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SECOND REPUBLIC OF FRANCE
1850‐1871
NATIONALISM AND REALISM
Napoleon III (r 1852‐1870)
• 1848 – voters elect Napoleon III as new president
• 1852 – proclaims France an empire and he is Emperor – most French approved
Domestic Policies
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Understood need for modern industrialization
5x increase in railroads
Moderate free‐trade policies doubled exports
Industrial class doubled
Legalized trade unions and improved public housing
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Baron Haussmann Rebuilds Paris
• Replaced narrow streets and congested neighborhoods with wide avenues, impressive public monuments and expansive parks
• Transformed Paris into a symbol of prosperity
• Why wide avenues? More difficult for protestors to set up blockades plus easier to move troops
Foreign Policy – Crimean War
1853‐1856
• Ottomans ruled Palestine
• Russia wanted to protect Christian holy sites (had been protected by France)
• Tsar Nicholas I saw this as an opportunity to dominate the Ottomans, who were struggling –
he could get entrance into the Mediterranean though Turkish straits
• Austria was threatened.
• France and Britain opposed any change in the regional balance of power
The War
Consequences of Crimean War
• France + Britain + Ottomans vs. Russians
• Alliance defeated Russian fortress at Sevanstopol
• The new Russian tsar, Alexander II, sued for peace after the fall of Sevanstopol
• War claimed hundreds of thousands of lives –
most from disease
• Famous Tennyson poem – Charge of the Light Brigade
• First great power conflict since Congress of Vienna
• Napoleon III broke Russian/Austrian alliance –
they were now enemies
• Peidmont‐Sardinia, allied with Great Britain, France and Ottomans, wanted support for Italian unification
• Russia was humiliated and disappeared from European concerns for a while – Alexander II would launch reform program
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ITALIAN UNIFICATION
• 1850 snapshot – repeated failures at unification
• Continued obstacles – Austria and the Pope
• Piedmont leadership – Count Camillo di Cavour
Cavour & the Realpolitik
• Early Italian nationalists were inspired by romantic ideals of nationalism
• Cavour – realist – used diplomacy and alliances
• Realpolitik – combination of power politics and secret diplomacy
• Strengthened Piedmont – launched economic program, modernized army
• Allied with France – saw Austria as greatest obstacle to unity • War with Austria in 1859 – French and Piedmont forces defeat Austrians and nationalists stage revolts across northern Italy
Southern Italy
• Garibaldi more romantic
• Had Cavour’s support
• Force of Red Shirts invades and liberates Kingdom of Two Sicilies
• Agrees to step aside and let Victor Emmanuel rule his conquered areas
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Still Problems ….
• 1861 – Italian parliament proclaims kingdom of Italy with Victor Emmanuel II as king
• Italy still faced problems …
• Venetia remained under Austrian control
• Papacy was hostile to new state
• Differences between northern and southern Italy
• Heavy debt
German snapshot ‐ 1860
• Obstacles to unification
• Still politically divided with small states
• German Confederation was loose group and dominated by Austria
• French foreign policy supported German rivalries
• Prussian strength
• Population increase
• Zollverein – promoted economic growth
GERMAN UNIFICATION
Otto Von Bismarck
• William I chooses him as prime minister in 1862
• Junker
• Master of Realpolitik – set out to strengthen Prussia
• Modernized army
• Not a fan of liberalism
“The great questions of our day cannot be solved by speeches and majority votes – that was the great error of 1848 and 1849‐ but by blood and iron.” 4
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Bismarck’s Wars – Danish War
• wanted border provinces Schleswig and Holstein
• Allied with Austria • Defeated Danes and split territories with Austrians
• Bismarck knew he could then provoke a war with Austria over those two territories
Austrian – Prussian War
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In 1866, Bismarck provokes Austria into war.
Easily crushes Austrians in Seven Weeks’ War.
Russia and France neutral
Terms of Peace:
•Austria excluded from German affairs and had to agree to dissolution of German Confederation
•North Germanic Confederation (Protestant) –
dominated by Prussia
•Southern states Catholic and to sign an alliance with the north and Prussia
Franco‐Prussian War ‐ 1870
Consequences
• Causes
• France feared Prussia
• France had opposed German unity for centuries
• Spanish succession
• War
• Prussia invaded France and forced Napoleon III’s surrender
• King William I was proclaimed German emperor in the Hall of Mirrors
• Harsh settlement for French
• Loss of coal and iron blow to French economy and national pride
• Unification changed balance of power –
industrialized German empire was strongest state on the continent
• Germany rivaled Great Britain
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THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE
• Humiliating defeats from France, Piedmont, Prussia
• Different nationalities living under Hapsburg rule were discontented, especially the Magyars
RUSSIA – REACTION & REFORM
The Dual Monarchy
• 1867 – Austria agreed to Magyar demand for independence by creating dual monarchy
• Austria and Hungary = 2 independent and equal states under a common Habsburg ruler
~ united army and foreign policy ~
• Magyars happy but no other ethnicities –
Slavs asked for triple monarchy – didn’t happen
Alexander’s Reforms & Radicalism
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Under the Tsar in 1850s
• Alexander II – autocrat
• Aristocracy continued to dominate
• Tiny middle class – 95% were peasants, most of them serfs
1861 – emancipated the serfs
• Still did not own land
• Under authority of mir
• Creation of zemstvos
• Local and regional self‐governing elective assemblies
• No national assembly
• Alexander Herzen and “Land and Freedom” – peasant needs to be the chief agent of social change
• Populism = movement of followers of Alexander Herzen’s ideals
• Vera Zasulich – used violence to try to effect change
• Another radical group, the People’s Will, assassinated Alexander II in 1861
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Socialism & Marxism
• The Communist Manifesto – Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels – “the history of all hitherto existing societies in the history of class struggles”
• Dialectical Process: Said history of class conflict is about the thesis (owners of production – bourgeoisie), antithesis (working class), and synthesis (new state of affairs)
• Marx said 19th century society had split into 2 classes –
bourgeoisie and proletariat – and would lead to the “dictatorship of the proletariat”
• That would be a transitional phase that would then lead to the abolition of classes – no private ownership of the means of production.
• Said women were exploited by both men and capitalists.
The Victorian Age ‐ Britain
BRITAIN – PROSPERITY & REFORM
• “Workshop of the World”
• unprecedented prosperity
• shipyards led the world
• bankers had surplus capital to invest worldwide
• Reform Bill of 1867
• working class continued to demand reform
• Benjamin Disraeli – Conservatives supported the new bill to extend suffrage to most of Great Britain’s urban workers – still none for women
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REALISM
Realism ‐ Authors
• Disenchantment with romanticism
• Daily concerns of ordinary people
• Criticized cruelty of industrial life and greed and insensitivity of the wealthy
Artists
Artists
Gustave Courbet – The Stonebreakers
Honore Daumier – the Third‐Class Carriage
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Artists
Honore Daumier – the Third‐Class Carriage
Artists
Edward Manet ‐ Olympia
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