieve
Aim
Anthem
AnthemATZ
Armezon
AssureII
AuthorityMTZ
AxialXL
Axiom
BalanceFlexx
Banvel/Clarity
Basagran
Beacon
Beyond
BicepIIMagnum
Boundary
Breakfree
BreakfreeATZ
Buctril
Bullet/Lariat
Cadet
Cadre
Callisto
Canopy
Caparol
Capreno
Cinch
CinchATZ
Clarity
8floz/A
16floz/A
24floz/A
25‐64floz/A
Classic
Cobra
Command
Corvus
Cotoran4L
Crusher
Dawn
0D
0D
0D
30D
0D
0D
0D
0D
120D
10/41M
90D
0D
0D
120D
‐‐‐
14D
0D4/8.5M5
0D
4M
0D
0D
30D
0D
0D
9M
0D
10M
Spring
0D
0D
0D
0D
0D
120D
120D
8M
None
9M
0D
8M
0D
10M
Spring
10M
10M
106D
0D
4M
Spring
9M
0D
12M
90D
8M
10M
120D
‐‐‐
8M
9M
Spring
8M
Spring
Spring
30D
Spring
Spring
18M
10M
10M
Spring
10M
0D
Spring
21D
120D
120D
120D
7M
None
0D
10M
0D
1M
0D
0D
10M
10M
30D
0D
18M
Spring
9M
120D
18/122M
90D
12M
6M
120D
‐‐‐
8M
9M
0D
12M
Spring
Spring
30D
0D
Spring
18M
0D
10M
Spring
10M
0D
0D
15D
120D
120D
120D
9M
None
9M
17M
9M
10M
18M
17 Spring
10M
10M
106D
0D
4M
Spring
9M
120D
12M
90D
12M
11M
120D
‐‐‐
8M
9M
Spring
12M
Spring
15M
30D
Spring
Spring
0D
10M
8M
Spring
11M
0D
Spring
120D
120D
120D
120D
6M
None
9M
11M
8M
1.5M
10M
Spring
10M
15D
106D
0D
0D
Spring
9M
0D
0D
90D
0D
6M
120D
‐‐‐
8M
0D
Spring
12M
Spring
Spring
30D
Spring
0D
9M
10M
0D
Spring
10M
0D
Spring
14D
28D
120D
120D
0D
None
0D
9M
9M
1M
0D
Spring
18M
10M
106D
0D
4M
Spring
9M
0D
12M
90D
12M
6M
120D
‐‐‐
8M
0D4/9M5
Spring
12M
Spring
15M
30D
Spring
Spring
26M
10M
18M
Spring
18M
0D
Spring
120D
120D
120D
120D
18M
None
12M
17M
12M
10M
18M
Spring
18M
10M
106D
12M
18M
Spring
18M
120D
12M
90D
12M
18M
120D
‐‐‐
8M
9M
Spring
12M
Spring
15M
30D
Spring
Spring
9M
10M
10M
Spring
12M
Spring
Spring
120D
120D
120D
120D
9M
None
0D
17M
12M
10M
18M
Spring
4M
4M
30D
0D
4M
Spring
3M
120D
4M
0D
7D/4M3
4M
120D
‐‐‐
3M
0D4/3M5
Spring
4.5M
4M
15M
30D
Spring
Spring
4M
120D
4M
Spring
4M
4.5M
Spring
15D
30D
45D
120D
3M
None
12M
4M
3M
3M
4M
South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017
Wheat
Tobacco
Sunflower
Soybeans
Peanuts
Grain
Sorghum
Corn
Cotton
CropReplantandRotationRestrictionsGuideforHerbicides(cont)
M=months,D=days,Spring=Thespringfollowingapplication,‐‐‐=noinformation
Define
Degree
DegreeXtra
Devrinol
Direx/Diuron
USEPATTERN16
USEPATTERN27
LAYBY
Distinct
Dual8E
DualMagnum
DualIIMagnum
Envive
Envoke
ET/ETX
Evik
Expert
Express
Fierce
3.0oz/A
3.75oz/A
Finesse
Firestorm
FirstRate
FirstShot
Flexstar
FlexstarGT/GT3.5
FulTimeNXT
FusiladeDX
Fusion
Gangster
Glyphosate
Goal/GoalTender
GramoxoneSL
GuardsmanMax
HalexGT
Harnass
HarmonyExtra
HarmonyGT/XP
Harness
HarnessXtra
HornetWDG
Huskie
Impact
Instigate
Interline
Intrro
KeystoneNXT
Laudis
0D
0D
0D
12M
4M
Spring
Spring
30D
12M
12M
12M
8M
7M
0D
11M
0D
14D
4M
Spring
Spring
12M
4M
Spring
Spring
30D
12M
12M
12M
10M
7M
0D
11M
Spring
14D
7D8/1M9
45D9/30D8
30D
14M
0D
9M
14D
10M
10M
0D
60D
60D
9M
0D
10M
0D
0D
0D
0D
21D
0D
0D
Spring
0D
9M
0D
0D
0D
‐‐‐
0D
0D
2M
Spring10
0D
9M
14D
0D
0D
Spring
0D
0D
9M
0D
7D
0D
Spring
10M
7D
21D
7D
Spring
Spring
18M
Spring10
9M
10M
0D
‐‐‐
Spring
10M
12M
0D
0D
12M
4M
Spring
Spring
30D
12M
12M
12M
12M
7M
30D
11M
0D
14D
18M
18M
Spring10
0D
9M
14D
10M
10M
Spring
60D
60D
9M
0D
10M
0D
0D
0D
45D
21D
0D
0D
Spring
12M
4M
9M
10M
180D
‐‐‐
Spring
10M
12M
Spring
Spring
12M
4M
12M
12M
120D
12M
12M
12M
8M
7M
30D
11M
Spring
45D
4M
4M
Spring10
0D
9M
45D
10M
10M
Spring
0D
0D
9M
0D
60D
0D
Spring
10M
45D
45D
45D
Spring
Spring
18M
Spring
9M
18M
180D
‐‐‐
Spring
18M
18 0D
0D
Spring
12M
4M
12M
12M
30D
12M
12M
12M
0D
7M
0D
11M
Spring
14D
0D
0D
6M11
0D
0D
7D
0D
0D
Spring
0D
0D
0D
0D
7D
0D
Spring
10M
0D
14D
0D
Spring
Spring
10.5M
4M
9M
10M
0D
‐‐‐
Spring
8M
12M
Spring
Spring
12M
4M
12M
12M
120D
12M
12M
12M
18M
18M
30D
11M
Spring
45D
4M
4M
Spring10
0D
30M
45D
18M
18M
Spring
0D
0D
30M
0D
60D
0D
Spring
10M
45D
45D
45D
Spring
24M
18M
9M
9M
10M
180D
‐‐‐
Spring
18M
12M
0D
Spring
0D
4M
12M
12M
120D
Spring
Spring
Spring
10M
7M
30D
11M
Spring
45D
18M
18M
Spring10
0D
18M
45D
18M
18M
Spring
0D
0D
30M
1M
60D
0D
24M
10M
45D
45D
45D
Spring
24M
18M
Spring10
18M
18M
180D
‐‐‐
Spring
18M
12M
Spring
4M
180D
4M
12M
12M
30D
4.5M
4.5M
4.5M
4M
3M
0D
3M
Spring
0D
30D
2M
4M
0D
4M
0D
4M
4M
4M
60D
60D
3M
0D
10M
0D
Spring
120D
7D
0D
0D
4M
Spring
4M
1M
3M
4M
70D
‐‐‐
4M
4M
South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017
CropReplantandRotationRestrictionsGuideforHerbicides(cont)
LaybyPro12
0‐0.6lbai
0.61‐1.0lbai
1.01‐1.6lbai
1.61‐2.2lbai
Leadoff
Liberty280SL
Linex/Lorox
Lumax
Marksman
MCPA
Micro‐Tech
MSMA
NIC‐IT
Nimble
Optill
Option
Osprey
Outlook
ParallelPCS
Parazone
Peak
Poast/PoastPlus
PowerFlex/HL
Prefix
Prowl/ProwlH2O
Pursuit
Python
Raptor
Quelex
Reflex
RealmQ
ReportExtra
Resicore
ResolveDF
1.0oz/A
2.0oz/A
ResolveQ/Q(mp)
1.25oz/A
2.5oz/A
ResolveSG
1.0oz/A
2.0oz/A
Resource
RevulinQ
Rhythm
Sandea
Wheat
Tobacco
Sunflower
M=months,D=days,Spring=Thespringfollowingapplication,‐‐‐=noinformation
4M
4M
4M
4M
4M
4M
4M
8M
12M
8M
8M
4M
4M
4M
8M
12M
8M
12M
4M
4M
4M
12M
12M
12M
12M
8M
8M
8M
0D
1M
10M
10M
1M
10M
10M
0D
0D
180D
180D
0D
180D
180D
0D
0D
0D
4M
0D
4M
4M
0D
Spring
Spring
Spring
Spring
18M
18M
0D
Spring
0D
Spring
Spring
Spring
24M
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
0D
10M
18M
18M
15D
10M
18M
21D
21D
21D
45D
14D
45D
45D
8.5M
18M
18M
4M
0‐1M13
18M
9.5M
7D
60D
60D
60D
14D
60D
60D
12M
90D
10M
90D
90D
30D
10M
0D
Spring
Spring
0D
0D
Spring
Spring
12M
12M
12M
12M
12M
12M
Spring
0D
0D
0D
0D
0D
0D
0D
1M
10M
1M
10M
10M
22M
18M
30D
0D
30D
0D
0D
30D
0D
9M
9M
9M
9M
5M
9M
12M
10M
1M
18M
10M
0M
18M
18M
Spring
0D
10M
0D
0D
0D
0D
8.5M
18M
18M
0D
0D
18M
9.5M
0D
18M
12M
4M
0D
18M
9M
8.5M
9M
9M
9M
0D
9M
9M
3M
3M
3M
9M
3M
3M
15M
10M
0D
10M
10M
0D
18M
18M
0D
10M
10M
10M
10M
10M
10M
1814M
18M
1814/415M
‐‐‐
616/1814M
‐‐‐
‐‐‐
0D
18M
10.5M
18M
10.5M
18M
18M
0D
10M
10M
18M
10M
10M
18M
0D
10M
18M
18M
10M
10M
18M
0D
1M
10M
10M
10M
10M
10M
0D
10M
18M
18M
10M
10M
18M
0D
1M
10M
18M
10M
10M
18M
0D
10M
18M
18M
10M
10M
18M
0D
30D
30D
30D
0D
30D
30D
0D
10M
10M
10M
10M
10M
10M
8M
0D
18M
10M
0D
18M
18M
1M
4M
2M
6M
9M
18M
36M
19 Soybeans
Peanuts
Grain
Sorghum
Corn
Cotton
3M
4M
8M
12M
3M
70D
4M
4.5M
10M
None
None
None
8M
0D
4M
60D
7D
4M
4.5M
0D
0D
30D
30D
4.5M
4M
4M
4M
3M
0D
4M
4M
017/418M
4M
3M
3M
3M
3M
4M
4M
30D
4M
4M
2M
South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017
20 Wheat
Soybeans
Peanuts
M=months,D=days,Spring=Thespringfollowingapplication,‐‐‐=noinformation
9.5M
18M
11M
11M
0D
18M
0D
120D
0D
120D
120D
120D
None
None
None
None
None
None
0D
0D
0D
0D
0D
Spring
0D
1.5M
0D
4M
0‐1M19
4M
1‐2M19
0D
3M
0D
5M
5M
0D
4M
0D
6M
2‐3M19
6M
10M
1M
18M
10M
1M
0D
10M
10M
18M
18M
10M
0D
Spring
Spring
Spring
0D
0D
0D
10M
12‐18M20
12M
12M
0D
30M
10M
12M
10M
12D
0D
0D
4M
12M
10M
4M
0D
0D
0D
18M
12M
18M
10.5M
18M
10M
0D
24M
10M
10M
10M
7D
120D
120D
120D
120D
120D
0D
10M
10M
18M
15D
10M
0D
10M
10M
18M
15D
10M
10M
10M
10M
18M
10M
10M
0D
10.5M
10.5M
10.5M
10.5M
10.5M
100D
100D
100D
100D
100D
100D
0D
10M
10M
18M
15D
10M
18M
10M
18M
0D
0D
30M
7M
7M
7M
7M
7M
18M
0D
26M
12M
26M
Spring
18M
0D
Spring
0D
Spring
Spring
Spring
0D
Spring
0D
Spring
Spring
Spring
9M
9M
9M
9M
0D
30M
7M
8M
9M
30M
0D
30M
None
None
None
None
None
None
0D
Spring
Spring
Spring
Spring
Spring
5M
0D
5M
0D
0D
0D
10M
18M
18M
18M
0D
18M
100D
100D
100D
0D
0D
100D
7‐30D21
7‐28D22
30D
0D
0D
30D
7‐30D21
7‐28D22
30D
0D
0D
30D
14‐30D21
2M
30D
0D
0D
2M
10M
10M
10M
18M
0D
10M
18M
30M
18M
30M
0D
30D
0D
Spring
0D
Spring
1M23‐2M24
Spring
2M23‐3M24
0D
Spring
0D
Spring
Spring
0D
0D
0D
Spring
0D
Spring
0D
18M
12M
10.5M
10.5M
10.5M
Tobacco
Scepter
Sentrallas
Select/SelectMAX
Sequence
Sharpen
1.0oz/A
2.0oz/A
3.0oz/A
Solida
1.0oz/A
2.0oz/A
Sonalan
Sonic
Spartan
SpartanCharge
Stanza
StapleLX
Status
Steadfast
SteadfastQ
SteadfastATZ
Stinger
Storm
Stout
Strongarm
Suprend
SureStartII
Surpass
SurpassNXT
SurveilCo‐Pack
SynchronyXP
Tillam
TopNotch
Treflan
Trivence
UltraBlazer
ValorSX/ValorEZ
1.0oz/A
1.5‐2.0oz/A
2.1‐3.0oz/A
ValorXLT
SoilpH<7.0
SoilpH>7.0
Verdict
10‐12oz/A
13‐15oz/A
Warrant
WideMatch
Grain
Sorghum
Corn
Cotton
Sunflower
CropReplantandRotationRestrictionsGuideforHerbicides(cont)
9.5M
120D
None
Spring
4M
5M
6M
18M
18M
Spring
30M
0D
0D
18M
10M
120D
18M
18M
18M
10.5M
100D
18M
18M
7M
26M
Spring
Spring
30M
9M
None
Spring
5M
18M
100D
30D
30D
2M
10M
18M
Spring
Spring
Spring
10.5M
3M
0D
None
4.5M
0D
0D
0D
3M
4M
Spring
4M
4M
4M
4M
6M
120D
4M
4M
8M
0D
40D
4M
4M
3M
4M
4M
4M
3M
3M
None
4M
5M
4M
40D
30D
30D
2M
4M
4M
4M
4M
4M
0D
South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017
Xtendimax
11floz/Aorless
22‐33floz/A
34‐44floz/A
Yukon
WideMatch
Zest
Zidua
1.0oz/A
2.0oz/A
3.0oz/A
4.0oz/A
ZiduaPRO
2,4‐D
2,4‐DB
M=months,D=days,Spring=Thespringfollowingapplication,‐‐‐=noinformation
0D
0D25/2126D
15D
120D
0D27/14D
120D
120D
0D
120D
120D
120D
120D
0D25/120D
0D27/28D
0D
120D
120D
120D
120D
0D25/120D
0D27/120D
30D
4M
2M
6M
9M
18M
‐‐‐‐
0D
18M
12M
10.5M
10.5M
10.5M
10.5M
0D
10M
18M
10M
15D
11M
10M
18M
4M
0D
4M
6M
1M
0D
18M
4M
0D
4M
6M
2M
0D
18M
4M
0D
4M
10M
4M
0D
18M
4M
4M
4M
12M
4M
0D
8.5M
18M
18M
4M
30D
18M
18M
Onlyreplantinthesamegrowingseasonwithcropsregisteredfor2,4‐Duse
Onlyreplantinthesamegrowingseasonwithcropsregisteredfor2,4‐DBuse
Wheat
Tobacco
Soybeans
Peanuts
Grain
Sorghum
Cotton
Corn
Sunflower
CropReplantandRotationRestrictionsGuideforHerbicides(cont)
15D
30‐45D
45‐60D
2M
0D
4M
1M
1M
4M
6M
4M
1Fieldcornmaybeplanted4monthsafterAuthorityMTZwasappliedat14oz/Aorless.
2Grainsorghummaybeplanted12monthsafterAuthorityMTZwasappliedat20oz/Aorless.
3Rotationis7dayswhenratesof10oz/AofAxiomorlesshavebeenapplied;otherwise,wait4monthstoplantwheat.
4Clearfieldcorn,sunflower,andwheat
5Non‐Clearfieldcorn,sunflower,andwheat
6DIREXUSEPATTERN1=BandedDIREXPreemergenceorPostemergenceapplicationonly
7DIREXUSEPATTERN2=BandedDIREXPreemergenceandPostemergenceorBroadcastDIREXPreemergence(andpreplant)or
BroadcastDIREXpreemergenceplusBandedDIREXpostemergenceapplications.
8Reducedtillageproduction.
9Conventionaltillageproduction.
10Afieldbioassaymustbeconductedforcropsnotlistedonthelabel.Toconductafieldbioassay,plantstripsofthecropyouwant
togrowtheseasonfollowingherbicideapplicationandmoniterforcropsafety.
11STStolerantsoybeansonly
12CroprotationintervalsarebasedonthecumulativeamountofDIURONinLAYBYPROappliedtoasiteinthepreceding12
months.
13Usethelongerintervalwithintherangeslistedforcropsgrownoncoarsetexturedsoilswithorganicmatterlessthan2.0%.
14Applicationratesabove0.4oz/A;followthe18‐monthrotationintervalforgrainsorghum,non‐STStolerantsoybeans,andfield
corn.
15Applicationrates0.2to0.4oz/A;followthe4‐monthrotationintervalforgrainsorghum.
16Applicationrates0.2to0.5oz/A;followthe6‐monthrotationifplantingSTStolerantsoybeans.
17Applicationrates0.2to0.4oz/A;nowaitingintervalforwheat.
18Applicationrates0.5oz/A;followingthe4‐monthrotationintervalforwheat.
19Usethelongerintervalwithintherangeslistedforreplantingsoybeans(i.e.,2monthsforcoarsetexturedsoilswithorganic
matterlessthan2.0%anda1monthforcoarsetexturedsoilswithorganicmattergreaterthanorequalto2.0%)
20Cottonmaybeplantedafter12monthswhereSONICwasappliedatratesof5oz/Aorlessandmeetthefollowingconditions:
medium/finesoils;pH<7.2;andrainfallorirrigationexceed15inchesafterapplication.
21Forcorn:Plantaminimumof14days(minimumorstrip‐till)or30daysafterVALORSX(conventionaltillagesystem)
22For cotton: After Valor SX (2.0 oz/A or less) application, conduct strip till operation a minimum of 7 days before planting
(regardless of crop residue levels). After conducting strip‐till operation, apply Valor SX herbicide a minimum of 28 days before
planting(<30%cropresiduelevels)or21daysbeforeplanting(>30%cropresiduelevels).
23Forcoarsetexturedsoilswithlessthan2%organicmatter
24Allothersoiltypes.
25BollgardIIXtendFlexcottonvarietiesonly.
26A minimum accumulation of 1 inch of rainfall or overhead irrigation and a waiting interval of 21 days following XTENDIMAX
applicationpriortoplantingcotton.
27RoundupReady2Xtendsoybeanvarietiesonly.
21