Grade 11
Unit 6
HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY 1106
UNITED STATES INVOLVEMENT
AT HOME AND ABROAD
CONTENTS
I. U.S. INDUSTRY ...........................................................
U.S. Industry: Birth and Growth ............................
U.S. Industry: Economic Expansion.......................
II. INDUSTRIAL LIFESTYLE........................................
Industrial Lifestyle: Trends .....................................
Industrial Lifestyle: Labor Movement ..................
III. FOREIGN POLICY .....................................................
Foreign Policy: Isolationism ....................................
Foreign Policy: International Realism ..................
IV. MARCH TOWARD CONFLICT..................................
March Toward Conflict: Causes...............................
March Toward Conflict: Factions............................
Author:
Alpha Omega Staff
Editor:
Alan Christopherson M.S.
Illustrations:
Alpha Omega Staff
804 N. 2nd Ave. E., Rock Rapids, IA 51246-1759
© MM by Alpha Omega Publications, Inc. All rights reserved.
LIFEPAC is a registered trademark of Alpha Omega Publications, Inc.
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All trademarks and/or service marks referenced in this material are the property of their respective owners. Alpha Omega Publications, Inc.
makes no claim of ownership to any trademarks and/or service marks other than their own and their affiliates’, and makes no claim of affiliation to any companies whose trademarks may be listed in this material, other than their own.
HISTORY 1106
UNITED STATES INVOLVEMENT
AT HOME AND ABROAD
The United States, largely an agricultural nation, experienced great changes as the Industrial
Revolution reached her shores. The constant development of labor-saving devices for both the farm and
the factory revolutionized the way of life in the United States, giving place to new national trends such as
the moves from country to city, from home to factory, and from small business to booming corporation.
Interest in the United States centered around the nation itself in those formative years as it strove to
become economically sound and prosperous. However, as it developed into a powerful industrial giant, the
United States was forced to turn its eyes outward, leaving its policy of noninvolvement in world affairs
and becoming increasingly active in international concerns.
You will study these changing years for the United States that transformed our nation into a mighty
world power. You will study the development of the United States as an industrial nation from small New
England shipyards to massive corporations, and you will note the frustrations and victories of industrial
growth. You will examine the movement of the United States out of isolationism into world involvement
as the country expanded its activity in the Western Hemisphere. Finally, you will observe the problems in
Europe and the options of the United States before the First World War.
The years of economic and international expansion were filled with testing and triumphs and ended
with our nation’s exciting leap into world leadership. Hopefully, you will be caught up in the excitement
of the growth and expansion in the United States and abroad, factors that helped make the United States
the prosperous nation we enjoy today.
OBJECTIVES
Read these objectives. The objectives tell you what you will be able to do when you have successfully
completed this LIFEPAC®.
When you have finished this LIFEPAC, you should be able to:
1.
Describe the resources the United States possessed for industrial growth.
2.
List the inventions and improvements that provided early industrial growth in the United
States.
3.
Describe the factors involved in the development of the factory system in the United States.
4.
List the new developments in industrial power, transportation, and communication during the
late 1800s and early 1900s.
5.
Describe the development and effects of corporations on the United States.
6.
Explain living and working conditions of a factory worker in an industrial center.
7.
Describe the development and effects of the labor movement in the United States on employers and employees.
8.
Explain the provisions and effects of the Monroe Doctrine.
9.
List the causes and battles of the Spanish-American War.
10.
Describe the effects and changes that the American-Cuban victory in the Spanish-American
War brought to both victors.
11.
Describe the United States’ foreign policies in the Caribbean and the Far East.
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12.
Describe Theodore Roosevelt’s influence in converting the status of the United States from isolation to world leadership.
13.
Describe the part nationalism played in the growing friction between nations in the late 1800s
and early 1900s.
14.
Explain the growth of militarism in the leading nations of the world.
15.
Compare and contrast the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente.
Survey the LIFEPAC. Ask yourself some questions about this study. Write your questions here.
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I. U.S. INDUSTRY
Although United States industry had its roots in early New England shipyards and trading ventures, it had not yet experienced the great surge in production and distribution that British industry
had witnessed. New inventions and production methods were revolutionizing British industry, multiplying production, reducing costs, and providing greater availability of goods. As Great Britain reaped
the benefits of its Industrial Revolution, it tried to keep British inventions and methods to itself. In
time, British inventions reached other countries and eventually they were taken across the Atlantic
Ocean to a young nation that had not begun to realize its own industrial potential.
SECTION OBJECTIVES
Review these objectives. When you have completed this section, you should be able to:
1.
Describe the resources the United States possessed for industrial growth.
2.
List the inventions and improvements that provided early industrial growth in the United
States:
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
In
In
In
In
the agricultural industry.
the transportation field.
the communication field.
national affairs.
3.
Describe the factors involved in the development of the factory system in the United States.
4.
List the new developments in industrial power, transportation, and communication during the
late 1800s and early 1900s.
VOCABULARY
Study these words to enhance your learning success in this section.
internal combustion
A heat engine in which the fuel burns inside the engine itself
isolationism
A policy of noninvolvement in world affairs
monopoly
The exclusive control of a commodity or production by a business
standardized parts
Parts are uniform so they can be substituted interchangeably
Note: All vocabulary words in this LIFEPAC appear in boldface print the first time they are used. If you are unsure of the meaning when you are
reading, study the definitions given.
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U.S. INDUSTRY: BIRTH AND GROWTH
If any nation was ever prepared for a revolution of industry, it was the United States.
Few nations have possessed an abundance and availability of resources equal to that of the
United States. When the Industrial Revolution crossed the Atlantic, the setting and timing
favored the United States.
Natural American setting. For industry to
flourish, certain requirements are demanded.
Without these basic building blocks, industry’s
development is stifled. In the young United States,
industry’s needs were met with abundant resources
and labor.
Industry constantly demands a rich supply of raw
materials from which to draw. The arrival of the
Industrial Revolution in the United States necessitated intelligent use of our nation’s natural resources.
The seemingly limitless supply of natural energy-producing materials gave the industrial United States a
gigantic surge that even Britain could not equal.
Power to run factories and machines was readily available in the United States. Not
only did rich coal fields lie beneath the fertile soil of the Atlantic coastal states, but numerous rivers and streams also provided powerful energy sources. In addition, the United
States possessed other raw materials vital for industry such as great iron and oil deposits.
These abundant stores of raw materials went virtually unused until the coming of the
Industrial Revolution.
The variety of land and climate in the United States made possible the growth of
numerous types of crops. The southern United States in particular favored successful largescale agriculture. Agriculture became the South’s leading industry. Vast Southern plantations sprang up early in our nation’s history, bringing large profits and welcome trade.
To take advantage of these natural resources, however, workers were needed for
management and production. Unlike Britain and Europe, the United States had a
continuous supply of potential factory workers. While some
farmers and artisans entered industry, many chose to
remain independent. However, the great inflow of
immigrants into the United States consisted of
untrained laborers. Many of these immigrants were
thankful to have any job at all.
The major industrial ingredient essential for making all the natural resources, factory workers and managers fit together to form a profitable industry is capital. All the industrial potential in the world is useless
unless the financial backing is secured for industry to
originate and develop. The nation’s businessmen must
be willing to combine their assets in the new,
unproved business ventures at a definite risk.
Fortunately the United States had an ample supply of prosperous men who were willing
to take the risk. New England businessmen, made wealthy from shipbuilding and trading
ventures, were particularly excited about the potential for industry in the United States.
Impressed by the accomplishments of the Industrial Revolution in Europe, and motivated
by the lure of profits, these businessmen invested their capital hopefully.
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A further motivation behind eagerness for industrial growth in the United States was
a strong feeling of resentment toward Britain, especially on the part of New Englanders.
Stemming from feelings held over from the Revolutionary War, British industry was slow
to share its machine technology with the former colonies. Britain still felt itself superior to
the young nation it once ruled. The desire to remove this stigma as a second-rate nation
made the United States even more determined to succeed in the age of industry.
Thus, the setting was ripe for industrial growth and development. With an abundant
supply of natural resources, a working force, and capital; there was a firm foundation for
industry in the United States to grow and flourish–and flourish it did, beyond the wildest
expectations.
Early industrial growth. In addition to taking advantage of the industrial inventions and
methods which had revolutionized Britain and
Europe, people in the United States were busy
tapping their own creative resources, constantly
developing new and better ways to get the job
done.
The agricultural portion of the United States
was the first sector to reap the profits of the
machine age. After observing the hard, slow task
of picking cotton, a colonial schoolteacher and
gunmaker, Eli Whitney, began experimenting in
1793 with a machine that would separate cotton
seeds from the lint. This invention became known
as the cotton gin and revolutionized the cotton
Cotton Gin
industry in the South. Where once a slave had
needed one whole day to separate a pound of cotton by hand, the cotton gin enabled one
man to separate fifty pounds in the same amount of time!
What a drastic change this invention brought to cotton growers! Whitney’s cotton gin
set the stage for a flow of inventions in the agricultural industry. In 1819 Jethro Wood
developed the iron plow which rapidly replaced the wooden plow. In 1869 James Oliver
invented the steel plow, a much lighter tool to handle and a more efficient cutter. An additional boost to the agricultural industry came in 1834 with the invention of the reaping
machine by Cyrus McCormick. Eliminating the slow process of cutting grain by hand, the
reaper improved the quality of work and saved valuable time farmers could use elsewhere.
Shortly after the introduction of the reaper came the development of the threshing machine
in 1837. Separating the grain from the chaff, the threshing machine became a valuable
timesaving device for the farmer. With the development and use of such labor-saving
machines, the agricultural industry experienced a great increase in production which, in
turn, lowered the selling price of farm products.
The textile industry also profited from the new inventions with their subsequent
increase in availability and decrease in the cost of raw materials. The textile industry could
then pass the profits on to the consumer by setting the prices of their goods much lower.
Elias Howe invented the sewing machine in 1846, eliminating the slow process of making
clothing by hand, thus decreasing clothing prices even further.
As new inventions enabled United States industries to grow and expand, better transportation to deliver manufactured goods was strongly demanded. Roads in the United
States were in pitiful shape. The roads were dusty in dry weather and muddy during rainy
weather with deep ruts making travel quite dangerous. At the beginning of the 1800s little
had been done to correct these unsafe thoroughfares, much to industry’s dismay. However,
in 1811 construction began on a much-needed national road, the first step toward improving the situation.
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Starting in Cumberland, Maryland, the new road was initially intended to run to
Wheeling, West Virginia. Known as the Cumberland Road, it was thirty to eighty feet wide
and was covered with crushed rock. In addition to its use for the transport of manufactured
goods, the Cumberland Road was also traveled by farmers, cattlemen, and traders heading
for their respective markets. Safer, quicker, and more enjoyable for travelers, the new highway was also frequented by stagecoaches, mail deliveries, and settlers heading west. States
such as Pennsylvania and New York soon followed the pattern set by the Cumberland
Road. These states built such roads with private funds and collected tolls from travelers to
help pay construction costs.
Because land travel was so slow and expensive, many businessmen, especially from the
Midwest, shipped their products east by the cheaper water routes. To satisfy industry’s constant demands for faster distribution of goods and resources, canals were constructed to
increase the efficiency of water travel. In 1825 construction was completed on the Erie
Canal, connecting Lake Erie with the Hudson River in New York. Once on the Hudson
River, ships could easily travel through New York harbor to the Atlantic. By taking advantage of this canal route, farmers in the Appalachian region and the Ohio Valley were able
to transport their goods in a more rapid, less expensive way. New York’s manufacturing and
shipping industries owe a large part of their early success to the building of the Erie Canal.
THE WELLAND
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AND
ERIE CANALS
Following the construction of the Erie Canal, other canals were built between
Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, Lake Erie and the Ohio River, Lake Michigan and the Illinois
River, and Lake Champlain and the Hudson River. This construction of waterways not only
boosted the distribution of goods and the growth of industry, but it also aided the overall
economy, travel, and recreation of the United States.
Commencing a new age of water traffic, Robert Fulton’s development of the
steamboat in 1807 completely revolutionized water travel. The Clermont successfully completed a three-hundred
mile round trip on the Hudson River
from New York City to Albany. The successful venture of the Clermont immediately gave birth to an immense interest
in the potential of such a vessel. Within
just a few years steamboats were regularly traveling up and down the great
Mississippi River and other waterways.
Cities such as St. Louis, Cincinnati, Louisville, and New Orleans prospered greatly
from the increased trade the steamboat made possible. National waterways did not hold a
monopoly on the steamboat’s use. The steamboat, powered by the new steam engines, was
soon sailing the oceans alongside the cargo ships. Eliminating the costly delays in shipping
goods, the steamboat transported tons of cargo worldwide, increasing the efficient distribution of goods.
Although the steamboat answered industry’s demands
for more rapid distribution of goods, the lack of waterways
in key areas of the United States led to demands for
improved land transportation. Thus, the steam engine was
adapted to land travel in the form of the steam locomotives.
Following the development of Peter Cooper’s steam-driven
locomotive, the Tom Thumb, about 1830, steam locomotives
met with immediate success. The steamboat could not compete in speed and efficiency with this new mode of land
travel. At first, passengers had to risk the discomforts of
track switching, train fires, and train derailments. In time, however, improvements
increased the train’s desirability as a means of travel.
The inconveniences of rail travel were of no concern to industrialists who were delighted with the constant arrival of their products in record time. The demand for the new locomotive was great. Although only thirty miles of track lay across the United States in 1830,
by 1860 over thirty thousand miles of track spread across our nation!
Not only did improvements in transportation further the growth of business and industry, but developments in communication were also essential in carrying out large-scale
business transactions. Although a postal system was in effect, mail delivery was too slow
and inefficient to meet the demands of larger businesses. In 1844 Samuel F. B. Morse
demonstrated the sending of messages by electricity over telegraph wires. His first message, sent over electric telegraph wires between Baltimore and Washington, amazingly
declared, “What hath God wrought!” Telegraph wires soon stretched across the nation,
greatly improving the transmission of information from one part of the country to another.
By 1861 fifty thousand miles of telegraph lines reached from the east coast to California.
New inventions and methods greatly boosted early industrial growth in America, providing greater production and better distribution of goods to an increasingly expanding
market. However, other factors also had a considerable effect on the growth of industry in
the United States. International affairs struck an unlikely blow for United States industry
in 1807 when President Thomas Jefferson convinced Congress to cancel all American trade
with foreign countries during a war between Britain and France.
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With this sudden boycott of British trade, goods once purchased from Britain now had
to be produced at home. Thus, the Embargo Act of 1807 greatly increased the growth of factories in our nation. Forcing the United States to become more self-reliant, the Embargo
Act brought increased competition among businessmen.
Progress does not always come about by desirable means–such is the case in war. As
United States troops mobilized to fight, the demands on industry were continual. The production of weapons, ammunition, warships, and similar military equipment kept factories
busy and profits soaring in preparation for war. In addition, as soldiers vacated their positions to fight, their civilian jobs were left open. Not only did unemployment decrease, but
also many workers were asked to work overtime to meet war’s surging production
demands. The early conflicts, the War of 1812, the Civil War and the Spanish-American
War, gave the young United States’ industry a necessary boost into maturity. In a few short
years the United States experienced amazing industrial growth.
Choose the best answer(s).
1.1
Potential sources of power for United States industry lay in its:
____
____
____
____
1.2
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
variety of land and climates
iron and oil deposits
wealthy businessmen
forests
rivers and streams
Requirements for industrial growth include:
____
____
____
____
____
1.4
coal fields
oil deposits
iron-ore veins
rivers and streams
Natural resources in the United States included:
____
____
____
____
____
1.3
a.
b.
c.
d.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
raw materials
government regulations
workers
capital
large tax base
Factors making the United States ripe for industry included:
____
____
____
____
____
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
willing investors
abundant natural resources
hard-working immigrants
determination to prove itself
a friendly industrial basis with Britain
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Fill in the blanks.
1.5
A policy of non-involvement in world affairs is called __________________________________________ .
1.6
A ____________________________ is the exclusive control of a commodity or production by a business.
1.7
The textile industry profited from the agricultural revolution because _______________________
decreased.
Match the following.
1.8
_____ Eli Whitney
a. Tom Thumb steam locomotive
1.9
_____ Elias Howe
b. steamboat
1.10
_____ Robert Fulton
c. sewing machine
1.11
_____ Peter Cooper
d. mechanical reaper
1.12
_____ Thomas Jefferson
e. cotton gin
1.13
_____ Cyrus McCormick
f. iron plow
1.14
_____ James Oliver
g. Embargo Act of 1807
1.15
_____ Jethro Wood
h. steel plow
True/False.
1.16
______
The Cumberland Road was America’s first transcontinental road.
1.17
______
The Erie Canal stretched from Lake Erie to the Hudson River.
1.18
______
The steamboat was used not only on American waterways but also in international
trade.
1.19
______
Cooper’s steam locomotive was more practical as a carrier of freight than of people.
1.20
______
The Embargo Act of 1807 stopped trade with Britain, thus decreasing American production.
1.21
______
American wars decreased employment and increased production.
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U.S. INDUSTRY: ECONOMIC EXPANSION
As the United States adjusted to the changes brought about by the invention of labor-saving devices that replaced muscle with machine, methods of production also had to expand
to meet the increasing demand for manufactured goods. Thus, the development of the factory system put a greater quantity of goods on the market at a lower price.
Factory development. Before the Industrial Revolution, work was conducted mainly
at home or in a nearby workshop. Labor was done by hand or with the help of simple tools.
The change from hand power to machine power brought dramatic changes in working conditions. Not only did machines become too large and expensive to keep at home, but also
many of these machines required a power source such as flowing water to turn a water
wheel. Therefore, businesses moved into large buildings or groups of buildings, usually
located near swiftly-running streams or falls, which supplied the needed power.
Cottage Industry
As the Industrial Revolution strengthened and progressed, so did the power behind it.
The development of an advanced, practical steam engine in 1769 by James Watt ushered
in a new era for manufacturing. The steam engine was able to drive other machines and
enabled factories to be located away from water sources. The steam that drove the new
engines was produced by burning coal. Coal, like water power, is still an important energy
source today.
New England’s textile industry, already a major industry, profited immensely from
steam power. By 1810 spinning machines driven by steam were operating in New York. In
1814 Francis C. Lowell built a clothing factory in Waltham, Massachusetts, where he
installed the first practical power loom. The labor-saving device transformed raw cotton
into cloth in greater quantities and enabled prices to be set lower.
Although the water- and steam-powered machines were a great advantage over the earlier hand-produced methods, mass production had not been developed at this time. The
market, which constantly demanded an increased availability of goods at reduced prices,
required new and faster production methods. Eli Whitney, developer of the cotton gin, put
his genius to work on factory production as well. As a gunmaker in New England, Whitney
developed a system of standardized parts, making thousands of each gun part so uniform
that they could be used interchangeably. Then if a part broke down or wore out, it could easily be replaced by its exact replica. Spreading quickly to other businesses, Whitney’s system was soon employed by other manufacturers.
Even more important to the development of mass production, which greatly increased
the quantity of goods produced, was Henry Ford’s use of the assembly line in his automobile industry. Using Whitney’s system of interchangeable parts on a moving assembly line,
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the car was brought to each worker who added his one small part; the car then moved on
to subsequent workers until the entire car was assembled. The Model T Ford, which Henry
Ford began mass-producing in 1909, became the most successful passenger car of its time.
Because of the assembly-line method of production, the Model T price was well within reach
of the average person and brought to an end the exclusive use of motor cars by the wealthy.
Between the years 1860 and 1894 the United States advanced from fourth to first
among industrial nations of the world. The growth of
railroads, factories, and large lumber mills had led to
this advancement. Industry was rapidly replacing
agriculture as the most influential business in the
United States.
By the late 1800s the industrial strongholds of
the United States centered around the northern portions of our country. The South, once a thriving agricultural economy, could not help but fall far behind
the North after the Civil War. Although possessing
the necessary raw materials, the work force, and the
experience necessary for industry’s success, the
South lacked sufficient capital either to establish or
to support large-scale industry after the devastating,
ruinous war.
By the early 1900s the two leading regions of production were the Middle Atlantic states of New York,
New Jersey, and Pennsylvania and the North Central states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,
Michigan, and Wisconsin. Although New England had boasted a profitable industrial economy since colonial days, its importance declined in the late 1800s in comparison to these
areas of high production.
By 1914 four leading industries made up over 50 percent of the national industrial output. These industries were food products, textiles, iron and steel, and lumber. Ranking first,
the chief food manufactures included flour milling, meat packing, sugar refining, and
Assembly Line
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canned and preserved food processing. The textile industry, employing more workers than
any other manufacturing industry, was exporting millions of dollars in cotton goods by
World War I. The iron and steel industry, basic to all other industrialization, was greatly
boosted by the discovery of steel.
Tougher and less brittle than cast iron, steel could be produced cheaply from iron ore and
provided a strong and efficient structural material. Steel was a leading factor in ushering in
the modern age of industry. Millions of tons were produced each year for use in factory equipment, rails, locomotives, ships, autos, bridges, and buildings. The industrial purposes of steel
were seemingly limitless.
Industry had taken great strides since the early days of home factories. Powered by
steam and equipped with numerous labor-saving devices, the might of the machine had
replaced the muscle of man. New methods of production, such as interchangeable parts and
the assembly line, had greatly increased the availability of goods, reducing the cost to the
consumer. Steel had proved to be a versatile, efficient building material, useful in all phases of industry. The industrial forecast looked overwhelmingly bright, although the wheels
of industry had just begun to turn.
Factory potential. By the mid-1800s the demands on industry for efficient production, quality products, and quick distribution had reached new heights. New inventions and
methods constantly met the growing demands. Basic to the success of industry was the
energy that powered it. Energy sources were also being constantly upgraded.
In 1859 oil was discovered and provided a new source of power with vast potential. Near
Titusville, Pennsylvania, Edwin L. Drake drilled the first oil well and a new industry was
born. First used to make machine parts run smoothly and to light kerosene lamps, oil soon
became a vital part of the United States industry. In many factories, fuel oil, refined from
the crude oil, was used to produce steam instead of coal. Another crude oil product, gasoline, was later used in the newly developed internal combustion engines.
Another new source of power, electricity, became man’s greatest mechanical servant.
Electricity placed incredible power at the touch of the fingertip. Thomas A. Edison was determined to invent a luminous lamp. He finally succeeded in October of 1879 when his light bulb,
using a charred cotton thread, glowed for forty hours. Three years later, Edison turned on the
power in a section of New York city. Edison beamed with satisfaction as streets and homes
were lit by his electric light. The advantage of the electricity industry was obvious. It was a
versatile power source that not only supplied light, but also operated communication systems.
Electricity eventually supplied the power for all types of manufacturing.
The 1890s saw the creation of many successful automobiles by able designers, such as
Charles and Frank Duryea, Henry Ford and Henry Olds. Ford’s Model T, low priced and
available to the common market, became the most successful passenger car of its day. The
automobile added mobility and enrichment to people’s lives. The short step from producing
a car to designing a truck was followed by the development of buses. Soon, more efficient
cars and larger trucks made quick distribution of goods possible where railroads did not
reach. The invention of the airplane completely transformed the world of transportation by
making highways in the sky.
Orville and Wilbur Wright
On December 17, 1903, Wilbur and Orville Wright piloted the first successful aircraft.
In 1908, after years of improvement and experimentation, the Wright brothers sold an airplane to the army. Used in World War I, aircraft proved to be extremely useful in fighting
and in spying on the enemy. Since that time the airplane has taken on hundreds of variations and is used in numerous ways. Distribution of products and delivery of raw materials
is no longer a problem of time. Air travel has literally put the most remote areas of our
world within easy reach.
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The Wright Brothers
Industry depended heavily not only upon transportation developments but also upon
communication improvements. In carrying out large-scale or complicated business transactions, quick and efficient communication was absolutely essential. Answering this need,
numerous new inventions and developments in the field of communications also greatly
accelerated industrial progress. The United States postal system was expanded, improved,
and new services were added that increased efficient delivery. City delivery was developed
in 1863, special delivery in 1885 and rural free delivery in 1896.
Telegraph lines continued to be stretched throughout the growing nation. In 1861 the
first transcontinental telegraph was completed, joining California and the East, enabling
news to travel from coast to coast in a matter of seconds. Once telegraph lines stretched
across our nation, the project to join the United States with Britain via telegraph lines was
undertaken by Cyrus W. Field. Overcoming incredible difficulties, the linking of these two
nations became a reality in 1866. The first trans-Atlantic line, stretching from
Newfoundland to Britain, was laid under the Atlantic Ocean and was protected by strong
cables. Messages were sent electrically between Britain and the United States, linking for
the first time the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere.
Following in the steps of numerous inventors who had experimented with sending
sound waves over wire, Alexander Graham Bell began a new era of communication with his
successful invention of the telephone. On March 10, 1876, Bell sent his first telephone message, “Come here, Watson, I want you,” across the wires to his assistant, Thomas Watson.
Although the public was at first very skeptical of this new technological development, the
American Bell Telephone Company was chartered in 1880 and between 1880 and 1902 the
number of telephones in the United States increased to more than one million. These developments in communication completely revolutionized industry’s transactions, putting businessmen within minutes reach of each other.
Additional inventions that saved countless time, money, and labor in the modern business office were the typewriter, cash register, and adding machine. The twentieth century
continued to produce innumerable labor-saving devices, making for more efficient, productive, and profitable business.
Such technological developments in the fields of transportation, communication, and
business development were of inestimable importance in the nation’s industrial progress,
making the United States virtually unchallengeable as the world’s industrial giant.
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Fill in the blanks.
1.22
A heat engine in which the fuel burns inside the engine itself is an
__________________________________________ engine.
1.23
Parts so uniform they can be substituted interchangeably are called
__________________________________________ .
1.24
A practical __________________________________________ was developed by James Watt.
1.25
The first practical power loom was installed by __________________________________________ in his
Massachusetts clothing factory.
1.26
The system of interchangeable parts was developed by __________________________________________ .
1.27
Assembly-line production was first incorporated by __________________________________________ .
1.28
Northern strongholds of industry were the __________________________________________ and
__________________________________________ states.
1.29
The South had all the necessary ingredients for industry after the Civil War except
______________________________ .
1.30
America’s four major industries by 1914 were:
________________ , ________________ , ________________ , and ________________ .
1.31
The change from hand power to machine power moved business out of the homes to the factory
because machines were too ________________ and ________________ to keep at home and many
required a ________________ source.
Match the following items with the influence each had on the factory system.
1.32
_____
steam power
a. provided a tough, efficient building material for
industrial purposes
1.33
_____
interchangeable parts
b. enabled building of factories away from rivers;
powered machines
1.34
_____
assembly line
c. made parts standardized, so if a part broke down,
it could be replace easily; increased production
1.35
_____
steel
d. the product moved to the worker who put on one
piece; increased production greatly
14
Match these people and their discoveries or inventions.
1.36
_____ Edwin Drake
a. light bulb
1.37
_____ Thomas A. Edison
b. telephone
1.38
_____ Henry Ford
c. airplane
1.39
_____ Wright brothers
d. Model T
1.40
_____ Cyrus W. Field
e. oil
1.41
_____ Duryea brothers
f. trans-Atlantic cable
1.42
_____ Alexander Graham Bell
g. developed a successful automobile
Choose the best answer(s).
1.43
Four
____
____
____
____
____
uses for oil included:
a. lubrication
b. producing steam
c. producing coal
d. operating internal combustion engines
e. lighting kerosene lamps
1.44
Three uses of electricity included:
____ a. the light bulb
____ b. the steam locomotive
____ c. powered communications systems
____ d. powered machines
1.45
Four
____
____
____
____
____
____
improvements in communication were:
a. the trans-Atlantic cable
b. the telephone
c. postal delivery
d. steam power
e. electricity
f. transcontinental telegraph
Adult Check
___________________
Initial
Date
Review the material in this section in preparation for the Self Test. The Self Test will check
your mastery of this particular section. The items missed on this Self Test will indicate specific
areas where restudy is needed for mastery.
15
SELF TEST 1
Match the inventors with the inventions (each answer, 2 points).
1.01
____
Bell
a. powered, man-piloted aircraft
1.02
____
Wright
b. telephone
1.03
____
Edison
c. telegraph
1.04
____
Ford
d. Tom Thumb
1.05
____
Morse
e. incandescent light bulb
1.06
____
Cooper
f. assembly line
1.07
____
Fulton
g. reaping machine
1.08
____
Howe
h. cotton gin
1.09
____
McCormick
i. Clermont
1.010
____
Whitney
j. sewing machine
Identify the following five terms by matching them with the best definition (each answer, 2
points).
1.011
____
agricultural revolution
a. first one built with crushed rock
1.012
____
capital
b. mass development of farm labor saving machines
1.013
____
trans-Atlantic cable
c. money, equipment, and other assets
1.014
____
Cumberland Road
d. spread of telegraph from the East to California
1.015
____
transcontinental telegraph
e. joined Britain and U.S. by telegraph wire
Match the effects the following developments had on the growth of industry (each answer, 2
points).
1.016
____
Embargo Act of 1807
a. provided a tough, versatile building material for
industry
1.017
____
war
b. interchangeable, increased efficient production
1.018
____
standardized parts
c. moving pieces quickened production
1.019
____
assembly line
d. increased production because of demand for supplies, lowered unemployment
1.020
____
steel
e. forced the U.S. to produce goods once imported
from Britain
16
True/False (each answer, 2 points).
1.021
______ The Erie Canal joined Lake Erie with the Ohio River.
1.022
______ Steam engines were used in factories, transportation, and communication.
1.023
______ The price of the Model T was within reason due to assembly line production.
1.024
______ The Middle Atlantic and North Central states led in United States production.
1.025
______ The use of iron brought many advantages over the steel previously used.
1.026
______ Drake’s Folly, the first oil well, brought a new power source to United States industry.
1.027
______ Electricity supplied light and power to United States factories.
1.028
______ The trans-Atlantic telegraph joined Britain and the United States by wire.
1.029
______ Modern machinery encouraged businesses to move to factories.
1.030
______ Coal, oil, and water are still used to power businesses.
1.031
______ The Cumberland Road was America’s first transcontinental road.
1.032
______ Improvements in transportation and communication were vital to industry’s growth
in the speed of distribution.
1.033
______ Cooper’s steam locomotive was more practical as a carrier of freight than of people.
1.034
______ The Embargo Act of 1807 stopped trade with Britain, thus decreasing American production.
1.035
______ A factor that led to the growth of the factory system in the United States was the
development of power.
Fill in the blanks (each answer, 3 points).
1.036
The basic requirements the United States possessed for industrial growth were
_________________________________________ , _________________________________________ , and
_________________________________________ .
17