natural gas
gas
hydrates
CH4
hydrates
C 2H 6
N2
C 3H 8
C 4 H 10
CO 2
H 2S
clathrate
methane hydrate
nonstochiometric
77
1930
1960
Messoyakha
1970
clathrate
cage
1948
Powell
clathratus
encage
78
0.8
methane
ethane
propane
150-180
isobutane
normal butane
<7
> 50
1
0
1
79
FCC
I
sI
body-centered cubic packing;
BCC
H
sH
hexagonal closest packing
HCP
II
sII
face-centered cubic packing;
80
naphtha
81
gasoline
51262
II
5 126 4
H
5 126 8
cage
4 35 66
I
5 12
sharing
edges
I
sharing faces
II
H
5 12
I
82
A
B
46
8
2
512
6
51262
2
46H2O
512
6
51262
II
16
136H 2O
3
5 12
8
5 126 4
4 35 66 3
1
5 12 6 8
phase boundary
H
5 12
2
34H2O
83
dissociation
NaCl
N2
I
CH 4
5.75H2O
85%
15%
90%
150
1000
150
0.045
A
300
500
gas hydrate zone, gas
hydrate stability zone;
HSZ
84
GHZ
GHSZ
4H2O+CO2
CH4+2H2O
fermentation
CH3COO +H2O
CH4+HCO3
metabolism
methanogenesis
methanogens
4
120
97
85
86
BT1
48
(BSR)
(blanking)
fractionation
13
C
10-3
-60
99%
C1
C2
C3
13
C
87
80%
20%
vertical reflection
coefficients
BSR
well-log
bottom
simulating reflector;
BSR
100-1100
18
88
O
18
O
mud volcanoes
diapirs
89
polar regions
deep oceanic regions
66
19
2
45
plume
velocity and
amplitude structures;
90
VAMPS
nodules
disseminated
A
Z
V=A
Z
H E
V
91
H
20
1015m3
E
1
1
0
10 19g
1
2
I
e n e rg y
90%
density
150
2-5
10
SOx
NOx
33-50 %
57%
100
92
20-37 %
CO2
67%
100-120
cap rock
trap
A
B
C
-
93
(A)
94
(B)
consolidation
cementation
-
(Chi et al., 1998)
95
weakness zone
McIver
1977
bottom-water
28000-17000
100
1000
96
kPa
4
3.6
1015g
1015g
1%
greenhouse gas
100
20
1
10 19g
3000
97
300-500
200
98
-
300
accretionary prisms
77000
Chi et al., 1998;
Shyu et al., 1998
99
1999
<
7
>50
300
10 19g
100
gas - important agent in geological
processes: Geological Society of
America, 9, 1089-1090.
Abstract .
Satoh, M., Maekawa, T., and Okuda, Y.
Estimation of amount of
1996
methane and resources of natural gas
1999
hydrates in the world and around Japan:
93-107
Chi, W.C., Reed, D.L., Liu, C.S., and
Lundberg, N.
1998
Distribution of
the Bottom-Simulating Reflector in the
Offshore Taiwan Collision Zone:
Journal of Geological Society Japan, 102
11
, 959-971.
In Japanese with
English abstract
Shyu, C.T., Hsu, S.K., and Liu, C.S.
1998
Heat Flows off Southwest
Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic
Taiwan: Measurements over Mud
Sciences, 9, 779-794.
Diapirs and Estimated from Bottom
Methane
Simulating Reflectors: Terrestrial,
hydrates - a major reservoir of carbon in
Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 9,
shallow geosphere: Chemical Geology,
795-812.
Kvenvolden, K.A.
1988
Sloan, E.D.Jr.
72, 41-51.
Kvenvolden, K.A.
1998
A primer on
the geological occurrence of gas
hydrate: In Henriet, J.P. and Mienert, J.
1998a
Clathrate
hydrates of natural gases: 2nd edition,
New York, Marcel Dekker, 730p.
Sloan, E.D.Jr.
1998b
Physical/chemica
Gas Hydrates: Relevance to
l properties of gas hydrates and
World Margin Stability and Climate
application to world margin stability and
Change. Geological Society, London,
climatic change: In Henriet, J.P. and
Special Publications, 137, 9-30.
Mienert, J.
eds
McIver, R.D.
1977
Hydrates of natural
eds
Gas Hydrates:
Relevance to World Margin Stability and
101
Climate Change. Geological Society,
London, Special Publications, 137, 31-50.
Wiese K., and Kvenvolden, K.A.
1993
Introduction to microbial and thermal
methane: In: Howell, D.G. et al.
eds.
. The Future of Energy Gases.
USGS Professional Paper 1570, 13-20.
102