*/$1/$*)$)( $'
./0 )/.
'!"&)
)')&&
1
Motivation in medical students
1
*+4-$"#/K.#($0.0-&-:NLMN
)0( -UST>UL>TTUM>OTR>L
*1 - .$")-* !.#-$!/(& )=)'EE-$)/4*0-/# .$.=*(
-$)/ 4-* !.#-$!/(& )=)'EE-$)/4*0-/# .$.=*(
0'$.# 4$/" 1 -$%- ..:$./ -2$%&
2
2
Motivation in medical students
*/$1/$*)$)( $'
./0 )/.
*/$1/$ $%( $.# ./0 )/ )
G( / ).( )1//$)"$)# / -').H
&#'&(
/ -1 -&-$%"$)"1) "-1)*/*-) )$1 -.$/ $//- #/
*+" 5"1) - /*-(")$!$0.:+-*!=-===1) -2):
$)" 1*'" # / .'0$/1)# /*'' " 1**-+-*(*/$ .
$)# /*+ )-/ 1 - $" )*+
$)."NS(-/NLMN .($"./ P=MQ00-
**-
'!"&)
)')&&
" *- )*+MT! -0-$MUSQ/ 0($:
)$
Motivation in medical students
3
3
&#!#(#&"/
-*!-#/ )/ -*!--*$. /
4
4
Motivation in medical students
'&!*- 4*1%&&' &
3
1'%&
5
Motivation in medical students
5
6
6
Motivation in medical students
&$!+ *&+$,!'&'&+#*!,-',6
'-*/ ,1'-*(4*!.!&+!*!+
+1'-*+!*!+4+'!+1'-*/!$$
+1'-*/!$$!+4+'!+1'-*
+1'-*!+4+'!+1'-*+,!&17
;!$!,1!+/ ,1'-*($''!&7',!.,!'&,*%!&+/ ,
1'-'7,,!,-,*%!&+ '//$$1'-'!,7<
8'-'$,2
;'+$8,*%!&!+,'&'*+'&:+,!'&+,, ! +,$.$
'*$,!'&7
&+$8,*%!&4('($0(*!&, *'%,''/ ,!+
!&,*+,!&4(*+'&$$1!%('*,&,4&.!,$!2!&7<
/*!3! *1&7
7
Motivation in medical students
7
8
8
Motivation in medical students
#+/ -M
#+/ -N
#+/ -O
#+/ -P
#+/ -Q
#+/ -R
#+/ -S
#+/ -T
#+/ -U
##"("('
)/-*0/$*)
1 '*+( )/*!(*/$1/$*)/# *-$ .)#*2
/# 4- '/ /* 1 '*+( )/*!( $'
0/$*)
*/$1/$*).)$) + ) )/) + ) )/
1-$' $)( $' 0/$*)<- 1$ 2*!/# '$/ -/0- '$$/4 1$ ) !*-/# ( .0- ( )/*!/# /- )"/#*!*/$1/$*)!*- $'#**'
MM
OS
RU
MOO
*/$1/$*)'+-*!$' .*!( $'./0 )/.<
..*$/$*)2$/#./04 !!*-/: ($
+ -!*-() ) 3#0./$*)
MQU
*2(*/$1/$*)!! /. ($+ -!*-() <
./-0/0-' ,0/$*)(* ''$)")'4.$.
NLQ
*($)$)",0'$/4),0)/$/4++-*# .$)
/# ./04*!(*/$1/$*)$)( $' 0/$*)
MTO
!! /.*!" :" ) -)&"-*0)*)
./- )"/#*!(*/$1/$*)!*-( $'.#**'
NOM
*2 '!> / -($)/$*)# *-4)..$./*0-
0) -./)$)"*!/# / #$)")' -)$)"
+-* .. .$)( $' 0/$*)
#+/ -ML 2 '1 /$+./*./$(0'/ $)/-$).$(*/$1/$*)$)
./0 )/./#-*0"#0/*)*(4>.0++*-/$1 '..-**(/ #$)" -$1 !-*( '!>
/ -($)/$*)# *-4
#+/ -MM $.0..$*)
0((-4
0--$0'0(1$/ #'0
Samenvatting
&)*2' " ( )/.
NQO
NUS
OMM
OPS
OQS
ORS
OSQ
9
Motivation in medical students
9
10
10
Motivation in medical students
$(&5
"(&#)(#"
11
Motivation in medical students
11
chapter 1Introduction
"(&#)(#"
& , &!& (! *,4 , * /+ #&'/& *, +,-&,4 *"-&7
*"-&/+(*!&#&$1!&,*+,!&, +,-1'* *17*"-&/+/$$8
#&'/& '* !+ ,*,8'*!&, +,-17 & *"-& /+ $!,,$ '1 +,-1!&
-&* !+ -*- ?, *@4 *'& *14 0 !!, &', '&$1 0$$& !&
* *14-,$+'&-&1!&(++!'&,', +,,!,7&*'& *1
!,',+,/ ! ' !+(-(!$+/+ !+*,+,(-(!$7+,+,-!*
'&, *& ',*&+# !+(-(!$+,',#!%,, 1', !*7
& +# '&', %4; ,'1'-+9<.*1(-(!$ *($! '-$ + , ,*4 , *!.*4 , +#1 & +' '&7 & !, /+ *"-&:+ ,-*& ,'
,#!%&&+/*, )-+,!'&4 *($!4;
&+'&$1, 1', !*<7 *'& *1 /+ !%(*++ /!, , '-+ ,,!,-4 &-!&
!&,*+,&#&$*&!&'*"-&&$* !%+ !++,(-(!$7
&4 *'& *1:+ ', * (-(!$+ '%($!& , ,
/+ (*,!$ !&
!%(*,!& !+ #&'/$ ,' *"-&4 / ! !+ / 1 *"-& /+ !+ +, (-(!$7
*'& *1(,!&,$1*($!, , !%(*,, +%#&'/$,'
.*1'&4 -, / , % *"-& , +, (-(!$ /+ , , '+ ,' &', '&,&, /!, , #&'/$ !+ -*- . !% & /&, +#!& %'*
#&'/$*'%', *+'-*+7*"-&&'&+!*+1%'$!+%'*,
+$8,*%!&%',!.,!'&7*"-& +&$&*1!-*!&
&!&(!
/*!,!&+&'&,!&-+,'!&+(!*('($41'-&&'$4!&
&!.&,'17
*0')A/ 1 -4 / # - .$- /* #1 ./0 )/. '$& -%0)? B#/ (& .
./0 )/. /$&?C #. !.$)/ - . -# -.: / # -. ) 0/*-. !*- '*)" /$( = 1 -4 / # - 2*0' '$& (*/$1/ ./0 )/. 2#* - '24.
$)/ - ./ $)' -)$)":// )/$1 $)'..)*(+' / /# $-..$")( )/.$)
/$( = )4 / # -. *)./)/'4 /-4 /* !0 ' ) #)) '$5 ./0 )/
(*/$1/$*) .* /#/ $/ /-).'/ . $)/* .$- ' -)$)" #1$*0- )
+ -!*-() =
12
12
Motivation in medical students
Introduction
chapter 1
*/$1/$*) $. !*- /#/ -$1 . + -.*) /* )"" $) -/$) #1$*0-=
*/$1/$*)$.-**) +/2#$#$.$(+*-/)/$)''.+# - .*!'$! : $/
0/$*):.+*-/.:$)/ ->+ -.*)'- '/$*).#$+.:# '/#).**)= ($
#$ 1 ( )/ (*/$1/$*) $. /# (*/$1/$*) 2#$# -$1 . + -.*) /*2-.
($ #$ 1 ( )/= # ) +.4#*'*"$./. $.0.. (*/$1/$*): $/ $.
$)1-$'4 ($(*/$1/$*):0)' ...+ $!$ */# -2$. =
&"("(#"'#!#(*(#"
*/$1/$*)$.*) +//#/#. !$ !$)$/$*) +/' /*''' -)$)"
+.4#*'*"$./.=M*( *!/# !$)$/$*).!*0)$)/# '$/ -/0- - <
B*/$1/$*) $. /# ) -"$5$)" *! #1$*0-: ) .+ $''4===/# .*0- . *!
) -"4 $) +-/$0'- . / *! - .+*). . /#/ &
+ /# ( / (+*--$'4
*($))/ *1 - */# -. ) *0)/ !*- *)/$)0$/4 ) $- /$*) $)
#1$*0-=CN
B*/$1/$*) $) " ) -' $. - "- . +-* .. $)/ -)''4 . / 2#$#:
*) -*0. 4 ) ++-*+-$/ ./$(0'0.: ' . /* (*- $)/ ). /$1$/4
/#)*/# -2$. 2*0'#1 )+- . )/=CM
B*/$1/$*) $. /# .$- /* ' -) 2#$# ./0 )/ -$)". 2$/# #$(. '! /*
( $'.#**'C=M
B#$ 1 ( )/ $. /.&>*-$ )/ #1$*0- /#/ ''*2. /# $)$1$0'A.
+ -!*-() /* 1'0/ *-$)" /* .*( $)/ -)''4 *- 3/ -)''4
$(+*. -$/ -$ /#/ $)1*'1 /# $)$1$0' $) *(+ /$)" 2$/# */# -.: *-
/#/ */# -2$. $)1*'1 . .*( ./)- *!
'(- $#MUTO:$/ 4-)&
)OH
3 '' ) =C G+ ) 8
13
Motivation in medical students
13
chapter 1Introduction
)/$' / : /# - $. )* ./)-$5 : +/ !$)$/$*) *! (*/$1/$*) $)
/# '$/ -/0- =
#&'#!#(*(#"
# 1 '*+( )/*!/# *-$ .*!(*/$1/$*)$.!$-'4- )/+# )*( )*)
/$)"&*)'4/*/# /2 )/$ /# )/0-4=
/$.$)/ - ./$)"/*&)*2/#//# -'$ ./ - ! - ) . /* (*/$1/$*) 2 - ( 4 $"(0) - 0: )
0./-$) ( $' */*-=P - 0 GMULLH .-$ $ G$)./$)/H: "* )
.0+ - "*= $. +-$(-$'4 0)*).$*0. ) "* $. +-$(-$'4 *).$*0.=
- 0 '$ 1 $)# *)$.(:$= ="-/$!$/$*)*!)
($)/ )) *! ./' $)/ -)' )1$-*)(
.:)#*( *./.$.:$= =
)/=P
*-$)" /* #$( ''
#1$*0- $. $)./$"/ 4 $)./$)/. ) #1$*0- $. '24. $) /# $- /$*)*!./$.!4$)"/# . $)./$)/.$)*- -/*($)/$)./ 4$)/ -)'
.// ="*)$)#$$//# ./-$1$)".*!/# $)'/ - #1$*0-=0+ - "*
$./$)"0$.# .-$"#/ #1$*0-!-*(2-*)" #1$*0-=+ -.*)$.$).// *! *)/$)0*0. *)!'$/ /2 ) 2#/ # *- .# 2)/. /* * ) 2#/ /# .*$ /4 3+ /.#$(*-# -/**=P
'' *! /# (%*- 2*-& $) 0) -./)$)" (*/$1/$*) #. ) *) 4 /# ( -$)+.4#*'*"$./.:/# (*./+-*($) )/)( . $)"&$)) -GMUOTH:
0--4GMUOTH:.'*2GMUPRH:' '')GMUQOH:/&$).*)GMUQS:MURRH:
*-) -GMURTH: $) -GMUSPH: $)4)GMUTQH:)0-GMUTRH)
$)/-$#GNLLLH=
0--#0. &$)) -Q GMUOTH +-*+*. /# + -)/ #1$*0- /# *-4 2#$#
.$ /#/ #1$*0- $. -$1 ) 4 *)$/$*)$)" /*2-. +*.$/$1 - $)!*- ( )/ G- 2-H *- 24 !-*( ) "/$1 - $)!*- ( )/
G+0)$.#( )/H=&$)) -A./# *-4$.$(+*-/)/!-*(/# +*$)/*!1$ 2*!/# *) +/*!- 2-.2#$#2.$)/-*0 !*-/# !$-.//$( $)(*/$1/$*)=
)-4 0--4 GMUOTH *. -1 /#/ + *+' #1 $!! -$)" / ) )$ . /*
B*1 -*( *./' .:/* 3 -$. +*2 -:/*./-$1 /**.*( /#$)"$!!$0'/
14
14
Motivation in medical students
Introduction
chapter 1
.2 ''.).,0$&'4.+*..$' C=R#$./ ) )42.'' B/# )
/* #$ 1 C ) /# /# *-4 '' /# ,' !. , '*1= 0--4
1$. /# # (/$ ++ - +/$*) ./ GH /* ( .0- /# 1-$/$*).
$) #0() (*/$1/$*)= #$. / ./ *).$./ *! . -$ . *! +$/0- . *) 2#$#
+ *+' 2 - .& /* 2-$/ ./*-$ . ) /# /# ( *! /# ./*-$ . 2.
)'45 = # .$ ..0(+/$*) $. /#/ + -.*) 2$'' +-*% / #$.
(*/$1/$*)' *-$ )//$*) / /#/ +-/$0'- /$( $) /# ./*-$ . /#/ # 2-$/ .= #0.: 0--4 .-$ . 4)($: /$( ) *)/ 3/> + ) )/
*)./-0/*!(*/$1/$*)=#$. .-$+/$*)2.$(+*-/)/ 0. $/$)*/
'**& / (*/$1/$*) . !$3 /-$/; !/ /#/ *0' ()$+0'/ /*
)#) ' -)$)"=
'-& 0'' G$/ 4 $) -PH GMUPOH +-*+*. /# -$1 /# *-4= ) /#$.
/# *-4: )
. -$1 #1$*0- $) 24 /#/ - .0'/. $) ./$.!/$*) *-
!0'!$'( )/ *! /# . )
.: ($)/$)$)" ./ 4 .// $) /# *4= +-*+*. ) 1 '*+ !*-(0'!*-'0'/$)"(*/$1/$*)P<
*/$1/$*)*- #1$*0-W-$1 $/
#$.2.+-/*!#$./# *-4!*-' -)$)":.*2 .
- ! - ) /* ($
(*/$1/$*)*-(*/$1/$*)!*-' -)$)"!*-/# !$-.//$( $)#$./*-4=
.'*2S: *) *! /# !*0) -. *! #0()$./$ +.4#*'*"4: '**& /
(*/$1/$*) . )
) #$. /# *-4 *! (*/$1/$*) '' '*1 '
!** 1 ' &+: 2. . *) /# - '/$1 $(+*-/) *! /# $!! - )/
) . $) + -.*)A. '$! =S / .$ /#/ .$ #0() -$1 *- (*/$1/$*)
0'/$(/ '4 - !' / )
!*- . '!>/0'$5/$*)= '!>/0'$5/$*) ( ).
/#/*) $. *($)"''/#/# $.+' *! *($)";# $. 0/$'$5$)"#$.
+*/ )/$'!0''4=0/$/*( .$)/*/$*)*)'4$!/# 0) -'4$)".$)
- ./$.!$ = # . .$ )
Motivation in medical students
. 2 - +#4.$*'*"$' )
.: .! /4 )
.
.:
15
15
chapter 1Introduction
'*1 ) '*)"$)") ..)
.) ./
. )$)"*- -*!/# $-$(+*-/) G.
()
.2#$#- --)" $)/# $"0- MH=)'4$!/# .$)
.
- ./$.!$ :/# #$"# -) .*($)/ /# *).$ ) *!/# + -.*))
.#+ #$. #1$*0-=
)&5' #+2'&&-#'
'!>/0'$5/$*) .
./ (
.
*1 .
! /4 .
#4.$*'*"$' .
)MUQO: ''))#$.*'' "0 .G/&$).*):'-&:)*4H+/ /# ) 1 '*+ +- $. ( /#* !*- .*-$)" /# #$ 1 ( )/
(*/$1 =T
/2..#*2)/#/" ) -'$5 (*/$1 * . 3$./)/#/$/)
+- $/ #1$*0- $) 2$ 1-$ /4 *! .$/0/$*).= #$. .
(. /* .-$ /# 0) -'4$)" (*/$1/$*)' *)./-0/ . ./' ) +- $/$1 !*-
#1$*0-=# 2*-&- .0'/ $)/# +0'$.#$)"*!**&: !.%&,
',!.: $) MUQO= #$. ++-*# 2. ,0)/$//$1 ++-*# .$) $/
/0''4( .0- (*/$1/$*)=
16
16
Motivation in medical students
Introduction
chapter 1
/&$).*)A. 2*-& $. *).$ - . ) $(+*-/)/ ($' ./*) $) - . -# *)
(*/$1/$*))+-*+*. )*/# -$( ).$*)/*(*/$1/$*):B*/$1/$*)/*
1*$$'0- C=U#$./# *-4+-*+*. /#/ 1 -4$)$1$0'#.@*/$1/$*)
/* .0
A ) @*/$1/$*) /* 1*$ !$'0- A= # (*/$1/$*) *! )
$)$1$0' / )4 "$1 ) /$( $. - .0'/)/ .0( *! /# *1 /2*
$( ).$*).=# - !*- :
*/$1/$*)W*/$1/$*)/*0 V*/$1/$*)/*1*$$'0- */$1/$*)/*1*$!$'0- ( )./# (*/$1/$*)/*1*$/# /.&/#/)
' /*!$'0- )$.'24.) "/$1 1'0 = '.*!*0)/#/*/$1/$*)
$. + ) )/ *) */$1 : 3+ /)4 *! .0 .. *- !$'0- ) ) )/$1 1'0 *!.0 ..*-!$'0- $= =
*/$1/$*)W!G*/$1 33+ /)43
) )/$1 H
# - !*- :
1 -''*/$1/$*)W!G*/$1 33+ /)43
) )/$1 HV
!MG*/$1 33+ /)43
) )/$1 H
# - :- +- . )/.0 ..:- +- . )/.$'0- )- +- . )/.1*$
$'0- :- +- . )/.$'0- :!)!M- *)./)/.=#$./# *-42.'' /# 0(,&18.$- , '*1= / '.* +-*+*. /#/ /# (*/$1/$*) )
!!*-/. 2*0' /# ./-*)" ./ 2# ) /# +-*$'$/4 *! .0 .. 2.
(* -/ G- #$)"/# /-" /2.) $/# -/** .4)*-/**$!!$0'/H=
Motivation in medical students
17
17
chapter 1Introduction
# - . (. /* " ) - .+ / /* (*/$1/$*)= -/$) *-) - GMURTH
$ - . -# *) #$ 1 ( )/ (*/$1/$*) $) 2*( ) ) +-*+*. /# ',!.,'.'!-++ '*1=ML #$./# *-4.0"" ./ /#/2*( ).#*2
'*2 - #$ 1 ( )/ (*/$1/$*) . *(+- /* ( ) 0. /# 4 # "- / -@ -*!0 ..A/#)( )=#$.! -"- 2*0/*!*).$ -/$*)*!
/# *). ,0 ) . *! .0 ..= *- 2*( ) .0 .. (4 #1 ( )/ '*.. *!
!-$ ).: ! ($)$)$/4 ) +*+0'-$/4= #$. /# *-4 .
(. /* $-- ' 1)/ $)
/# *)/ 3/*!/# +- . )//$( 2# )2*( )- /# *($))/+*+0'/$*)
$)( $')*/# - 0/$*)'!$ '.=
) / + ) GMUSTH /-$ /* *(+- ( ) ) 2*( ) *) /# $-
#$ 1 ( )/ (*/$1/$*) ) /* ./04 2#/ * . /# #$ 1 ( )/ (*/$1 - .0'/$)=MM ,0 ./$*))$- 2. .$") !*-/#$.+0-+*. :2#$#$.'' /# *-& ) ($'4 -$ )//$*) GH ,0 ./$*))$- = .0'/. .#*2 /#/( ).*- #$"# -*)(./ -4G .$- !*-$)/ '' /0'#'' )" H)
*(+ /$/$1 ) ../#)2*( ):2# - .2*( ).*- #$"# -/#)( )*)
2*-&G .$- /*2*-&#-H=O:MM
//-$0/$*)/# *-4$.*) -) 2$/##*2$)$1$0'.$)/ -+- / 1 )/.)
#*2 /#$. $)/ -+- //$*) - '/ . /* /# $- /#$)&$)" ) #1$*0-= $) -
) *'' "0 . 1 '*+ /# *- /$' !-( 2*-& /#/ #. *( (%*- - . -# +-$"( *! .*$' +.4#*'*"4MN= $) - !*0. #$.
//-$0/$*) /# *-4 *) #$ 1 ( )/= $ )/$!$ $'$/4: !!*-/: /.&
$!!$0'/4:)'0&./# (*./$(+*-/)/!/*-.!! /$)"//-$0/$*).!*-
#$ 1 ( )/=$'$/4$.$)! -- !-*(/# )0( -:+ - )/" )+// -)
*!.0 .. 3+ -$ ) ./#/+ -.*)#.#*)+-$*-#$ 1 ( )//.&.=O
.& $!!$0'/4 $. /4+$''4 / -($) 4 /# 24 */# -. + -!*-( / /# /.&=O 0& $. $)! -- 2# ) /# *0/*( $. 0 /* #) -/# - /#)
.&$''=O !!*-/ *!/ ) !! /. 2# /# - 2 .0
//-$0/$*). 2 - '..$!$ '*)" /#-
*- !$' $) (
/$)" "*'=O
0.' $( ).$*).< '*0. *!
*)/-*': ./$'$/4: ) *)/-*''$'$/4 G $"0- NH= # $'-+ ' '&,*'$
18
18
Motivation in medical students
Introduction
chapter 1
$( ).$*) # /2* +*' .< $)/ -)' 1 -.0. 3/ -)' '*0. *! *)/-*'=
)/ -)' '*0. *! *)/-*' *( . !-*( 2$/#$) ) $)$1$0' ) 3/ -)'
'*0. *! *)/-*' *( !-*( 3/ -)' !/*-.= # +,!$!,1 $( ).$*)
+/0- 2# /# -0. .#)" *1 -/$( *-)*/=*-$)./) :$'$/42.
'..$!$ . ./' : $)/ -)' 0. : ) !!*-/ '..$!$ . 0)./' )
$)/ -)'= '&,*'$$!$!,1 *)/-./. 0. . *) ) *)/-*': .0# . .&$'' *-
!!$4: !-*( 0. . *) ))*/ *)/-*': .0# . +/$/0 : (**: */# -.I
/$*).: ) '0&= !/ - /#$. '..$!$/$*): $)/ )/$*)'$/4 $= = ) $)/ )/$*)'
*-0)$)/ )/$*)'$( ).$*)2. /*/#$.N3N(* '=MN
)& 6 ''(#" '! #& $&* (&!""(' #
*!"(*#)&G+/ !-*( $) -MUSP:"=RHMN
( (-
/' )./' #)'##"(&# )/ -)'3/ -)'
$'$/4
!!*-/
.&$!!$0'/4
0&
$ ) 4) 2*-& /* +-*+*. $8,*%!&,!'& '*1 GH=MO>MQ
*-$)" /* /#$. /# *-4: $/ $. )*/ *)'4 /# ' 1 ' *! (*/$1/$*) /#/ $.
$(+*-/)/: 0/ '.* /# )/0- *- ,0'$/4 *- /4+ *! (*/$1/$*) /#/
/ -($) . #1$*0-= 2* $!! - )/ /4+ . *! (*/$1/$*) 2 - .+ $!$ <
)/-$).$ ) 3/-$).$= )/-$).$ (*/$1/$*) ( + -.*) +0-.0 )
/$1$/4 *0/ *! + -.*)' $)/ - ./ *- !*- /# +0- %*4 *! *$)" $/= 3/-$).$
(*/$1/$*) ( + -.*) +0-.0 ) /$1$/4 !*- */$)$)" -/$)
- 2- *- 1*$$)" -/$) '*.. *- +0)$.#( )/= (*/$1/$*) 2. /# .// $)2#$#./0 )/'& /# $)/ )/$*)/*/=+0/.!*-/#$)/-$).$
(*/$1/$*)./# .$- /4+ *!(*/$1/$*)2#$#' ./*
+' -)$)"
) // - *0/*( .=MO>MQ )/-$).$ (*/$1/$*) 2. 0$'/ *) /# $)# - )/
)
. *! 0/*)*(4: *(+ / ) ) - '/ ) ..= # )
G. '!> / -($)/$*)H2.*0//# )
Motivation in medical students
!*- -,'&'%1
/*! '/#/:B
(*$)"$/ 0. 19
19
chapter 1Introduction
2)/ /*C= # )
!*- '%(,& 2. *0/ !
'$)" /#/ *) #. /# +$'$/4 /* #$ 1 2#/ # 2)/. /* #$ 1 = # )
!*- $,&++
2.*0/+ -.*) $)"' /*- '/ /*/# .$")$!$)/*/# -.$)#$.'$! /#-*0"# #$. 2*-& *- /$*). ) #$ 1 ( )/= $")$!$)/ */# -. *0'
( ) +- )/.: / # -. *- 1 ) !-$ ). $= = +
- "-*0+= ) ( $'
0/$*) $/ *0' '.* ( ) +/$ )/.= # . /#-
)
. .#*0' ./$.!$ !*- + -.*) /* $)/-$).$''4 (*/$1/ = ./
- . -#*)(*/$1/$*)/*2-.,0'$/4*!(*/$1/$*)=
- /# *-$)" /* /# *$' *")$/$1 # *-4 GH 4 )0-: + *+' - ) $/# --$1 )4$)) -!*- .)*-0/*(/$''4.#+ )*)/-*'' 4
/# )1$-*)( )/=MR# 4!0)/$*).*)/-$0/*-./*/# $-*2)(*/$1/$*):
#1$*0-: ) 1 '*+( )/ 2$/#$) ) /2*-& *! - $+-*''4 $)/ -/$)"
$)!'0 ) .=# *) +/*!. '!> !!$4$. )/-'/*/#$./# *-4=0" ( )/.
*!. '!> !!$4 / -($) #*2(0#/$( ) !!*-/)$)$1$0'$)1 ./.
$) ) /$1$/4= *-$)" /* /# /# *-4: + *+' " ) -''4 0) -/& )
+ -!*-( /$1$/$ . 2#$# /# 4 '$ 1 /# (. '1 . +' *! + -!*-($)"
)1*$/$1$/$ .2#$#/# 4! '$)+' *!+ -!*-($)"=
*'# *-42.!$-./+0/!*-/#4$)/-$#=MS
/ 3+'$) (*/$1/$*)*!)
$)$1$0' *) /# .$. *! #$. "*' *-$ )//$*)= ) #$ 1 ( )/ (*/$1/$*)
/# /2*/4+ .*!"*'.- <./ -4"*'.) -!*-() "*'.=./ -4
"*'. - /# "*'. 2# ) /# $)$1$0' $. !*0. *) (./ -$)": ' -)$)"
) 0) -./)$)" /# /.&: 2# - . + -!*-() "*'. - /# "*'.
2# )/# $)$1$0'$.!*0. *) $)" // -$)*(+-$.*)/**/# -./
/# /.&=# - $.'.*@2*-&1*$)/A*-@ ($'$ )/$*)A"*'2#$#
$.*0/1*$$)"2*-&=
0. $!! - )/ (*/$1/$*) /# *-$./. '$ 1 ) 2*-& *) $!! - )/
/# *-$ ..0((-$5 *1 :/# . /# *-$ .*!(*/$1/$*)- $) + ) )/
'$) .*!- . -#:0//# - - *1 -'++$)" ' ( )/.(*)"/# (=' M
20
20
Motivation in medical students
Introduction
chapter 1
+/0- . /# (%*- *) +/. *! /# (%*- /# *-$ . *! (*/$1/$*)= # *) +/ *! (./ -4 "*' *-$ )//$*) G*' /# *-4H $. 1 -4 .$($'- /*
$)/-$).$ (*/$1/$*) GH ) + -!*-() "*' *-$ )//$*) $. '*. /*
3/-$).$ (*/$1/$*): 2# - . 2*-& 1*$)/ "*' *-$ )//$*) G*'
/# *-4H $. .$($'- /* (*/$1/$*) GH= '!> !!$4 GH -$1$)"
(*/$1/$*)$..$($'-/**(+ / ) -$1$)"$)/-$).$(*/$1/$*)GH)
$'$/4-$1$)"//-$0/$*)/*#$ 1 ( )/G//-$0/$*)/# *-4H=
5#&'#!#(*(#""!#&#"$('
#&-
)(#&
#&#"$('
,'
!.
0--4
.$") /# # (/$++ - +/$*) ./GH
!** 1'
+
.'*2
'')
.$) .). '!>/0'$5/$*)) :2# )
.$) .- ./$.!$ . '!>/0'$5/$*)) .
*($)/ /# *).$*0.) ..
0(,&18
.$-, '*1
/&$).*)
',!.,'
.'!+-++
*-) -
+ ) ,,*!-,!'&
, '*1
$) -
*!., '*1
0''
.-$1 #1$*0-2#$#- .0'/.$)
./$.!/$*)*!/# . ) .=*/$1/$*)*-
#1$*0-W-$1 $/
- . ) *!" ) -'$5 (*/$1 +- $/$1 *!
#1$*0-$)$!! - )/.$/0/$*).:./' *(+*) )/*!(*/$1/$*)
-*+*. B*/$1/$*)/*1*$$'0- C
$( ).$*)/*(*/$1/$*)=.*$$',!.,!'&H
?',!.00(,&10
&&,!.@GB?',!.0
0(,&10
&&,!.@
(' .##$"# -! -*!.0 ..:# ) 2 - (*/$1/ /*1*$.0 ...*(+- /*
(' .
*(+- (' .)! (' .*)*-&)
!($'4*-$ )//$*),0 ./$*))$- :! (' ..*- #$"# -*) .$- /*2*-&)(' ..*- #$"# -*)$)/ '' /0'#'' )" )
*(+ /$/$1 ) ..
$'$/4: !!*-/:/.&$!!$0'/4:)'0&2 - $ )/$!$ ./# (*./$(+*-/)/!/*-.!! /$)"
21
Motivation in medical students
21
chapter 1Introduction
'!$
'&!,!.
, '*1?@
)0-
$8
$8
,*%!&,!'& 4)
, '*1?@
'$, '*1
$)/-$#
//-$0/$*).!*-#$ 1 ( )/
*/$1/$*) + ) *)! '$)".*!. '!> !!$4=
0" ( )/.*!. '!> !!$4$)/0-) / -($) /# /$( ) !!*-/)$)$1$0'$)1 ./ $))
/$1$/4.2 ''./# $!!$0'/4*!/# "*'.. /=
2*/4+ .*!(*/$1/$*)<$)/-$).$G!*-+ -.*)'
$)/ - ./H) 3/-$).$(*/$1/$*)G!*-+-/$0'-
"$)H=&*!(*/$1/$*)2.'' (*/$1/$*)=
)/-$).$(*/$1/$*)$. + ) )/*)!0'!$'( )/
*!/# ! '$)".*!0/*)*(4:*(+ / ) )
- '/ ) ..=
*/$1/$*)2. 3+'$) *)/# .$.*!"*'.;
(./ -4"*'.G!*-(./ -$)"/.&H)
+ -!*-() "*'.G/*+ -!*-( // -.
*(+- /**/# -.H
#(*(#"'-"!"((-
*/$1/$*)$.)*/+ -.*)'$/4/-$/=
/$.-/# -4)($ )/$/4=0--4
GMUOTHR$)/-*0 /#$.*) +//#-*0"#/# 0. *!# (/$++ - +/$*)
./ GH 2#$# 2. . *) /# .$ ..0(+/$*) 2. /#/ + -.*)
2*0' +-*% / #$. (*/$1/$*)' *-$ )//$*) / /#/ +-/$0'- /$( $) /# ./*-$ ./#/# 2-*/ =#0.:0--4 .-$ 4)($:/$( )*)/ 3/>
+ ) )/ *)./-0/ *! (*/$1/$*)= '') $ (%*- 2*-& $)
#$ 1 ( )/ (*/$1/$*) /-$)$)" $) 4*0)" 0.$) ..( ) $) $!! - )/
0'/0- . ) (*)./-/ /#/ #$ 1 ( )/ (*/$1/$*) *0' 1 '*+ :#)" :/0"#/)$)0'/ =T#$.'.*.0++*-/./# *) +/
*!(*/$1/$*).4)($ )/$/4=
* #$!"(#!#(*(#"
)/-$).$(*/$1/$*)$.. $)/# #0())
/* *(+ / )/). '!>
/ -($)$)"$)- '/$*)/*/# )1$-*)( )/)$/$.$))/ =MT#$'- )- *-) 2$/# ) $)/-$).$ (*/$1/$*) /* ' -) ) (./ - ) 2 /.&. )
22
22
Motivation in medical students
Introduction
chapter 1
$)!*-(/$*)=T:MT*( *!/# (*/$1/$*)*! 1 -4$)$1$0'#.
/* / -($) 4!/*-.'$& " :- '$"$*))-
)!*0)
=T*/$1/$*)-
'/ /* + -.*)'$/4 /-$/. / ). /* - ($) - '/$1 '4 ./' = #$. *) +/ *!
#1$)" - '/$1 '4 ./' (*/$1/$*): 2#$# ) +- $/ #1$*0- $) 2$ 1-$ /4 *! .$/0/$*).: 2. !$-./ +0/ !*-/# 4 '')=T # #-/ -$./$. *! (*/$1/$*) #)" . #$'- ) "-*2 0+ + )$)" *)
/# $-
0+-$)"$)"
)
/# $-
#$'#**
3+ -$ ) .=
'')
(*)./-/ /#/ +- )/. ) #$'>- -$)" +-/$ . +'4 ) $(+*-/)/
-*' $)/# 1 '*+( )/*!#$'A.(*/$1/$*)=T
&& !# + #!"' '( " -"!
!#(*(#"MU
'' -)
/ '=MU #1 +-*+*. (* ' !*- (*/$1/$*) 2#$#
$)*-+*-/ .*/#:./' )4)($$( ).$*).*!(*/$1/$*)=#$.$.
/#- >/$ -#$ --#$'(* '!*-(*/$1/$*):/# /#-
*)/ 3/0')$/0/$*)'G.
' 1 '. $)"<'*':
$"0- OH='*'(*/$1/$*)$./# !$-.//$ -
.$")$!4$)" " ) -' ./' (*/$1/$*) !*0) $) 1 -4 $)$1$0' !*- '$! $)
" ) -'=*)/ 3/0'(*/$1/$*)$./# . *)/$ -.$")$!4$)"(*/$1/$*)!*-
-* *)/ 3/. $) '$! '$& 0/$*): .+*-/.: # '/#: $)/ -+ -.*)'
- '/$*).#$+. /=#$.(*/$1/$*)$.' .../' /#)"'*'(*/$1/$*))
)#)" :/#*0"#)*/1 -4,0$&'4=$/0/$*)'(*/$1/$*)$./# /#$-/$ -
2#$# .$")$!$ . (*/$1/$*) $) +-/$0'- .$/0/$*).= $/0/$*)' (*/$1/$*)
#)" .!-*(*) .$/0/$*)/*)*/# -)*!/ )1 -4,0$&'4=
23
Motivation in medical students
23
chapter 1Introduction
)&7 &"2'&& !# #!#(*(#" MU
$/0/$*)'(*/$1/$*)
*)/ 3/0'(*/$1/$*)
'*'(*/$1/$*)
*-.+ $!$' /0- *-/ #$)"'*&
*--**)/ 3/.'$& 0/$*):
# '/# /=
*-'$! $)" ) -'
1(&!"(#"#&-34#!#(*(#"
*!(*/$1/$*):+0/!*-/#4 $)4)MO:NL>NN1$ 2.(*/$1/$*)!-*(
,0'$//$1 + -.+ /$1 ) '..$!$ . (*/$1/$*) $)/* ($)'4 /2* /4+ .<
$)/-$).$ ) 3/-$).$= )/-$).$ (*/$1/$*) .$")$!$ . " )0$) $)/ - ./ )
3/-$).$ (*/$1/$*) .$")$!$ . )"" ( )/ $) ) /$1$/4 0 /* 3/ -)'
!/*-.= 3/-$).$ (*/$1/$*) ) '..$!$ $)/* P /4+ . + )$)" *)
#*2. '!> / -($) $/$.:/# $!! - )//4+ .--)" '*)"*)/$)00(
*!. '!> / -($)/$*)=#0.:$)/ -)'$. 3/-$).$(*/$1/$*)$.//# (*./
. '!> / -($) ) *! /# *)/$)00(: !*''*2 4 $ )/$!$ 3/-$).$
- "0'/$*): $)/-*% / 3/-$).$ - "0'/$*) )
3/ -)'
3/-$).$
- "0'/$*)- .+ /$1 '4G $"0- PH=
)- )/4 -.:()4./0$ .#1 *($) /# .*- . *) $)/-$).$ (*/$1/$*) ) $ )/$!$ - "0'/$*) /*
"$1 2#/ $. '' . 0/*)*(*0. (*/$1/$*) . /# $)$1$0' + - $1 .
/#$. /4+ *! (*/$1/$*) /* *-$"$)/ !-*( 2$/#$) #$. . '!=NO '.*: .*- . *)
$)/-*% / - "0'/$*)) 3/ -)'- "0'/$*)- *($) /*!*-(2#/
$.'' .*)/-*'' (*/$1/$*)))$)$1$0'+ - $1 . /#$./4+ *!
(*/$1/$*)/* *)/-*'' 4 3/ -)'!/*-.=0/*)*(*0.(*/$1/$*)$)
*(+-$.*)2$/#*)/-*'' (*/$1/$*)$...*$/ 2$/# // -' -)$)":
24
24
Motivation in medical students
Introduction
chapter 1
+ -!*-() ) +*.$/$1 2 ''> $)"=NO )/-$).$ (*/$1/$*) $. /# +-*/*/4+ *! 0/*)*(*0. (*/$1/$*)=MO +-*+*. . /#/ $) *- - /*
./$(0'/ *- ($)/$) $)/-$).$ (*/$1/$*): /# - - /#+.4#*'*"$' )
. /#/ .#*0' ./$.!$ = # . /#-
0/*)*(4: *(+ / ) ) - '/ ) ..= # )
. - !*- 0/*)*(4 $. /*
+ - $1 /# '*0.*!*)/-*'/*'$ 2$/#$)*) . '!=# )
$. /* !
)
.$
!*-*(+ / ) ' /#/ *) #. /# +$'$/4 /* + -!*-( /.&= # ) !*-
- '/ ) .. $. /* ! ' /#/ *) #. /# .0++*-/ *! /# .$")$!$)/ */# -. $)
#$.*-# -'$! =# . *0' / # -.:+- )/.:+
-. /=
)&8 1(&!"(#"(#&-#"("))!NN
!#(*(#"
,(&"'!#(*(#"
"(&"'
!#(*(#"
3/ -)'
"0'/$*)
./
)/-*% / "0'/$*)
0/*)*(*0.
)/$!$ "0'/$*)
)/ "-/ "0'/$*)
*./
0/*)*(*0.
#(*(#"""
# ,0)/$/4)D*-,0'$/4*!(*/$1/$*))#)" 2$/#/$( :(/0-$/4
) 3+ -$ ) . $) /# )1$-*)( )/=T: MQ: MT: NP # 3+ -$ ) $( ).$*)
) 1 -4 $(+*-/)/ $) ' -)$)": . $/ ( ). /#/ (*/$1/$*) ) $)!'0 ) 4 /# ' -)$)" )1$-*)( )/: ) $) /0-) (*/$1/$*) )
$)!'0 ) ' -)$)"G $"0- QH=
25
Motivation in medical students
25
chapter 1Introduction
)& 9 "(&& (#"'$' (+"
&"" "*&#"!"(.
!#(*(#"" &""
-)$)"
)1$-*)( )/
*/$1/$*)
-)$)"
+0/. !*-/# /#/ $)/-$).$ (*/$1/$*) *0' #)" /* 3/-$).$
(*/$1/$*) ) 1$ 1 -. + )$)" *) 2# /# - /# /#+.4#*'*"$' )
.$
. *! 0/*)*(4: *(+ / ) ) - '/ ) .. - ./$.!$ *-)*/G $"0- RH=MQ:NM:NP:NQ
)& : " # !#(*(#" &#! ,(&"' (# "(&"' " *
*&'
&""
"*&#"!"(
&""
26
"*&#"!"(
0/*)*(4
3/-$).$
*/$1/$*)
*(+ / ) '/ ) ..
)/-$).$
*/$1/$*)
*..*!
0/*)*(4
*..*!
! '$)"
*2
'/ ) ..
26
Motivation in medical students
Introduction
chapter 1
)/-$).$(*/$1/$*)$./# .$-' /4+ *!(*/$1/$*):*-$)"/*:
.$/#.
)!*0)/* ..*$/ 2$/#
+' -)$)": // - ($
+ -!*-() ) +*.$/$1 ./0 )/ 2 ''> $)" . *(+- /* 3/-$).$
(*/$1/$*) 2#$# $. ..*$/ 2$/# .0-! ' -)$)": '*2 - ($
+ -!*-() )) "/$1 2 ''> $)"G
$"0- .S)TH=MQ:NP:NP:NR
)&;)(#!'#"(&"'!#(*(#"
)/-$).$
*/$1/$*)
+' -)$)"
($.0 ..
*.$/$1 ''>
$)"
)&<)(#!'#,(&"'!#(*(#"
0-! ' -)$)"
3/-$).$
*/$1/$*)
**- ($
+ -!*-() "/$1 ''>
$)"
27
Motivation in medical students
27
chapter 1Introduction
* #!#(*(#"
/$.$(+*-/)//*&)*2#*2 1 -/#//* *+/$(''4(*/$1/ :*) )
.
/* #1 *+/$(' #'' )" .=U: NS /&$).*) +-*+*. /#/ (*/$1/$*) )
!!*-/. 2*0' /# ./-*)" ./ 2# ) /# +-*$'$/4 *! .0 .. 2.
(* -/ G- #$)"/# /-" /2.) $/# -/** .4)*-/**$!!$0'/HG
$"0- UH=
)& = #(*(#" " & (#" (# * # ) (- #& $&# (- #
')''
"(&#)(#"(#('(''
0() (*/$1/$*) . (. /* !.$)/$)" .0% / !*- ''; ./0 )/
(*/$1/$*) .+ $''4 !*- / # -.= # -*' *! (*/$1/$*) $) ./0 )/
' -)$)"#.
)!.$)/$)"/*+$!*-(*/$1/$*)/# *-$./.=# $)/ - ./
$) ./0 )/ (*/$1/$*) !*- /#$. /# .$. /0''4 *-$"$)/ 0-$)" / #$)"
3+ -$ ) . 2$/# ( $' ./0 )/.; $) /# *. -1/$*). *! $!! - )/ /4+ .
28
28
Motivation in medical students
Introduction
chapter 1
*! ./0 )/.: /# $- $!! - )/ ++-*# . /* ' -)$)" ) /# $- ($
+ -!*-() .: 2#$# 2 - .*( /$( . $) '$) 2$/# /# $- (*/$1/$*). )
.*( /$( . /# . (*/$1/$*). !$' /* /-).'/ $)/* "** ($
+ -!*-() .=# - 2.)*1 --#$)"*. -1/$*)/#//# 0--$0'0(:
/# ' -)$)" )1$-*)( )/: /# / # -. ) /# 0'/0- *! /# $)./$/0/$*)
# $)!'0 ) *) /# //$/0 . ) (*/$1/$*). *! /# ./0 )/. ) /# $-
./04( /#*.=#$./# .$.2.( )./*$)1 ./$"/ /# . #4+*/# . .=
*/$1/$*))' -)$)"- $)/ "-''4- '/ =NT# #*2)2#4*!/#$.
- '/$*).#$+ - )*/ &)*2) ) # ) - 1 -4 $)/ - ./$)" /* $)1 ./$"/ =
)" ) -':(*/$1/$*)#.
)./0$ ($)'4(*)"+-$(-4:. *)-4
) #$"# .#**' #$'- ): ./0$ . *) *'' " *- 0)$1 -.$/4 ./0 )/. $)"
! 2$))0( -=# ./04*!(*/$1/$*)$)( $' 0/$*).
(./*./$''
$)$/.$)!)/./" .=# -*$(.*!/#$./# .$.- /*"/# -$).$"#/.
)$)1 ./$"/ .*( .+ /.*!( $'./0 )/.A(*/$1/$*).) 3+'*- #*2 /# . ) 0/$'$5 ) ++'$ /* (& ( $' 0/$*) // -
.0$/ /*.0++*-//# . (*/$1/$*).=
&#&'&%)'(#"'
M= . (*/$1/$*) +- $/*- !*- ' -)$)" ) ($ + -!*-() $)
( $'./0 )/.?
N= )(*/$1/$*) ./$(0'/ (*)"./0 )/.?
O= #/!/*-.!! /(*/$1/$*)?
P= * 1'$ ) - '$' .' . 3$./ !*- ( .0- ( )/ *! (*/$1/$*)
+-/$0'-'4$)( $'./0 )/.?
Q= . (*/$1/$*) ) *).$ - . 1-$' !! /$)" ' -)$)" )
+ -!*-() $)( $' 0/$*)?
R= ! 4 .: #. $/ ) ) $(+*-/)/ *).$ -/$*) $) /# --)" ( )/ *!
( $'0--$0'?
S= */# *-$ .$)" ) -' 0/$*)++'4/*( $' 0/$*)?
Motivation in medical students
29
29
chapter 1Introduction
T= )2 -$1 ' -)$)"!-*((*/$1/$*)- . -#$)" ) -' 0/$*)
)++'4$//*( $' 0/$*)?
U= )/ # -.$)!'0 ) *-./$(0'/ ./0 )/(*/$1/$*)?
!4 .:#*2?
ML= *2.#*0'(*/$1/$*) ./0$ $)( $'./0 )/.?
#$. /# .$.
3+'*- . /# *) +/ *! (*/$1/$*) /* - / + -
0) -./)$)": ./'$.# . /# - ' 1) *! ./04$)" ) 2*-&$)" 2$/#
./0 )/(*/$1/$*))$.0.. ./# ++'$/$*).*!/#$.0) -./)$)"$)
/# ( $' 0/$*) *)/ 3/= / ./-/. 2$/# #*2 (*/$1/$*) #. ) )
0) -1'0 *(+*) )/$) .$")$)"*!( $'0--$0'G#+/ -NH)
+-* ./*- 1$ 2''/# - . -#/#/#.
)*)0/ *)(*/$1/$*)
$) ( $' 0/$*) G#+/ - OH= / ./'$.# . "+ $) /# '$/ -/0- *)
/#$. $..0 ) # ) /# )
/* /$1 '4 ./04 (*/$1/$*) */# . + ) )/ ) ) $) + ) )/ 1-$' $) ( $' 0/$*)= # ) $/
./'$.# . /# 1'$$/4
1$ ) !*- ( .0- ( )/ *! ,0)/$/4 *!
(*/$1/$*) 2$/# /# # '+ *! /# ,0 ./$*))$- /- )"/# *! */$1/$*) !*-
$' #**' GH G#+/ - PH= # ) $/ ./'$.# . /# $)!'0 ) *!
(*/$1/$*) . ) $) + ) )/ 1-$' *) + ) )/ 1-$' . '$& ./04
!!*-/:./04./-/ "$ .: ($ + -!*-() )2 ''> $)"*!./0 )/.
/#-*0"# /2* $!! - )/ ) )*1 ' ++-*# . ) /4+ . *! )'4. .: $= =
(*/$1/$*)' +-*!$'$)" G#+/ - QH ) ./-0/0-' ,0/$*) (* ''$)"
G#+/ - SH= / /# ) +0/. !*-/# ) 2 ++-*# /*2-. ./04$)"
(*/$1/$*)2#$#*($) .,0'$/4),0)/$/4*!(*/$1/$*)G#+/ -RH=
# )$/ 3+'*- .(*/$1/$*). + ) )/1-$' )/# $(+*-/) *!
/# !/*-. *! " : (/0-$/4: " ) - ) 0/$*)' &"-*0) $)
$)!'0 )$)" (*/$1/$*) G#+/ - TH= *2-. /# ) $/ "$1 . ++'$/$*).
*! '!> / -($)/$*)# *-4*!(*/$1/$*)$)( $' 0/$*)G#+/ -
UH $) 1-$ /4 *! .$/0/$*). ) +-/$' /$+. G#+/ - MLH *) #*2 /*
)#) $)/-$).$(*/$1/$*)$)( $'./0 )/.=
30
30
Motivation in medical students
Introduction
chapter 1
'$&'&%)'(#"'&''"('(''&/
M= .
)*0"# *).$ -/$*) "$1 ) /* ./0 )/ (*/$1/$*) 0-$)"
1 '*+( )/*!( $'0--$0'?G#+/ -N>'$/ -/0- - 1$ 2H
N= *2#.(*/$1/$*)
)./0$ $)( $' 0/$*)- . -#?#/
- /# .+ $!$ - . -# !$)$)". *) ( $' ./0 )/ (*/$1/$*)?
G#+/ -O>'$/ -/0- - 1$ 2H
O= #/$./# 1'$$/4)- '$$'$/4 1$ ) !*-/- )"/#*!*/$1/$*)
!*- $' #**' GH ,0 ./$*))$- : 2#$# $. ,0 ./$*))$- ( .0-$)" +-/$0'-'4 (*/$1/$*) !*- ( $' .#**'? G#+/ - P F
(+$-$'- . -#H
P= #$# (*/$1/$*)' +-*!$' . 3$./ (*)" ( $' ./0 )/.? *2 - /# 4 ..*$/ 2$/# ./04 ./-/ "4: ./04
!!*-/: ($
+ -!*-() ) 3#0./$*) !-*( ./04? G#+/ - Q F (+$-$'
- . -#H
Q= #/ $. /# 1'0 *! ./04$)" (*/$1/$*) . *($)/$*) *! ,0'$/4
) ,0)/$/4? #/ - /# $(+'$/$*). *! /#$. ++-*# $) - . -#
)+-/$ ?G#+/ -RF'$/ -/0- - 1$ 2)+ -.+ /$1 ++ -H
R= *2 * . (*/$1/$*) !! / ($ + -!*-() $) ( $'
./0 )/.? #/ - /# $)/ -- '/$*).#$+. /2
) (*/$1/$*): ./04
./-/ "4: ./04 !!*-/ ) ($ + -!*-() ? - /# 4 .$($'- $)
.0"-*0+. .0# . (' . ) ! (' . ) ./0 )/. ($// /*
( $' ./04 /#-*0"# ,0'$//$1 . ' /$*) ) /#*. ($// /#-*0"#2 $"#/ '*// -4. ' /$*)?G#+/ -SF(+$-$'- . -#H
S= #/ - /# !! /. *! " : " ) - ) 0/$*)' &"-*0) *!
( $' ./0 )/. *) /# $- ./- )"/# *! (*/$1/$*) !*- ( $' .#**'?
G#+/ -TF(+$-$'- . -#H
T= *2 '!> / -($)/$*) # *-4 GH *! (*/$1/$*) ) ..$./ *0-
0) -./)$)" *! /# / #$)" ) ' -)$)" +-* .. . $) ( $'
0/$*)?G#+/ -UF'$/ -/0- - 1$ 2)+ -.+ /$1 ++ -H
31
Motivation in medical students
31
chapter 1Introduction
U= #/ - /# +-/$' /$+. !*- ( $' / # -. /* ./$(0'/ $)/-$).$
(*/$1/$*) (*)" /# $- ./0 )/.? G#+/ - ML F + -.+ /$1 ++ -
. *)'$/ -/0- H
32
32
Motivation in medical students
Introduction
chapter 1
&"'
M= $'' -:-. -:-#(.*):-)&:*# )
:)=
# ./0 )/ ' -).= )< $'' - : = !& & *&!& !&
!$ ''$7 *' P= (-$" < -1- )$1 -.$/4 - ..;
MURM<QL>RP=
N= $'' -:-. -:-#(.*):-)&:*# )
:)=
# +-*' (*!. ' /$*)=
)<$'' -: = !&&*&!&
!& !$ ''$7 (-$" < -1- )$1 -.$/4 - ..=; MURM<O>
NO=
O= -)& ) = */$1/$*) !*- #$ 1 ( )/ ) +*2 -= )< -%&
',!.,!'&7N) =<-**& .D*' 0'$.#$)"*=;MUTT<PNL=
P= $) -=-%&',!.,!'&6,( '*+4 '*!+3+* 7N)
=" 0'$/$*).=;MUUN=
Q= &$)) -=222=!.&$)) -=*-"= .. LRDLU:NLMM=
R= /-$ = )/-*0/$*)= )< ',!.,!'& 8 '*14 +* &
(($!,!'&+7P/# =<-**&.D*' 0'$.#$)"*=;MUUR<O>NM=
S= .'*2 = /# *-4 *! #$ 1 ( )/ (*/$1/$*)= )< 4 -
0'$.#$)";MUSL<NN>PT=
T= '') : / ' = -%& ',!.,!'&6 ''# ' !&+7
< ) -' -)$)"*-+*-/$*);MUSO=
U= /&$).*)=*/$1/$*)' / -($))/.*!-$.&>/&$)" #1$*-=
)<
/&$).*): /# -: .= '*1' !.%&,',!.,!'&7
<*#)$' 48*).:
)=;MURR<MM>NU=
ML= *-) -=+.4#*'*"$'--$ -/*#$ 1 ( )/$)2*( )<# (*/$1 /* 1*$ .0 ..= )< '') : / ' : .= -%&
',!.,!'&6 ''# ' !&+7 ) -' -)$)" *-+*-/$*);
MUSO<NNN>NOL=
MM= - = *-& ) !($'4 *-$ )//$*) ,0 ./$*)$- = )< &*
'$+6 &''# ' +,+ & +-*+7 MUUL<PMO>PMU=
)2** - ..: )=;
33
Motivation in medical students
33
chapter 1Introduction
MN= $) - = !.%&, ',!.,!'& & ,,*!-,!'& '*17 <
) -' -)$)"*-+*-/$*);MUSP=
MO= $:4)=# B#/C)B#4C*!"*'+0-.0$/.<0()
) . ) /# . '!> / -($)/$*) *! #1$*-= +1 '$'!$
&)-!*1=NLLL;MM<NNS>NRT=
MP= 4) : $ = )/-$).$ ) 3/-$).$ (*/$1/$*).< '..$
!$)$/$*). ) ) 2 $- /$*).= '&,%('**1 -,!'&$
+1 '$'1=NLLL;NQ<QP>RS=
MQ= 4) : $ = '!> / -($)/$*) /# *-4 ) !$'$//$*) *!
$)/-$).$ (*/$1/$*): .*$' 1 '*+( )/ ) 2 ''> $)"= %*!&
+1 '$'!+,=NLLL;QQ<RT>ST=
MR= )0- = '!$ '-&,!'& ' '- , & ,!'&6 '!$
'&!,!. '*17<- )/$ >'':
)=;MUTR=
MS= $)/-$# = ) #$ 1 ( )/ "*' /# *-4 + -.+ /$1 *) $..0 . $)
(*/$1/$*) / -($)*'*"4: /# *-4 ) - . -#= '&,%('**1
-,!'&$+1 '$'1=NLLL;NQ<UN>MLP=
MT= $ = )/-$).$ (*/$1/$*) ) 1 '*+( )/= )< &,*!&+!
',!.,!'&7 2*-&<' )0(- ..;MUSQ<RQ>UM=
MU= '' -) : / '' = )/-$).$ ) 3/-$).$ (*/$1/$*)< #$ --#$' (* '= )< &''# ' $8,*%!&,!'& +* 7
M./ =<# )$1 -.$/4*!*# ./ -- ..;NLLN<OS>TR=
NL= $ : 4) = &''# ' $8,*%!&,!'& +* 7
*# ./ -:<)$1 -.$/4*!*# ./ -- ..;NLLN=
NM= $ : 4) = &,*!&+! ',!.,!'& & $8,*%!&,!'& !&
-%& .!'*7 2*-&<' )0(;MUTQ=
NN= $ : '' -) : '' /$ - : 4) = */$1/$*) )
0/$*)<
. '!> / -($)/$*)
+1 '$'!+,=MUUM;NR<ONQ>OPR=
NO= )./
+ -.+ /$1 =
-,!'&$
)&$./ : #*0 : ). : * ) ). = 3+ -$ ) . *!
0/*)*(4 ) *)/-*' (*)" #$) . ' -) -.< $/'$5$)" *-
$((*$'$5$)"?'-*&$'-,!'&$+1 '$'1=NLLQ;US<PRT>PTO=
34
34
Motivation in medical students
Introduction
chapter 1
NP= 0.0-&- : ) / : ) .+ - ) : -*$. / = */$1/$*) .
)$) + ) )/) + ) )/1-$' $)( $' 0/$*)<
- 1$ 2*!/# '$/ -/0- =!$ *=NLMM;OO< NPN> NRN=
NQ= $ : 4) = '!> / -($)/$*) /# *-4< (-*/# *-4 *!
#0()(*/$1/$*): 1 '*+( )/:)# '/#=&!&+1 '$'1=
NLLT;PU<MTN>MTQ=
NR= 0.0-&-:-*$. /: )/ =*/$1/$*)'+-*!$' .*!( $'
./0 )/.<..*$/$*)2$/#./04 !!*-/: ($+ -!*-() )
3#0./$*)G.0($// H=
NS= -).!*- : -*2) : *&$)" = -)$)" ) /-).! -= )<
'/ '($ *&6 *!&4 !&4 0(*!& & ''$7 3+) =.#$)"/*):==</$*)' (4- ..;NLLL<QM>ST=
NT= ))=*/$1/$*)$)( $' 0/$*)<*2/# *-4)$)!*-(
*0-+-/$ ?=MUUU;SP<NOS>NOU=
35
Motivation in medical students
35
36
36
Motivation in medical students
$(&6
* #$!"(#!#(*(#"(#&'"
#+(-& ((#* #$!"(#
! )(#"
(,1%!!!&
?!+$!%*6 !&$.*+!'&', !+*,!$((*+!&, -&CABC!++-'
%!!!&7 !+!+&',, !&$.*+!'&7@
0.0-&-:G/- #/H
-*$. /::#G((./ -(H
)) : : #: G*)H: G)$1 -.$/4 *! '#*0.$ :
)H
0./ -.:#G/- #/H
)/ #:#G/- #/H
37
Motivation in medical students
37
chapter 2
Motivation theories and medical education
'(&(
&#)"
0/$*)'+.4#*'*"4/ ''.0./#/' -)$)"+-* .. .) (++ *)
/#- $( ).$*).<*")$/$1 G2#//*' -)H:!! /$1 *-(*/$1/$*)'G2#4
' -)H ) ( /*")$/$1 - "0'/$*) G#*2 /* ' -)H= ) /-0'4 ./0 )/>
)/- ( $'0--$0'0(:/# . $( ).$*)..#*0'''"0$ 0--$0'0(
1 '*+ -.$)*)./-0/$)"' -)$)" )1$-*)( )/.=
!
# 0/#*-. 3+'*- #*2 /# (*/$1/$*) $( ).$*) *! ' -)$)" #.
"0$ 0--$0'0( 1 '*+( )/.$)( $' 0/$*)=
(#
# 0/#*-. - 1$ 2 /# '$/ -/0- *) (*/$1/$*)' /# *-4 - '/ /*
0/$*) ) *) 0--$0'0( 1 '*+( )/. $) ( $' 0/$*) /*
/ -($) /# 3/ )/ /* 2#$# (*/$1/$*) /# *-4 #. "0$ 0--$0'0(
1 '*+ -.=
') ('
%*- 1 '*+( )/. $) 0) -./)$)" /# !$ ' *! (*/$1/$*) - '/ /*
0/$*) #1 ) /#/ (*/$1/$*) -$1 . ' -)$)" ) $)!'0 ) .
($ + -!*-() : /#/ " ) - $!! - ) . 3$./ $) (*/$1/$*)'
( #)$.(.:)/#/.#$!/*!!*0.#.*0-- !-*(,0)/$/4/*,0'$/4
*! (*/$1/$*) ) $/. / -($))/.: ) #*2 /# 4 ./$(0'/ ($
(*/$1/$*)=
%*- 1 '*+( )/. $) ( $' 0--$0' #1 ) /# $)/-*0/$*) *!
./)-$5 : - "0'/ ) '$ ). : +-*' (>. : ' -) -> )/- :
$)/ "-/ / #$)": *0/*( >. ) *((0)$/4>. ++-*# .= '' /# . 0--$0'- 1 '*+( )/. #1 $(+-*1$)"
0/$*)
) (*- . *)
$/# - *")$/$1 +-* ..$)" *! *)/ )/ *- ( /*")$/$1 - "0'/$*):*-*/#:/#)*)./$(0'/$)"/# (*/$1/$*)'*(+*) )/=
38
38
Motivation in medical students
Motivation theories and medical education
chapter 2
#" )'#"
*")$5$)" (*/$1/$*)' +-* .. . (4 .0./)/$''4 0) -1'0 !/*- $) 0--$0'0( 1 '*+( )/= 0$'$)" 0--$0' /* .+ $!$''4
./$(0'/ (*/$1/$*)(4+*2 -!0''4$)!'0 ) /# *0/*( .*!0--$0'=
# ' ( )/. .. )/$' !*- ./$(0'/$)" $)/-$).$ (*/$1/$*) $) ./0 )/.:
$)'0$)" 0/*)*(4 .0++*-/: ,0/ !
& ) (*/$*)' .0++*-/:
++ -'&$)".+-$(-4$($)()40--$0'-+').=
39
Motivation in medical students
39
chapter 2
*
Motivation theories and medical education
#$!"( # !#(*(#" (#&' " #+ (-
& ((#* #$!"(#! )(#"
"(&#)(#"
$' 0/$*)#.#)" -(/$''4*1 -/# 4 -.:$)'0$)"/# 24 ( $' 0/*-. 1$ 2 0--$0': /# ( /#*. ) *)/ )/ *!
/ #$)")' -)$)":/# .. ..( )/.)/# *(+ / )$ .- ,0$- !*-
*/*-.=M: N 0/$*)' +.4#*'*"4 / ''. 0. /#/ ' -)$)" +-* .. . ) (++ *) /#- $( ).$*).< *")$/$1 $( ).$*) G2#/ /* ' -)H: )
!! /$1 *- (*/$1/$*)' $( ).$*) G2#4 ' -)H ) ( /*")$/$1 - "0'/$*)G#*2/*' -)H$( ).$*)=O# *")$/$1 *(+*) )/*!' -)$)"
$)1*'1 . /#*. /#$)&$)" /$1$/$ . /#/ + *+' 0. /* +-* .. ' -)$)"
*)/ )/ $)'0$)" . ' /$)": - '/$)": *)- /$5$)" ) ++'4$)"
$)!*-(/$*)=O: P # !! /$1 *(+*) )/ *! ' -)$)" $)1*'1 . *+$)" 2$/#
/# !
'$)". /#/ -$. 0-$)" ' -)$)": ) (4 +*.$/$1 '4: ) 0/-''4 *-
) "/$1 '4 !! / /# +-*"- ..$*) *! ' -)$)" +-* ..O: P; (*/$1/$*)'
.+ /. - $)'0 $) /# !! /$1 *(+*) )/= # ( /*")$/$1 - "0'/$*)*(+*) )/*!' -)$)"$)1*'1 .*-$ )/$)":+'))$)":(*)$/*-$)":
/ ./$)": $")*.$)": %0./$)": 1'0/$)" ) - !' /$)" *) A. ' -)$)"
#1$*0- ) ++-*#=O:
Q: R
) /-0'4 ./0 )/> )/- ( $'
0--$0'0(: /# . $( ).$*). .#*0' '' "0$ 0--$0'0( 1 '*+ -. $)
*)./-0/$)" ' -)$)" )1$-*)( )/.=S # -)$)">-$ )/ #$)"
* ' GH (* ' .-$ . /# . /#-
*(+*) )/. *! ' -)$)":
*")$/$1 :!! /$1 )( /*")$/$1 :$)( $' 0/$*)=S
0--$0'0( 1 '*+( )/.$)( $$) #1 )"0$ (0#4*)/ )/
*) -).= # 0--$0'0( .#*0' *1 - /# /*+$. ) $..0 . /#/ '$")
2$/# /# $)/ ) *0/*( . ) . -1 /# )
. *! .*$ /4: *)/ )/
3+ -/. ) ./0 )/.= # @2#/ /* ' -)A $( ).$*) #. *($)/ 0--$0'0( - !*-( !*- 1 -4 '*)" /$( = 1-$ /4 *! 0/$*)' /# *-$ .
40
40
Motivation in medical students
Motivation theories and medical education
chapter 2
#1 $)!'0 ) 0--$0'0( 1 '*+( )/.= 0 ./$*). *) #*2 /* ./
+- . )/ (/ -$'.: ./-0/0- ) $)/ "-/ ' ( )/. *! /# 0--$0'0(:
. ,0 ) /*+$.:++'4( /#*.:).. .../0 )/.#1 )$(+*-/)/
$..0 . *! '$ -/$*)=T # *! /# . ++ -. /* . -1 +- *($))/'4 /# +-* ..$)"*!$)!*-(/$*)=R# ./4' *!' -)$)"$)( $' 0/$*)#.
) !! / 4 /# $)/-*0/$*) *! +-*' (>. ' -)$)" ) - '/ ( /#*.: !*0.$)" *) /# @#*2 /* ' -)A $( ).$*)=U>MM # !! /$1 *-
@2#4 ' -)A ' 1 ' #. - $1 .*( // )/$*)= *- 3(+' : ./0$ . #1 .#*2)/#/./0 )/.B'$& C+-*' (>. ' -)$)" // -/#)/-$/$*)'
/ #$)" ( /#*.=MN>MP #$. ++ -. /* 4>+-*0/ *! +-/$0'-
0--$0': -/# - /#) .4./ (/$ ++-*# /* 0$' 0--$0'0( /#/
+- *($))/'4!*0. .*)(*/$1/$*)/*' -)=
'$ 1 /#/!*-$)$1$0'./0 )/.:/# $-' 1 ')/4+ *!(*/$1/$*)
(4 '-" - / -($))/*!/# $-*0/*( /#)+-/$0'-( /#*.*!
/ #$)").#*0' . -1 . -$*0.// )/$*)40--$0'0( 1 '*+ -.=MQ
. (*/$1/$*) ) $)!'0 ) 4 /# *)./-0/$*) *! 0--$0'0(MR: $)
/#$.++ -2 $( /* 3+'*- ) )'45 #*2(*/$1/$*)'/# *-4#.
!! / 0--$0'0( 1 '*+( )/$)( $' 0/$*)=
*/$1/$*) / -($) ./#*0"#/)/$*)>$/$)!'0 ) .2#4 #1$*0-$.
$)$/$/ :+ -.$./.)./*+.:.2 ''.2#/#*$ .- ( =MS*/$1/$*)
G ($H)' -)$)"- $)/ "-''4- '/ MT: ( )$)"/#/!*-' -)$)"
/* /& +' : (*/$1/$*) $. $(+*-/)/=MU 2*0' '$& /* !*0. $) /#$.
++ -
*)
(*/$1/$*)
$)
0/$*):
+-/$0'-'4
0/$*)=*/$1/$*) $) 0/$*) $. $(+*-/)/ !*- ( $'
+ ' -)$)": "**
($+ -!*-() :+*.$/$1 ' -) -2 ''> $)")./$.!/$*)=NL>NN
)
/# . *! ( $' 0/$*) /# . - 3+ / /* *)/-$0/ /*2-.
./0 )/. *($)""***/*-.=
).+$/ *!/# $(+'$$/0) -./)$)"*!
(*/$1/$*)A.$(+*-/) :- . -#$- /'4./04$)"(*/$1/$*)$)( $'
41
Motivation in medical students
41
chapter 2
Motivation theories and medical education
0/$*)$..- =NO#$.- 1$ 22.+ -!*-( /*).2 -/# !*''*2$)"
- . -#,0 ./$*)<
. ./0 )/ (*/$1/$*) ) ) $(+*-/)/ ' ( )/ $) "0$$)" 0--$0'-
#)" .)- !*-(.$)( $' 0/$*)?
(#
* 3($) *0-,0 ./$*):2 - 1$ 2 . ' / .*0- .$)/# '$/ -/0- *!
*/#(*/$1/$*))0--$0'- 1 '*+( )/$)( $' 0/$*)=
!$-./. -# **"' #*'-/. 0.$)"/# & 42*-.B(*/$1/$*)
/# *-$ .C: /$( + -$* 0+ /* NLML: /* $ )/$!4 '' +0'$.# /# *-$ . $)
(*/$1/$*)= /# ) . -# /# / 3/. *) (*/$1/$*) ) (*/$1/$*)
/# *-$ .NP: NQ2#$#2 !*0)$)/# - ! - ) .*!/# -/$' .!-*(**"' #*'-=*)0/ ''/# . -# .)( *(+- # ).$1 '$./*!
'' /# /# *-$ .= # /# *-$ . - ' 1)/ /* ./0 )/ (*/$1/$*) 2 - /# )
$ )/$!$ ) !/ - $.0..$*). 2$/# : : ) #/ $)'0 4
*). ).0.(*)"/# 0/#*-.=
* $ )/$!4 /# '$/ -/0- *) 0--$0'0( 1 '*+( )/. $) ( $'
0/$*): 2 - '$ *) /# 3+ -/$. ) 3+ -$ ) *! /# 0/#*-. G:
)#/H$)/#$..0% /)( *(+- # ).$1 '$./*!/# (%*-
0--$0'- - !*-(.= . -# !*- /# !$-./ -/$' . +0'$.# *) #
0--$0'- - !*-( $) 0 ) **"' #*'-= #$. . -# 2.
*)0/ !-*( 0) >0'4 NLMM: )/ -$)" # 0--$0'- - !*-( . /# & 42*-=*- -/$' . .-$$)"(*- /$'.*!/# . 0--$0'-- !*-(.
2 - /#-*0"# .0"" ./$*). 4 : #/: ) = #$. - 1$ 2
2.)*/+ -!*-( .*(+- # ).$1 :.4./ (/$- 1$ 2.*0-"*'2.
/* ).2 - !*0. - . -# ,0 ./$*) 2#$# 2. /* +-/$0'-'4 !$) *0/
/# 3/ )//*2#$#(*/$1/$*)/# *-4#."0$ 0--$0'0( 1 '*+ -.$)
( $' 0/$*)=
42
42
Motivation in medical students
Motivation theories and medical education
chapter 2
# -)$)">-$ )/ #$)" (* ' G (* 'H 2. . ' / . !-( 2*-& 2$/#$) 2#$# /* 1$ 2 /# 1-$*0. 0--$0'- 1 '*+( )/.:
.$) $/ $. -$1 $- /'4 !-*( /# /#-
*(+*) )/. *! ' -)$)"
+-* .. . .-$ $) 0/$*)'+.4#*'*"4=O:S-/ /# 0--$0'-
- !*-( -/$' . *-$)" /* #*2 (0# /# 4 2 - *-$ )/ /*2-.
*")$/$1 : (*/$1/$*)' ) ( /*")$/$1 ' ( )/.= # (*/$1/$*)'
' ( )/ 2. .*- *) /# .$. *! $(+'$$/ *- 3+'$$/ ( )/$*) *!
*).$ -/$*) *! ./0 )/ (*/$1/$*) $) /# .$") *! /# (* '= )
#/ *)!$-( /# *)'0.$*). *- .0"" ./ #)" . 2#$# 2 - !$)'$5 !/ -*). ).0.=
') ('
# - .0'/.- +- . )/ .)--/$1 *!/# 1 '*+( )/*!(*/$1/$*)
/# *-$ .)/# - *(( )/$*)./#/) -$1 !-*(/# . /# *-$ .
!*- 0/$*); /#$. $. !*''*2 4 .0((-4 *! /# #$./*-4 *! ( $'
0/$*): ) 2#$# *(+*) )/. *! /# -)$)">-$ )/ #$)"
(* '#1 )+/0- 4$!! - )/0--$0'- 1 '*+( )/.: 2$/#/# ($)!*0.*)/# (*/$1/$*)'*(+*) )/=
#&('(#&-#!#(*(#"(#&-
# 1 '*+( )/*!/# *-$ .*!(*/$1/$*)$.!$-'4- )/+# )*( )*)
/$)"&*)'4/*/# /2 )/$ /# )/0-4=,' !., '*14 )-4
0--4G$/ 4NPHGMUOTH2.. *)#$.*. -1/$*)/#/+ *+' #1 $!! -$)" / ) )$ .: '' B/# )
/* #$ 1 C /* B*1 -*( *./' .:
/* 3 -$. +*2 -: /* ./-$1 /* * .*( /#$)" $!!$0'/ . 2 '' . ) .
,0$&'4 . +*..$' C= 0--4 1$. /# # (/$ ++ - +/$*) ./
GH /* ( .0- 1-$/$*). $) #0() (*/$1/$*)= 0--4 .-$ . 4)($: /$( ) *)/ 3/> + ) )/ *)./-0/ *! (*/$1/$*)= #$.
43
Motivation in medical students
43
chapter 2
Motivation theories and medical education
.-$+/$*)$)*/1$ 2(*/$1/$*).!$3 /-$/0/.*) /#/*0' ()$+0'/ /* )#) ' -)$)"=
'-& 0''A. G$/ 4NQH GMUPOH /# *-4 *! ' -)$)": /# *!. , '*14
+-*+*. /#/) .-$1 #1$*0-$)24/#/- .0'/.$)!0'!$'( )/*!
/# . ) .: /#0. ($)/$)$)" ./ 4 .// $) /# *4= 1 )
1 '*+ !*-(0'!*-'0'/$)"(*/$1/$*)=NQ
# '*1 ' !** 1 ' &+ 4 .'*2NR GMUPOH 2. . *) /# - '/$1 $(+*-/) *! /# $!! - )/ )
. $) + -.*)A. '$! =NR .'*2
+-*+*. /#/.$#0()-$1 *-(*/$1/$*)0'/$(/ '4- !' /.)
!*-. '!>/0'$5/$*):$= =/# !0'!$'( )/*!*) A.+*/ )/$':2#$#*( .$)/*
/$*) *)'4 $! /# 0) -'4$)" .$ )
'*)"$)" ) ./ ( )
.: +#4.$*'*"$': .! /4: '*1 )
.: - ./$.!$ = # )
!*- 0/$*) )
($ #$ 1 ( )/ ) 1$ 2 . - !' /$1 *! /# 2$.# /* 1 '*+
. ) $)$1$0': ) /#0. 2*0' !'' $)/* /# . '!>/0'$5/$*) ' 1 ' *!
) .=
)MUQO: '')NS 1 '*+ +- $. ( /#*!*-.*-$)"#$ 1 ( )/
(*/$1/$*)= (*)./-/ /#/ " ) -'$5 (*/$1/$*) * . 3$./ $)
1 -4$)$1$0'/#/)+- $//# #1$*0-*!/#/$)$1$0'$)2$ 1-$ /4 *! .$/0/$*).= # 0) -'4$)" (*/$1/$*)' *)./-0/ . (. ./' )+- $/$1 !*- #1$*0-=
/&$).*)A.NT GMURRH 0(,&18.$- , '*1 +-*+*. /#/
$)$1$0' #. */# @(*/$1/$*) /* .0
1 -4
A ) @(*/$1/$*) /* 1*$
!$'0- A)/#//# *1 -''(*/$1/$*)*!)$)$1$0'$.- .0'/)/.0(
*!/# *1 /2*$( ).$*).= '.*!*0)/#/(*/$1/$*)$. + ) )/
*)(*/$1 : 3+ /)4*!.0 ..*-!$'0- )$) )/$1 1'0 *!.0 ..
*-!$'0- :) 1$. !*-(0'/*++-*#(*/$1/$*)*!)$)$1$0'$)
,0)/$//$1 24= '.*+-*+*. /#/(*/$1/$*)) !!*-/2*0' 44
44
Motivation in medical students
Motivation theories and medical education
chapter 2
/# ./-*)" ./ 2# ) - #$)" /# /-" / 2. ) $/# - /** .4 )*- /**
$!!$0'/=
',!.,'.'!-++ '*14-/$)*-) -NUGMURTH " ) -
.+ / /* (*/$1/$*) 4 .0"" ./$)" /#/ 2*( ) .#*2 '*2 -
#$ 1 ( )/ (*/$1/$*) /#) ( ) 0. *! "- / - B - *! 0 ..C
/#) ( ): 2#$# "-*2. *0/ *! *).$ -/$*) *! /# *). ,0 ) . *!
.0 ..= *- 2*( ): *-$)" /* *-) -: .0 .. (4 ( ) '*.. *!
!-$ ).:! ($)$)$/4)+*+0'-$/4=NU) /+ )
OLGMUSTH*(+-
( )
)2*( )*)/# $-#$ 1 ( )/(*/$1/$*)).#*2 /#/( ).*- #$"# -*) .$- !*-$)/ '' /0'#'' )" :)*(+ /$/$1 ) ..:2# - .
2*( ) .*- #$"# - *) .$- /* 2*-& #-= #$. +1 /# 24 !*-
./'$.#$)" " ) - $!! - ) . $) (*/$1/$*): '.* *. -1 $) 0-- )/
- . -#=OM:ON
,,*!-,!'& , '*1 GMUSPH $. *) -) 2$/# B#*2 $)$1$0'. $)/ -+- /
1 )/. ) #*2 /#$. $)/ -+- //$*) - '/ . /* /# $- /#$)&$)" )
#1$*0-C=OO $) - $ )/$!$ $'$/4: !!*-/: /.& $!!$0'/4: ) '0& .
/# (*./$(+*-/)/!/*-.!! /$)"//-$0/$*).!*-#$ 1 ( )/=OO
'!$ '&!,!. '*1 GH: 4 )0- GMUSSH: +-*+*. /#/ + *+' !0)/$*) . *)/-$0/*-. /* /# $- *2) (*/$1/$*): #1$*0-: )
1 '*+( )/2$/#$)) /2*-&*!- $+-*''4$)/ -/$)"$)!'0 ) .=OP# *) +/*!. '!> !!$4$. )/-'/*OP:( )$)"/#/%0" ( )/.*!. '!>
!!$4 / -($) #*2 (0# /$( ) !!*-/ ) $)$1$0' $)1 ./. $) )
/$1$/4= #0.: + *+' " ) -''4 0) -/& : + -!*-( ) + -.$./ /
/$1$/$ . 2#$# /# 4 '$ 1 /# (. '1 . /* +' *! + -!*-($)" )
1*$/$1$/$ .2#$#/# 4!
'$)+' *!+ -!*-($)"=OP
$8,*%!&,!'& '*1GH:4 $)4)NL>NN:OQ:+-*+*. /#/$/
$.)*/*)'4/# ' 1 '*!(*/$1/$*)/#/$.$(+*-/)/:0/'.*/# ,0'$/4*-
/4+ *! (*/$1/$*) /#/ / -($) . #1$*0-= 2* $!! - )/ /4+ . *!
45
Motivation in medical students
45
chapter 2
Motivation theories and medical education
(*/$1/$*) 2 - '*-/ < $)/-$).$ (*/$1/$*): 2#$# ( + -.*)
+0-.0 )/$1$/4*0/*!+ -.*)'$)/ - ./:) 3/-$).$(*/$1/$*):2#$#
( + -.*) +0-.0 /# /$1$/4 /* */$) - 2- *- 1*$ '*.. *-
+0)$.#( )/= +0/. !*-/# $)/-$).$ (*/$1/$*) . /# .$- /4+ *!
(*/$1/$*).$/2.!*0)/*' /*
NN
+' -)$)") // -*0/*( .=NL>
)/-$).$ (*/$1/$*) $. 0$'/ *) /# $)# - )/ )
*(+ / ) )- '/ ) ..=# )
!*--,'&'%1 .-$ ./# )
! ' /#/: B
( *$)" $/ 0. 2)/ /*C= # )
*0/!
)
. *! 0/*)*(4:
/*
!*- '%(,& $.
'$)"/#/*) #./# +$'$/4/*#$ 1 *) A. .$- "*'.=# !*-$,&++ .-$ . $)"' /*- '/ *-(// -/*.$")$!$)/
*/# -.:$= =+- )/.:/ # -.:!-$ ).)+
-"-*0+:$)*) A.'$! /#-*0"#
2*-&: /$*). ) #$ 1 ( )/= ) ( $' 0/$*) +/$ )/. *0' '.*
B.$")$!$)/*/# -.C=MQ# . /#- )
/* $)/-$).$''4 (*/$1/ = ./
.(0./ ./$.!$ !*-+ -.*)
- /# - . -# *) (*/$1/$*)
/*2-.,0'$/4*!(*/$1/$*)= #1 3+'$) $)(*- /$'/#)
/# */# - /# *-$ . . $/ $. *).$ - /* 1 -4 - ' 1)/ $) ( $'
0/$*)MQ:NO:OR>OT)2 #1 3+) *)++'$/$*).*!/#$./# *-4$)
/# $.0..$*)=
'$ '*1:( +*+0'-4$)/-$#OU: 3+'$).(*/$1/$*)*!$)$1$0'.
*) /# .$. *! /# $- "*' *-$ )//$*)< (./ -4 "*' *-$ )//$*) )
+ -!*-() "*' *-$ )//$*)= ./ -4 "*'. - /#*. "*'. 2# ) /# $)$1$0' $. !*0. *) (./ -$)": ' -)$)" ) 0) -./)$)" /# /.&:
2# - .+ -!*-() "*'.- /#*. "*'.2# )/# $)$1$0'$.!*0. *)+ -!*-($)" // -$)*(+-$.*)/**/# -.//# /.&=
*)'0.$*). ) - *(( )/$*). 2#$# ) -$1 !-*( /# . $!! - )//# *-$ .!*- 0/$*)- .0((-$5 $)' M=
46
46
Motivation in medical students
Motivation theories and medical education
chapter 2
5#!!"(#"'"#" )'#"'#&)(#"&*
&#!&"((#&'#!#(*(#"
#&-"
)(#&
&
/*#$ 1 MUOT
# *-4NP:
0--4
-$1 /# *-4NQ:
0''
MUPO
# *-4*!
$ --#4*!
.NR:
.'*2
MUPO
'')NS
MUQO
3+ /)4
1'0 # *-4NT:
/&$).*)
MURR
#" )'#"'
#!!"(#"'
&*-()(#&'
#&)(#"
*/$1/$*)*!./0 )/. /$.$(+*-/)//*
$.*)/ 3/)/$( *).$ -./0 )/
+ ) )/=
(*/$1/$*)!*-' -)$)"/*
*0- 0. $/) )#) 4 0/*-.=
.-$1 #1$*0- ) -./)$)"/# ) .
2#$#- .0'/.$)
*!/# ./0 )/.)# '+
./$.!/$*)*!/# . 0/*-./*--)" ) .=
0/$*)$)24/#/
)#) ../0 )/
(*/$1/$*)=
B '!>/0'$5/$*)C$= =
!2 .$- ./0 )/./*
!0'!$''$)"*) A.+*/ )/$' 2*-&0+/*/# $-+*/ )/$'
$.) :2#$#*( . $) 0/$*):/# $-
$)/*/$*)*)'4$!*) A. +#4.$*'*"$':.! /4:'*1 .$) .- ) ./ () ..#*0'
./$.!$ =
./$.!$ =
# - $." ) -'$5 /$.$(+*-/)//*!*0.*)
(*/$1/$*)2#$#$.
(*/$1/$*)0-$)"
./' $)''.$/0/$*).=
#$'#**).#**'
/$.$)*-)*- + ). 4 -.=
*) 3+ -$ ) .0-$)"
#$'#**=
1 -''(*/$1/$*)*!
/$.$(+*-/)//*+-*1$ )$)$1$0'$..0(
*+/$('#'' )" ./*
*!(*/$1/$*)/*
./0 )/.$)' -)$)":.
.0 )(*/$1/$*) /# !!*-/.- ./-*)" ./
/*1*$!$'0- =
2# )/# /.&$.) $/# -
*/$1/$*)$.
/* .4)*-/**$!!$0'/=
+ ) )/*)(*/$1 :
$) )/$1 1'0 *!
.0 ..D!$'0- )
3+ /)4*!
.0 ..D!$'0- =
47
Motivation in medical students
47
chapter 2
Motivation theories and medical education
-*!
.0 ..NU:
*-) -
MUSO
//-$0/$*)
# *-4OO:
$) -
MUSP
*$'*")$/$1 # *-4OP:
)0-
MUSS
'!>
/ -($)/$*)
# *-4NL>NN:OQ:
$84)
MUTQ
*'# *-4OU:
$)/-$#
NLLL
48
*( )#1 )
$/$*)'$( ).$*)$)
(*/$1/$*)2#$#$.
'' B -*!0 ..C=
)$1$0'.//-$0/ /# $-.0 .. .)
!$'0- ./*$!! - )/
!/*-.:*/#$)/ -)'
) 3/ -)'/*/# (=
# . //-$0/$*).
/ -($) /# $-!0-/# -
(*/$1/$*))
#1$*0-/*2-./# /.&=
)$1$0'.*)/-*'
/# $-*2)(*/$1/$*).
) #1$*0-2$/#$)
/# ) /2*-&*!/# $-
.*$' )1$-*)( )/
)$)$1$0')#1 /2*/4+ .*!
(*/$1/$*).<$)/-$).$
) 3/-$).$=
)/-$).$
(*/$1/$*)$./# .$-' /4+ *!
(*/$1/$*)!*-''
/$1$/$ .$)'0$)"
' -)$)"D 0/$*)=
2-.-$1 3/-$).$
(*/$1/$*))- 0 $)/-$).$(*/$1/$*)=
*/$1/$*)*!)
$)$1$0':'.*$)
0/$*):$.-$1 )4
"*'*-$ )//$*):2#$#
) *!/2*/4+ .*!
"*'.<(./ -4)
+ -!*-() =./ -4
"*'*-$ )//$*)
) -$!! - ) .$)
(*/$1/$*).#*0' "$1 )0 *).$ -/$*)
2#$' +'))$)" 0/$*)=
* ' /*(*/$1/ ./0 )/.:2 ) /*
0) -./)2#//# 4
//-$0/ /# $-.0 .. .
*-!$'0- ./*=
* (*/$1/ !*-
/.&:$)'0$)"' -)$)":
)$)$1$0') ./*
! '. '!> !!$$*0.//#$.
/.&=
)*- -/* )#) $)/-$).$(*/$1/$*)
(*)"./0 )/./# $-
) .!*-0/*)*(4:
*(+ / ) )
- '/ ) ...#*0' ./$.!$ =
./ -4"*'*-$ )//$*)
$./# +- ! -- /4+ *!
*-$ )//$*)$)./0 )/.=
48
Motivation in medical students
Motivation theories and medical education
chapter 2
!*0. .*)(./ -$)"
/.&:2# - .
+ -!*-() "*'
*-$ )//$*)$./*2-.
$)" // -/#)
*/# -.=
#0.: 0-$)" /# 1 '*+( )/ *! (*/$1/$*) /# *-$ .: /# !*0. .#$!/ !-*( *).$ -/$*) *! *)'4 /# ,0)/$/4 *! (*/$1/$*)NP:
*).$ -/$*) *! /# ,0'$/4 *! (*/$1/$*)NL:
'$/ -/0- 3$./. $) " ) -'
OO: OP: OU=
NQ: NS: NT
/*
'-" *4 *!
0/$*) *0/ $)/-$).$ )
3/-$).$
(*/$1/$*) ) #*2 /* )#) $)/-$).$ (*/$1/$*)= #$. #)" $. '.*
- !' / $) /# !/ /#/ : : *' /# *-4 ) //-$0/$*) /# *-4:
2#$# !*0. *) ,0'$//$1 ++-*#: - 0-- )/'4 *).$ - (*./
- ' 1)/ $) - ..$)" (*/$1/$*)= #0.: $) &
+$)" 2$/# 0-- )/
0) -./)$)".:/# !*0..#*0')*/ .*' '4*) )#)$)"/# ,0)/$/4
*!(*/$1/$*)$)*0-./0 )/.:0/'.**)$/.,0'$/4=
'(#&-"* #$!"(#! )(#"
)/#$.. /$*):2 /0-)/*. ' / 1 '*+( )/.$)( $' 0/$*)/#/
#1 ) .$")$!$)/= / /# *0/. /: 2 2*0' '$& /* )*/ /#/ '' *! /# 1 '*+( )/. ( )/$*) '*2 - )*/ .
) 0)$!*-('4 $) '' ( $'
.#**'. *- '' *0)/-$ .= $/#$) "- 0+*) ./)-. *! ,0'$/4: #
( $' .#**' !*''*2. $/. *2) +#$'*.*+#4 ) ($..$*) ) $)/ "-/ .
.*( *! /# #)" . ( )/$*) *1 2#$# - .0$/' !*- $/.$ *'*"4
)*)/ 3/='.*:/# . #)" .(4)*/#1 )-*0"#/$)/*+-/$ *(+' / '4:).*( (4./$'' $)./" .*! 1 '*+( )/=
*./*!/# 2-$// )#$./*-4*!/# 1 '*+( )/*!( $' 0/$*)/ .
& /* /# $"#/
)/# )/0-4 $) /# PL ) -'$ - $) 0-*+
PM=
$' 0/$*)$)/# ./-/ ($)'4.)((*&,!+ !('$PL
49
Motivation in medical students
49
chapter 2
Motivation theories and medical education
2#$# 2. + ) )/ *) /# +-/$/$*) ->/ # - 0) - 2#*( /# ++- )/$ */$) /-$)$)" ) 2. )*/ - "0'/ 4 )4 0/#*-$//$1 *4= #$. (* ' .
(. /* . *) $(+-*1$)" /# *")$/$1 )
( /*")$/$1 - "0'/$*) *(+*) )/. *! ' -)$)"= $ ).0- ( /# )*-($)0-*+ $)/# MTLL.PM)$)MUML:/# N:PN $ /*- ,0$- ''( $'/ #$)".#**'./*(
/- ,0$- ( )/.!*-*((*)./)-.
*! ,0'$/4= ) /# : /#$. 0--$0'0( - !*-( ./-*)"'4 /**& /#$. $- /$*)
!/ - /# ' 3) - - +*-/ 2. +0'$.# =N: PO ' 3) - - *(( ) /* /# -) "$ *0)/$*)/#//# )/-4,0'$!$/$*).!*-( $'./04.#*0'
# '*-.A "-
$).$ ) :)/#//# ( $'0--$0'0(.#*0'
*).$./*!/2*4 -.*!.$.$ ) .!*''*2 4/2*4 -.*!G+-/$'H
'$)$' 0/$*)2#$#.#*0'$)1*'1 '*. *)//2$/#+/$ )/.=PN#$.
0--$0'-#)" 2.. "$)*) // -$)"/# *")$/$1 *(+*) )/*!
' -)$)"=' 3) -A.1$ 2*!/# $(+*-/) *!.$.$ ) .$)/# ( $'
0--$0'0($)!'0 ) ( $' 0/$*))*/*)'4$)/# :))
.*( +-/. *! 0-*+
PP: 0/ '.* .$PQ= *''*2$)" /#
' 3) - - +*-/: /# . +-/$*)*!.$.$ ) .)'$)$' 0/$*)"- 2.*+-*!*0)PL/#/
- +*-/. ( -" /#/ ./0 )/. !*0) $/ $!!$0'/ /* .
/# - ' 1) *!
./04$)".$.$ ) ./*/# $-"*'*! *($)"*/*-:/#0.'*.$)"/# $-
$)/ - ./$)/# ./04*!( $$) =T:PR
) MUQN: . ./ -) . -1 )$1 -.$/4: : +/ ) $)/ "-/ ++-*# $) ( $' 0/$*); /# )/-' /# ( . $)'0 / #$)"
. *)+-*' (.*'1$)":./0 )/. +/$)"- .+*).$$'$/4!*-/# $-*2)
0/$*): 0--$0'0( .$") . *)/$)00( 4 !0'/4 .0% /
*(($// . $)./ *! +-/( )/.: $)/ -$.$+'$)-4 / #$)" )
$)/ "-/$*)*!.$.$ ) .2$/#'$)$'.$ ) .=T:PS:PT:PU# *) +/.*!
+-*' ( .*'1$)" ) $)/ "-/$*) *! $.$+'$) . 2 - 1 '*+ !0-/# - $)
*/# -0)$1 -.$/$ ./'/ -/$( =T
50
50
Motivation in medical students
Motivation theories and medical education
chapter 2
(%*- 1 '*+( )/ $) 0--$0'- ++-*# . /* ' -)$)" ( $$) 2.
/# $)/-*0/$*)*!*'$%8+*&!&* 'GMURTH:. *)/# ..0(+/$*) /#/ +-*' (>.*'1$)" .&$''. !*-( /# .$. *! $)" "**
$")*./$$))# '/#- +-*1$ -=QL) $(+*-/)//# ( 0) -'4$)"
$. '*-/$)" ./0 )/.A +-$*- &)*2' " =OS:
QM: QN
) /#$. (* ':
$)!*-(/$*) $. +- . )/ /* /# ./0 )/. $) /# !*-( *! '$)$' . . *-
# '/#>- '/ +-*' (. ) /# 4 - .& /* '1 $)/* /# - ' 1)/
$)!*-(/$*) !-*( .$: '$)$' ) .*$' .$ ) . ) *)) / /#$. 2$/#
/# $- 3$./$)"&)*2' " =.. -/.'$(./#/./0 )/..#*0'*2)/# - .+*).$$'$/4!*-' -)$)";!0-/# -:/ # -.$)- 3+ / /*(& /-).$/$*) !-*( $.. ($)/$)" $)!*-(/$*) /* !$'$//$)" ' -)$)"=OS #0.:
+-*' (>. ' -)$)"2.'.*0$'/-*0)/# *) +/*!. '!>$- / ' -)$)":2#$#. -1 ./# ( /*")$/$1 - "0'/$*)*!' -)$)"=R: QL: QO# "*'. *! /#$. /4+ *! (* ' *- /# *-$"$)' .-$+/$*) * )*/ $)'0 )4
*).$ -/$*) *! ./0 )/ (*/$1/$*): 3 +/ . +-/ *! /# . ' /$*)
+-* 0- !*- ($..$*)=OS: QL */$1/$*) *! ./0 )/. #. $) /#$. *)/ 3/ . ) 1)/"
=QL
) ( )/$*) *)'0 /#/ *).$ -/$*) *!
(*/$1/$*)' +-* .. .: .+ $''4 $) /# *)/ 3/ *! .('' "-*0+ )
++'$/$*)>*-$ )/ ' -)$)":2.$(+'$$/=#0./#$.(* '2.. *)
$(+-*1$)"/# *")$/$1 )( /*")$/$1 *(+*) )/.*!' -)$)")/# $(+-*1 ( )/ *! /# (*/$1/$*)' *(+*) )/ ( ++- )/ . /# (* '2.$(+' ( )/ =OS:QM
&,*,-**!-$GMUUQH2 - ./'$.# 2$/#/# $(*!+'$)" #
$.$+'$) )/# (// -/0"#/4$/$)/# *)/ 3/*!''*/# -$.$+'$) .
*- $) /# -* - *)/ 3/ *! ( $' 0/$*)=QP $/#$) /#$. ++-*#:
#*-$5*)/' $)/ "-/$*) ( )/ $)/ "-/$*) -*.. /# ( $' .0% /.
/0"#/$)+-/$0'-4 -*-+#. *!/# +-*"-()1 -/$'$)/ "-/$*)
( )/ $)/ "-/$*) *! +- >'$)$' ) '$)$' .$ ) .=QP>QR *,!$$1
&,*, -**!-$ 2 - $)/-*0 2$/# /# $( *! +'$)" .$
.$ ) . $) /# *)/ 3/ *! '$)$' +-/$ ) /* $)/-*0 -'4 *)//
51
Motivation in medical students
51
chapter 2
Motivation theories and medical education
2$/#+/$ )/.=QP:QR>QT) *!/# .// 1)/" .*! -'4*)//2$/#- '
+/$ )/.$../$(0'/$)"./0 )/(*/$1/$*)!*-' -)$)"=QP:QU:RL
-,'%8+ -,!'& GMUUTH /& . /# .$- *0/*( . *! /# 0/$*)' +-*"-( . /# .$. *! 1 '*+$)" 0--$0'0(=RM # 1 '*+( )/ *! 0--$0'0( $. /#0. . *) /# ,0 ./$*) B#/ .*-/ *!
*/*-. * 2 2)/ /* +-*0 ?CRN #$. /4+ *! (* ' 2. ' /* // -
- .. *0/*( . 4*) /# $)$1$0' ' -) -: .0# . (
# '/#)
/$)" /# .*!.*$ /4=)RO)G- $//$*)*0)$'!*-
-0/ $' 0/$*): MUUTH *(+ / )4 !-( 2*-&.RP +-*1$ !0-/# -/**'./* ./'$.#*0/*( >. 0/$*)$)+-/$ )24./*
.. .. /#$. (* ' *% /$1 '4= '/#*0"# 1 '*+ /* "0$ ( $'
0/$*) / /# +*./"-0/ *- "-0/ ' 1 ': /# 4 #1 +-*1$ $(+*-/)/(* '.!*-0) -"-0/ +-*"-(..2 ''=RQ
) MUUU: - ) .-$ #*2 .+$-' 0--$0'0(: !$-./ .-$ 4
-0) -$)MURL:) - / $)( $' 0/$*)=RR#$.++-*#2.
.-$ /*#$"#'$"#/ .+ $''4/#//# - + /$/$1 *-")$5/$*)*!*)/ )/
) /# *1 -'' ./-0/0- *! /# 0--$0'0( - ) "' / $) ( $'
0--$0'= .+$-' 0--$0'0( ''*2. !*- 0$'$)" *! &)*2' " $) '4 -.:
$= =(*1$)"!-*(.$(+' !/./*(*- *(+'$/ 0) -./)$)":/#0.)
$/ -/$1 - 1$.$/$)" *! /*+$.= *- - )/'4: 2 !$) /# .-$+/$*) *! >
.#+ 0--$0'QT: RS2#$#- . *)1 -/$'$)/ "-/$*)*!.$)
'$)$'.$ ) .=
# 0(*!&8+ *&!& '$ G!$-./ .-$ 4 -0/RT .
' -)$)" $) /# 2*-&+' H $. . *) /# *) +/ *! B+-/$$+/$*) $)
+-/$ C= / $. - '/ ($)'4 /* '$)$' ' -)$)": ) /# ' -)$)"
.+ /-0(-)" .!-*(+..$1 *. -1/$*)/*+ -!*-() *!/# /.&.*!
*/*-=QT/0 )/.- "$1 )- .+*).$$'$/4*!+/$ )/.$)"- ()) -=
#$.# '+./*"$1 ./0 )/.#).*) 3+ -$ ) $)*)/ 3/>. . )-$*.
52
52
Motivation in medical students
Motivation theories and medical education
chapter 2
)'.**)!$ ) $)/# $-*(+ / ) :.2 ''.''*2$)"/# (/*' -)
!-*( /# $- +
-.: ) !-*( */# -. $) /# )1$-*)( )/= # (* ' $.
*).$./ )/ 2$/# ) (+#.$. ( /*")$/$1 *(+*) )/ *! ' -)$)" )
/# (*/$1/$*)'*(+*) )/$.*).$ - =RL
1 -4 - )/ 0--$0'- 1 '*+( )/ $) ( $' 0/$*) #. '&!,-!&$$1 &,*, $*#+ !(+ ?
@ *
'RU: )
.$") 2$/# /# $(
*!- /$)"*/*-.2#*- -*'4 0/ -*../# & 4*(+ / )$ .
*!( $$) :#1 /# &)*2' " ).&$''./* )/ -"-0/ /-$)$)")
3#$$/ #$"# ' 1 '. *! +-*! ..$*)'$.( ) +/$ )/> )/ - *-$ )//$*)=
. *($) +/$ )/ - $) 1-$*0. $.$+'$) .: $) /# 24 +/$ )/.
3+ -$ ) $/; /# !*0. $. *) !*''*2$)" +/$ )/.: .* . /* 0) -./) /# *0-. ) *(+' 3$/4 *! /# $- $'') ..: ) /* )' !*-(/$*) *!
*)/$)0$/4 $) - '/$*).#$+.= # *).$ -/$*) *! (*/$1/$*) $) /#$. (* '
$.$(+'$$/;#*2 1 -$/..0( ./#/- '/$*).#$+.)*)) /$*).2$'' )#) !*- ' -) -.= #$. (* ' $. ./$'' $) /# 1 '*+( )/ ) / ./$)"
./" .:./# !$-./*#*-/.*!./0 )/.!-*(/#$.(* '*!0--$0'0(#1 "-0/ 1 -4 - )/'4= #0.: /# !! /. ) !! /$1 ) .. *! /#$.
0--$0'-(* '- ($)4 //* (*)./-/ =
# (* ': .-$ 4 - ) / '=SL: )'4. . 0--$0'-
./-0/0- . *) /# .$. *! /# !*''*2$)" #-/ -$./$.< ./0 )/> )/- GH; +-*' (>. GH: $)/ "-/ G
H; *((0)$/4>. GH; 2$/#
' /$1 .GH)2$/#.4./ (/$++-*#/*'$)$' 0/$*)GH=SL
'/#*0"# /#$. (* ' +- . .*( *! /# */# - (* '. 2 #1 +- . )/ : $/ *!! -. # '+!0' !-( 2*-& /* .0( 0+ /# (%*-
1 '*+( )/.$)( $' 0/$*)0--$0':2#$#- <
M= -/$/$*) - / # -> + ) )/ / #$)" #. #)" /* (*- ./)-$5 / #$)"!*-(/.=PP:SL
53
Motivation in medical students
53
chapter 2
Motivation theories and medical education
N= )- "0'/ : .0% /$1 / #$)" *- /-$)$)" ++-*# . #1 #)" /* (*- ./)- *% /$1 .>. / #$)": 2#$#
!*''*2 0--$0'0(=PP
O= + $'/4 ) $.$+'$) . 0/$*)' ++-*# . #1 #)" $) .*( ( $' .#**'. /*2- (*- $)/ "-/ ++-*# .=T
P= # -> )/- 0--$0' ) ++-*# . #1 #)" /* )
(+#.$.*)' -) -> )/- / #$)"++-*# .=N:SL
Q= .*'/ / #$)"*!.$)'$)$'.$ ) .$. $)"- +' 4
$)/ "-/ / #$)"++-*# .=SL
R= # 1$ 2 /#/ *(+ / ) - ,0$- *)'4 $")*./$ )
()" ( )/.&$''.#. 1*'1 /*(*- -*>. 0/$*)'
++-*# 2#$# $)'0 . */# - *(+ / )$ . '$& *((0)$/$*)
.&$''.:*''*-/$*).&$''.:+-*! ..$*)'$.( /=PP
S= )*2' " >. .. ..( )/ #. 1*'1 /*2- *(+ / )4>
. .. ..( )/=PP
T= ) .*( ( $' *'' " .: #*.+$/'>. /-$)$)" 0/$*) #.
#)" /* $)'0 *((0)$/4>. *- -0-' +-/$ >. 0/$*)=SL
/$.# '+!0'/*1$ 2 #*!/# (* '.$)- '/$*)/*/# !-( 2*-&:
$)1*'1$)" *")$/$1 : !! /$1 ) ( /*")$/$1 .+ /. *! ' -)$)"; /#$.
#.
)*0/'$) $)' N=
54
54
Motivation in medical students
Motivation theories and medical education
chapter 2
6)&&) &(&"'"! )(#""#+(-&
#&"((#+&'&"(#!$#""('# &"".'')'(-
(!# &#
#&"
)&&) &(&"'
MT/#
8MU/#
)/0-4
MUML
++- )/$ .#$+
(* 'PL
MUQN
MURT
MUUQ
MUUT
MUUU
NLLP
NLLQ
' 3) -(* 'N:PO
. ./ -)
. -1 )$1 -.$/4
(* 'PS
-*' (>. -)$)"(* 'PT
)/ "-/ 0--$0'-(* 'QN>QQ
F*-$5*)/'8
-/$'
0/*( >. 0/$*)QU
+$-'0--$0'0(
(* 'RP
3+ -$ ) >. -)$)"(* 'QT
*)"$/0$)''4
)/ "-/ ' -&.#$+.G
H
(* 'RS
V'*2:VV#$"#
Motivation in medical students
&"(
(#
#"(#"
VV
&"(
(#
!#(*(#"
>>
&"((#
!(#"(*
&) (#"
V
VV
>>
>>
VV
V:$(+'$$/
VV
VV
V:$(+'$$/
VV
VV
V:$(+'$$/
VV
VV
>>
VV
VV
V:$(+'$$/
VV
VV
VV:./$''$)
/# +-* ..
*!
1 '*+( )/
V:$(+'$$/
VV
VV
VV
55
55
chapter 2
Motivation theories and medical education
#(*(#"" )(#"
# (* ' .-$ . /#-
*(+*) )/. *! ' -)$)"< *")$/$1 :
!! /$1 ) ( /*")$/$1 - "0'/$*)=S ! 2 1$ 2 0--$0'-
1 '*+( )/. $) ( $' 0/$*) !-*( /# + -.+ /$1 *! /#$. (* ': 2 *. -1 /#/: $) " ) -': 0--$0'- 1 '*+( )/. #1 '-" '4. *)$(+-*1 ( )/*!/# *")$/$1 *(+*) )/*!' -)$)"G.
)
' NH= *( 1 '*+( )/. '$& : $)/ "-/ 0--$0': *0/*( >
. 0/$*):
3+ -$ ) >. ' -)$)" ) *((0)$/4>. 0/$*) - '.* . *) 3+ / $(+-*1 ( )/ *! /# ( /*")$/$1 - "0'/$*) *(+*) )/ *! ' -)$)" ) (*./ *! /# . ++-*# .
$)*-+*-/ !! /$1 *0/*( .= *).$ -/$*) *! /# (*/$1/$*)'
*(+*) )/ $) ()4 0--$0'- #)" . #. #*2 1 - ) $/# - $(+'$$/
*- - *")$5 $) - /-*.+ / *- $. ./$'' $) 1 '*+( )/ G 3+ -$ ) >. ' -)$)" (* 'RLH= / ++ -. /#/ ./0 )/ (*/$1/$*) #. )*/ ) +- *($))/ -$1 - *! 0--$0'0( - !*-(= $)'4 $/ #. $(+'$$/'4 )
..0( . )/0-' 4>+-*0/ ) *0/*( $) ( $' 0/$*)= */
()4 3+'$$/ 2-$/$)". *) ./0 )/ (*/$1/$*) - !*0) $) /# ( $'
0/$*) '$/ -/0- ; *) *! /# (*./ '*-/ *) . /#/ *).$ -.
(*/$1/$*) / . & !$!/4 4 -.=SM *0' )*/ ./'$.# /#/ ( $'
0--$0'0( 1 '*+ -.#1 *!/ ) '$ -/ '40. (*/$1/$*).!*0.
*!// )/$*)= 1 -/# ' ..:.*( *!/# 1 '*+( )/.$)( $' 0/$*)
#1 - .0'/ $)./$(0'/$*)*!./0 )/(*/$1/$*)QQ:QU..$ > ) !$/=
)
/# . . .: /# (*/$1/$*)' .+ / #. ) 3+'$$/'4 *+/ : ) $.
)*2*).$ - ).+ /*!/#*. 1 '*+( )/.=
.0"" .//#/.+ $!$''4$)/ "-/$)"./$(0'/$*)*!./0 )/(*/$1/$*):
*/#,0'$/4),0)/$/4:$)/*/# 24 0/$*)$.+')) : '$1 - )
.. .. :*0' 0. !0' 0/$*)'+#$'*.*+#4!*-/# !0/0- =
56
56
Motivation in medical students
Motivation theories and medical education
chapter 2
')''#"
) *0- 0-- )/ ++ - 2 !*0) /#/ ./0 )/ (*/$1/$*) #. )*/ ) +- *($))/ -$1 - *! 0--$0'0( - !*-(= 3($)$)" /# *) +/.
.-$ $) /# $!! - )/ (*/$1/$*) /# *-$ .: 2 !$) /#/ (*/$1/$*)
/# *-$./.#1 *!/ ) (+#.$. /# $(+*-/) *!(*/$1/$*)$)' -)$)"
) 0/$*)= *2 1 -: 1 '*+ -. *! ( $' 0/$*) #1 ++ - /*0) -1'0 /# $(+*-/) *! '$ -/ // )/$*)/*(*/$1/$*)=
*) +/. $) ./0 )/ (*/$1/$*) - $(+*-/)/ . ) $)/ "-' +-/ *! /# !*0)/$*) *! ( $' 0--$0'= ) +-/$0'-: /# *) +/ *! ./$(0'/$)"
$)/-$).$ (*/$1/$*) (*)" ( $' ./0 )/.: $= = ' -)$)" !*- /# .& *!
' -)$)" ) +/$ )/.: -/# - /#) 3/-$).$ (*/$1/$*): ) ' -)$)" !*-
"** "- . *- #*)*0-. *- .0 .. *- (*) 4: $. $(+*-/)/= )/-$).$
(*/$1/$*) #. ) .#*2) /* ' /* // - ' -)$)": + -!*-() )
2 ''> $)"$)( $' 0/$*)=ON:SN
*-$)" /* : $/ $. .. )/$' /* .0++*-/ /# )
. *! 0/*)*(4:
*(+ / ) ) - '/ ) .. *! ./0 )/. $) *- - /* ./$(0'/ $)/-$).$
(*/$1/$*) ) $)0'/ /-0 '*1 !*- ' -)$)" ) +-/$ =NM: NN *)>
!0'!$'( )/*!/# . ) .2.!*0):$) /# -').. ./042#$#
$)/ -1$ 2 +*./>"-0/ */*-. $) /-$)$)": /* ' /* *).$ -/$*) *!
2$/#-2$)"!-*(.+ $'$.//-$)$)"=SP0--$0'-(* '.'$& :1 -/$'
$)/ "-/$*): 2*-&+' ' -)$)" ) * - .. $..0 . *! ./0 )/
$)/ - ./. ) (*/$1/$*).= #/ ++ -. /* "$1 ) ' .. // )/$*) $)
0--$0'- +'))$)" $. )#)$)" ./0 )/ 0/*)*(4: +-*1$$)" (*/$*)'
.0++*-/ /* /# ./0 )/. ) "$1$)" $(+*-/) /* !! /$1 '4 +-*1$ & )
. /* - .. /# $..0 *! /# "+
//$ ) $(+ -' 4 *0/'$) #*2 !
& (4 +-*1$ /* ./0 )/.
!
&SM *) ' -)$)"= /2
!
) 2#/ ./0 )/. #1 0) -./** ) 2#/ $. 3+ / : $= =
& *) /# +-* .. *! ' -)$)" ) )*/ %0./ $) /# !*-( *! "- .=SO
0/ (4 )*/ !! /$1 ) '.* .-$ (* ' !*- "$1$)" !! /$1 57
Motivation in medical students
57
chapter 2
!
Motivation theories and medical education
&=SO # ' 1 ') '$)$ -) - *'' " *! $$) 0--$0'-
(* ' $. ) 3(+' *! @! & -$#A (* ' 2#$# $. $( /
$(+-*1$)"./0 )/*(+ / ) 2$/#!*-(/$1 !
&:.)*.0((/$1 "- . - "$1 )=SQ ) *! /# #'' )"$)" $..0 . !*- ./$(0'/$)" ./0 )/
(*/$1/$*)$./# 3$./ ) *!*)/-*'>*-$ )/ / #$)"OS).. ..( )/
.4./ (. ./ (($)" !-*( /# G+ -#+. /** )--*2H 0) -./)$)" /#/
B.. ..( )/.-$1 ' -)$)"CSR=
/$.$(+*-/)//*0. .. ..( )/./*"$1 !
&*)+ -!*-() )"+.$)&)*2' " ).&$''.:$!/# 0'/$(/ *% /$1 $.$) /*!*./ -./0 )/' -)$)"=R
!! &$.)*/"$1 )*)
/# . .. ..( )/.$)) !! /$1 24:2 /0''4-$.&./$(0'/$)""- / -
3/-$).$ (*/$1/$*) (*)" ./0 )/. 2#$# $. -$1 ) 4 "- .= #0. /# 0-- )/( $' 0/$*).4./ (/#-*0"#.*( ( ).!*-/$!$ ../0 )/.A
(*/$1/$*): 0/ '.* -* . /# $- (*/$1/$*) /#-*0"# */# - ( ).= )
+-/$0'-: )*/ (0# // )/$*) $. +$ /* ./$(0'/$)" /# .$- &$) *!
(*/$1/$*):.- *(( ) 4:2#$#$.$)/-$).$(*/$1/$*)NN=#0.
,0'$/4*!(*/$1/$*).0!! -.$)/# /- >*!!=
/$./$( /*.&*0-. '1 ./*- !' /0+*)2#/&$)*!./0 )/.)!0/0- */*-.2 2*0''$& </#*. 2#*- $)/-$"0 )$)/ - ./ $)( $$) ) /#0. $) '$! '*)" ' -)$)" *- /#*. 2#* --4 .0+ -!$$' *) +/. )
)
$) )/$1 . ) - "0'/$*). /* &
+ 0+ 2$/# ) 2 1) . $) /# .$ ) ) +-/$ *! ( $$) = #/ ( $' 0/*-.SS: +/$ )/. )
.*$ /4SS .$- - */*-.2#*- $)/ - ./ $)/# ./04)+-/$ *!
( $$) ) 2#* '$& -$)" !*- ) - '/$)" /* +/$ )/.: )*/ */*-.
2#*. ($)"*'*!+-/$ $./*#$ 1 3/ -)'- 2-)- *")$/$*)=
+- $/ /#/ $)/-$).$''4 (*/$1/ */*-. ) /# +#$'*.*+#4 *!
/ #$)" 2#$# $. " - /* ./$(0'/ $)/-$).$ (*/$1/$*) *0' ' /*
*/*-. 2#* )"" $) '$! '*)" ' -)$)" G0/*)*(*0.'4 $)./ *! $)"
*)/-*'' 4'$ ).0- )-0' .H:2#$#$..*$(+*-/)/$)( $$) =1 )
$! .*$ /4 ) /# 2*-&$)" *)$/$*). *! /# # '/# - .4./ ( - )*/
58
58
Motivation in medical students
Motivation theories and medical education
chapter 2
" - /*2-./$(0'/$)"$)/-$).$(*/$1/$*)*!*/*-.:2 . 0/*-.
(4/' ./.#+ *0- 0/$*)/**)/-$0/ /*$/=
)/2*- )/+0'$/$*).MQ:MR 2 #1 +-*1$ ()4.0"" ./$*).#*2/*
++'4 (*/$1/$*) /# *-4 G '!> / -($)/$*) # *-4H $) +-/$ $)
( $' 0/$*))0--$0'0( 1 '*+( )/=
!((#"'
# (*./$(+*-/)/'$($//$*)*!*0-- 1$ 2$./#/2 #1 )' /*
- # /# .// *)'0.$*). . *)'4 *) /# +0'$.# '$/ -/0- *)
0--$0'- - !*-(= / $. +*..$' /#/ 0--$0'- - !*-(. /&$)" +' /
$)$1$0'.#**'.:2#$#- 0)+0'$.# :#1 $)*-+*-/ ' ( )/.*!
./0 )/(*/$1/$*)=
- '.* 2- /#/ 2 #1 ) 0)' /* '*-/ !0''4 '' /# /# *-$ . *! (*/$1/$*) *- /# -$# #$./*-4 *! ( $' 0/$*): */#
0. /# /*+$. - *(+' 3: ): . *)-$'4: 0. *0- $)/ )/$*)
2./*$)'0 *)'4/# /$'.- ' 1)//*(*/$1/$*)$)( $' 0/$*)=
#" )'#"
0--$0'0( 1 '*+( )/ #. !*0. *) 0/$*)' 1 '*+( )/ /#/
!*./ -. /# *")$/$1 *(+*) )/ *! ' -)$)": .*( /$( . !*./ -. /# ( /*")$/$1 - "0'/$*) *(+*) )/ *! ' -)$)"; #*2 1 -: 1 '*+( )/.
$) ( $' 0/$*) ++ - /* #1 0) -1'0 ./0 )/ (*/$1/$*)=
// )/$*)/*./0 )/(*/$1/$*)$.$(+*-/)//*$)'0 .)$)/ "-'+-/
*! /# !*0)/$*) *! ( $' 0--$0'= # ' ( )/. .. )/$' !*-
./$(0'/$)" $)/-$).$ (*/$1/$*) $) ./0 )/. 2#$# .#*0' $)'0 $)
0--$0'-+'))$)"- ./0 )/0/*)*(4: ,0/ ! &*)' -)$)"
) (*/$*)'.0++*-/=
59
Motivation in medical students
59
chapter 2
Motivation theories and medical education
&"'
M= ) -.*) : )/ - = $' 0/$*) $) /# )$/ // .
))NLML= ($ $$) =NLML;TQ<.N>.MT=
N= 0( - - = - /$)" /# .4./ (= )< $( /* '< ( -$)
$' 0/$*) !-*( /# 0-) *! /# )/0-4 /* /# - *!
)" - =<3!*-)$1 -.$/4- ..:
)=;MUUU<O>NQ=
O= -(0)/ = /*")$/$1 : *")$/$1 ) !! /$1 *(+*) )/. *!
' -)$)"./4' .)./-/ "$ .<+# )*( )*'*"$')'4.$.=$"# -
0/$*)=MUUR;OM<NQ>QL=
P= -
)* : *''$). : .)$& = *")$/$*) ) ' -)$)"= )<
-'$) -:'!
: .=)**&*!0/$*)'.4#*'*"4=<
$'');MUUR<MQ>PR=
Q= #-2 : *.#() = /*")$/$1 /# *-$ .= 0/$*)'
.4#*'*"4 1$ 2=MUUQ;S<OQM>OSM=
R= -).!*- : -*2) : *&$)" = -)$)"< -*( .+ 0'/$*)
/* .$ ) = )< *2 *+' -)< -$): $): 3+ -$ ) )
#**'= 3+) = .#$)"/*): ==< /$*)' (4 - ..;
NLLL<O>OL=
S= ) / : ) '' : )) : -(0)/ = -$ )/$)" / #$)"
/*2- /# ' -)$)" +-* ..= ($ $$) = NLLP;SU<NMU>
NNT=
T= 0( - - = # !*-"*// ) ( $' ./0 )/= )< $( /* '<
( -$) $' 0/$*) !-*( /# 0-) *! /# )/0-4 /* /# - *! )" - = < 3!*- )$1 -.$/4 - .. )=; MUUU<MUR>
NNL=
U= #$/ : -0++ ) = '!> "0'/ -)$)" $) $'
0/$*)= < ..*$/$*) !*- /# /04 *! $' 0/$*);
NLLS=
60
60
Motivation in medical students
Motivation theories and medical education
chapter 2
ML= - ) = 0--$0'0( +'))$)" ) 1 '*+( )/= )< )/ :
- ) : .= -/$' 0$ !*- $' # -.= O- =
'. 1$ -;NLLU<ML>MR=
MM= -)/ = -$)$+' . *! 0--$0'0( .$")= )< 2)2$& : =
) -./)$)" $' 0/$*)< 1$ ) : # *-4 ) -/$ =
M./ =$' 4>'&2 '';NLML<M>MQ=
MN= ') . : $/# '' = -*' (>. ' -)$)"< - 1$ 2 *!
'$/ -/0- *) $/. *0/*( . ) $(+' ( )//$*) $..0 .= ($
$$) =MUUO;RT<QN>TM=
MO= *'(). : -1 : *'!#" ) : ) - ' 0/ )
= -*' (>. ' -)$)"< 0/0- #'' )" . !*- 0/$*)'
+-/$ )- . -#= $'0/$*)=NLLQ;OU<SON>SPM=
MP= #$/ = (**/#$)" *0/ /-).$/$*).< *2 + "*"4 $)!'0 ) .
( $' ./0 )/.A #$ 1 ( )/ *! . '!>- "0'/ ' -)$)" "*'.?=
1) .$) '/#$ ) .0/$*)=NLLS;MN<NSU>NUS=
MQ= ) / : 0.0-&- : $''$(. = *2 '!> / -($)/$*)
# *-4 ) ..$./ *0- 0) -./)$)" *! / #$)" ) ' -)$)"
+-* .. .$)( $' 0/$*)?0$ QU: $' # -=
NLMM;OO<URM>USO=
MR= 0.0-&- : -*$. / : ) / = 2 '1 /$+. /* ./$(0'/ $)/-$).$ (*/$1/$*) $) ./0 )/. /#-*0"# 0/*)*(4>.0++*-/$1 '..-**( / #$)" -$1 !-*( '!> / -($)/$*) # *-4=
$' # -=NLMM;OO<UST>UTN=
MS= /-$ = )/-*0/$*)= )< */$1/$*) > # *-4: . -# )
++'$/$*).=P/# =<-**&.D*' 0'$.#$)"*=;MUUR<O>NM=
MT= ))=*/$1/$*)$)( $' 0/$*)<*2/# *-4)$)!*-(
*0-+-/$ ? =MUUU;SP<NOS>NOU=
MU= -).!*- : -*2) : *&$)" = -)$)" ) /-).! -= )<
*2 *+' -)<-$):$):3+ -$ ) )#**'=3+) =.#$)"/*):==</$*)' (4- ..;NLLL<QM>ST=
61
Motivation in medical students
61
chapter 2
Motivation theories and medical education
NL= $ : 4) = )/-$).$ */$1/$*) ) '!> / -($)/$*) $)
0() #1$*-= 2*-&<' )0(;MUTQ=
NM= 4) : $ = )/-$).$ ) 3/-$).$ (*/$1/$*).< '..$
!$)$/$*). ) ) 2 $- /$*).= *)/ (+*--4 0/$*)'
.4#*'*"4=NLLL;NQ<QP>RS=
NN= 4) : $ = '!> / -($)/$*) /# *-4 ) !$'$//$*) *!
$)/-$).$(*/$1/$*):.*$' 1 '*+( )/)2 ''> $)"=( -$)
.4#*'*"$./=NLLL;QQ<RT>ST=
NO= 0.0-&- : ) / : ) .+ - ) : -*$. / = */$1/$*) .
)$) + ) )/) + ) )/1-$' $)( $' 0/$*)<
- 1$ 2*!/# '$/ -/0- = $' # -=NLMM;OO< NPN> NRN=
NP= -)& ) = */$1/$*) !*- #$ 1 ( )/ ) +*2 -= )< 0()
*/$1/$*)=N) =<-**& .D*' 0'$.#$)"*=;MUTT<PNL=
NQ= $) - = 0() */$1/$*)< /+#*-.: # *-$ . 8 . -#=
N) =" 0'$/$*).=;MUUN=
NR= .'*2 = /# *-4 *! #$ 1 ( )/ (*/$1/$*)= )< 4 -
0'$.#$)";MUSL<NN>PT=
NS= '') : / ' = 0() */$1/$*)< **& *! $)".=
< ) -' -)$)"*-+*-/$*);MUSO=
NT= /&$).*)=*/$1/$*)' / -($))/.*!-$.&>/&$)" #1$*-=
)<
/&$).*): /# -: .=# *-4*!#$ 1 ( )/*/$1/$*)=
<*#)$' 48*).:
)=;MURR<MM>NU=
NU= *-) -=+.4#*'*"$'--$ -/*#$ 1 ( )/$)2*( )<# (*/$1 /* 1*$ .0 ..= )< '') : /
' : .= 0()
*/$1/$*)< **& *! $)".= ) -' -)$)" *-+*-/$*);
MUSO<NNN>NOL=
OL= - = *-& ) !($'4 *-$ )//$*) ,0 ./$*)$- = )< ) -
*' .<)**&*! ./.) .0- .=MUUL<PMO>PMU=
)2**- ..:
)=;
62
62
Motivation in medical students
Motivation theories and medical education
chapter 2
OM= 0.0-&- : -0$/2" ) : ) / : -*$. / = !! /. *! " :
" ) - ) 0/$*)' &"-*0) *) ./- )"/# *! (*/$1/$*) !*-
( $'.#**'=1$) '/#$0=NLML;MQ<OLO>OMO=
ON= 0.0-&-:-*$. /: )/ =*/$1/$*)'+-*!$' .*!( $'
./0 )/.< ..*$/$*) 2$/#
G.0($// H=
!!*-/: + -!*-() :
3#0./$*)=
OO= $) - = #$ 1 ( )/ */$1/$*) ) //-$0/$*) # *-4= <
) -' -)$)"*-+*-/$*);MUSP=
OP= )0- = *$' *0)/$*) *! #*0"#/ ) /$*)< *$'
*")$/$1 # *-4=<- )/$ >'':
)=;MUTR=
OQ= $:4)=# B#/C)B#4C*!"*'+0-.0$/.<0()
)
. ) /# . '!> / -($)/$*) *! #1$*-= .4#*'*"$'
),0$-4=NLLL;MM<NNS>NRT=
OR= #$/ : -0++ ) = '!>- "0'/ ' -)$)" $) ( $'
0/$*)= )< 2)2$& : = ) -./)$)" $' 0/$*)<
1$ ) :# *-4)-/$ =$' 4>'&2 '';NLML<NSM>NTN=
OS= ') . = -*' (>. ' -)$)"< #4 0--$0' - '$& '4 /*
.#*2 '$//' !! / *) &)*2' " ) '$)$' .&$''.= $'
0/$*)=NLLL;OP<SNU>SOT=
OT= $''$(. : $5*2 : 4) = # $(+*-/) *! . '!>
/ -($)/$*) /# *-4 !*- ( $' 0/$*)= ($ $$) =
MUUU;SP<UUN>UUQ=
OU= $)/-$# = ) #$ 1 ( )/ "*' /# *-4 + -.+ /$1 *) $..0 . $)
(*/$1/$*) / -($)*'*"4: /# *-4 ) - . -#= *)/ (+*--4
0/$*)'.4#*'*"4=NLLL;NQ<UN>MLP=
PL= +:-.4(= $'0--$0'-- !*-($)*-/#( -$:
MSRQ /* /# +- . )/< *")$/$1 .$ ) + -.+ /$1 = ($
$$) =MUUU;SP<MQP>MRP=
PM= 0./ -. : ) / = .*'$ 0$'$)" - ,0$- . "**
!*0)/$*)< # .$ .$ ) . $) /# 0/# ( $' 0--$0'0(:
MTRQ>MURQ=
=NLML;NL<NRL>NSQ=
Motivation in medical students
63
63
chapter 2
Motivation theories and medical education
PN= -5).&4 = -#( ' 3) - ) /# - *! ( $' 0/$*)
- !*-(= =NLML;TQ<MU>NQ=
PO= -4 : **& : A-$ ) = ''. !*- - !*-( *! ( $'
0/$*) 4 /# -) "$ !*0)/$*) !*- /# 1) ( )/ *!
/ #$)"<MUML)NLML= ($ $$) =NLML;TQ<NNL>NNS=
PP= - )& : # ) : #0// : / '= '/# +-*! ..$*)'. !*- ) 2
)/0-4< -).!*-($)" 0/$*) /* ./- )"/# ) # '/# .4./ (. $)
)$)/ - + ) )/2*-'=) /=NLML;OSR<MUNO>MUQT=
PQ= 2
:(-. & -:#4>**)=*' *!.$.$ ) .$)
NM./ )/0-4 ( $' 0/$*)< ) .$) + -.+ /$1 = =
NLML;NL<NUU>OLR=
PR= ** )*0"# = +*-/ *! /# $)/ -> +-/( )/' *(($//
*)
( $' .#**'.= *)*): < == //$*)-4 *!!$ ; MUPP; ==
* OON>RO=
PS= ( = $' 0/$*) / ./ -) . -1 )$1 -.$/4< +-*"- .. - +*-/ !*- /# .$3/
MURN;NRSGMSH<TRT>TSS=
) 4 -. MUPR>MURN= =
PT= ( = $' 0/$*) / ./ -) . -1 )$1 -.$/4< +-*"- .. - +*-/ !*- /# .$3/
=MURN;NRSGMTH<UMR>UNO=
) 4 -. MUPR>MURN G*)'0 H=
PU= #//+<DD. ( =. = 0D*0/D#$./*-4=!()
#//+<DD. ( =. = 0D*0/D/$( '$) =!(?" /4 -WMUQN
QL= 0! ' : --*2. = # J./ - +#$'*.*+#4J< )
++-*# /* ( $' 0/$*)= *0-)' *! $' 0/$*)=
MUSP;PU<MLPL>MLQL=
QM= *-():#($/=+.4#*'*"$'.$.!*-+-*' (>. ' -)$)"< - 1$ 2 *! /# MUUN;RS<QQS>QRQ=
1$ ) = ($ $$) =
QN= #($/ = -*' (>. ' -)$)"< /$*)' ) .-$+/$*)=
$'0/$*)=MUTO;MS<MM>MR=
64
64
Motivation in medical students
Motivation theories and medical education
chapter 2
QO= + ) - : *-) = -) -> )/- ++-*# . $) ( $'
0/$*)==MUUU;OMT<MNTL=
QP= - ) = )/ "-/ / #$)" > 2#/ * 2 ( )? +-*+*. /3*)*(4= $'0/$*)=MUUT;ON<NMR>NMS=
QQ= $$ : $/'0! = *-$5*)/' ) 1 -/$' $)/ "-/$*) *!
($ $.$+'$) . $) /# ( $' .#**' 0--$0'0(= '$)$'
)/*(4=NLLN;MQ<NOO>NOQ=
QR= #' : -4)#$'. ) : ''. -" : 0),0$./ : ((- =
-*.)*).*!1 -/$'$)/ "-/$*) /2
)'$)$'( $$) )
.$ .$ ) 2$/#$) +-*' (>. 0) -"-0/ ( $'
0--$0'0(< 3(+' . ) 3+ -$ ) . !-*( $)&7+$)": 2 )=
$' # -=NLLN;NP<NTL>NTQ=
QS= $ = -$/$*)' ) )*)>/-$/$*)' 0--$0'< !$)$/$*). )
/ -($)*'*"4=$.&*- " !*- )=MUUQ;MMQ<MLRS>MLSM=
QT= $%) )> $% - : ) / : ) - #! : *-' !!. =
-/$' $)/ "-/$*) $) ( $' .#**'< !! / *) /# /-).$/$*) /*
+*./"-0/ /-$)$)"= $'0/$*)=NLML;PP<NSN>NSU=
QU= *-)) : -"*'$. : $//' 2** : # -+$ - : +$)5- :
+ ) - = *2 ) 3+ -$ ) $) '$)$' ) *((0)$/4 . //$)".
*)/-$0/ /*
NLLR;NT<O>MT=
-'4 ( $'
0/$*)? $' # -=
RL= *-)) : *.#0$5 ) : $)" : # -+$ - = 3+ -$ ) >. ' -)$)"< (* ' '$)&$)" /# +-* .. . ) *0/*( . *! ( $'
./0 )/.I2*-&+' ' -)$)"= $'0/$*)=NLLS;PM<TM>UM=
RM= - ) : -*.4 : 1$. = "0$ )*= MP< 0/*( >
. 0/$*) > +-/ M > ) $)/-*0/$*) /* *0/*( >. 0/$*)= $' # -=MUUU;NM<S>MP=
RN= - ) : -*.4 : 1$. : -$ () = "0$ MP<
0/*( >. 0/$*)< -/ Q > !-*( *(+ / )4 /* ( />
*(+ / )4< (* ' !*- /# .+ $!$/$*) *! ' -)$)" *0/*( .=
$' # -=MUUU;NM<QPR>QQN=
Motivation in medical students
65
65
chapter 2
Motivation theories and medical education
RO= -)& : )*!! = # ) $)$/$/$1 < (+' ( )/$)" )
*0/*( .>. !-( 2*-& *! +#4.$$) *(+ / )$ .= $'
# -=NLLS;NU<RPN>RPS=
RP= 2$)" = # *0/*( +-*% /< /-*.+ /$1 )
+-*.+ /$1 = $' # -=NLLS;NU<RPT>RQP=
RQ= -2- ) : ) : 0)$.. ) = # NLLU
!-( 2*-& !*- 0) -"-0/ ( $'
/# -').=
# /# -').;
NLLU=
0/$*) $) /# 1$'' #//+<DD222=1.)0=)'D $>$/ (D(+')>-/.*+' $$)">
NLLU=#/(= .. *)MR=LT=NLMM=
!-*(<
RR= - ) : /(+ - = #/ $. .+$-' 0--$0'0(? $'
# -=MUUU;NM<MPM>MPO=
RS= ) / = $' 0/$*) $) /# /# -').= $'
# -=NLLS;NU<SQN>SQS=
RT= -0/ = *)>!*-(' ' -)$)" ) /$/ &)*2' " $) +-*! ..$*)'
2*-&=-$/$.#*0-)'*!0/$*)'.4#*'*"4=NLLL;SL<MMO>MOR=
RU= *--$. : # : $// : "0- : 0)/ = *)"$/0$)'
$)/ "-/ ' -&.#$+.!*-( $'./0 )/.<)$))*1/$*)*+/ 4 ( $' .#**'. $) 0./-'$: ): *0/# !-$: ) /# )$/ // .= =NLLU;TP<ULN>ULS=
SL= - ) : *2 ) : 0)) = 0/$*)' ./-/ "$ . $)
0--$0'0( 1 '*+( )/< # (* '= = $' 0/$*)=
MUTP;MT<NTP>NUS=
SM= $'' -:-. -:-#(.*):-)&:*# )
:)=
#$)") -)$)"$) $'#**'=(-$" :<-1-
)$1 -.$/4- ..=;MURM=
SN= *-' = #/ &$) *! (*/$1/$*) -$1 . ( $' ./0 )/.
' -)$)",0 ./.? $'0/$*)=NLLP;OT<UQL>UQS=
SO= //$ : (+ -' 4 = # +*2 - *! ! &= 1$ 2 *!
0/$*)' . -#=NLLS;SS<TM>MMN=
66
66
Motivation in medical students
Motivation theories and medical education
chapter 2
SP= ) - $) ) = #4 * /# */*-. $) /-$)$)" -*+ *0/= G
)
0/#H $.#*)//=NLMM;RR<MMNM>MMNP=
SQ= $.#' -: ).*):0''=' 1 ')'$)$ -) -*'' " *!
$$) < ) $))*1/$1 ++-*# /* ( $' 0/$*) ) /# /-$)$)"
*!
+#4.$$)
( $'
0/$*)= $' 0/$*) NLLT: PN<UQU>URR=
NLLS;TN<OUL>OUR=
$)1 ./$"/*-.=
($
$$) =
SR= -. ) : 0/' - : * $" - = ./ )#) ' -)$)" $)
NLLT;PN<UQU>URR=
SS= -' 4:-()
= ' /$)"( $'./0 )/.<. - +*-/*!/# )
!*-#)" = $'0/$*)=MUUU;OO<PQQ>PQU=
67
Motivation in medical students
67
68
68
Motivation in medical students
$(&7
#(*(#"'""$""("
$""(*& "! )(#"/
&*+#( (&()&
-$!+ !&!$ *CABB5DD6CEC8CFC7
0.0-&-:G/- #/H
)/ #:#G/- #/H
).+ - ):G/- #/H
-*$. /::#G((./ -(H
69
Motivation in medical students
69
chapter 3A review of motivational research in medical education
'(&(
&#)"
*/$1/$*) $) ' -)$)" #1$*0- ) 0/$*) $. 2 ''>- . -# $)
" ) -' 0/$*):0/' ..$)( $' 0/$*)=
!
* ).2 - /2* - . -# ,0 ./$*).: B*2 #. /# '$/ -/0- ./0$ (*/$1/$*) . $/# - ) $) + ) )/ *- + ) )/ 1-$' ? *2 $.
(*/$1/$*) 0. !0' $) +- $/$)" ) 0) -./)$)" +-* .. . )
*0/*( . $) ( $' 0/$*)?C: $) /# '$"#/ *! /# '!> / -($)/$*)
/# *-4GH*!(*/$1/$*)=
(#'
'$/ -/0- . -# + -!*-( 0.$)" /# 0 : .4
) /. . - .0'/ $) PRL -/$' .= # $)'0.$*) -$/ -$ 2 - (+$-$'
- . -#: .+ $!$ ( .0- ( )/ *! (*/$1/$*) ) ,0'$//$1 - . -#
./0$ . 2#$# # 2 ''> .$") ( /#**'*"4= )'4 ./0$ . - '/ /*
( $'./0 )/.D.#**'2 - $)'0 =
') ('
$)$)". *! QR -/$' . 2 - $)'0 $) /# - 1$ 2= */$1/$*) . )
$) + ) )/ 1-$' ++ -. /* !! / ' -)$)" ) ./04 #1$*0-:
($ + -!*-() : #*$ *! ( $$) ) .+ $'/4 2$/#$) ( $$) ) $)/ )/$*) /* *)/$)0 ( $' ./04= */$1/$*) . + ) )/
1-$' ++ -. /* !! / 4 " : " ) -: /#)$$/4: .*$* *)*($
.//0.: + -.*)'$/4: 4 - *! ( $' 0--$0'0( ) / # - ) +
-
.0++*-/: '' *! 2#$# ))*/ ()$+0'/ 4 ( $' 0/*-.=
*/$1/$*)$.'.*!! / 4!/*-./#/) $)!'0 ) :(*)"2#$#
- :0/*)*(4:*(+ / ) )- '/ ) ..:2#$##1 /# .$+.4#*'*"$')
/*=
) .-$ .
.$(+*-/)/!*-$)/-$).$(*/$1/$*)*-$)"
70
70
Motivation in medical students
A review of motivational research in medical education
chapter 3
#" )'#"
*/$1/$*) $. ) $) + ) )/ 1-$' $) ( $' 0/$*) $)!'0 )$)"
$(+*-/)/ *0/*( . ) $. '.* + ) )/ 1-$' $)!'0 ) 4
0/*)*(4: *(+ / ) ) - '/ ) ..= #$. - 1$ 2 !$). .*( 1$ ) $).0++*-/*!/# 1'$$/4*!$)( $' 0/$*)=
71
Motivation in medical students
71
chapter 3A review of motivational research in medical education
#(*(#"'""$""("$""(
*& "! )(#"/&*+#(
(&()&
"(&#)(#"
# $(+*-/) *!(*/$1/$*)$)' -)$)" #1$*0-) 0/$*)$.2 ''>
- . -# ) +-*1 ) $) " ) -' 0/$*): 0/ (0# ' .. $) ( $'
0/$*)=#$/ 8-0++ )#$"#'$"#//#/- . -#- ' 1)//*(*/$1/$*)
) . /* *( "- / - !*0. $) ( $' 0/$*)=M # $)/ - ./ *!
( $' 0/*-.$)(*/$1/$*)$.*)/# -$. : .+ $''4$)/# './ =
#- (%*- 1$ 2+*$)/.N>P -$)" /* '$"#/ /# $..0 . /#/ !*-( /# ./-/$)"
+*$)/ !*- /# 0-- )/ - 1$ 2< * 2#/ 3/ )/ - ( $' ./0 )/.
$)/-$).$''4*- 3/-$).$''4(*/$1/ ?#4*2 )
/4+ *!(*/$1/$*)$.0. !0'$)( $' 0/$*)?
/*&)*2?#$#
. -# $) ( $' 0/$*) ) -$1 '*/ !-*( /# 2 '/# *!
'$/ -/0- $)" ) -' 0/$*):2# - (*/$1/$*)#.
).#*2)/* +- $/*- !*- ' -)$)": ($ .0 ..: + -.$./ ) *- *)/$)0/$*) $) ./04 ) 2 ''> $)"=Q>S # - - . 1 -' - .*). 2#4 (*/$1/$*) *!
( $' ./0 )/. *0' $!! - )/ !-*( " ) -' 0/$*) ./0 )/.=
$' 0/$*) $. )*/ /4+$' !*- #$"# - 0/$*) 0. *! /# $)/ -/2$)$)"2$/#'$)$'2*-&=)'$& " ) -' 0/$*):2# - ./0 )/.
#1 2$ 1-$ /4 *! #*$ . /* * $!! - )/ /#$)". ) - / 0)$,0 +-*!$' . !*- /# (. '1 .: ( $' 0/$*) 2*-&. /*2- *) - ./-$/ ) ' -'4 !$) +-*! ..$*)= # )1$-*)( )/ 2$/#$) 2#$# / #$)"
)' -)$)"*0-$.#$"#'4.+ $!$='.*:( $'./0 )/.- *).$ - #$"#'4(*/$1/ !-*(/# *0/. /#1$)""*) /#-*0"#*).$ -' !!*-/
72
72
Motivation in medical students
A review of motivational research in medical education
chapter 3
/* )/ - ( $' .#**'= # . -"0( )/. 0) -'$ /# -/$*)' !*-
./04$)"(*/$1/$*)+-/$0'-'4$)( $'./0 )/.=
**&$)"$)/*/# .$!*0)/$*)*!(*/$1/$*)- . -#:/# - - ()4
$!! - )/ /# *-$ . *! (*/$1/$*): /# (%*- *) . $)" $ --#4 *! )
/# *-4T: /* #$ 1 /# *-4U G0--4: $/ 4UH: 3+ /)4>1'0 /# *-4ML: //-$0/$*) /# *-4MM: *$' *")$/$1 # *-4 GHMN:
#
.
*-4MP)
'!> / -($)/$*)/#
*-4GHMQ=
MO:
*'
*./ *! /# *1 ( )/$*) /# *-$ . 3+'$) $..0 . *) /# .$. *! /# ' 1 '*!(*/$1/$*)= '!> / -($)/$*)/# *-4GH 3+'$).$..0 .. *)/# ,0'$/4*!(*/$1/$*)=
/-"0 ./#/ 1 )$!/# ' 1 '*!(*/$1/$*)$)
) $)$1$0' $. #$"#: $!! - )/ ,0'$/$ . *! (*/$1/$*) 2$'' - .0'/ $) 1 -4
$!! - )/ *0/*( .P= $. " ) -' (*/$1/$*) /# *-4 2#$# #*'. /-0 !*- $!! - )/ .+ /. *! (*/$1/$*) $) ) $)$1$0'A. '$! : $)'0$)"
0/$*))' -)$)"=
+*./0'/ . /#/ #0() $)". #1 )/0-' / ) )4 /* 1 '*+
/*2-. . '!> / -($)/$*)=MQ */$1/$*) $. *)/$)00( G$"0- MH 2$/#
$)/-$).$ (*/$1/$*) / *) ) *! /# .+ /-0( ) (*/$1/$*) G'& *-
. ) *! (*/$1/$*)H / /# */# -= )/-$).$ (*/$1/$*) (& . + -.*)
+0-.0 ) /$1$/4 !*- + -.*)' $)/ - ./ *- )%*4( )/= / $. /# (*./
0/*)*(*0.D. '!> / -($) !*-( *! (*/$1/$*)= 3/-$).$ (*/$1/$*)
(& .+ -.*)+0-.0 )/$1$/4!*-. +-' *0/*( $= =/**/$)
- 2-*-/*1*$'*..=3/-$).$(*/$1/$*)#.$!! - )/' 1 '.*!. '!>
/ -($)/$*): # ) $. *(+*. *! !*0- $!! - )/ ./" .< 3/ -)'
- "0'/$*): $)/-*% / - "0'/$*): $ )/$!$ - "0'/$*) ) $)/ "-/ - "0'/$*)=B3/ -)'- "0'/$*)C:$)/# . *! 0/$*):( )../04$)"
0. *!+- ..0- *- 3+ //$*)*!*/# -.:2$/#*0/$)/ - ./$)/# ./04=
B
)/-*% / - "0'/$*)C( )./# - $.- '$5/$*)*!/# $(+*-/) *!/# ./04 0/ /# 0./$*) $. + - $1 . 3/ -)'= B
)/$!$ - "0'/$*)C
( )./#//# $(+*-/) *!./04$.1'0 :#.
Motivation in medical students
)$ )/$!$ 2$/#)
73
73
chapter 3A review of motivational research in medical education
/# - "0'/*-4 +-* .. #. ) +/ = B
)/ "-/ - "0'/$*)C ( ).
/#//# +/) *!/# $(+*-/) .-$ /*/# ./04#.
)!0''4
$)/ "-/ $)/* /# $)$1$0'A. *# - )/ . ). *! . '!; /# '*0. *!
0./$*)$.)*2$)/ -)'= '!> / -($)/$*):/# - "0'/$*)/4+ /#/!$/.
2$/# $)/-$).$ (*/$1/$*): ( ). /#/ *) / -($) . *) A. *2)
(*/$1/$*); /# (*/$1/$*) $. . '!>" ) -/ ) 0/*)*(*0.= 3/ -)'
- "0'/$*) $. /# ' ./ ) $)/ "-/ - "0'/$*) $. /# (*./ . '!>
/ -($) - "0'/$*)*! 3/-$).$(*/$1/$*)=
)&5 1(&!"(#"#"("))!
!#(*(#"
,(&"'!#(*(#"
"(&"'
!#(*(#"
3/ -)'
)/-*% / "0'/$*)
./
)/$!$ "0'/$*)
"0'/$*)
0/*)*(*0.
)/ "-/ "0'/$*)
*./
0/*)*(*0.
)4 ./0$ . #1 *($) $)/-$).$ (*/$1/$*): $)/ "-/ )
$ )/$!$ - "0'/$*) . 0/*)*(*0. (*/$1/$*) ) $)/-*% / )
3/ -)' - "0'/$*) . *)/-*'' (*/$1/$*)=MR (*/$1/$*) .$")$!$ . /# .// $)2#$#+ -.*)'&./# $)/ )/$*)/*/=MR>MT
)/-$).$(*/$1/$*)
$. 0$'/ *) /# $)# - )/ )
B- '/ ) ..C= # )
. !*- B0/*)*(4C: B*(+ / ) C )
!*- 0/*)*(4 *- . '!> / -($)/$*) $. - '/ /*
/# ! '$)"*!1*'$/$*)$)*) A./$*).=# )
!*-*(+ / ) $.- '/ /* *) A. ! '$)". *! +$'$/4 $) #$ 1$)" /# /-" /= # )
!*-
- '/ ) ..*) -)./# .$- /*- '/ /*/# .$")$!$)/*/# -.$)*) A.
'$! /#-*0"# 2*-& ) #$ 1 ( )/= $")$!$)/ */# -. *0' +- )/.:
/ # -.:*'' "0 .:+
-.*-*/# -.;$)( $' 0/$*))+-/$ $/
*0' 1 ) ( ) +/$ )/.= 0'!$'( )/ *! /# . /#-
.$ +.4#*'*"$'
) .(& .+ -.*)$)/-$).$''4(*/$1/ !*-+-/$0'-/$1$/4= 74
74
Motivation in medical students
A review of motivational research in medical education
chapter 3
+0/. !*-/# 0/*)*(*0. (*/$1/$*) . /# .$- /4+ *! (*/$1/$*)
' $)"/*(*- +' -)$)"R:MU:' ...0+ -!$$'$)!*-(/$*)+-* ..$)"S:
#$"# -#$ 1 ( )/NL: NM: - . -*+>*0/$)/ )/$*)) #1$*0-NN: NO:
"- / - - /$1$/4NP ) )#) 2 ''> $)" *- %0./( )/NQ: NR= '.*
+*./0'/ ./#/ (*/$1/$*) ) #)" !-*( 3/-$).$/*$)/-$).$)1$ 1 -. + )$)"*)/# ! '$)".*!0/*)*(4:*(+ / ) )- '/ ) ..
./0 )/ 3+ -$ ) . $) #$. *- # - ./04=NS $''$(. / '= .-$ #*2
$.$(+*-/)/$)( $' 0/$*)=P
*-$)" /* /# " ) -' 0/$*) '$/ -/0- : (*/$1/$*) $)!'0 ) .
' -)$)")*0/*( .*!' -)$)"!*- 3(+' + -!*-() =Q>S*/$1/$*)
/# - !*- $. ) $) + ) )/ 1-$' $)!'0 )$)" 1-$' . '$& ' -)$)":
($.0 ..Q>S /=2#$# *( /# + ) )/1-$' .=#)" .$)
/# ,0'$/4 *! (*/$1/$*) $)/* (*- *- ' .. . '!> / -($) !*-(.:
+ )$)" *) /# ' -)$)" 3+ -$ ) GH: ) ' 1 ' *! (*/$1/$*)
'/ -$)": + )$)" *) /# ! '$)". *! . '!> !!$4 GH: //-$0/$*). *!
.0 .. . ) !$'0- . G//-$0/$*) /# *-4H: 3+ //$*) *! .0 .. *-
!$'0- )$) )/$1 1'0 *!.0 ..*-!$'0- G3+ /)4>1'0 /# *-4H:
.0"" ./. /#/ (*/$1/$*) $. '.* + ) )/ 1-$' = #0.: /# - - $) + ) )/1-$' ./#/$)!'0 ) /# + ) )/1-$' @(*/$1/$*)A=
#$.- 1$ 22.+ -!*-( /*).2 -/# . - . -#,0 ./$*).<
= *2#./# '$/ -/0- ./0$ (*/$1/$*). $/# -)$) + ) )/*-
+ ) )/1-$' ?
= *2 $. (*/$1/$*) 0. !0' $) +- $/$)" ) 0) -./)$)" +-* .. .
)*0/*( .$)( $' 0/$*)?
$/#/# $)- .$)"2- ) ../#/!$)$)".$)( $' 0/$*)- . -#
.#*0'-2*)- ' 1)/ 0/$*)'/# *-4 NT:2 #1 /-$ /*0) -./)
#*2/# . 1-$' .$)!'0 ) (*/$1/$*)$)/# '$"#/*!.++'$ /*
( $' 0/$*)=
Motivation in medical students
75
75
chapter 3A review of motivational research in medical education
(#'
'$/ -/0- . -# 2. .$") 4 : ) 2$/# /# $( *!
$ )/$!4$)" *0/*( 1-$' . /#/ - .0'/ !-*( #$"# (*/$1/$*) )
1-$' ./#/!! //# ,0'$/4)./- )"/#*!(*/$1/$*)=
)/# !$-./. (*/$1/$*)$./# $) + ) )/1-$' :$)/# . *). /# + ) )/
1-$' =# $)'0.$*)) 3'0.$*)-$/ -$2 - !*-(0'/ 4:
). .-$ $)' M=
5" )'#"", )'#"&(&#&'()'(#" )"
(&*+
" )'#"&(&
/0$ .D- 1$ 2. *) (*/$1/$*) 2#$# - +*-/ (+$-$' - . -# *) +- >
( $': 0) -"-0/ : "-0/ :
+*./>"-0/ ( $'./0 )/.
/0$ . $ )/$!4$)" (*/$1/$*) !*- ( $' .#**'D( $$) D-)# . *!
( $$) 0)/$//$1 - . -# ./0$ . 2$/# 2 ''>!*-(0'/ !$)$/$*).
)
*+ -/$*)'$5/$*)
*!
*) +/.: )'4.$.*!/:.+ $!$( .0- ( )/
*!(*/$1/$*)
0'$//$1 - . -#./0$ .2$/#2 ''>
!$) *) +/.:- '$' ( /#*.GN>
O * -. ) *). ).0. - # H:
2 ''>- .*) *)'0.$*).
)
)'4.$.=
, )'#"&(&
/0$ . 2#$# 2 - )*/
(+$-$' $) )/0- '$& 1$ 2+*$)/.
/0$ . *) +*+0'/$*). */# -
/#)
*)
+- >( $':
0) -"-0/ : "-0/ : +*./>
"-0/ ( $'./0 )/.
/0$ . 2#$# $ )*/ ( .0- (*/$1/$*)2$/#1'$( /#*
/0$ .
2#$#
( .0- (*/$1/$*) !*- 1 -4 .+ $!$
.+ /.'$& - $)" /=
0)/$//$1 ./0$ . 2#$# $
)*/ #1 *(+' / .//$./$'
)'4. .
76
76
Motivation in medical students
A review of motivational research in medical education
chapter 3
# !$-./ '$/ -/0- . -# *) (*/$1/$*)' .+ /. $) ( $' 0/$*)
2. *)0/ 4 $) +-$' NLLU: 0/ $/ 2. - )/'4 0+/ /*
$)'0 '' ++ -. !-*( NLLU 0+ /* +/ ( - NLML= #$. . -# 2.
+ -!*-( 0.$)" /# 0 : .4
) /. .: 2#$# 2 3+ / 2*0'*1 -''- ' 1)/-/$' .:). -#$)"!*-/# & 42*-.
@(*/$1/$*)A: @(*/$1/ A: @(*/$1/*-A: @(*/$1 A: @-$1 A: @$) )/$1 A: @+0-+*. A:
@"*'A: @( $' ./0 )/.A: @( $' .#**'A: @$)/ -)A: @- .$ )/A: @' -&A:
@- "$./--A: @+*./"-0/ /-$)$)"A G$"0- NH ) 0.$)" /# @ 3+'* A
!0)/$*) !*- - ' 1)/ / -(. $)'0 0) - /# . / -(.= $/$*)' '$($/.
. /2 - @$/ (.+ -/$)$)"/*#0().A:@$))"'$.#A)@MUSU>NLMLA=+ -.
+0'$.# $)%*0-)'..2 ''.+- . )/ /*)! - ) .2 - $)'0 =
)
/# !$-././ +:)- /# /$/' .)./-/.:) 3'0 /# ./0$ .2#$#2 - )*//0''4*0/(*/$1/$*)GNLNH=
)./ +/2*:.$) /# $( 2. /* '**& .+ $!$''4 / ++ -. 2#$# ./0$ !/*-. !! /$)"
(*/$1/$*) ) *0/*( . *! (*/$1/$*): ) . +-/ '4 ( !0-/# -. ' /$*)*!++ -.*-$)"/*/# $)'0.$*)) 3'0.$*)-$/ -$
$) ' M= )4 $!! - ) . *! *+$)$*) 2 - / ) *). ).0. 2.
- # *) 2#$# ++ -. /* $)'0 D 3'0 = /# (/$ )'4.$. *! /# ++ -.2#$#2 - /* $)'0 2.*)0/ =)* /# ++ -. . +-/ '4 *-$)" /* /# $!! - )/ /# ( . ) - # *). ).0. *) /# $)'0.$*) *! ++ -. 0) - - ' 1)/ /# ( .= '' 0/#*-.
"-
*)/# /# ( . .-$ $)/# - .0'/.=!/ -/# /# (/$)'4.$.
#$"# -' 1 ')'4.$.2.+ -!*-( 4''0/#*-./**($) /# /# ( .
) .-$ /# !$)$)".$)/# '$"#/*!/# =
') ('
# /*/')0( -*!++ -.!*0)$)$/$''42.PRL;NSM!-*(0 :TT
!-*( .4
) MLM !-*( G$"0- NH= 0/ *! /# . PRL -/$' .:
NLN2 - 3'0 0. /# 42 - )*/./04$)"(*/$1/$*)=
Motivation in medical students
77
77
chapter 3A review of motivational research in medical education
)&6!# (&()&'&"&') ('
-#M
2*-.2$/#
-#N
2*-.2$/#
*/$1/$*)
*/$1/ */$1/*-
*/$1 ) )/$1 -$1 0-+*. *'
% /$1 $'
./0 )/.
$'.#**'
)/ -)
' -&
.$ )/
"$./--
#4.$$)
*./"-0/ /-$)$)"
-#
M
-#
0 NSM
0+'$/ .
- (*1 GNNH
78
.4
TT
MLM
3'0.$*)*!-/$' .2#$#2 - )*/
*)(*/$1/$*)GNLNH
NOR-/$' .
++'$/$*)*!
)'0.$*))
3'0.$*)-$/ -$
QR-/$' .$)'0 $)/# - 1$ 2
, )/
M=*/ (+$-$'D
*/$1/$*)2.)*/
( .0- GMNH
N=*0. *)(*/$1/$*)
!*-1 -4.+ $!$$..0 .
GTPH
O=$)*/!*0.*)
./0 )/.GRMH
P= &( /#**'*"4D
*)'0.$*).)*/2 ''>
- .*) GQH
Q=*0. *)
$)./-0( )/
*)./-0/$*)D1'$/$*)
GOH
78
Motivation in medical students
A review of motivational research in medical education
chapter 3
!/ - - (*1$)" 0+'$/ . GNNH !-*( $!! - )/ /. .: NOR -/$' .
- ($) !*- - 1$ 2= /0$ . 2 - 3'0 0. /# 4 1$/ !-*(
/# !*0.*!/# - 1$ 2$)/# !*''*2$)"- .+ /.<*/ (+$-$'D*/$1/$*)
2. )*/ ( .0- GMNH G ="= $.# NLLNN > 1$ 2+*$)/ -/$' H: !*0. *)
(*/$1/$*) !*- 1 -4 .+ $!$ $..0 . GTPH G ="= ** / '= NLLUNU F
(*/$1/$*)!*--0-'+-/$ H:$)*/!*0.*)./0 )/.GRMHG ="=1 & /
'= NLLUOL F *) ( $' !0'/4H: 2 & *- $) ,0/ '4 .-$ ( /#**'*"4 *- )'4. . *- - .*)$)" GQH G ="= *-(2' / '= NLLUOM F
*)'0.$*). )*/ . *) !$)$)". ) )*/ 2 ''>- .*) H: !*0. *)
$)./-0( )/ *)./-0/$*)D1'$/$*) GOH G ="= *)& / '= NLLTONH: !0'' / 3/
)*/1$'' GMQHG ="=0.)4:'&$%8& .* NLLLOOH=
#0.:/*/'*!QR-/$' .2 - !$)''4$)'0 $)/# - 1$ 2=+ -.#1 ) .-$ $) /# - .0'/. . /$*) /#/ (+'*4 (*/$1/$*) . )
$) + ) )/1-$' )/#*. /#/0. $/. + ) )/1-$' =
Motivation in medical students
79
79
chapter 3A review of motivational research in medical education
)&7&!!(&$&'"((#"#!$& -#)"*& '
(((!#(*(#"#&((&(-!#(*(#"
& '((""#(
!"$) (
" ) -
/#)$$/4
*$*> *)*($.//0.
0/$*)'
&"-*0)
-*!/# 0--$0'0(
- )/) # -
.0++*-/
& '(("
!"$) (
#
0/*)*(4.0++*-/
4+ *!0--$0'0(
3/ )/*!- .+*).$$'$/4
'!> !!$4
' /$*)+-* 0- .. ..( )/
2-.
)*2' " ,0$.$/$*)
- $1 /.&1'0 -'4+/$ )/*)//
''> $)"
#(*(#"
)(#!
*& '
($.0 ..
)+ -!*-() -)$)")./04
#1$*0-
#*$ *!( $$) .- -
+ $'/4#*$ )/ )/$*)/*
*)/$)0 ( $'
./04
80
80
Motivation in medical students
A review of motivational research in medical education
chapter 3
#(*(#"'""$""(*& */$1/$*) )*/ *)'4 *)/-*'. /$*) $)" /& ): 0/ '.* #*2 2 '' $/ $.
/& )= #$. .0++*. . - '/$*).#$+ 2$/# .0 .. $) #$ 1$)" /# /-" /=
- (*/$1/$*) $. /# *)/-*''$)" 1-$' : $= = $/ #1 . . )
$) + ) )/ 1-$' ) $)!'0 ) . */# - 1-$' .= /0$ . #1 )
*)0/ $) ( $' 0/$*) /* / -($) /# +*..$' *0/*( . *!
./- )"/#),0'$/4*!(*/$1/$*))/4+ *!"*'*)/ )/.=*'*)/ )/.
*-$)"/*- *!/2*/4+ .<$)/-$).$: ="=*((0)$/4*)/-$0/$*):
+ -.*)' "-*2/#: # '/#: !!$'$/$*): 0. /# 4 +-*1$ $)# - )/
./$.!/$*) *! /# .$ +.4#*'*"$' )
.; ) 3/-$).$: ="= !( :
.//0.: (*) 4: 0. /# 4 +-*1$ 3/ -)' ()$! .//$*). *! . '!>
2*-/#=OP# . *0/*( .) .0.0( $).$3/ "*-$ .<
#! */$1/$*)#.
)- +*-/ /*$)!'0 ) ./04 #1$*0-)' -)$)"$)( $'./0 )/.=)#$ 1$)"(*/$1 )
./-/ "4 ) #1$)" (*/$1/$*) !*- -
- $) ( $$) 2 - !*0) /*
*-- '/ 2$/#"- / -/$( $)1 ./( )/$)./04=OQ0/*)*(*0.(*/$1/$*)
2.!*0)/* +*.$/$1 '4*-- '/ 2$/#
+++-*#)- !' /$*)$)
' -)$)" ) '.* /# $)/ )/$*) /* *)/$)0 ./0$ .; 2# - . $/ 2.
) "/$1 '4 *-- '/ 2$/# .0-! ++-*#=OR (*/$1/$*) 2. !*0) /*
*-- '/ ) "/$1 '42$/#- !' /$*)$)' -)$)")
+*.$/$1 '4 2$/# .0-! ++-*#=OR
+++-*#)
*/$1/$*) 2. - +*-/ /* $- /'4
$)!'0 ) /0/*-$' "-*0+A. *")$/$1 +-* .. .=OS ) *) #) #1$)"
#$"# -(*/$1/$*) )#) .' -)$)";*)/# */# -#)$/2.'.*!*0)
/#/ $) .('' "-*0+ / #$)" /# '& *! (*/$1/$*) $) "-*0+ ( ( - $.
+ - $1 . $)#$$/$)" /# ' -)$)" +-* .. *! */# - ./0 )/. $) /# "-*0+=OT./04$)!*0)/#/(*/$1/$*)/* "***/*-)1*$
#-( /* +/$ )/. $. - '/ /* 1*/$*)' ++-*# /* ./04 $) ( $'
./0 )/.OU=#$.( )./#/./0 )/.- ./$(0'/ /*"$)&)*2' " /#/
2$''# '+/# ($)/# $-+-/$ *!( $$) =#$../04'.*- +*-/ /#/
81
Motivation in medical students
81
chapter 3A review of motivational research in medical education
$!! - )/ $)/-$).$ (*/$1/$*).: 1$5= $)/ - ./ $) ( $$) ) ' -)$)":
#$ 1 ( )/ ) 2*-&+' 0/$'$/4: ) 3/-$).$ (*/$1/$*).: 1$5= .*$'
*(+ /$/$*) *- +- ..0- ) .. ..( )/: ./$(0'/ ' -)$)" $) ( $'
./0 )/.=OU
*) -)$)" ./04>- '/ #1$*0- $)/-$).$''4 (*/$1/ ( $'
./0 )/. / ) /* /& (*- *+/$*)' - $/ *0-. . ) +
/$1$/$
.=PL+-/!-*(
->/0/*-$)"
($/$1$/$ .:(*/$1/$*)2.'.*+*.$/$1 '4
*-- '/ /* # '/#>- '/ 3/-0--$0'- /$1$/$ . '$& 2*-&$)" $) )
*'>" #*( =PM
% /0$ . *) ./- )"/# *- ,0'$/4 *!
(*/$1/$*).+- $/*-*! ($.0 ..#1 !*0)*/#*)'0.$1 )$)*)'0.$1 1$ ) =$"# -(*/$1/$*)PN)'.*.+ $!$''4#$"# -
$)/-$).$ (*/$1/$*)OR #1 ) !*0) /* *-- '/ 2$/# #$"# - ($
"- . $) */# +- >'$)$'OR ) '$)$' 4 -.= */$1/$*) 2. !*0) /*
+- $/+ -!*-() $)*)'4*) .#**'$). ./04:+ -!*-( $)
/2*( $'.#**'.=PO/- )"/#*!(*/$1/$*)/*./04( $$) 2.!*0)
/* +- $/$1 *! $) /# /#$- 4 -: 0/ )*/ /# !$-./ /2* 4 -. *!
( $'./04:$))*/# -./04=PP0/*-$'"-*0++-*0/$1$/42.!*0)/*
.$")$!$)/'4 #$"# - $) /# "-*0+. #1$)" ./0 )/. 2$/# #$"# -
(*/$1/$*) . *(+- /* /#*. 2$/# '*2 - (*/$1/$*)=OS: PQ /0 )/.
)/ -$)" ( $$) 2$/# $)/ '' /0' #'' )" G $)/-$).$ "*' *)/ )/H
./# (*./$(+*-/)/(*/$1 2 - !*0)/*#1 #$"# -.=PR ($
+ -!*-() */# - /#) "- .D. #. '.* ) ./0$ = /- )"/# *!
#$ 1 ( )/(*/$1/$*)2.!*0)/* // -+- $/*-*!+-*! ..$*)'
//$)( )/$)(' ./#)! (' .=PS !$)$)" ($.0 ...#*2!-
./0 )/ # +-*"- .. $) #$.D# - */*-' /# .$. $) /# !$)' 4 - *!
( $' .#**': #1$)" #$"# - 3/-$).$ +-*(*/$*): $)*( : +- ./$" 1) ( )/$)/# /# .$.=PT
- (*/$1/$*) G./-$1$)" !*-
/=H 2. !*0) /* +- $/ "- / -
82
82
Motivation in medical students
A review of motivational research in medical education
chapter 3
# - 2 - */# - ./0$ . /#/ !$' /* !$) .$")$!$)/ *-- '/$*).= /# -'). . ./04 !*0) )* .$")$!$)/ *-- '/$*) /2 )
(*/$1/$*) ) ($ .0 ..=PM $/# -
3/-$).$ )*- $)/-$).$
(*/$1/$*) 2. .$")$!$)/'4 *-- '/ 2$/# ($ + -!*-() $) ./04=PU))'45$)"($..$*)$)/ -1$ 2./*! ($''4/>-$.&
( $' ./0 )/.: /# - 2. )* .$")$!$)/ $!! - ) $) (*/$1/$*) *!
.0 ..!0')0).0 ..!0'./0 )/.=QL*.$")$!$)/$!! - ) 2.!*0)
$) + -!*-() /2
) ./0 )/. 2$/# #$"# ) '*2 (*/$1/$*)
G*)$/$*). - / 4 0.$)" 3/ -)' (*/$1/*-.H ) *)/-*'. 2# )
/ ./ *) '$)$' . +-* ..$)" ) - '' *! $!! - )/$' $")*.$.=QM
)/-$).$(*/$1/$*):2#$#2.( .0- 4*)'4*) $/ (:2.!*0)/*
.$")$!$)/'4) "/$1 '4*-- '/ G-W>L=MSH2$/# ($.0 ..=QN
/0$ . #1 ) *)0/ /*
0) -./) 2#/ &$) *! (*/$1/$*) *- (*/$1 . -$1 ./0 )/. /* )/ -
( $' .#**'= *0- (%*- 0) -'4$)" $( ).$*). ++ - : . !*0)
0.$)"/# $'$/0/$*).0 ./$*))$- $)/# <# '+$)"+ *+' : $)"
- .+ / : $)" $)$.+ ).' ) *($)" .$ )/$./=QO $($'-
(*/$1 .QP ) $)/ '' /0' *)/ )/ 2 - !*0) $) */# - ./0$ . *) +- >
( $')( $'./0 )/.=QQ>RO# $'$/4/*# '++ *+' ++ -./* /# ./-*)" ./ (*/$1 =PR: QR: QU>RM: RO: RP *( ) *1 - /#$-/4 #*. ( $$) /*
!$) $)/ '' /0' (*/$1/$*): 1 '*+ *(+ / ) ) ! ' #$ 1 ( )/=RQ
$' ./0 )/.: 2#* # &"-*0) $) )0-.$)" 0/$*): #*. ( $$) ($)'4*0/*!/# .$- !*-$)- . +/$ )/- - .+*).$$'$/4:
( $'&)*2' " :+ -.*)'#'' )" ).//0.=RR
# " */$1/$*) '.* $)!'0 ) . /# #*$ *! .+ $'/4= /0 )/. #**.$)" +-$(-4 -
+.4#$/-4QU
QU: RS: RT
)
2 - -$1 ) 4 + *+' >*-$ )/ (*/$1 *- $1 -.$/4 $)
$")*.$. ) /- /( )/QQ . *(+- /* ./0 )/. #**.$)" #$"#
/ #)*'*"4 *- )*)>+-$(-4 - .+ $'/$ .: 2#* 2 - -$1 ) 4 .$ ) >
83
Motivation in medical students
83
chapter 3A review of motivational research in medical education
*-$ )/ (*/$1
QU
*- 2*-&$)" 2$/# ) 2 / #)*'*"4QQ= /# - (*/$1 . !*-
#**.$)" )*)>+-$(-4 - .+ $'/$ . 2 - // - '$! ./4' : (*) /-4
- 2-. ) +- ./$" =RT /-*)" -
- (*/$1/$*)RU *- #$"# - $)/-$).$
- -(*/$1/$*)PT2 - !*0)/* $) + ) )/+- $/*-.*!#*$ *!
.+ $'$/4= /0 )/. )*/ *).$ -$)" )4 +-$(-4 - .+ $'/$ . .#*2 .$")$!$)/'4#$"# -#$ 1 ( )/)+*2 -(*/$1 .=RU
0/*)*(*0.(*/$1/$*)2.!*0)
/* *-- '/ .$")$!$)/'4 +*.$/$1 '4 2$/# $)/ )/$*) /* *)/$)0 ./0$ .: $= =
)*/ -*++$)" *0/ *! ( $' .#**': ) (*/$1/$*) 2. ) "/$1 '4
*-- '/ 2$/#$)/ )/$*)/**)/$)0 ./0$ .=OR
0- '$ !/#/(*/$1/$*)$.)$) + ) )/1-$' $)( $' 0/$*)
2.*)!$-( 4/# !$)$)".*!/#$.- 1$ 2=#$.. /./# !*0)/$*)!*-
/# ( -$/. *! ./04$)" (*/$1/$*) . + ) )/ 1-$' 0. $!
(*/$1/$*)$.)$(+*-/)/ / -($)$)"1-$' *!' -)$)") ($
)+-*! ..$*)'.0 ..:)$!$/) ()$+0'/ 4--)" ( )/.$)
/# 0--$0'0()4/ # -.A/$*).:/# )$/$.*!"- /$(+*-/) /#/
2 (+.0#1-$' .=
#(*(#"'$""(*& */$1/$*) !*- ( $' ./04 (4 $)!'0 ) 4 1-$ /4 *! !/*-. $)
/# $)$1$0' ./0 )/ ) /# ' -)$)" )1$-*)( )/ ) 0--$0'0(=
'') / '= !*0) /#/ !/*-. '$& - : - '$"$*): )1$-*)( )/ )
#$'>- -$)" +-/$ . # $- / $)!'0 ) *) #$ 1 ( )/ (*/$1/$*)
) !/*-. '$& !($'4 ./-0/0- : .'1 -4: *0+/$*)' .//0. ) '$(/ #$)$- /$)!'0 ) =SL# #$ --#$'(* '*!(*/$1/$*)4'' -)
) / '' #. +-*+*. ) (+$-$' 1$ ) #. ) "/# - /*
.0++*-//# 1$ 2/#/(*/$1/$*))#)" ) ()$+0'/ :# ) $.
+ ) )/1-$' =SM$/#$).0#!/*-.$)( $' 0/$*)2 ( 84
84
Motivation in medical students
A review of motivational research in medical education
$./$)/$*) /2
chapter 3
)!/*-./#/))*/ ()$+0'/ )!/*-./#/
) ()$+0'/ =
& '((""#(!"$) (
*( 1-$' .$)!'0 )$)"(*/$1/$*)!*-( $'./042 - !*0)2#$#
))*/ ()$+0'/ =
" $)!'0 ) . (*/$1/$*) !*- ( $' ./04= ) ) 0./-'$) ./04:
$!! - ) . $) (*/$1/$*). !*- #**.$)" ( $$) 2 - !*0) /2
(/0- >" G++-*3$(/ '4 PM 4 -.H ) )*-('>" )
)/-)/.
G++-*3$(/ '4 OP 4 -.H= *./ (/0- " > )/-)/. $/ $)/ '' /0'
./$.!/$*) . /# $- ($) - .*) !*''*2 4 2*-&$)" 2$/# + *+' )
.$- /*# '+*/# -.=*./)*-('>" )/-)/.$/ .$- /*# '+*/# -.
!*''*2 4 )%*4( )/ /#-*0"# 2*-&$)" 2$/# + *+' ) $)/ '' /0'
./$.!/$*)=RN
/0$ . 2#$# '**& $)/* " ) - $!! - ) . $) (*/$1/$*) !*-
( $$) 2 - !*0)= ' . - +*-/ $)/ - ./ $) .$ )
$)$.+ ).'
QO:
# '+$)" + *+'
QU
) #1$)" -
QO: QU: SN:
$)"
-SN . /# (*./
$(+*-/)/ - .*). (*/$1/$)" /# ( !*- ( $$) = (' . - +*-/ # '+$)"
+ *+'
QS ) #1$)" -
-: . /# (*./ $(+*-/)/ - .*). QU: SN= /# -
./0$ . !*0) /#/ -)&$)" *! (*/$1 . '$& *++*-/0)$/4 /* # '+ + *+'
RO:
.$ )/$!$ )/0- *! ( $$) ) $)/ '' /0' #'' )" : $) /#/ *- -: 4
(' .)! (' .2..$($'-PR:RL:RM:RO;#*2 1 -(*- ! (' ./#)(' .
2 - *-$ )/ /*2-. '/-0$./$ (*/$1 . ) (*- (' . /#) ! (' .
2 - *-$ )/ /*2-. !$))$' . 0-$/4PR: RO *- +- ./$" D.//0.QS= /# -.
!*0)/#/! (' ( $'./0 )/..*- #$"# -*)/# + -.*)>*-$ )/ (*/$1
$)*(
QO: QU:'*2
QU)
-*))/0-'.$ ) (*/$1
QO)*++*-/0)$/4!*-#$"#
,0'/*(' ( $'./0 )/.*).//0.>*-$ )/ (*/$1
-
QU=
+-/ !-*( " ) - $!! - ) . $) "*' *)/ )/. !*- ( $$) : " ) -
85
Motivation in medical students
85
chapter 3A review of motivational research in medical education
$!! - ) . $) " ) -'$5 (*/$1/$*) #1 '.* ) ./0$ = ' . 2 - !*0) /* #1 #$"# - 3/-$).$ - - (*/$1/$*) /#) ! (' .=PT (' ( $' ./0 )/. #1 ) !*0) /* .$")$!$)/'4 (*- #$ 1 ( )/
*-$ )/ .*(+- /*(' ( $'./0 )/.=SO(*)"/0/*-$'"-*0+.:
(*/$1/$*) *! ! (' ./0 )/. 2. '.* !*0) /* .$")$!$)/'4 #$"# -
/#)(' ./0 )/.=PQ
# /#)$$/4 +'4. -*' $) (*/$1/$*)' *-$ )//$*)= ) ./04
--$ *0/ $) /# 2$/# #$"# .#**' ./0 )/. 2#* 2 - *).$ -$)"
( $$) . -
- *+/$*); 2#$/ ./0 )/. 2 - +- *($))/'4
(*/$1/ 4 /# B#'' )" *! /# ( $' +-*! ..$*)C: 2# - . '&
./0 )/.4/# B#) /*# '++ *+' CSP='&./0 )/.-/ B(*) /-4
) !$/.C *! /# +-*! ..$*) ) .//0. .$")$!$)/'4 #$"# - /#) 2#$/ ./0 )/.=SP #$. 2. $) *)/-./ 2$/# . ./04 2#$# !*0) /#/
)*)>2#$/ ./0 )/..*- .$")$!$)/'4#$"# -*)B$ ) C).$")$!$)/'4
'*2 -*)B '+$)"+ *+' C.*(+- /*2#$/ ./0 )/.=QO
*$* *)*($ .//0.: -/# - /#) /#)$$/4 *-
" ) -:2.!*0)/*+'4 !$)$/$1 -*' $)/# + - +/$*).*!#$"#.#**'
./0 )/.*0/( $'.#**')/# $-(*/$1/$*)/*++'4:$)./04$)
/# =SQ /0 )/. !-*( #$"# - .*$* *)*($ .//0. / ) /* !*0. *)
$)/-$).$ !/*-. '$& #'' )" : #$ 1 ( )/ ) !0'!$'( )/ $) ( $$) :
2# - . ./0 )/. *! '*2 - .*$* *)*($ .//0. / ) /* !*0. *) /# 3/-$).$- 2-.'$& 3+ / $)*( =SQ
# # / (+ -( )/ $( ).$*) *! + -.$./ ) ) /# #-/ - $( ).$*). *! . '!>$- / ) .. ) . '!>/-). ) ) G2#$#
- 3+ / /* )#) /# ' -)$)"+-* ..H- ..*$/ 2$/#$)/-$).$
($(*/$1/$*)$)( $'./0 )/.=SR
86
86
Motivation in medical students
A review of motivational research in medical education
chapter 3
./04 $) $)') !*0) /#/ )*)>"-0/ )/-4 ./0 )/. # #$"# - #$ 1 ( )/ (*/$1/$*) . *(+- /*
"-0/ )/-4./0 )/.=SS
-*!( $'0--$0'0(2.'.*!*0)/*
$)!'0 ) (*/$1/$*)!*-%*$)$)")*)/$)0$)"( $'./04=*)/--4/*
*((*) '$ !. ) */# - ./0$ . ( )/$*) *1 : . ./04
!*0) /#/ !$-./ 4 - ( $' ./0 )/. 2 - (*- *-$ )/ /*2-.
+- ./$" : (*) 4 ) .0 ..; 2# - . !$)' 4 - ./0 )/. 2 - (*- *-$ )/ /*2-. - '$ ! *! .0!! -$)" ) $(+*-/) !*- ()&$)=ST
)*/# -./04:. $)/# :!*0)/#/!$-./4 -( $'./0 )/.#
#$"# - #$ 1 ( )/ *-$ )//$*) /#) ./0 )/. !/ - /# $- /#$- 4 -= #$.
!$)$)" 2. //-$0/ /* .#$!/ $) /# (*/$1/$*)' ./-0/0- !-*(
#$ 1 ( )//*. '!>"-/$!$/$*)) .=SU
,0'$//$1 ./04$)/# (*)"!$-./)
. *) 4 - ( $' ./0 )/. /* $ )/$!4 !/*-. $)!'0 )$)" ./0 )/.A
(*/$1/$*) /* ++'4 /* ( $' .#**' .#*2 /#/ +- )/ .0++*-/ )
)*0-" ( )/ # +*.$/$1 !! / ) '& *! / # - .0++*-/ # ) "/$1 !! /=TL
# . - 1-$' .2#$#))*/ ()$+0'/ 4( $' 0/*-.=
& '(("$#("( -!"$) (
/# - $) + ) )/ 1-$' . $)!'0 ) (*/$1/$*) ) ) +*/ )/$''4 ()$+0'/ = #1 '..$!$ /# . 1-$' . 0) - /# /#- .$
+.4#*'*"$' )
)- '/ ) ..=
. !*- $)/-$).$ (*/$1/$*) 1$5= 0/*)*(4: *(+ / ) 87
Motivation in medical students
87
chapter 3A review of motivational research in medical education
# 0/*)*(4 .0++*-/ !*- ' -)$)" $. '$& *-) - ./*) !*-
1 '*+$)" $)/-$).$ (*/$1/$*) !*- ' -)$)" *-$)" /* = 0/*)*(4
$)' -)$)"( )./#//# ./0 )/.)+')/# $- 0/$*)'/$1$/$ .*!
/# $- *2) 1*'$/$*): 2$/#$) /# *0)-$ . *! !$) '$($/.= !*0)
1$ ) *!/#$.$)! 2./0$ .$)( $' 0/$*)=# $!! - )//# ( .
/#/) .-$ /*/#$.+-/$0'-1-$' - <
-,'&'%1 +-(('*, > ./04 *) *) ( $' ./0 )/. !*0) /#/
0/*)*(4 .0++*-/ 4 $)./-0/*-. 0-$)" ' -&.#$+. )#) ./0 )/.I
(*/$1/$*)/*. ' /- .$ )4$)/#/+-/$0'-!$ '*!( $$) =TM# #*$ *!$)/ -)'( $$) G-WL=NUH).0-" -4G-WL=OPH' -&.#$+.$)/#$.
./04 2 - .$")$!$)/'4 *-- '/ 2$/# /# ./0 )/.I + - +/$*). *!
0/*)*(4 .0++*-/ *) /# . *-- .+*)$)" ' -&.#$+.= 0/*)*(4 .0++*-/
4 / # -. 2. .$")$!$)/ +- $/*- !*- */#: ./0 )/.I 0/*)*(*0.
(*/$1/$*))*(+ / ) !*-./04*0-. $))*/# -./04=TN
)/-$).$
(*/$1/$*) !*- *0-. 2. +*.$/$1 '4 *-- '/ 2$/# 0/*)*(4 $)
' -)$)" G-WL=OQPH $) ./04 $) -) =TO /0 )/. $) 0--$0'0(
!*0) /# (. '1 . /* $)/-$).$''4 (*/$1/ 0. *! 0/*)*(4 $)
/# $- ' -)$)": . *++*. /* ./0 )/. $) /-$/$*)' 0--$0'0( 2#*
!*0) /# (. '1 . /* 3/-$).$''4 (*/$1/ 0. *! *)/-*''$)"
' -)$)" )1$-*)( )/=TP
-**!-$-% $ +-*' ( . ' -)$)" GH 0--$0'0( 2. !*0) /*
(*/$1/ ./0 )/. /* ' -) !*- ' -)$)"A. .& : $= = $)/-$).$ (*/$1/$*):
0. *! 0/*)*(4 $) /# $- ' -)$)"= -$/$*)' 0--$0'0( (*/$1/ ./0 )/. /*2-. */$)$)" #$"# "- . $= = 3/-$).$ (*/$1/$*)= # . ./0 )/.A+ - $1 *)/-*''$)"' -)$)" )1$-*)( )/=TP -()./04
!*0) /#/ ./0 )/.A (*/$1/$*) $. #$"# - $) ' ) . *(+- /*
/-$/$*)':*/#/#-*0"#,0)/$//$1 ),0'$//$1 /=TQ' ) ' -)$)" - !0''4 *(+' ( )/. ! >/*>! '.. . 2$/#
>' -)$)"
(*0' . ) 2# ) $)*-+*-/ $)/* 0--$0'0( "$1 . #$"# -
0/*)*(4/*./0 )/.$)/# $-' -)$)"=
88
88
Motivation in medical students
A review of motivational research in medical education
chapter 3
,!&,*+('&+!!$!,1$
)/ -).+ - $1 "- / -- .+*).$$'$/4!*-+/$ )/
- $) " ) -' +-/$ ' -)$)" )1$-*)( )/ ) /#$. 2. - .+*).$' !*- /# $- "- / - (*/$1/$*) !*- ' -)$)"=TR - / - - .+*).$$'$/4 '.*
( ).(*- 0/*)*(4$)+/$ )/#)'$)")/- /( )/=
'$)"*(+ / )/$)' -)$)"./$(0'/ .$)/-$).$(*/$1/$*)
!*- $/= !*0) ./0$ . *) ( $' ./0 )/. 2#$# .0./)/$/ /#$.
'$(=
$8!1 > )/-$).$ (*/$1/$*) 2. !*0) /* +*.$/$1 '4 *-- '/ 2$/#+ - $1 . '!> !!$4*-*(+ / ) G-WL=PMUH=TO
$,!'& (*'-* > /0 )/. )/ -$)" ( $$) /#-*0"# . ' /$*)
+-* 0- 2 - !*0) /* #1 .$")$!$)/'4 #$"# - ./- )"/# *! (*/$1/$*)
) '*2 - -/$!$/ *-$ )//$*) G 3/-$).$ "*' *)/ )/H /#) ./0 )/.
)/ -$)"/#-*0"# $/# -2 $"#/ '*// -4*-*0/./)$)"#$"#.#**'=PM
2- ) .. *! #1$)" ) #*. ) /#-*0"# ()$)" . ' /$*)
+-* 0- ($"#/#1 +*.$/$1 !! /*)./0 )/.A. '!> !!$4 '$ !.)
$ )/$/4!*-(/$*):$).+$-$)"/# (/* 1 '*+./-*)"' 1 '*!*(($/( )/
/*( $'./04)# '/#- =#*0"#/#$.. ' /$*)+-* 0- $)*/
) ..-$'4 (& ./0 )/. #$ 1 #$"# - "- . /#) /# */# -.: /# 4
)"" (*- $)# '/#>- '/ 3/->0--$0'-/$1$/$ .PM:2#$#++ -.
/* $)/-$).$"*'*)/ )/)/# (*/$1/$*)++ -./* 0/*)*(*0.=
1('++++%&,>/)-.>. .. ..( )/.4./ (2.!*0)/* ..*$/ 2$/# ) !$$' !! /. *) + (*/$1 ) + ./-/ "4 !*-
' -)$)")+-*! ..$*)'$ )/$/4=TS#0.:./0 )/.2 - (*/$1/ /*0. + ++-*# /* ' -)$)" 2# ) 1'0/ "$)./ +- >. / ./)-. .
*++*. /* 2# ) 1'0/ "$)./ # */# -= *(+-$.*) 2$/# +- >. /
./)-. ) (
/$)" /#*. ./)-. *0' ./$(0'/ !
*(+ / ) $)' -)$)".*++*. /**(+-$.*)2$/#+
- .0'/$)!
'$)".*!+ -.*)'!$'0- )$)*(+ / ) =
'$)". *!
-.2#$#*0'
/*+ > / 2. !*0) /#/ ) -$)" /# ) *! /# ( $' ./04: /# + - )/" *! ./0 )/. "- $)" /#/ "Motivation in medical students
2$/# #*)*0-. 2. 89
89
chapter 3A review of motivational research in medical education
(*/$1/*-!*-' -)$)"))*/ (*/$1/*-2..$")$!$)/'4'*2 -/#)
./0 )/. $) /# "$))$)" *! /# ./04= ) #*)*0-. .4./ ( * . )*/
) ..-$'4(*/$1/ ./0 )/.)(4 (*/$1/ .$")$!$)/)0( -*!
/# (*1 -/# /$( >*0-. *!/# ./04=TT)#*)*0-..4./ (*0'2*-&$)
) "/$1 24 !*- ./0 )/. 2#* &)*2 /#/ /# 4 - )*/ '$& '4 /* " /
#*)*0-.:4(&$)"/# (! '$)*(+ / )/$)' -)$)"=
&'/$ )-!+!,!'& > ./04 *) .('' "-*0+ ' -)$)" !*0) /#/
$)- . $) &)*2' " ) 0) -./)$)" *! .0% / (// - $)- . .
./0 )/.A (*/$1/$*) !*- /# ./04 ) $)/ - ./ $) /# *0-. *)/ )/=TU
#$.( )./#//# ./0 )/.2 - (*- (*/$1/ !*-' -)$)"2# )/# $-
! '$)".*!*(+ / ) $)/# $-' -)$)"2 - ./-*)"=
+#.$->
)/-$).$(*/$1/$*)2.!*0)/* +*.$/$1 '4*-- '/ 2$/#
+ - $1 /.&1'0 *!/-$)$)"G-WL=QPRH$)./04$)-) =TO$($'-'4:
$) ./04 !-*( : ./0 )/. $) "-*0+. ! '/ (*/$1/ !*- "-*0+
2*-&$)" . /# 4 + - $1 /#/ $/ 2. - .+*).$' !*- '$1 -$)" /# $-
' -)$)"=UL *: /# + - $1 /.& 1'0 *! /-$)$)" + -$*. $) /# !*-( -
./04 ) "-*0+ 2*-&$)" $) /# '// - ./04 2. #$"# ) ' /*
! '$)".*!*(+ / ) $)' -)$)"=
'/ ) .. *0' #1 .+ $' .$")$!$) $) ( $'
0/$*)=$")$!$)/*/# -.*0')*/*)'4 +- )/.:/ # -.:+
-.:0/
*0''.* +/$ )/.=*)//2$/#+/$ )/.*0'# '+./0 )/.- '/ /*
/# $-$ )/$/4.!0/0- */*-.)./- )"/# )/# $- '$ !.*0/2#4/# 4
- $)( $' 0/$*)$)/# !$-./+' =1$ ) !*-/#$.2.!*0)$)
.*( ./0$ .$)( $' 0/$*)=
*$1 (,!&,=$!&!$ '&,, F -'4 *)// 2$/# +/$ )/. ./$(0'/ .
./0 )/.A (*/$1/$*) !*- $*( $' ) !0-/# - ./04 4 *)) /$)"
/# *-4/*'$)$'+-/$ =UM: UN#0.:./0 )/.2 - $).+$- /*2-./# $-
!0/0- 2*-&.*/*-.=
$$8!& > ''> $)" 2. !*0) /* !! / (*/$1/$*) $) $'4 2*-& )
*1 -'' - -; '*2 - 2 ''> $)" ' /* ! '$)". *! ($"0$/4 $) -
90
-
90
Motivation in medical students
A review of motivational research in medical education
chapter 3
#*$ ) #$"# - 2 ''> $)" ' /* "- / - 5 ' /*2-. +0-+*. $)
( $$) ) $)/-$).$ +..$*) !*- 2*-&=UO ''> $)" $) /#$. ./04 2.
!$) . B ') (*)" (0'/$+' +-/. *! - .$ )/.A + -.*)' )
+-*! ..$*)' '$1 .: $)'0$)" +-*! ..$*)': !($'4: .*$': +#4.$': ( )/':
.+$-$/0')!$))$'*($).C=#$.*0' /#*0"#/*!.*/*-2#*
#. ./-*)" ! '$)". *! - '/ ) .. 2$/# #$. !($'4 ) *'' "0 . 2*0'
#1 #$"# -(*/$1/$*)=0/*)*(*0.(*/$1/$*)#.
)#) 2 ''> $)"$)" ) -' 0/$*)./0$
)!!&-#""'
.=NQ:NR
)!*0)/*' /*
# .0((-4 *! /# !$)$)". *! /#$. - 1$ 2 $. +*-/-4 $) ' . N 8 O
)$"0- O=
6)!!&-#""'1#(*(#"'""$""(*& &0
"#0
M=
N=
#(*(#"'
"
"$""(
*& " )"'
-)$)")
./04
#1$*0-
($
.0 ..D
+ -!*-() #( "#0#$$&'
3&""#'0#
$$&'" )'
$&(( "(
$$",4
S:.$5 *!*-- '/$*).
.*( .('').*( (* -/ G+ -.S:U:
MR:NR:PL:PM:QMH
MP:.(''.$5 *!
*-- '/$*).
G+ -.M:Q:R:U:MM:
MQ:MR:NO:OL:OO:OQ:
PM:PN:PTH
#&""'
> 0/*)*(*0. (*/$1/$*) 2.
+*.$/$1 '4 *-- '/ 2$/# +
++-*# /* ./04: - !' /$*) $)
' -)$)" ) $)/ )/$*) /* *)/$)0 ./0$ .
> */$1/$*) $)!'0 ) ' -)$)" $)
.(''"-*0+.
> */$1/$*) /* "** */*-
./$(0'/ 1*/$*)' ++-*# /*
' -)$)"
> */$1/$*) *-- '/ +*.$/$1 '4
2$/# + - /0/*-$)": 3/->0--$0'-
/$1$/$ .: ($)*/# -.
> U ./0$ . !*0) +*.$/$1 - '/$*)
/2 ) #$"# - (*/$1/$*) )
($+ -!*-() > # */# - ./0$ . $/# - $ )*/
!$) .$")$!$)/ *-- '/$*). *- *) !*0)
.$")$!$)/'4
) "/$1 91
Motivation in medical students
91
chapter 3A review of motivational research in medical education
O=
#*$ *!
( $$) .
- -
MP
G+ -.MO:MP:MS:MT:
NL:NN:NQ:NU:NT:OQ:
OU:PP:PQ:QLH
P=
#*$ *!
.+ $'/4
2$/#$)
( $$) R
G+ -.M:N:MU:NL:OT:
PQH
Q=
)/ )/$*)/*
*)/$)0 ( $'
./0$ .
M:(* -/ .$5 *!
*-- '/$*).
G+ -PMH
*-- '/$*): 0/ $) /#$. ./04
$)/-$).$ (*/$1/$*) 2. ( .0- 2$/# *)'4 *) $/ ( $) /# ,0 ./$*))$- =
> */$1 . F # '+$)" + *+' : $)"
- .+ / : $)" $)$.+ ).' )
*($)".$ )/$./
> '+$)" + *+' $. /# ./-*)" ./
(*/$1 > *( ) *1 - OL ) )0-. . %*$)
( $$) !*-+ -.*)'#'' )" > -$(-4 - .+ $'$/$ . - #*. )!*-+ *+' >*-$ )/ (*/$1 > $"# / #)*'*"4 .+ $'$/$ . - #*. )!*-.$ ) *-$ )/ (*/$1 > 0/*)*(*0. (*/$1/$*) +*.$/$1 '4
*-- '/ 2$/#$)/ )/$*)/**)/$)0 ./0$ . ) (*/$1/$*) *-- '/ ) "/$1 '4=
7)!!&-#""'1#(*(#"'$""(*& #( "#0#$$&'
3&""#'0#
&0
$$&'" )'
"#0
$&(( "(
$$",4
M=
" M
G+ -MPH
#(*(#"'
$""(
*& '
" )"-
N=
) -
O=
/#)$$/4
ML
G+ -.M:Q:NN:NP:
NT:OQ:OS:PP:PQ:QLH
N
G+ -.NT:PMH
#&""'
>/0- >" ))*-('>" )/-)/.
# $!! - ) . $) (*/$1/$*). !*-
#**.$)"( $$) >' .)! (' .#$!! - )//4+ *! (*/$1 . !*- %*$)$)" ( $$) : '.*
.*( .$($'-$/$ .
> (' . 2 - !*0) /* #1 #$"# -
./- )"/# *! (*/$1/$*) ) (' .
2 - !*0) /* #1 #$"# - 3/-$).$
(*/$1/$*)
> - *($))/ (*/$1 . *! '& )
2#$/ ./0 )/. !*- %*$)$)" ( $$) 2 - $!! - )/)/# !$)$)".*!/# 92
92
Motivation in medical students
A review of motivational research in medical education
P=
*$* *)*($
.//0.
M
G+ -MNH
Q=
-.*)'$/4
/-$/.
M
G+ -POH
R=
0/$*)'
&"-*0)
M
G+ -NMH
S=
-*!
( $'
0--$0'0(
N
G+ -.O:OPH
T=
# -)
+- )/
.0++*-/
M
G+ -NSH
&0
"#0
#(*(#"'
$""(
*& '
" )"-
#( "#0#$$&'
3&""#'0#
$$&'" )'
$&(( "(
$$",4
chapter 3
/2*./0$ .2 - *)/-$/*-4
> $"# - .*$* *)*($ .//0.
./0 )/. 2 - !*0) /* !*0. *)
$)/-$).$ !/*-. !*- #**.$)" ( $'
./04 2# - . '*2 - .*$* *)*($
.//0. ./0 )/. #*. ( $' ./04
!*- 3/-$).$- 2-.
> # / (+ -( )/ $( ).$*) *!
+ -.$./ ) ) /# #-/ -
$( ).$*). *! . '!>$- / ) .. )
. '!>/-). ) ) - ..*$/ 2$/#$)/-$).$ ($(*/$1/$*)$)
( $'./0 )/.
> *)>"-0/ )/-4 ./0 )/. #
#$"# - #$ 1 ( )/ (*/$1/$*) .
*(+- /*"-0/ )/-4./0 )/.
> ) *) ./04: !$-./ 4 - ./0 )/.
2 - (*- *-$ )/ /*2-. 3/-$).$
- 2-. *! /# ( $' +-*! ..$*):
2# - . !$)' 4 - ./0 )/. 2 - (*- *-$ )/ /*2-. # '+$)"
()&$)
> ) /# */# - ./04: !$-./ 4 -
./0 )/. # #$"# - #$ 1 ( )/
(*/$1/$*)/#)/#$-4 -./0 )/.
> 1$)" +- )/ ) )*/ #1$)"
/ # - .0++*-/ +'4 +*.$/$1 )
) "/$1 -*' - .+ /$1 '4$)./0 )/.
#**.$)"!*-( $'./04
#&""'
U=
0/*)*(4
0/*)*(4
.0++*-/
P
G+ -.ON:PU:QP:
QQH
Motivation in medical students
>0/*)*(4.0++*-/$)( $'./04
2.!*0)/*./$(0'/ #*$ *!
+-/$0'-.+ $'/4)$)/-$).$
(*/$1/$*)!*-' -)$)"
93
93
chapter 3A review of motivational research in medical education
0--$0'0(
- / -
+/$ )/
- .+*).$$'$/4
N
G+ -.PU:QRH
M
G+ -PH
ML
*(+ / ) '!> !!$4
' /$*)
+-* 0- .. ..( )/
2-.
)*2' " ,0$.$/$*)
- $1 /.&
1'0 M
G+ -ONH
M
G+ -MRH
M
G+ -QNH
M
G+ -OMH
M
G+ -MLH
N
G+ -.ON:QQH
MM
'/ ) ..
-'4+/$ )/D
'$)$'
*)//
''> $)"
N
G+ -.T:PRH
M
G+ -ORH
>0--$0'0(2.!*0)/*
./$(0'/ $)/-$).$(*/$1/$*))
/-$/$*)'0--$0'0(2.!*0)/*
./$(0'/ 3/-$).$(*/$1/$*)
>' ) $)- . ../0 )/.A
(*/$1/$*).*(+- /*/-$/$*)'
>- / -+/$ )/- .+*).$$'$/42.
- .+*).$' !*-"- / -(*/$1/$*)!*-
' -)$)"
>
)/-$).$(*/$1/$*)2.+*.$/$1 '4
*-- '/ 2$/#. '!> !!$4
>/0 )/. )/ -$)"/#-*0"#( $'
)/-) 3(#1 #$"# -
(*/$1/$*)
>4+ *!.. ..( )/$)!'0 ) ./4+ *!(*/$1/$*)!*-./04
> 2-.(4 (*/$1/ .$")$!$)/)0( -*!./0 )/.
> - +/$*)*!$)- . &)*2' " $)- . .(*/$1/$*)
>
)/-$).$(*/$1/$*)2.!*0)/* +*.$/$1 '4*-- '/ 2$/#+ - $1 /.&1'0 > - $1 /.&1'0 *!"-*0+.
$)- . /# (*/$1/$*)!*-"-*0+
2*-&$)"
>-'4+/$ )/*)//./$(0'/ .
./0 )/(*/$1/$*)
> '$)"*!2 ''> $)" )#) .
(*/$1/$*)
94
94
Motivation in medical students
A review of motivational research in medical education
chapter 3
')''#"
*/$1/$*) $. *-- '/ 2$/# ' -)$)" /#-*0"# ++-*# /* ./04 )
./04 #1$*0-=*././0$ .$)( $' 0/$*)#1 !*0) 1$ ) $)
!1*0- *! @*/$1/$*) *-- '/ . 2$/# ($ + -!*-() A= # */# -
./0$ . $ )*/ !$) .$")$!$)/ *-- '/$*).: /2* *! 2#$# #1 .(''
.(+' .$5 : # ) (4 #1 '& /# +*2 - /* !$) .$")$!$)/
$!! - ) .QL:
QM=
) 8 #)-% GMUUOHQN !*0) .$")$!$)/'4 ) "/$1 *-- '/$*):0/$)/#$../04$)/-$).$(*/$1/$*)2.( .0- 2$/#*)'4
*) $/ ( $) /# ,0 ./$*))$- = 2 - )*/ '24. ' /* *)!$-( /# - '$$'$/4 *! /# *0/*( ( .0- .: .* /# . !$)$)". .#*0' $)/ -+- / 2$/# 0/$*)= # - '/$*).#$+ /2
) (*/$1/$*) )
' -)$)".0 ..#. )2 ''>.0./)/$/ $)" ) -' 0/$*)=Q>S:UP
'/-0$./$ (*/$1 .: $)/ '' /0' *)/ )/ ) $)/ - ./ $) /# ./04 - ''
$)/-$).$ "*' *)/ )/. GH /#/ -$1 ./0 )/. /*2-. ( $' ./04
) +-*! ..$*) ) /# (*/$1/$*) /#/ .0# ./0 )/. 3#$$/ $) /# $-
#*$ *! ( $$) $. 0/*)*(*0.= - )/' +- ..0- : .//0.: $)*( )
+- ./$" - 3/-$).$"*'*)/ )/.GH)/# (*/$1/$*) 3#$$/ 4
.0# ./0 )/. $) /# $- #*$ *! ( $$) $. *)/-*'' = #0.: 2 )
*)'0 /#/ (*./ ( $' ./0 )/. )/ - ( $' ./04 ) +-*! ..$*)
!*-$)/-$).$"*'*)/ )/.)/#0. 3#$$/0/*)*(*0.(*/$1/$*)$)/# $-
#*$ *!( $$) =OP
1 -'':./0 )/. #**.$)" +-$(-4 - .+ $'$/$ ..
(/* -$1 )4
$)/-$).$ "*' *)/ )/. ) # ) 0/*)*(*0. (*/$1/$*); 2# - .
./0 )/. #**.$)" )*)>+-$(-4 - .+ $'$/$ . .
( /* -$1 ) +-/'4
4$)/-$).$"*'*)/ )/.:$= =.$ ) *-$ )/ (*/$1 D2*-&$)"2$/#) 2
/ #)*'*"4: ) +-/'4 4 3/-$).$ "*' *)/ )/.: $= = '$! ./4' : (*) 4:
+- ./$" =# *($))/(*/$1/$*):$= =0/*)*(*0.*-*)/-*'' :$)/# . ./0 )/.(41-4!-*($)$1$0'/*$)$1$0'=
Motivation in medical students
95
95
chapter 3A review of motivational research in medical education
0/*)*(*0. (*/$1/$*) $)" *-- '/ 2$/# - . -*+*0/
$)/ )/$*).(*)"( $'./0 )/.$.*).$./ )/2$/#/# !$)$)"$)" ) -'
0/$*) - . -#=NN: NO *2 1 -: /# - 2. *)'4 *) ./04 $) ( $'
0/$*)2$/#/#$.!$)$)":.*$/#.'$($/ " ) -'$5$'$/4=
# - 2. *)'4 *) ./04 /#/ !*0) /#/ " $)!'0 ) . (*/$1/$*)=
#*0"# /#$. !$)$)" #. '')
/2
) *. -1 $) " ) -' 0/$*) - . -# 4
/'=SL$).#**'#$'-
):$)/#$../04/#$.$!! - ) 2.!*0)
) )/-)/.2#*2 - OQ1D.PQ4 -.*!" =
)(*./*0)/-$ ./# 1 -" " / )/-4 $)/* ( $' ./04 $. -*0) MS 4 -.: 3 +/ $) /# )0./-'$2# - $/$.-*0)NO4 -.=
)/# '$"#/*!/#$.:/# ./04
4 -/# MUULRN . (. $-- ' 1)/ /* (*./ *! /# ( $' ./0 )/
+*+0'/$*))/# !$)$)".*)*/#1 )4 3+')/$*)*!*)!$-(/$*)$)
/# *- /$'&"-*0)=
*) -)$)" " ) - $!! - ) . $) (*/$1/$*) /# - $. *).$ -' 1$ ) /#/ ! (' ( $' ./0 )/. .
( /* #1 #$"# - ./- )"/# )
// -,0'$/4*!(*/$1/$*)/#)(' ( $'./0 )/.=
/#)$$/4).*$* *)*($.//0.'.*#1 )*/
) 3+'*- $) )*0"#
/$' ) 0. *! *)/-$/*-4 !$)$)". #1 '$($/ " ) -'$5$'$/4=
$($'-'4:1-$' .'$& 0/$*)'&"-*0):+ -.*)'$/4/-$/.:4 -*!
0--$0'0(:/ # -)+- )/.0++*-/#1 /**'$//' )0( -*!./0$ ./*
" ) -'$5' = 0-/# - - . -# )
. /* *) *) /# . 1-$' .
0. /# !$)$)". ) #1 ) $(+/ *) /# . ' /$*) +-* 0- . !*-
($..$*)/*( $'.#**'.=
-$' . 2#$# ) 0. /* ()$+0'/ (*/$1/$*) ) #1 )
0)*1 - $) /#$. - 1$ 2 #1 ./-*)" /# *- /$' &"-*0) $) /#*0"# /# .*'0/ )0( - *! ./0$ . $. )*/ /** #$"#= 0/ /# . !$)$)".
- 96
.$'4 .0./)/$/ 4 /# '$/ -/0- $) " ) -'
0/$*)=SM
96
Motivation in medical students
A review of motivational research in medical education
chapter 3
/$.!/$*)*!/# .$) .*!0/*)*(4NL: NO: NQ: UP:*(+ / )
NL: UQ)
- '/ ) ..G(*- $./'- '/$*)URH#.
)!*0)/* )#) $)/-$).$
(*/$1/$*)$)" ) -' 0/$*)./0 )/.=
# ( -$/. $) 1$ 2$)" (*/$1/$*) !-*( /# +*$)/ *! 1$ 2 *! + ) )/
))$) + ) )/1-$' $)( $' 0/$*)2 - .0++*-/ 4/#$.
- 1$ 2= 1$)" .0++*-/ /#/ (*/$1/$*) $. ) $) + ) )/ 1-$' :
$)!'0 )$)" $(+*-/)/ *0/*( . '$& ' -)$)" ) ($ + -!*-() :
$. $(+*-/)/ $) *- - /* '**& / (*/$1/$*) . + ) )/ 1-$' )
3+'*- 1-$' . $)!'0 )$)" $/= # - .
(. /* !$- (*0)/ *!
- . -# *) (*/$1/$*) . ) $) + ) )/ 1-$' : 0/ - . -# *)
(*/$1/$*). + ) )/1-$' $..- =#$.- 1$ 2$ )/$!$ ."+
$)'$/ -/0- *)/#$.+-/$0'-$..0 : .+ $''4 0. $ )/$!4$)"!/*-.
$)!'0 )$)"(*/$1/$*)*0'# '+( $' 0/*-.$)*-+*-/ /# ($)/*
.$")*!0--$0'0(*- 1 '*+( )/*!/# $-$)./$/0/ A./ #$)"0'/0- )' -)$)" )1$-*)( )/=# - $.*) (%*-!'2$)/# - . -# .$").
*! (*./ *! /# ./0$ . $)'0 $) /# - 1$ 2: 2#$# $. /#/ (*/$1/$*)
.#*0'$ ''4 ./0$ 0.$)"'*)"$/0$)'./04 .$").$/$. 3+ / /* 4)($=0/(*././0$ . (+'*4-*..>. /$*)' .$")+-*'4
!*- . $)--4$)"*0//# - . -#=
#$.- 1$ 2'.*' .0./*.*( - . -#,0 ./$*).<
!!F
•
! (*/$1/$*) * . $)!'0 ) + -!*-() : /# ) 2#/ - /# ( #)$.(./#/0. /#$.- '/$*).#$+?
!!>
•
•
* /# ./- )"/# ) ,0'$/4 *! (*/$1/$*) #)" *1 - /# *0-. *!
( $'./04G$)'*)"$/0$)''4 .$") ./04H?
* *0- &)*2' " : /#$. #. )*/ ) +- 1$*0.'4 - +*-/ = ! /# - - #)" .:2#/- /# 0. .!*-/# . #)" .?
97
Motivation in medical students
97
chapter 3A review of motivational research in medical education
- /# . 0. . - '/ /* 0--$0'0( ./-0/0- *- ' -)$)"
•
)1$-*)( )/?
)/# 4 $)!'0 ) *-()$+0'/ ?
•
! ) 2# ) 1 - /# . ,0 ./$*). - ).2 - : 2 2*0' #1 *)- / ( ).*! )#)$)"(*/$1/$*)*!*0-./0 )/.=
)&(&!$ (#"'
# '!> / -($)/$*)/# *-4$." ) -'/# *-4*!(*/$1/$*)2#$#)
"** !*0)/$*) !*- ( $'
0/$*)' 0--$0'- - !*-(.:
./-0/0-$)" *! /# ( $' ' -)$)" )1$-*)( )/: *)/$)0$)" ( $'
0/$*)GH)'$! '*)"' -)$)"=0--$0'-- !*-(.)
/*/& $)/*
*0)/ /# !! /. *) ./0 )/ (*/$1/$*) +-*0 4 /# . #)" .:
.#*-/>/ -( ) '*)">/ -(= .$")$)" *! 0--$0' *0' ) !$/ !-*(
& +$)" $) ($) /#/ (*/$1/$*) *! ./0 )/. ) )#) 4
$)*-+*-/$)" / #$)" ( /#*. '$& : .('' "-*0+ 2*-&$)" /=
-)$)" )1$-*)( )/. $)0'/$)" 0/*)*(4>.0++*-/$1 #1$*0-. 4
/ # -.:.0++*-/$)"./0 )/.A!
'$)".*!*(+ / ) /#-*0"#- "0'-)
*)./-0/$1 ! & ) )#)$)" ! '$)". *! - '/ ) .. /#-*0"#
( )/*-$)" .0++*-/: +*.$/$1 -*' (* '.: .('' "-*0+ 2*-&$)" ) -'4
*)// 2$/# +/$ )/.: ) "* '*)" 24 $) ./$(0'/$)" ./0 )/.A
0/*)*(*0. (*/$1/$*)= 0/*)*(*0.'4 (*/$1/ ./0 )/.A 2*0'
3+ -$ ) "- / -./$.!/$*)2$/#/# +-*! ..$*):' $)"/*'*2 -$)"*!
./- .. ) 0-)*0/ +*..$$'$/$ .= )/ "-/$*) *! 1'0 . *! /# ( $'
+-*! ..$*) $)/* /# 0'/0- *! ( $' $)./$/0/$*). *0' '.* # '+ $)
.#$!/$)" 3/-$).$ "*' *)/ )/. /* $)/-$).$ "*' *)/ )/.: #)"$)" /# !*0.!-*((*) 4:.//0.)+*2 -/**((0)$/4. -1$ =++'$ /*
( $' 0/$*) *0' + -#+. /# ).2 - /* ( $' 0/*-.A
- (.*!$)/-$).$''4(*/$1/ ./0 )/.)*/*-.=
98
98
Motivation in medical students
A review of motivational research in medical education
chapter 3
#$. - 1$ 2 #. ! 2 '$($//$*).= ) .+$/ *! /# 2 ''> .$") . -#
./-/ "4:$/$.+*..$' /#/2 ($.. ! 2++ -.2# - (*/$1/$*)2.
)*/ /# ($) 1-$' 0) - $)1 ./$"/$*): 0/ 2. ) $)$ )/' !$)$)"=
3+ //#$. /* #1 #++ ) !*- ,0'$//$1 ./0$ .:)*/,0)/$//$1 :
. 2 # ./-$/ -$/ -$ !*- - '$' ( .0- ( )/ *! (*/$1/$*) ) 2 3+ //#/)4./0$ .2$/#/# . $)'0.$*).2*0' '..$!$ 0) -/# / "*-4 *! (*/$1/$*) $) /# $!! - )/ /. .= 3+ / /* !$) ! 2 ./0$ . *) B.. ..( )/. -$1 ' -)$)"C: 0/ !*0) *)'4 *) : 2#$#
2. 3'0 !*- +**- ,0'$/4= # - .*) !*- /#$. *0' /#/ $) .0#
./0$ .(*/$1/$*)$.)*/( .0- + -. :0/$.)$)$ )/'!$)$)"=# $) ..$$'$/4 /* !0''>/ 3/ 1 -.$*). *! MQ ++ -. G.*( 2 - *)'4
$.. -//$*)'./-/.)*/!0''++ -.:.*( 0/#*-.$)*/- .+*) 1 )
!/ - *)//$)" /# ( /#-*0"# /# $- $)!*-(/$*) !-*( /# $)/ -) /: */# -
0/#*-. *0' )*/ !*0) *) /# $)/ -) / /* *)// ) /# - 2. )*
3/ -)''$--4 ../*/# . ++ -.H$.'.*+*/ )/$''$($//$*)*!/#$.
- 1$ 2=
99
Motivation in medical students
99
chapter 3A review of motivational research in medical education
&"'
M= #$/ : -0++ ) = $8-$, *&!& !& !$
-,!'&7 < ..*$/$*) !*- /# /04 *! $' 0/$*);
NLLS=
N= $.#=)-"*"4)( $' 0/$*)<- ( $'./0 )/.
$)/ -)''4 (*/$1/ /* ' -)? .&+ !& $, !&+
-,!'&=NLLN;S<MQO>MRL=
O= ))=*/$1/$*)$)( $' 0/$*)<*2/# *-4)$)!*-(
*0-+-/$ ?=MUUU;SP<NOS>NOU=
P= $''$(. : $5*2 : 4) = # $(+*-/) *! . '!>
/ -($)/$*) /# *-4 !*- ( $' 0/$*)= %! !!&=
MUUU;SP<UUN>UUQ=
Q= 0./$)3 : 04+ - ==: 1) - -! == =: $%&./- ==
#$ 1 ( )/ (*/$1/$*) - 1$.$/ < 2 '*)"$/0$)' / /*
(*)./-/ $/. +- $/$1 +*2 -= -,!'&$ +1 '$'1=
NLLU;NU<QRM>QTN=
R= )./
)&$./ : #*0 : ). : * ) ). = 3+ -$ ) . *!
0/*)*(4 ) *)/-*' (*)" #$) . ' -) -.< $/'$5$)" *-
$((*$'$5$)"?'-*&$'-,!'&$+1 '$'1=NLLQ;US<PRT>PTO=
S= )./ )&$./ : $(*). : ). : # '*) : $ =
*/$1/$)"' -)$)":+ -!*-() :)+ -.$./ ) <# .4) -"$./$
!! /. *! $)/-$).$ "*' *)/ )/. ) 0/*)*(4>.0++*-/$1 *)/ 3/.='-*&$'*+'&$!,1&'!$+1 '$'1=NLLP;TS<NPR>
NRL=
T= .'*2 = /# *-4 *! #$ 1 ( )/ (*/$1/$*)= )< 4 -
0'$.#$)";MUSL<NN>PT=
U= -)& ) = */$1/$*) !*- #$ 1 ( )/ ) +*2 -= )< -%&
',!.,!'&7N) =<-**& .D*' 0'$.#$)"*=;MUTT<PNL=
100
100
Motivation in medical students
A review of motivational research in medical education
chapter 3
ML= /&$).*)=*/$1/$*)' / -($))/.*!-$.&>/&$)" #1$*-=
)<
/&$).*): /# -:.= '*1' !.%&,',!.,!'&7
<*#)$' 48*).:
)=;MURR<MM>NU=
MM= $) - = !.%&, ',!.,!'& & ,,*!-,!'& '*17 <
) -' -)$)"*-+*-/$*);MUSP=
MN= )0- = *$' *")$/$1 /# *-4= )< *' R= - )2$#: < - ..;MUTU<M>RR=
MO= )0- = '!$ '-&,!'& ' '- , & ,!'&6 '!$
'&!,!. '*17<- )/$ >'':
)=;MUTR=
MP= $)/-$# = ) #$ 1 ( )/ "*' /# *-4 + -.+ /$1 *) $..0 . $)
(*/$1/$*) / -($)*'*"4: /# *-4 ) - . -#= '&,%('**1
-,!'&$+1 '$'1=NLLL;NQ<UN>MLP=
MQ= $ : 4) = &,*!&+! ',!.,!'& & $8,*%!&,!'& !&
-%& .!'*7 2*-&<' )0(;MUTQ=
MR= 4) : $ = '!> / -($)/$*) /# *-4 ) !$'$//$*) *!
$)/-$).$ (*/$1/$*): .*$' 1 '*+( )/ ) 2 ''> $)"= %*!&
+1 '$'!+,=NLLL;QQ<RT>ST=
MS= 4) : $ = )/-$).$ ) 3/-$).$ (*/$1/$*).< '..$
!$)$/$*). ) ) 2 $- /$*).= '&,%('**1 -,!'&$
+1 '$'1=NLLL;NQ<QP>RS=
MT= $ : '' -) : '' /$ - : 4) = */$1/$*) )
0/$*)<
. '!> / -($)/$*)
+1 '$'!+,=MUUM;NR<ONQ>OPR=
+ -.+ /$1 =
-,!'&$
MU= -*')$& : 4) = 0/*)*(4 $) #$'- )I. ' -)$)"< )
3+ -$( )/' ) $)$1$0' $!! - ) $)1 ./$"/$*)= '-*&$ '
*+'&$!,1&'!$+1 '$'1=MUTS;QN<TUL>TUT=
NL= * ) ). : )./ )&$./ = )/ )/. ) *0/*( . *! . '!>
/ -($)/$*)$)O'$! *($).<# -*' *!+- )/.A)/ # -.A
0/*)*(4.0++*-/='-*&$''-, &'$+&=NLLQ;OP<QTU>
RLP=
101
Motivation in medical students
101
chapter 3A review of motivational research in medical education
NM= *""$)* : '$)& : #$ '. : '# : -- // = . *!
/ #)$,0 . +-*(*/$)" ./0 )/.I . '!> / -($)/$*)< !! /. *)
./0 )/.I )'4/$ +-*' (>.*'1$)" .&$''.= ',!.,!'& & %',!'&=
MUUO;MS<OMU>OOR=
NN= '' -) : *-/$ - : 04 = '!> / -($)/$*) )
+ -.$./ ) $) - '>'$! . //$)"< *2- (*/$1/$*)' (* ' *!
#$"# .#**' -*+*0/= '-*&$ ' *+'&$!,1 & '!$ +1 '$'1=
MUUS;SN<MMRM>MMSR=
NO= -- : 1 = (*/$1/$*)' (* ' *! -0-' ./0 )/.A
$)/ )/$*). /* + -.$./ $): 1 -.0. -*+ *0/ *!: #$"# .#**'= '-*&$ '
-,!'&$+1 '$'1=NLLO;UQ<OPS>OQR=
NP= * ./) -:4): -)$ -$:*'/= //$)"'$($/.*)#$'- )I.
#1$*-< # $!! - )/$' !! /. *! *)/-*''$)" 1.= $)!*-(/$*)'
./4' .*)$)/-$).$(*/$1/$*))- /$1$/4='-*&$'*+'&$!,1=
MUTP;QN<NOO>NPT=
NQ= 1 .,0 : 0 #'& : /) & : 4) = 0/*)*(4 )
*(+ / ) $) " -() ) ( -$) 0)$1 -.$/4 ./0 )/.< *(+-/$1 ./04 . *) . '!> / -($)/$*) /# *-4= '-*&$ '
-,!'&$+1 '$'1=NLLP;UR<RT>TP=
NR= '&: $=# !! /.*!$)./-0/*-.A0/*)*(4.0++*-/)
./0 )/.A0/*)*(*0.(*/$1/$*)*)' -)$)"*-")$# ($./-4<
. '!> / -($)/$*)
NLLL;TP<SPL>SQR=
/# *-4
+ -.+ /$1 =
!&
-,!'&=
NS= $=
&,*!&+!',!.,!'&7 2*-&<' )0(- ..;MUSQ=
NT= '$"#=@*/#$)"$.0/2#/$.)*/=A$''$(#& .+ - ; /#
/M: ) $$$=!$-,!'&=NLLO;OS<MTP>MTQ=
NU= **: ($)"/*):-
) :4=# !! /*!+.4#$/-$
/#$->4 - -*//$*) . //$)" *) ($ + -!*-() : ./0 )/
//$/0 . ) .+ $'/4 #*$ = %! +1 !,*1= NLLU;OO<MLQ>
MMM=
102
102
Motivation in medical students
A review of motivational research in medical education
chapter 3
OL= 1 & : - ) : (0)%& : / '= $' / # -. //$/0 .
/*2-..$ ) )(*/$1/$*)'*-$ )//$*)!*-( $'- . -#=
!&*$!&!+ ' &+ *!,=NLLU;MNM<NQR>NRM=
OM= *-(2' : #* () : *(.0) -( : )) =
.. ..( )/ -$1 . ' -)$)"< ) 0)1*$' /-0/#? &,'%!$
!&+-,!'&=NLLU;N<MUU>NLP=
ON= *)& : #-!$ : -'"- ) : / '= > /**' !*-
( .0-$)" ( $' ./0 )/.I 2 ''> $)" ) ./04 *-$ )//$*).=
!$ *=NLLT;OL<SN>SU=
OO= 0.)4 : '&$% : & .* = *$* (*"-+#$ +-*!$' )-
-.+$-/$*).*!( $'./0 )/.$)) 2( $'.#**'=
!*!&'+,*-,!$'-*&$=NLLL;S<MMN>MMQ=
OP= )./
)&$./ : ). : $ = )/-$).$ 1 -.0. 3/-$).$ "*'
*)/ )/. $) . '!> / -($)/$*) /# *-4< )*/# - '**& / /# ,0'$/4
*! ($(*/$1/$*)=-,!'&$+1 '$'!+,=NLLR;PM<MU>OM=
OQ= $'&$).*): ''.:0.#) ''= $'./0 )/#-/ -$./$.
..*$/ 2$/#/$( $)./04<
..+ )$)"(*- /$( '24."**
/#$)"?!$ *=NLLS;NU<MLR>MML=
OR= *-' = #/ &$) *! (*/$1/$*) -$1 . ( $' ./0 )/.
' -)$)",0 ./.?!$-,!'&=NLLP;OT<UQL>UQS=
OS= *'().:*'!#" )
:) -' 0/ )=*/$1/$*)')
*")$/$1 +-* .. . $)!'0 )$)" /0/*-$' "-*0+.= =
MUUT;SO<NN>NP=
OT= -1 : *'(). : ) - ' 0/ ) = /0 )/
+ -.+ /$1 .*)-$/$'$)$ )/.$)/# /0/*-$'"-*0+=.&+!&
$, !&+-,!'&=NLLN;S<NLM>NLU=
OU= //$& : )$"#/ = # $(+*-/) *! 1*/$*)' ) .*$'
.+ /.*!++-*# ./*' -)$)"!*-( $'./0 )/.=.&+!&
$, !&-,!'&=NLLU;MP<RNU>RPP=
PL= *-'=/0 )/F. ' / *0-. .$)( $'.#**'<*+ )
- '/$*).#$+.=!$ *=NLLT;OL<MUU>NLQ=
Motivation in medical students
103
103
chapter 3A review of motivational research in medical education
PM= 0'.() : 1) - ) : *-/ : $# '. : ./ ' ) :
-$!!$* ) = !! /$1 ) .. *! . ' /$*) $) ( $' .#**'
($..$*).< 1'0/$*) *! /# *0/*( . (*)" !- .#( )= !$
-,!'&=NLLS;PM<ORU>OSS=
PN= *0' -/: -2$%) ):$& -.:# -+$ -=# !! /.
*! '$ -/ +-/$ $)0) -"-0/ ( $' 0/$*)=!$
-,!'&=NLLP;OT<MLPP>MLQN=
PO= : ' &:*# ): /'=# $(+/*!)*)> ($
1-$' . *) + -!*-() / /2* ( $' .#**'.= '-*&$ ' ,!'&$!$++'!,!'&=MUUS;TU<MSO>MTL=
PP= *.#' : *5 )4 = - $/$)" ($ + -!*-() *! ( $'
./0 )/.<# !$-.//#- 4 -.=%+1 !,*1=MUUS;MQP<TS>UN=
PQ= -'*:2$:+*!0= $'./0 )/+ - +/$*).*!!/*-.
!! /$)" +-*0/$1$/4 *! +-*' (>. ' -)$)" /0/*-$' "-*0+<
* . 0'/0- $)!'0 ) /# *0/*( ? !& & *&!& !&
!!&=NLLO;MQ<QU>RP=
PR= -$ : $''$(. : $'/.#$- = )!'0 ) *! (*/$1/$*)' )
(*"-+#$ !/*-. *) + -!*-() $) /# ( $' *0-. < +-*.+ /$1 ./04=!$-,!'&=MUUP;NT<MLS>MMQ=
PS= *- - : & - = - - 1 '*+( )/ *! (' ) ! (' +#4.$$).='-*&$'!$-,!'&=MUTO;QT<PPS>PQR=
PT= 0 -">$.# - : '"#*! - : ' : 0 -" = )!'0 ) *! " ) - ) + -.*)'$/4 /-$/. *) /# -
- +'))$)" *! .2$..
( $'./0 )/.=/!++#$1=NLLO;MOO<QOQ>QPL=
PU= *+*1$=4/#0./$)"<) 3($)/$*)*!/ # -.A '$ !.*0/
!$-./ 4 - ( $' ./0 )/.= *2 2 '' * / # -. &)*2 /# $-
./0 )/.? &&'.,!'&+ !& -,!'& & !& &,*&,!'&$=
NLML;PS<MPM>MQP=
QL= '( : $'.*) : *#).*) : $"". : **() = - /-*.+ /$1 - 1$ 2 *! ( $' .#*' ($..$*) !$' . *!
($''4/>-$.&(/-$0')/.==MUUU;SP<QT>RM=
104
104
Motivation in medical students
A review of motivational research in medical education
chapter 3
QM= -0$) : 1) $ ' : $& -. : #($/ =
3($)$)" /# ./$'$/4 *! 3+ -/.A '$)$' . +-* ..$)"< )
3+ -$( )/' ()$+0'/$*)= &+,*-,!'&$ !&= NLLQ;OO<NQM>
NSL=
QN= ) : #)-% = )!'0 ) *! *)/ 3/ ) +- ! -- ' -)$)"
)1$-*)( )/.< ++-*# . /* ./04$)" +#4.$*'*"4= !$
-,!'&=MUUO;NS<MPO>MQU=
QO= )0. : $1$)"./*) : /*) = # //-/$*). *! ( $$) <
# " ) -$(*/$1/$*).*!( $'.#**'++'$)/.$)- '/$*)/*
(*"-+#4:+ -.*)'$/4)#$ 1 ( )/=!$-,!'&=
NLLR;R<MM=
QP= -''$ : - (. = *$* *)*($ .//0. )
.+$-/$*). *! /#$- 2*-' ( $' )/-)/.< -$ )&) ./04=
!$ *=MUTT;ML<MLM>MLP=
QQ= #/ -> ).. : %*- = /*-. $)!'0 )$)" /# #*$ *!
.+ $'/4 (*)" ( $' ./0 )/. $) )*)= !&=
NLLQ;QO<MR>NL=
QR= *'! :$)"'): -.*)=-0/ )/-4/*( $'.#**'?
/ ./$)".*( ..0(+/$*).=!$-,!'&=NLLP;OT<SST>STR=
QS= $ - )" : -)4 : $( *) : *//$)" - : -/#2$/ =
*/$1/$*)!*-)*) -).*0/ )/ -$)"( $'+-*"-(( =
+,
&!&!$'-*&$=NLLO;QN<OLP>OML=
QT= *1 #$*:0) .=- ( .0-1$1'<) -./)$)"/# 0''$)"
+-* ..$)+- ( $'"-0/ 0/$*)==NLLN;SS<SMU>
SNP=
QU= "'0( : $ -.> ).. ) : '& -" = */$1/$*) !*- ( $'
.#**'< # - '/$*).#$+ /* " ) - ) .+ $'/4 +- ! - ) . $) )/$*)2$ .(+' =!$-,!'&=MUUU;OO<NOR>NPN=
RL= *$.*:4 .:-)$''=-
-(*/$1/$*).*!(' )! (' ( $'./0 )/.=+1 '$(=MUUQ;SS<MMUU>MNLN=
105
Motivation in medical students
105
chapter 3A review of motivational research in medical education
RM= 4 . : /# - : '' : / '= )3$ /4 $) ( $' ./0 )/.< .
+- +-/$*) !*- !0''>/$( '$)$' //#( )/. (*- + ) )/
0+*) $!! - ) . $) (/0-$/4 *- *) 0/$*)' +-*"-(( . !*-
0) -"-0/ ) "-0/ )/-4 ./0 )/.? !$ -,!'&=
NLLP;OT<MMQP>MMRO=
RN= -/# : $"". : #*)" = /0- >" )/-)/. /* ( $'
.#**'< *)/-*'' ./04 *! .*$* (*"-+#$ #-/ -$./$.:
-
PUT=
-#*$ )%*./$.!/$*)=!$-,!'&=MUUL;NP<PTT>
RO= 0/) - : -*") = # $.$*) /*
)/ - ( $$) <
*/$1/$*).: .*$' .0++*-/ ) $.*0-" ( )/. !*- 2*( )=
+1 '$'1''%&-*,*$1=MUTL;Q<OPM>OQS=
RP= $'') : 5 1 * : *..$ : -* : $'') : --0 = #/ $. #$) ./0 )/A. #*$ !*- *($)" */*-?$!&!+=NLLQ;RL<MPO>MQL=
RQ= +') = */$1/$*). *! 2*( ) *1 - OL !*- "*$)" /* ( $'
.#**'='-*&$'!$-,!'&=MUTM;QR<TQR>TQT=
RR= 0..()=0-. .$)( $'.#**'='-*&$'!$-,!'&=
MUTN;QS<MTL>MTO=
RS= ..' - : / 1 ) : -/() : $''$() = #4 ( $'
./0 )/.#**. +-$(-4- -
-.?=MUUM;RR<PM>PO=
RT= *" -. : $)# - : 2$. = /*-. $)!'0 )$)" ( $'
./0 )/. /* #**. +-$(-4 - *- )*)>+-$(-4 - .+ $'/$ .=
%!!!&=MUUL;RQ<PS>PT=
RU= 0 -">$.# - : '"#*! - : ' : 0 -" = 2$..
- .$ )/.A .+ $'/4 #*$ . F $(+/ *! " ) -: + -.*)'$/4 /-$/.:
- - (*/$1/$*) ) '$! "*'.= $, *.!+ +* =
NLLR;R<MOS=
SL= '') : / ' = -%& ',!.,!'&6 ''# ' !&+7
< ) -' -)$)"*-+*-/$*);MUSO=
106
106
Motivation in medical students
A review of motivational research in medical education
chapter 3
SM= '' -) : / '' = )/-$).$ ) 3/-$).$ (*/$1/$*)< #$ --#$' (* '= )< &''# ' $8,*%!&,!'& +* 7
M./ =<# )$1 -.$/4*!*# ./ -- ..;NLLN<OS>TR=
SN= *$).:*$).:/5: '$ / -:/ -)=#$ 1 ( )/
(*/$1/$*) $) ( $' ./0 )/.= '-*&$ ' !$ -,!'&=
MUTO;QT<TQL>TQT=
SO= *0&.:**.:/)/*):0-./ $):2'$.= 3>- '/ +.4#*'*"$' #-/ -$./$. *! ( $' ./0 )/.= '-*&$ '
+1 '$'1=MUSU;MLN<MMU>MNO=
SP= "*) - : -$2 '' = $"# .#**' ./0 )/.A (*/$1/$*). !*-
- -.+#4.$$)==MUTU;RP<ONQ>ONS=
SQ= -
)#'"# : 4) : *4)/*) = B*/ 0)$1 -.$/4 /4+ C< *0.
"-*0+ ./04 *! .*$' '..: /#)$ ) . 3 $!! - ) . $) .#**'
+0+$'.+ - +/$*).*0/( $'.#**'==NLLR;ONT<MQPM=
SR= )&:$50)*:0&0:%$(:/) = -.*)'$/4
/-$/. ..*$/ 2$/# $)/-$).$ ($ (*/$1/$*) $) ( $'
./0 )/.=!$-,!'&=NLLU;PO<OTP>OTS=
SS= -*),1$./ : 6&$) ) : )) : 66+6 : $)$* = /04
*-$ )//$*). *! "-0/ )/-4 ( $' ./0 )/.= !$ *=
NLLS;NU<TOR>TOT=
ST= *2 '':*& .:'/ -=#/(*/$1/ .( $'./0 )/.<*2
/# 4 . /# (. '1 . ) /# $- +-*! ..$*)= !$ -,!'&=
MUTS;NM<MSR>MTN=
SU= 0-./ $):*0&.:**.:*#).*):' -/:/)/*)=
'*)"$/0$)' ./04 *! + -.*)'$/4 #-/ -$./$. *! ( $'
./0 )/.==MUTL;QQ<STR>STS=
TL= -" : //$& : )$"#/ = #4 + *+' ++'4 /* ( $'
.#**'< (+'$/$*). !*- 2$ )$)" +-/$$+/$*) /$1$/$ .= !$
-,!'&=NLLS;PM<TMQ>TNM=
107
Motivation in medical students
107
chapter 3A review of motivational research in medical education
TM= $''$(. : $5*2 : *.. : $ = */$1/$*) 0) -'4$)"
-
- #*$ !*- $)/ -)' ( $$) ) .0-" -4= ' ! =
MUUS;PQ<MSLQ>MSMO=
TN= $''$(. : $ = )/ -)'$5/$*) *! $*+.4#*.*$' 1'0 . 4
( $' ./0 )/.< / ./ *! . '!> / -($)/$*) /# *-4= '-*&$ '
*+'&$!,1&'!$+1 '$'1=MUUR;SL<SRS>SSU=
TO= '$: '+'),:-$4:-/$ -: ():0+ 4-*)=
(+/ *! /-$)$)" + -$*. $) /# ( -" )4 +-/( )/ *) /# (*/$1/$*) *! # '/# - ./0 )/. /* ' -)= !$ -,!'&=
NLLU;PO<PRN>PRU=
TP= #$/ = (**/#$)" *0/ /-).$/$*).< *2 + "*"4 $)!'0 ) .
( $' ./0 )/.A #$ 1 ( )/ *! . '!>- "0'/ ' -)$)" "*'.?
.&+!&$, !&+-,!'&=NLLS;MN<NSU>NUS=
TQ= *'/ -$)" : --$ - : +$/5 - = ' ) ' -)$)" +*.$/$1 '4
!! /. ./0 )/.I./$.!/$*) ) /# -*' *! /# /0/*- $) /# +-*' (>. ' -)$)" +-* ..< .0'/. *! ($3 >( /#*
1'0/$*)=.&+!&$, !&+-,!'&=NLLU;MP<SOT=
TR= )/$''*) : -(*// = * . - .+*).$$'$/4 -$1 ' -)$)"?
' ..*).!-*($)/ -)-*//$*).$)" ) -'+-/$ =!$ *=
NLLT;OL<NQP>NQU=
TS= $'&$).*): ''.:0.#) ''=#/$./# 0/$*)'$(+/
*! ./)-.>. .. ..( )/ $) ( $' "-,!'&=NLLS;PM<QRQ>QSN=
? !$
TT= A $'':3/ -:*--$.=* .2-$)"( $' "-
2$/#
#*)*0-. / . (*/$1/*- *- (*/$1/*- /* ./0 )/ ' -)$)"?
!$-,!'&=MUUU;OO<QRR>QSM=
TU= -.&*1$
:*'-$) /:0'/ :*'#0$.:)
02 =* '$)"
.(''"-*0+' -)$)"=
&+,*-,!'&$!&=NLLP;ON<PPS>PSO=
UL= $''$.:*) .:0)4:0- //:#$/ #*0. :A $'' =
(''>"-*0+ 2*-& ) .. ..( )/ $) 0--$0'0(< ,0'$//$1 ) ,0)/$//$1 1'0/$*) *! ./0 )/ + - +/$*). *!
108
108
Motivation in medical students
A review of motivational research in medical education
chapter 3
/# +-* ..*!2*-&$)"$).(''"-*0+.)$/... ..( )/=!$
*=NLLN;NP<PUQ>QLM=
UM= *) '*2 : '',0$./ : *" - : 0))..*) : %*-& '0) :
#',1$./ = $' ./0 )/.A ) !$'$//*-.A 3+ -$ ) . *! )
-'4 +-*! ..$*)' *)// *0-. < /$1 ) (*/$1/ ./0 )/.:
./-$) !$'$//*-.=!$-,!'&=NLLT;T<QR=
UN= $ ( -. : *'(). : -2$%) ) : $) () :
# -+$ -=/0 )/.A*+$)$*).*0//# !! /.*!+- '$)$'
+/$ )/ *)//. *) /# $- ' -)$)"= . !& $, ! -=
NLLT;MO<ROO>RPS=
UO= /)2*)". : -$"#/ : -- . = ''> $)" $) - .$ )4<
!! /.*)- '/$*).#$+.2$/#+/$ )/.:$)/ -/$*).2$/#*'' "0 .:
+ -!*-() : ) (*/$1/$*)= ,!&, -,!'& & '-&+$!&=
NLLT;SN<MUP>NLL=
UP= $&$).*)=0/*)*(4)(*/$1/$*):'$/ -/0- - 1$ 2=1+,%=
MUUQ;NO<MRQ>MSP=
UQ= 04 : *""$)* : '' -) = 0/*)*(4 .0++*-/: $)/-$).$
(*/$1/$*) ) + - $1 *(+ / ) < *) +/0' ) (+$-$'
'$)&" .=*+'&$!,1&'!$+1 '$'1-$$,!&=NLLM;NS<RPO=
UR= $:4)=# B#/C)B#4C*!"*'+0-.0$/.<0()
)
. ) /# . '!> / -($)/$*) *! #1$*-= +1 '$'!$
&)-!*1=NLLL;MM<NNS>NRT=
109
Motivation in medical students
109
110
1#.4,&(8 )1)!(,(
NHP'#& *,-)(&#.3.,#.-
!,/.-
)(.,#/..)."#,
'#"#0'(.
( /,.",,,
*&((#(!=
8IKM
J /,-.#(8;;8)/%-8;8
'#&
))-8;8)"(-)(8;8
-./(.-
&,.8;;6.(.)(8;
CHPOGD&)(!#./#(&-./3
) *,-)(&#.3
",.,#-.#-) '#&
-./(.-8'#
##(80)&;LL8();P8**;
)-./3",.,#-.#-
) '#&-./(.--
*,)/.) *,) --#)(&
'./,.#)((
*,-)(&#.3-)**)-.)
-'*&#(!,,),-;
1#.4,&(8 )#(0-.#!.."
I /,!<#-",8;8
LII
#( &/() !(,8
&!") ,8;8&8;6
*,-)(&#.3.,#.-8,,
/,!8;CIGGMD1#-- ,-#(.-
').#0.#)((&# !)&
,-#(.->-*#&.3")#-
-*#,.#)(-)(."")#
B#'*.) !(,8
) '#&-*#&#.3;
*,-)(&#.3.,#.-8,,
').#0.#)((&# !)&-8
&.",0#-
-,"80)&;M:8**;HJN;
H /,!<#-",8;8
&!") ,8;8&8;6
/,!8;CIGGJD
( &/() !(,(
*,-)(&#.3.,#.-)(."
,,*&((#(!) 1#--
'#&-./(.-81#--
#&%&380)&;HJJ8
**;LJL<LKG;
/-.#)((#,<
-8
/(.#..#0
Motivation in medical students
110
-"# .#(."').#0.#)(& /-.#)((#,<
-.,/./, ,)'
-8
"#0'(..)-& <
/(.#..#0
!,.# #.#)((-1-
)/( ,)'3,H.)3,
J;
(,8,,').#0.#)( /(.#..#0
(&# !)&-,
*,#.),- ),-*#&#.3
")#;
)'(*&(."#,,,
'),*/,*)- /&&3."(
'(;(,8*,-)(&#.3
.,#.-(,,
').#0.#)(*&3(
#'*),.(.,)&#(
'#"#0'(.
(,,*&((#(!;
chapter 3A review of motivational research in medical education
Motivation in medical students
M ,/#(8;;;80(
#&8;;;8#%,-8;;;;
6"'#.8;;CIGGLD
2'#(#(!."-.#&#.3) 2*,.->&#(#&-
L ,&)8;;81#8;6
*) /8;CIGGJD#&
-./(.*,*.#)(-) .),- .#(!
*,)/.#0#.3) ,)&'<
-,(#(!./.),#&
!,)/*:)-/&./,
#( &/(.")/.)'=8
"#(!(,(#(!#(
##(80)&;HL8();H8**;
LP<MK;
NOM<NON;
K (.#&&)(8;6,')..8
;CIGGOD)-
,-*)(-##&#.3,#0
&,(#(!=--)(- ,)'
#(.,(,)..#)(-#(!(,&
*,.#8#&",8
0)&;JG8**;ILK<ILP;
)2*&),-./(.
*,*.#)(-(!(,
# ,(-#(*,*.#)(
)/. .) ').#0.#)(8)"-#)(8
-*)(!#(!81#.",1&8
#(.,.#)((
&),.#)()(!,)/*
*,)/.#0#.3;
).,'#(."
*)--#&#( &/(
) ').#0.#)()(&#(#&
-*,)--#(!(
,&&
"
.",&(-8
IK )/,."
3,'#&
-./(.-(
).,'#(." .),-
.".)(.,#/.')-..)
').#0.#(! .#0
&,(#(!#(!(,&
*,.#-..#(!;
(8HHL
#,-.3,
'#&
-./(.-
,&(8K
#(.,(-8K
-. #(0)&0
#(."
*,)!,''
/&#..#0;
"#--./3"
0,3&)1
-'*&-#48#;;
K#(.,(-8
.")/!"."
+/&#.3) ."
-./3(
#(.,*,..#)(-
1,-)/(;
111
",1,()# ,(- /(.#..#0
.1(.")(.,)&8&)1
("#!"').#0.#)(
)(#.#)(-#(#!()-.#
/,38(/',) /-.#)((#,<
/.),#&!,)/*-1,
-8
)/(.)'),
*,)/.#0# ."-./(.- /(.#..#0
#(."!,)/*""#!",
').#0.#)(-)'*,
.).")-1#."&)1,
').#0.#)(;'&
-./(.-"-#!(# #(.&3
"#!",').#0.#)(."(
'&-./(.-;
(.,(-*,#0!,.,
,-*)(-##&#.3 ),*.#(.
,#(!(,&*,.#
&,(#(!(0#,)('(.(
."#-1-,-*)(-#& ),
."#,!,.,').#0.#)(
),&,(#(!;
A review of motivational research in medical education
chapter 3
111
112
"
.",&(-8
IGG'#&
-./(.-
,)'3,H
.)K
"
.",&(-8
IK3,J
'#&
-./(.-
N ,08;;8)&'(-8
;;;;6(,&/.(8
;;;CIGGID./(.
,-*.#0-)(,#.#&
(#(.-#(."/.),#&
,)/*80(-#(&."
#(-/.#)(80)&;N8
**;IGH<IGP;
O #',-8;;8)&'(-8
;;;;8,1#$((8;;;8
#('(8;6",*#,8
;;;;CIGGOD./(.->
)*#(#)(-)/.." .-) *,&#(#&*.#(.)(..-
)(."#,&,(#(!80(-
#(&."#(-
/.#)(80)&;HJ8**;MJJ<
MKN;
*,)--#(!:(
IK2*,.
2*,#'(.&'(#*/&.#)(8 ).),-
(-.,/.#)(&#(80)&;
JJ8**;ILH<ING;
)2*&),1". .-
,&3*.#(.)(..-
"01#.",!,-.)
%()1&!)(-.,/.#)(
(0&)*'(.) &#(#&,-)(#(!-%#&&-;
)2*&),-./(.-E
*,*.#)(-) #(#(.-
#(./.),#&!,)/*-() ."./.),>-,)&#(."-
#(#(.-;./(.-
*,#0.".&%) ').#0.#)(#(!,)/*
'',#(-'&&!,)/*
."#(!#("##.-."
&,(#(!*,)--) ).",-;
,&3*.#(.)(..-
').#0.-./(.- ),
'#&-./3;
/&#..#0
112
).#0.#)(&#( &/(-
/-.#)((#,<
"0*,.#/&,&3-.,)(! -8
#'*.)(./.),#&!,)/* /(.#..#0
/(.#)(;
-/'',#-#(,&&8(
-./3.#')(."--;
"-)(#.#)(-1,
*,)/3/-#(!
2.,(&').#0.),-;
chapter 3A review of motivational research in medical education
Motivation in medical students
Motivation in medical students
"
.",&(-8
OP #,-.3,
'#&
-./(.-
"
.",&(-8
JP./.),#&
!,)/*-) -./(.-
8LH.<
HH &'8;;8#&-)(8;;8
,#-%'#&
)"(-)(8;8#!!-8;;6
-./(.-
))'(8;CHPPPD
,.,)-*.#0,0#1) '#&-"))&'#--#)(
#&-) '#&&3.<,#-%
'.,#/&(.-8'#
##(80)&;NK8();HG8**;
LO<MH;
HG ,-%)0#8
;8)&,#(.8;8
/&.8;8)&"/#-8;6(
/18;CIGGKD)&#(!
-'&&!,)/*&,(#(!8
(-.,/.#)(&#(80)&;
JI8**;KKN<KNJ;
P )&'(-8;8)& "!(8
;;;6(,&/.(8
;;;CHPPOD).#0.#)(&
()!(#.#0*,)---
#( &/(#(!./.),#&!,)/*-8
'###(80)&;NJ8
();HG8**;II<IK;
).,'#(
,.,)-*.#0&3."
*,#.#00&/-) )!(#.#0(()(<
)!(#.#00,#&-
)&&./,#(!
'#--#)(-;
)2*&),.",&.#)(-
.1(."0,#&-
)'*,#-#(!&,(#(!
'"(#-'-#(-'&&
!,)/*-;
)2*(/(,-.(#(!
) )!(#.#0(
').#0.#)(&#( &/(-
)(./.),#&!,)/*
*,)---;
/-.#)((#,<
-8
/(.#..#0
",1-()-#!(# #(.
# ,(.1(
').#0.#)(-) '#&&3-/-- /&
(/(-/-- /&-./(.-
)(..-.;
113
#2'.")-
,-,"8
/&#..#0
.
+/(.#..#0&3
-),(
(&34
/-.#)((#,<
-./(.- &.".."
-8
!,)/*---#)(-"0
,)/!".)/.*)-#.#0 /(.#..#0
"(!#(."#,%()1&!
(/(,-.(#(!) -/$.'..,8."#,
').#0.#)( ),."-./3
(#(.,-.#(.")/,-
)(.(.1#&&#(,-;
/.),#&!,)/*
*,)/.#0#.3#-
-#!(# #(.&3"#!",#(
!,)/*-1#.""#!",
').#0.#)(;).#0.#)(
&-)#( &/(-)!(#.#0
*,)---#(."!,)/*
-#!(# #(.&3;
A review of motivational research in medical education
chapter 3
113
114
HK ,."8;;8#!!-8;;6
/-.,&#8
")(!8;;CHPPGD./,< HIH'./,<
!(.,(.-.)'#&
!(ING
-"))&:)(.,)&&-./3) (),'&<!
-)#)')!,*"#
'#&
",.,#-.#-8,,
(.,(.-
")#($)-.#- .#)(8
#&/.#)(80)&;IK8
();M8**;KOO<KPO;
))'*,').#0.#)(
.)-./3'##(
.1('./,<!(
(),'&<!'#&
(.,(.-;
) #()/.1"3'#&
-./(.-81")"0
)'*&.(/,-#(!
/.#)(8"))-.)
(.,'#&-./3;
HJ /--'(8;CHPOID/,--
#('#&-"))&8)/,(&) #&/.#)(80)&;LN8
**;HOG<HOJ;
8JJ
'#&
-./(.-
1#."(/,-#(!
%!,)/(
)#(0-.#!.1".!)#(!
.)'#&-"))&'(-
.)'#&&3&HK<
HM3,)&- ,)'
# ,(.."(#(
-)#))()'#
%!,)/(-
HI ,("&!"8;83(8;6 8MO"#!"
-"))&
)3(.)(8;CIGGMD?).
-./(.-
/(#0,-#.3.3*@: )/-
!,)/*-./3) -)#&&--8
."(#(-2# ,(-#(
-"))&*/*#&-*,*.#)(-
)/.'#&-"))&8
,#.#-"#&)/,(&80)&;
JIO8**;HLKH;
/-.#)((#,<
-8
/(.#..#0
)/-!,)/*
-./38
/&#..#0
114
)-.'./,!<(.,(.- /-.#)((#,<
-8
#.#(.&&./&
-.#- .#)(-."#,'#( /(.#..#0
,-)( )&&)13
1),%#(!1#."*)*&(
-#,.)"&*).",-;
)-.(),'&<!(.,(.-
#.-#,.)"&*).",-
)&&)13($)3'(.
.",)/!"1),%#(!1#."
).#0.#)(- ),(.,#(!
'#&-./31,
#(,-*.#(.,
,-*)(-##&#.38'#&
%()1&!8*,-)(&
"&&(!(-../-;
/*#&- ,)'"#!",
-)#))()'#!,)/*-
0#1'##(-
"0#(!"#!"#(.,#(-#
,1,-&#%*,-)(&
/& #&'(.(
"#0'(.(.")-
,)'&)1,
-)#))()'#!,)/*-
.")/!".'),)/.."
2.,#(-#C #((#&D
,1,-) '##(;
chapter 3A review of motivational research in medical education
Motivation in medical students
4"
*/&#8PI
'#&
-./(.-
)#(.# 30,#&-&#%
*,'#&/.#)(
!,-8'#--#)(
*,)/,8(
*,-)(&#.3-.,/./,
)'#(-1#."*,#.#0
0&##.3 ),'#
-/--)0,.",3,-
) -./3;
)-.&#-"")1
HM /&-'(8;;80(,(8 "
.",&(-8 &.#)(,)/,
;;;8),.8;;8#"&-8
KHO #,-.( -./(.-)'*,1#."
;;;8-.&(8;6
-)(3, ()'&.#)((
,# #)(8;;;CIGGND
#,.---./(.-)(
.#0(--) -&.#)(#( '#&
').#0.#)(8'#
'#&-"))&'#--#)(-: -./(.-
"#0'(.8-./3
0&/.#)() .")/.)'-
"0#)/,(
')(! ,-"'(8#&
2.,/,,#/&,.#0#.#-
/.#)(80)&;KH8**;JMP<
JNN;
HL )-"&8;6)4(38;
CHPPND,#.#(!'#
*, ),'() '#&
-./(.-:." #,-..",
3,-8',#()/,(&) -3"#.,380)&;HLK8**;ON<
PI;
Motivation in medical students
/(.#..#0
&.#)(*,)/,
-./(.-1,
-#!(# #(.&3'),"#!"&3
').#0./.."#-1-
()., &.#('#
"#0'(.8.")/!"
').#0.#)(# .
-./3"0#)/,(
"&.",<,&.2.,<
/,,#/&,.#0#.#-;)
-#!(# #(.),,&.#)(
1- )/(.1(
').#0.#)(('#
-/--#(.",&(-
--./3;
115
,.&3
+/-.#)((#,<
-(
'#--#)(
#(.,0#1
)''#..
,*),.-8
/(.#..#0
).#0.#)(.)-./3
'##(#-*,#.#0) #(."."#,3,8/.
().." #,-..1)3,-) '#&-./38.")/!"."
2*&#(0,#(#(
1--'&&8#;;MQ
*)*&(#(.&&./&
-.#- .#)(;
A review of motivational research in medical education
chapter 3
115
116
,#(%8
HLK'#&
-./(.-
8JN
'#&
-./(.-8
1")1,
1)'()0,
JG3,-
HP --&,8;;8.0(8;;;8 8IPJ
,.'(8;6#&&#'(8;; )/,."3,
CHPPHD"3'#&
'#&
-./(.-"))-*,#',3
-./(.-
,,,-='#
##(80)&;MM8**;KH<KJ;
HO ,&&#8;;6
,'-8
;;CHPOOD
)#))()'#-../-(
-*#,.#)(-) ."#,1),&
'#&(.,(.-:,#
(%(-./38#&
",80)&;HG8();H8**;
HGH<HGK;
HN *&(8;;CHPOHD
).#0.#)(-) 1)'()0,
JG ),!)#(!.)'#&
-"))&8)/,(&) #&
/.#)(80)&;LM8**;OLM<
OLO;
).,'#(1".
.),-#-.#(!/#-"
'#&-./(.-1")
"))-*,#',3,
,,-;
)).#(#( ),'.#)()(
."-)#))()'#
%!,)/((
-*#,.#)(-) '#&
!,/.-)((.,3.)."
'#&-"))&-#(,#
(%;
)-./3').#0.#)(-) '#&-./(.-81")
1,1)'()0,JG8
#.)-./3'##(;
/-.#)((#,<
-8
/(.#..#0
/-.#)((#,<
-8
/(#..#0
Motivation in medical students
116
/-.#)((#,<
,#',3,-*#&.3
1-")-( ),#,.( -8
)(.#(/#.3) *.#(., /(.#..#0
(*-3")-)#&-*.-;
#!"."()&)!3
-*#&.#-1,")-(
),"#!",#()'8
*,-.#!8,-,"
)**),./(#.#-(..,
+/&#.3) &# ;
..,.#)() '##(-
-#((,#(! ),
."-#%1,."*,#'
.),- ),"))-#(!
,,#('##(;
).#0.#)(- ),-./3#(!
'##(1,
#(.&&./&-.#'/&.#)(8
0&)*#(!)'*.(
(.) &"#0'(.
chapter 3A review of motivational research in medical education
Motivation in medical students
#(&(8IL
!,/.
(.,3(
HIG()(<
!,/.
(.,3
'#&
-./(.-
IH ,)(+0#-.8;85%#((8;8
((8;855*58;6#(#)8
;CIGGND./3),#(..#)(-
) !,/.(.,3'#&
-./(.-8#&",8
0)&;IP8**;OJM<OJO;
II /.(,8;;6,)!(8;; 8JJO
'#&
CHPOGD"#-#)(.)
-./(.-
(.,'##(:
).#0.#)(-8-)#&-/**),.
(#-)/,!'(.- ),
1)'(8-3")&)!3) )'(/,.,&380)&;L8();
()(8
HIN
!,/.#(!
'#&
-./(.-
IG ".,<(--8;6$),8
;CIGGLD.),-
#( &/(#(!."")#) -*#&.3')(!'#&
-./(.-#(()(8
(-#&)/,(&8
0)&;LJ8();H8**;HM<IG;
/-.#)((#,<
)(<!,/.(.,3
-8
-./(.-""#!",
"#0'(.').#0.#)( /(.#..#0
-)'*,.)!,/.
(.,3-./(.-;"#-
#(#(!(().
!(,&#4-."-'*&
-#4) !,/.(.,3
-./(.-CRILD1-0,3
-'&&;
(.&&./&)(.(.(
/-.#)((#,<
"&*#(!*)*&**, -8
.)')(!.".)*
/(.#..#0
').#0.#)(- ),'##(
(#0,-#.3#(#!()-#-
(.",*30A-1),%#(!
1#."(1."()&)!3
1,.",-)(- ),
"))-#(!*,#',30A-
()(<*,#',3,
-*#&.#-;
117
117
)2*&),.",&0( #'#&,').#0-1,
#2'.")-
) ,.#( .),-.)."
)/(.1('&-( ,-,"
#-#)(.)(.,
'&- ),(.,#(!
'##( ),1)'(
'##(80#4;#(.,-.#(
'#&-./(.-;
*)*&8"&*).",-(
#(*((#(1),%;
)&))%.."-./3
*, ),'() -./(.-
1#."# ,(.
/.#)(&%!,)/(-
1#."-*#&'*"-#-
)(!,/.(.,3
-./(.-;
)"#!"&#!". .),-
)(-#,3'#&
-./(.-1"#&'%#(!
,,")#(.)
)'*,."-.1(
*,#',3,(()(<
*,#',3,(#.-;
A review of motivational research in medical education
chapter 3
118
8IKM
'#&
-./(.-
IK )/%-8;8))-8;;8
.(.)(8;8/,-.#(8;;6
1&#-8;;CHPNPD2<
,&.*-3")&)!#&
",.,#-.#-) '#&
-./(.-8")/,(&) -3")&)!380)&;HGI8**;
HHP<HIJ;
IL )0"#)8;6/(-8;
8PN*,<
CIGGID,'-/,0#0&:
'#&
(,-.(#(!."/&&#(!
-./(.-
*,)--#(*,'#&
!,/./.#)(8
'###(80)&;NN8
**;NHP<NIK;
8KGG
*"3-##(-
1#.".
,)''#&
-"))&
IJ ),,8;6%,8;CHPOJD
,,0&)*'(.) '&
( '&*"3-##(-8
)/,(&) #&
/.#)(80)&;LO8**;KKN<
KLM;
I8**;JKH<JLN;
)-./31"3-./(.-
#.",*,-0,#(."#,
*,'#&-./#-),
-%&.,(.#0,,-;
)2*&),1".",.",
,# ,(-.1(
*,-)(&#.3.,#.-) '&('&'#&
-./(.-;
)(&34 .-) "#0'(.').#0.#)(8
*, ),'(#('#&
-"))&8*,0&/.#)(8
*,-.#!) #(.,(-"#*
( '#&3
,-*)(-##&#.#-)(
*,) --#)(&..#('(.;
Motivation in medical students
118
,'-./(.-1,
/-.#)((#,<
..,..)'##(3 -8
-#(.# ##(.,-.8
/(.#..#0
#(.&&./&"&&(!(
."*)1,.)"&*).",-;
'&'#&-./(.- /-.#)((#,<
1,-#!(# #(.&3'),
-8
"#0'(.),#(.- /(.#..#0
)'*,.)'&'#&
-./(.-;
"#0'(.').#0.#)( /-.#)((#,<
1-..,*,#.),) -8
*,) --#)(&..#('(.#( /(.#..#0
'(."(#(1)'(;
chapter 3A review of motivational research in medical education
)*./,." /&&,(!
) #(.(.#)(-(
').#0.#)(- ),&,(#(!
.".2#-.1#."#(
*)*/&.#)(-) '#&
-./(.-;
)#(.# 3."#( &/(-
)(.,#/.#(!.)-./(.->
#-#)(-.)-./3
'##(;
8HL
-)((
HJ."#,3,
'#&
-./(.-
C)&&)1</*
-./3D
8HL
-)(3,
'#&
-./(.-
IM ..#%8;6(#!".8;
CIGGPD"#'*),.() 0).#)(&(-)#&
-*.-) **,)"-.)
&,(#(! ),'#&
-./(.-;0(-#(
&."#(-/.#)(8
HK8MIP<MKK;
IN ,!8;8..#%8;;6
(#!".8;;CIGGND"3
*)*&**&3.)'#&
-"))&:#'*&#.#)(- ),
1#(#(!*,.##*.#)(
.#0#.#-8#&
/.#)(80)&;KH8**;OHL<
OIH;
(.,0#1<
,(.-/**),.(
-8
()/,!'(."
*)-#.#0 .(&%) /&#..#0
.",-/**),."
(!.#0 .)(
-./(.-E').#0.#)(.)
**&3.)'#&-"))&;
",-/&.-) ."#--./3
(().!(,&#4
)1#(!." ..".."
-'*&-#4#-&)1CRHLD
(#.#-"#!"&3-&.
-'*&;
/&#..#0
).#0.#)(.)!))
).),(0)#",'.) -./3
*.#(.--.#'/&.-
0).#)(&**,)".)
-./3#('#&-./(.-;
# ,(.#(.,#(-#
').#0.#)(-80#4;#(.,-.
#('##((&,(#(!8
"#0'(.(
1),%*&/.#&#.38(
2.,#(-#').#0.#)(-80#4;
-)#&)'*.#.#)(),
*,--/,(----'(.8
-.#'/&.&,(#(!#(
'#&-./(.-;
119
A review of motivational research in medical education
Motivation in medical students
chapter 3
119
120
IP #&&(8;;840)8;;8
)--#8;8,)8;;;8
#&&(8;;;6,,/8
;;;CIGGLD".#-
"#(-./(.>-")#
),)'#(!).),=
&#(#-80)&;MG8();I8**;
HKJ<HLG;
IO (/-8
;;8#0#(!-.)(8;
6.)(8;CIGGMD"
..,.#)(-) '##(:."
!(,#').#0.#)(-) '#&-"))&**&#(.-#(
,&.#)(.)')!,*"38
*,-)(&#.3(
"#0'(.8#&
/.#)(80)&;M8**;HH;
,4#&8MG
#,-.3,
'#&
-./(.-
8IOMN
*,)-*.#0
'#&
-./(.-
)/,'$),/(,&3#(!
#'(-#)(- ),")#) '##(-,,
**,:"&*#(!*)*&8
#(!,-*.8#(!
#(#-*(-&(
)'#(!-#(.#-.;
# ,(-1, )/(
),#(!.)!(,(
."(#),#!#(;&-
,*),.#(.,-.#(-#(
(#(!#(#-*(-&
-."')-.#'*),.(.
,-)(-').#0.#(!."'
),'##()(<1"#.
-./(.--),
-#!(# #(.&3"#!",)(
?#(@(-#!(# #(.&3
&)1,)(?&*#(!*)*&@
-)'*,.)1"#.
-./(.-;
).,'#(.",-)(- )-.-./(.-"")-(
),"))-#(!."'#& '##()/.) &.,/#-.#
*,) --#)((
),*,-)(<),#(.
#(0-.#!.."#,-)#)<
').#0- )&&)13
)()'#(
#(.&&./&/,#)-#.3;
*-3")&)!#&*,) #&-
(!(,# ,(-;
)2*&),."(./,) ."!(,#').#0.#)(-
),-./3#(!'##(#(
.")-)(-#,#(!
'#&,,-8(.)
2'#(")1.")-
').#0.#)(-# ,
.1(# ,(..3*-
) #(#0#/&#(.,'-) ')!,*"3(
*,-)(&#.3;
Motivation in medical students
120
(.,0#1<
-8
/&#..#0
.----
+/(.#..#0&3
/-.#)((#,
-8
/(.#..#08
#4-) ),,&.#)(-
.1(
!(,(
').#0.#)(- ),
$)#(#(!
'##(,
-'&&C,SG;I8
.")/!"
-..#-.#&&3
-#!(# #(.D;
chapter 3A review of motivational research in medical education
Motivation in medical students
JI &#8;8&*&(+8;8
,#38;8,.#,8<;8
'(8;6/*3,)(8<;
CIGGPD
'*.) .,#(#(!
*,#)-#(."',!(3
*,.'(.)(."
)----."#'*.) .,#(#(!*,#)-#(."
',!(3*,.'(.
)(."').#0.#)() "&.",-./(.-.)
&,(#(." #&) ,(8JGI
'#&(
(/,-#(!
-./(.-
1#.",.#)
) H:I
).#0.#)(-#!(# #(.&3
),,&.C,RG;JD1#."
'#*, ),'(;
/-.#)((#,<
-8
/(.#..#0
121
/-.#)((#,<
2*,#(.#&&,(#(!
1#.")/.(!.#0)/.)' -8
0(.-#(,--#(.,#(-# /(.#..#0
').#0.#)( ),)/,-;
(.,#(-#').#0.#)(#-
*)-#.#0&3),,&.1#."
#2<
)&))%.-./(.-E
),-./(.- ,)'."
*,*.#)(-( .-) ,&#,3,-!,.". '.")--./3
1,#(!!,1#."
!,1#."")()/,-1-
")()/,-;
').#0.), ),&,(#(!
(."(/',
,--."3
**,)" #(&3,;(
")()/,--3-.')-().
(--,#&3').#0.
-./(.-('3
').#0.-#!(# #(.
(/',) ."')0,
.#'<)/,-) ."-./3;
)#(0-.#!.."
,&.#)(-"#*.1(
-0,&-*.-) &#,.*,.#&#%
*&((#(!8-./3-.3&8
').#0.#)((-& <
, &.#)((-./3
"#0'(.-')(!
/(,!,/.-./(.-;
"
.",&(-8
NNN3,H<M
'#&
-./(.-
8HIPG
JH >#&&8;82.,8;;6
'#&
),,#-8;CHPPPD)-
1,#(!'#&!, -./(.-
1#."")()/,-.-
').#0.),),').#0.),.)
-./(.&,(#(!=8#&
/.#)(80)&;JJ8**;LMM<
LNH;
JG )/&,.8;8,1#$((8
;;;8#%,-8;6
",*#,8;;;;CIGGKD
" .-) &#,.
*,.##(/(,!,/.
'#&/.#)(8#&
/.#)(80)&;JO8**;HGKK<
HGLI;
A review of motivational research in medical education
chapter 3
121
122
JK )1&&8;8)%-8;6
&.,8;CHPOND".
').#0.-'#&-./(.-:
")1."3-."'-&0-
(."#,*,) --#)(8
#&/.#)(80)&;IH8
**;HNM<HOI;
8JG #,-.8
."#,(
#(&3,
'#&
-./(.-
8KJM #,-.
JJ )*)0#8;CIGHGD3."
/-.#(!:(2'#(.#)() 3,'#&
.",-&# -)/. #,-. -./(.-
3,'#&-./(.-;)1
1&&).",-%()1."#,
-./(.-=
(()0.#)(-#(
/.#)(("#(!
(.,(.#)(&8KNCID8HKH<
HLK;
').#0.#)() "&.",
-./(.-.)&,(;#&
/.#)(8KJ8KMI<KMP;
)-./3'#&
-./(.-E*,*.#)(-) '##((#.-
-*#&.#-;
)#(.# 3(3
)((.#)(.1(
-./(.-E."(##.38
&/(('#
*, ),'(;
',!(3'##(;
/-.#)((#,<
-8
/(.#..#0
Motivation in medical students
122
/-.#)((#,<
#,-.3,-./(.-,
-8
'),),#(..)1,-
/(.#..#0
*,-.#!8')(3(
-/--8/. #(&3,
-./(.-,'),
),#(..)1,-,&# ) -/ ,#(!(#'*),.(
),'(%#(;")/!"."#-
-./31-) !))+/&#.38
." #(#(!-"0&#'#.
!(,&#4#&#.3-."
-'*&-#41-0,3
-'&&CRJGD;
#.",#(.,#(-#(),
2.,#(-#').#0.#)(1-
-#!(# #(.&3),,&.
1#."'#
*, ),'(;
"#!"*,#0.-%0&/
C,RG;LKMD8-& < #3
C,RG;KHPD(/.)()'3
#(&,(#(!C,RG;JLKD;
chapter 3A review of motivational research in medical education
Motivation in medical students
/-.,&#8
JPP #,-.3,
'#&
-./(.-
8IM
JM .(1)(!-8;8,#!".8
,-#(.-
;;6,,-8;;CIGGOD
&&<#(!#(,-#(3:
.-)(,&.#)(-"#*-1#."
*.#(.-8#(.,.#)(-1#."
)&&!/-8*, ),'(8
(').#0.#)(8.#(.
/.#)(()/(-&#(!8
0)&;NI8**;HPK<IGG;
JL ,#8;8#&&#'-8;6
#&.-"#,8;;CHPPKD
( &/() ').#0.#)(&
(')!,*"# .),-)(
*, ),'(#(."'#&
)/,-:*,)-*.#0-./38
#&/.#)(80)&;IO8
**;HGN<HHL;
&.,/#-.#,-)(-1,
."')-.#'*),.(. ),
')-.'&-( '&-8
.")/!"'), '&-
1,),#(..)1,-
."'."('(('),
'(."( '&-1,
),#(..)1,-
#((#&-/,#.3;
./(.-(.,#(!
'##(1#."#(.&&./&
"&&(!-."')-.
#'*),.(.').#01,
)/(.)"0"#!",
-8.")/!"."0,#(
#(2*&#(1-&)1
#;;,)/(LQ
C,!,--#)(
) ##(.RG;GLD;
)2*&),,-#(.-E
&&<#(! .-
)(*.) 1&&<#(!( ').#0.#)(#(#&31),%
")1#. .-."#,1),%; ()0,&&,,9&)1,
').#0.#)(&#(!.)
&#(!-) '#!/#.3#(
,,")#("#!",
1&&<#(!&#(!.)
!,.,4&.)1,-
*/,*)-
('##((
#(.,#(-#*--#)( ),1),%;
)),,&.').#0.#)(&
(')!,*"# .),-
1#."*, ),'(#(
'#&-./3(#.-
)'*&.#)(;
/&#..#0
123
/-.#)((#,<
-8
/(.#..#0
A review of motivational research in medical education
chapter 3
123
/-.,&#8
MGO'#&
-./(.-(
!,/.-
8IMM
'#&
-./(.-
JP )& 8
;;8#(!&(8;6
,-)(8;CIGGKD,/.
(.,3.)'#&-"))&=
-.#(!-)'--/'*.#)(-8
#&/.#)(80)&;JO8
**;NNO<NOM;
JO )!,-8;;8#(",8;;6
1#-8;;CHPPGD.),-
#( &/(#(!'#&
-./(.-.)"))-*,#',3
,),()(<*,#',3,
-*#&.#-;'#
##(80)&;ML8();P8**;
KN<KO;
8HKK
."#,3,
(NK
)/,."3,
'#&
-./(.-
JN )#(-8;8)#(-8;;8
.48;;8&#.,8;6
.,(8;CHPOJD
"#0'(.').#0.#)(#(
'#&-./(.-8)/,(&) #&/.#)(80)&;LO8
**;OLG<OLO;
124
))'*,."'#&
-"))&2*,#(-8
,-,"('#
"#0'(.-(
*,.#)/.)'-) !,/.-1")(.,
'#&-./31#.""#!"
-"))&%!,)/(0A-
.,.#,3%!,)/(;
)-% .),-.".
#( &/('#&
-./(.-.)"))-
*,#',3,),()(<
*,#',3,-*#&.#-;
)-----#'#&,#.#-(
# ,(-.1('&
( '&'#&
-./(.-1#.",-*..)
,) -/--8#(.,-.-
(..#./-.)1,-
'#&-"))&;
/-.#)((#,<
-8
/(.#..#0
.----
+/(.#..#0&3
124
/-.#)((#,<
),%#(!1#."*)*&8
-8
#(.&&./&-.#- .#)(
/(.#..#0
("&*#(!).",-(
1,."')-.#'*),.(.
').#0- ),$)#(#(!
'##( ),).""#!"
-"))&(.,.#,3
(.,(.-;#!(# #(.&3
'),.,.#,3(.,(.-
(., ),*,) --#)(&
#(*((."("#!"
-"))&(.,(.-('),
/-.#)((#,<
).#0- ),"))-#(!
-8
*,#',3,-*#&.#-
1,&)(!#./#(&*.#(. /(.#..#0
,)**),./(#.#-8
1",-').#0- ),
"))-#(!()(<*,#',3
,-*#&.#-1,
..,&# -.3&8')(.,3
,1,-(*,-.#!;
&- )/(#(.,-.#(
-#(8"&*#(!*)*&
("0#(!,,8')-.
#'*),.(.').#0.#)(-.)
$)#('##(91",-
1)'(,(%"&*#(!
*)*& #,-.;
chapter 3A review of motivational research in medical education
Motivation in medical students
KH ),&8;;CIGGKD".
%#() ').#0.#)(,#0-
'#&-./(.-&,(#(!
+/-.-=#&/.#)(8
0)&;JO8**;PLG<PLN;
KG ),&8;;CIGGOD./(.
B-&.)/,--#('#&
-"))&:-)*(
,&.#)(-"#*-8#&
",80)&;JG8();I8**;
HPP<IGL;
Motivation in medical students
,4#&8IPN
#,-.3,
'#&
-./(.-
,4#&8IKN
#,-.3,
'#&
-./(.-
)-,#."*..,(-
) '#&-./(.->
').#0.#)(,&3#(."
/(,!,/.
*,)!,''(.)
2'#(."#,
,&.#)(-"#*-1#."
&,(#(! ./,-(
').#0.#)(&)/.)'-;
)-./3."-)*) -./(.<-&.
)'*)((.-#('#&
*,)!,''((&34
."#,,&.#)(-"#*-1#."
"#0'(.(
').#0.#)(;
125
125
#&-./(.-*),.,3 /(.#..#0
#-.#(.*..,(-) /.)()')/-(
)(.,)&&').#0.#)(.".
-'.),&..)."
&,(,-> ,') '#(
.)1,-&,(#(!-1&&
-."/.#)(&
(0#,)('(.;C#(*,<
&#(#&3,-(
').#0.#)(),,&.#)(
,RG;HKD;
#!",#(.,#(-#
/(.#..#0
').#0.#)(1-,&..) -./3
'),)*.#)(&)/,-
,#.-(*,<./.),#(!
.#0#.#-;
"#!"-"))&."(.,.#,3
(.,/-) *,(.&*,--/,;&-)
-#!(# #(.&3'),"#!"
-"))&(.,(.-"
)/.-)/.1(.#(!.)
).),-)'*,
.).,.#,3(.,(.-;
A review of motivational research in medical education
chapter 3
126
KK )#-)8;83-8;6
,(#&&8;CHPPLD,,
').#0.#)(-) '&(
'&'#&-./(.-8
-3")&)!#&*),.-80)&;
NN8();J*.I8**;HHPP<
HIGI;
KJ (%8;8#4/()8;8
/%/8;8$#'8;6
.(8;,-)(&#.3
.,#.---)#.1#."
#(.,#(-#'#
').#0.#)(#('#&
-./(.-;CIGGPD#&
/.#)(8KJ8JOK<JON;
KI (8;;6"(,$8;
CHPPJD
( &/() )(.2.
(*, ,,&,(#(!
(0#,)('(.-:**,)"-
.)-./3#(!*"3-#)&)!38
#&/.#)(80)&;IN8
**;HKJ<HLP;
/-.,&#8
MKL #,-.3,
'#&
-./(.-
*(8HHI
-)(3,
'#&
-./(.-
&3-#8
HIO-)(
3,'#&
-./(.-
)#(0-.#!.!(,
# ,(-#(
').#0.#)(-) -./(.-
.(.,3#(.)'#&
-"))&;
)2'#(."
,&.#)(-"#*-.1(
*,-)(&#.3.,#.-(
#(.,#(-#'#
').#0.#)(;
)2*&),#(.,.#)(-
.1(-./3
),#(..#)(-(
*, ,(- ),# ,(.
%#(-) &,(#(!
(0#,)('(.-;
)."'&( '&
'#&-./(.-,(%
-#,.)"&*).",--
."')-.#'*),.(.
').#0.#)(8 )&&)13
-#(.# #(./,(
#(.&&./&"&&(!) ."*,) --#)(;
Motivation in medical students
126
(%#(!<-8
/(.#..#0
/-.#)((#,<
".'*,'(.
#'(-#)() *,-#-.( -8
/(.#..#0
C,RG;IJND(."
",.,#'(-#)(-) -& <#,.(--
C,RG;JMPD(-& <
.,(-((C,RG;IIJD8
1"#",2*..)
("(."&,(#(!
*,)--8,--)#.
1#."#(.,#(-#'#
').#0.#)(#('#&
-./(.-;
(.,#(-#').#0.#)(1- /(.#..#0
-#!(# #(.&3(!.#0&3
),,&.1#."'#
!,-8/.#.1-
'-/,1#.")(&3)(
#.'#(."+/-.#)((#,;
chapter 3A review of motivational research in medical education
Motivation in medical students
KM )(&)18;8&&+/#-.8;8
)!,8;8/((--)(8;8
$),%&/(8;6"&+0#-.8
;CIGGOD#&-./(.->
( #&#..),->2*,#(-
) (,&3*,) --#)(&
)(..)/,-:.#0(
').#0.-./(.-8
-.,#( #&#..),-8
#&/.#)(80)&;O8
**;LM;
"
.",&(-8
MG-./(.-8
HL
#&#..),-
)----((&3-
-./(.-E(&#(#&
#&#..),-E2*,#(-
) .",&3,) --#)(&
)(..)/,-
KL !&/'8;8#,-<(--(8; ),138JNP )-./3').#0.#)() #,-.3,
-./(.- ),!)#(!.)
6&%,!8;CHPPPD
'#&
'#&-"))&
).#0.#)( ),'#&
-./(.-
-"))&:.",&.#)(-"#*.)
!(,(-*#&.3
*, ,(-#((.#)(1#
-'*&8#&/.#)(8
0)&;JJ8**;IJM<IKI;
127
F,&3,) --#)(&
/-.#)((#,<
)/,-F#(,--./(. -8
').#0.#)( ),#)'#& /(.#..#0
( /,.",-./3;
./(.-1,#(-*#,
),."#, /./,1),%-
).),-;
)-.#'*),.(.').#0- /-.#)((#,<
#( &/(#(!."#-#)(.) -8
/(.#..#0
-./3'##(,
"&*#(!*)*&8-#, ),
"&&(!(#(.,-.#(
"/'(#)&)!3;'&
'#&-./(.--),
"#!",)(."*,-)(<
),#(.').#08&)1,)(
(./,&-#(').#0
(+/&.)'&'#&
-./(.-)(-../-<
),#(.').#0;
# ,(-1,&-)
)/(#(').#0- ),
"))-#(!-*#&.#-;
A review of motivational research in medical education
chapter 3
127
128
KO 8;;8&%8;8
)"(8;8"#&-8;8
,&38;81%#(-8;6
#'(8;CHPPND"
#'*.) ()(<'#
0,#&-)(*, ),'(.
.1)'#&-"))&-8)/,(&
) ".#)(&#&
--)#.#)(80)&;OP8**;HNJ<
HOG;
8IGM
#,-.3,
'#&
-./(.-
KN !)(,8;;6,#1&&8
8HOG
;;CHPOPD#!"-"))&
"#!"-"))&
-./(.->').#0.#)(- ),
-./(.-
,,-*"3-##(8
'###(80)&;MK8
**;JIL<JIN;
)2'#(,&.#)(-"#*
.1('#&-"))&
*, ),'((()(<
'#0,#&-&#%
&,-"#*82*.
# #/&.3#('#&
-"))&(').#0.#)(;
)----!(,&
').#0.#)(& .),- ),
"))-#(!,,(.)
2*&),# .",,
."(## ,(-
Motivation in medical students
128
/-.#)((#,<
)(<'#0,#&-
-8
&#%&,-"#*8
').#0.#)((2*. /(.#..#0
# #/&.3&0&*,#.
)/.HHQ0,#(#(
'#*, ),'(#(
)(&3)(-"))&(."
-#4) ),,&.#)() ').#0.#)((
*, ),'(1--'&&
C,RG;IID(().
-#!(# #(.;
/-.#)((#,<
# ,(-1, )/(
.1(1"#.(&% -8
'#&-./(.-
/(.#..#0
').#0.#)(-.)"))-
'#&,,;&%
-./(.-!0
-#!(# #(.&3"#!",
,.#(!-.),(#(!
*).(.#&8$)-/,#.3(
-../-) *"3-##(."(
1"#.-./(.-;
chapter 3A review of motivational research in medical education
8JM
KP "#.8;;CIGGND
'))."#(!)/..,(-#.#)(-: '#&
-./(.-
)1*!)!3#( &/(-
'#&-./(.->
"#0'(.) -& <
,!/&.&,(#(!!)&-=
0(-#(&."#(-
/.#)(80)&;HI8**;INP<
IPN;
)2*&),&#(%-.1(
'#&-./(.->/-) -& <,!/&.&,(#(!-
#.,&.-.)').#0.#)(8
/.)()'3()(.,)&3
)'*,#(!(
.,#.#)(&/,,#/&;
/,,#/&/'').#0. (.,0#1<
-8
-./(.-.)&,( ),
/&#..#0
&,(#(!>--%#;;
#(.,#(-#').#0.#)(;"#-
)/&/-) ."
/.)()'3."3 #(#(
."#,&,(#(!;"-
-./(.-1,&.)
"((&#4."#,
').#0.#)( ), .#0
.,(-#.#)( ,)'."
&--,))'.)."
&,%-"#*;,#.#)(&
/,,#/&/'').#0.
-./(.-.)1,-
).#(#(!"#!"!,-#;;
2.,#(-#').#0.#)(;"#-
)/&/-) )(.,)&&#(!(0#,)('(.
3." /&.3;"
.,(-#.#)( ,)'&--,))'
.)&,%-"#* ),."-
-./(.-1-'),
# #/&.;
129
A review of motivational research in medical education
Motivation in medical students
chapter 3
129
130
LI #&%#(-)(8;;8&&-8;;6
/-"(&&8;;CIGGND".
#-."/.#)(&#'*.) -.(,-<-
----'(.#('#&
!,=#&/.#)(8
0)&;KH8**;LML<LNI;
LH #&%#(-)(8;;8&&-8;;6
/-"(&&8;;CIGGND
#&-./(.
",.,#-.#---)#.
1#.".#'#(-./3:
-
-*(#(!'),.#'&13-
!))."#(!=8#&
",80)&;IP8**;HGM<
HHG;
1&(8
HILO
'#&
-./(.-
1&(8
HNJ )/,."
( # ."3,
'#&
-./(.-
-.
(#-8
LG #,(!8;;8,(38
;;8#')(8;;8)..#(!,8 HPJ'#&
-./(.-
;6,."1#.8;CIGGJD
).#0.#)( ),()(,(-
)/.(.,#(!'#&
*,)!,''8-.
(#(
#&)/,(&80)&;LI8();
K8**;JGK<JHG;
Motivation in medical students
130
/-.#)((#,<
-8
/(.#..#0
#!","#0'(.
/(.#..#0
').#0.#)(8,.#(.3) ,,")#(&%) )( #(,--)#.
1#."!,.,.#'
#(0-.'(.#(-./3;
/-.#)((#,<
#(').#0.#)(-1,
-8
$)#(#(!'##(1,
*)*&),#(.8#(.,-. /(.#..#0
#("/'(#)&)!3(
#(*,) --#)(;&-
"-#!(# #(.&3"#!",
),#(..#)(."( '&-
.)1,-*,-.#!A-../-8
1",-1)'("
"#!",),#(..#)(
.)1,-1),%#(!1#."
*)*&;
)0&/.."#'*.) .(,-<-
-.(,-<-
----'(.-3-.'1-
----'(.-)('#&
)/(.)--)#.
-./(.&,(#(!;
1#."( ##& .-)(
*').#08*
-.,.!3(
*,) --#)(&#(.#.3;
).,'#(")1.#'
#(-./3,&.-.)
').#0.#)((-./3
**,)"-;
)-./3').#0.#)( ),
()(,(-)/.
-./3#(!'##((
/./,,,*&(-) -./(.-;
chapter 3A review of motivational research in medical education
).,'#(1".",
/.)()'3-/**),.3
#(-.,/.),-/,#(!
(.,(&'##((
-/,!,3&,%-"#*-)/&
*,#.."..")-
-./(.-1)/&"))-
.".*,.#/&,-*#&.3;
).-.1".",
#(-.,/.),-1"),
*,#0-'),
/.)()'3-/**),.#0
1#&& #&#..-./(.-
)'#(!'),
/.)()')/-#(."#,
&,(#(!;
8IGN
3,K
'#&
-./(.-
8LM
-)(3,
'#&
-./(.-
1#." )&&)1<
/*. .,
.1)3,-
LJ #&&#'-8;;8#4)18;8
)--8;6#8;;CHPPND
).#0.#)(/(,&3#(!
,,")# ),#(.,(&
'##((-/,!,38)#&
#(##(80)&;KL8
();HH8**;HNGL<HNHJ;
LK #&&#'-8;;6#8;;
CHPPMD
(.,(&#4.#)() #)*-3")-)#&0&/-3
'#&-./(.-:.-.) -& <.,'#(.#)(."),3
)/,(&) ,-)(&#.3(
)#&-3")&)!380)&;NG8
();K8**;NMN<NNP;
Motivation in medical students
131
/.)()'3-/**),.3
/(.#..#0
.",-1--#!(# #(.
*,#.), ),)."8
-./(.-E/.)()')/-
').#0.#)((
)'*.( ),-./3
)/,-;
/-.#)((#,<
")#) #(.,(&
-8
'##(C,RG;IPD(
/(.#..#0
-/,!,3C,RG;JKD
&,%-"#*-1,
-#!(# #(.&3),,&.
1#."."-./(.-E
*,*.#)(-) /.)()'3
-/**),.)(."#,
),,-*)(#(!&,%-"#*-;
"),,&.#)(-8.")/!"
-#!(# #(.81,-'&&#(
-#4;/.)()'3-/**),.
("(--./(.-E
').#0.#)(.)-&.
,-#(3#(.".
*,.#/&, #&) '##(;
A review of motivational research in medical education
chapter 3
131
LM )&.,#(!8;8,,#,8;6
*#.4,8;CIGGPD&(
&,(#(!*)-#.#0&3 .-
-./(.->-.#- .#)((
.",)&) ."./.),#(."
*,)&'<-&,(#(!
*,)--:,-/&.-) '#2<
'.")0&/.#)(;
0(-#(&."#(-
/.#)(8HK8NIL<NJO;
LL #&&#-8;;8)(-8;8/(38
;8/,..8;8"#.")/-8
;;6E#&&8;;CIGGID
'&&<!,)/*1),%(
----'(.#(
/,,#/&/':+/&#..#0
(+/(.#..#00&/.#)(
) -./(.*,*.#)(-) *,)--) 1),%#(!#(-'&&
!,)/*-(#.-----'(.;
#&",8IKCLD8
KPL<LGH;
132
./(.-E').#0.#)(#-
"#!",#(&(-
)'*,.).,#.#)(&
8).".",)/!"
+/(.#..#0(
+/&#..#0.;
).,'#(1".",
&(#(,--
-./(.->').#0.#)((
-/**),.-."#,&,(#(!
*,)--;
,'(38PN
(OO."#,
3,'#&
-./(.-#(
&(
(
.,#.#)(&
,-*.#0&3
132
#2<
'.")--./3
./(.-#(!,)/*-
/&#..#0
&.').#0. ),!,)/*
-./3
1),%#(!-."3*,#0
.".#.1-,-*)(-#& ),
&#0,#(!."#,&,(#(!;
) )/-)(*,)/#(!
+/&#..#0-,#*.#)() .")!(#.#0(
').#0.#)(&#( &/(-
)(!,)/**,)---(
")1."3)(.,#/..)
-/-- /&!,)/*;
8HM3,I
(J
'#&
-./(.-
chapter 3A review of motivational research in medical education
Motivation in medical students
%)'>
!).+#$')"(*'"#)$
))'#)$$)+)$#$'!
$$!
!" ! 2011&16'183)195(
.,.+$+7C-+!-D
+(",-77!C&&,-+&D
+."-0 '7C.%".,'-+7-+!-D
'-!7!C-+!-D
133
Motivation in medical students
133
chapter 4Validity evidence for SMMS
()')
'$*#
! -+' -! ( (-"/-"(' (+ "% !((% CD *.,-"(''"+ ",
," '-(-+&"'-!,-+' -!(&(-"/-"('(,-.'-,)+-".%+%2
(+&"%,-.2:
)+
!", +,+! 0, )+(+& -( ,-%",! -! /%""-2 /"' (+
&,.+"' ,-+' -! ( &(-"/-"(' (+ &"% ,!((%: '-+'% ,-+.-.+
' +%-"(', -( (-!+ /+"%, 0+ ., , -! ,(.+, ( /%""-2
/"':
)$(
! *.,-"(''"+ 0, "%% (.- 2 JMRM &"% ,-.'-, "'
"+'- 2+, ( &"% .++".%.&: ! /%""-2 /"' (+ -!
"'-+'% ,-+.-.+ 0, '%23 2 )+"'")% (&)(''-, '%2,", 0"-!
)+(&1 +(--"(': %""-2 /"' (+ +%-"(', -( (-!+ /+"%, 0,
-,- 2 (&)+"' -! ,(+, 0"-! ,(+, (' -! &"
(-"/-"(' % CD ' -! 1!.,-"(' ,% ( ,%! .+'(.-
'/'-(+2;-.'- .+/2 C
;D (+ &,.+"' ,-.2 ,-+,,: /"'
(+"'-+'%(',",-'20,-+&"'-!+(. !-!+('!>,%)!(+
+%""%"-2:
(*!)(
!'%2,",,!(0-!--!!L;-(+,-+.-.+:!/%""-2
"'+%-"(',-((-!+/+"%,0,,-%",!,(-!7-!,.,%,'
.%% ,% ,(+, ," '""'-%2 (++%- )(,"-"/%2 0"-! -! "'-+"',"
&(-"/-"(' ,(+, ' 0"-! -! &(+ .-('(&(., (+&, ( 1-+"',"
&(-"/-"('7-!(++%-"('+,"' '"'%%2(&"' ' -"/+(&
-!"'-+"',"-(-!1-+"',"&(-"/-"(''(-!,)-+.&:!2%,(!
," '""'- ' -"/ (++%-"(', 0"-! &(-"/-"(' ,% ( -! '
1!.,-"(' ,% ( ;: ! +('!>, %)! (+ +%""%"-2 ( -!
-!+,.,%,'.%%,(+,0,I:PI7I:OP7I:NN'I:PR:
134
134
Motivation in medical students
Validity evidence for SMMS
chapter 4
$#!*($#
!,-+' -!(&(-"/-"('(+&"%,!((%!,-!+-(+,-+.-.+
')-%/%""-2/"'0,(.'"'(.+,-.2:
135
Motivation in medical students
135
chapter 4Validity evidence for SMMS
!).+#$')"(*'"#)$))'#)
$$)+)$#$'!$$!
#)'$*)$#
(-"/-"(' +"/, !/"(.+ ' (+- -(0+, ,.,,:J7 K (- &.! ",
$'(0' (.- &(-"/-"(' ( &"% ,-.'-,: !+ 1",-, %"-+-.+ ('
-! &(-"/-"(', (+ &(-"/, ( ,-.'-, "' '-+"' &"% ,-.2L;O7 .-
(' -! ,-.'-, ,-+- -!"+ &"% ,-.27 /+2 %"--% ", $'(0' (.-
0!- !))', -( -!"+ &(-"/-"(':P )+(+& +/"0 (' +,+!
('('&(-"/-"('"'&"%.-"('Q'(.'-!-&(-"/-"(''
(-!7 )''- ' ' "')''- /+"% "' &"% .-"(':
,)''-/+"%7&(-"/-"('(.%'!'(+&'").%-2
!' , "' -! .++".%.& ' %+'"' '/"+('&'-R;JM ' , '
"')''- /+"% "- (, ,-"&.%- %+'"'
,.,,:P7
JQ;KI
P7 JN;JP
' &"
! '.&+ ( ,-.", "'/,-" -"' &(-"/-"(' , )''-/+"%0,0:%,(7%-!(. !&(-"/-"('(+&"%,-.2
!, ' (.' -( (++%- ," '""'-%2 0"-! --+ )+(+&' "' -!
,-.27 &(+ +,+! ", +*."+ -( ,-%",! -! .,% +%-"(',!")
-0'-!-0(/+"%,
'(0% ( -(+, "'%.'"' &(-"/-"(' (.% )+(/" &"%
.-(+,0"-!('+-&',-('!'&(-"/-"('(-!"+,-.'-,:
( ++2 (.- ,-.", (+ 1)%(+"' ,.! +%-"(',!"),7 0 ' '
"',-+.&'-0!"!0(.%+,.%-"'/%"&,.+&'-(-!,-+' -!(
&(-"/-"(' (+ &"% ,!((%: .! ' "',-+.&'- 0, /%() "' (.+
"',-"-.-:KJ ! "'"-"% '%2,", ,.
,- -!- -! ,-+' -! ( &(-"/-"('
(+ &"% ,!((% &" !- !/ .'";"&',"('% ,-+.-.+ ' -!
/"' (+ -!", 0, +)(+- %(%%2 2 (.+ "',-"-.-:KK ! '%2,,
0+%"&"-'"'/(%/('%2"+,-2+&"%,-.'-,:!+(+0
136
136
Motivation in medical students
Validity evidence for SMMS
chapter 4
" -( %/ )+ ' %(($ &(+ +" (+(.,%2 "'-( -! /"' (+
-!"'-+'%,-+.-.+(-!,-+' -!(&(-"/-"('(+&"%,!((%'
%,("-,+%-"(',-((-!+/+"%,:
)"' "'&"'-!-7?/%""-2++,-(-! +-(0!"!/"''
-!(+2 ,.))(+- -! "'-+)+--"(', ( -,- ,(+, '-"% 2 )+()(,
.,,(-,-,@''(-?-(-!-,-"-,%@KL;KN700(.%"+,-%"$-(%+"2
-!)+()(,.,,(-!*.,-"(''"+:!*.,-"(''"+",
.,.% -((% -( ++2 (.- ,-.", -( .'(/+ +%-"(',!"), -0'
&(-"/-"('7 -!"' ;%+'"' )+(,,,7 &" ,.,,,7 .- ", '(-
"'-'(++(&&'-(.,(+!" !,-$,1&"'-"(',7(+: :
(+ ,%-"(' ( ,-.'-, (+ &"% ,-.27 ., ( -! )(,,""%"-2 (
,("%%2 ,"+% ',0+, "' !" ! ,-$, ,"-.-"(',:KJ ++" (.- -!
)+,'- ,-.2 -( /%.- -! /"' (+ /%""-2 ( &,.+&'- (
,-+' -! ( &(-"/-"(' (+ &"% ,!((% .,"' -! *.,-"(''"+
(+-!,)+()(,.,,:
)$(
(#
7 ' ; C1!.,-"(' ,%D *.,-"(''"+, 0+ ,'- (.-
%-+('"%%2 -( MJOK &"% ,-.'-, +(& -0( .'"/+,"-",7 -+!- ' & &,-+&7 "' ! -!+%',: !", 0, (' .,"' ' "'-+'- , - (%%-"(' )+( +&& %% .+/2 ('$2
C000:,.+/2&('$2:(&D:
)!$#(')$#(
(+"' -( .-! + .%-"('7 -!"% )+&",,"(' ", '(- &'-(+2 (+
.-"('% +,+!: ! 0(+$ 0, ++" (.- (+"' -( -!
%+-"(' ( %,"'$" ":: -! )+-"")-"(' 0, /(%.'-+27 0+"--'
"'(+& (','- 0, (-"' +(& %% -! )+-"")'-,7 ('"'-"%"-2
137
Motivation in medical students
137
chapter 4Validity evidence for SMMS
0, .+'-'-!-0,$)-'('2&(.,:!)+-"")'-,0+
,,.+ -!- '(';)+-"")-"(' 0(.% '(- ., -!& '2 !+& (+
",/'- ' -!- -!2 (.% 0"-!+0 +(& -! ,-.2 '2 -"&
0"-!(.- "/"' '2+,('(+("' ,(:
#()'*"#)(
! -+' -! ( (-"/-"(' (+ "% !((% CD *.,-"(''"+KJ
('-"',,"1-'"-&,-!-+,(+('"$+-)("'-,%(N7+' "' +(& ?-+(' %2 ", +@ -( ?-+(' %2 +@: ! !" !+ -! ,(+7 -!
+-+ ", -! ,-+' -! ( &(-"/-"(': ! &,.+&'- 0"-! -!",
*.,-"(''"+ !, ' )+/"(.,%2 +)(+- -( !/ /(.+%
),2!(&-+")+()+-",' ((('-'-/%""-2:KJ
&" &(-"/-"(' ,% CD 2 %%+' - %:KO;KQ &,.+, -!
*.%"-2(+-2)(&(-"/-"(':
-",,('-!%;-+&"'-"('-!(+2
CD(&(-"/-"('2"'2':KR7LI,"%%2",-"' .",!,-0(
-2), ( &(-"/-"('9 "'-+"'," ' 1-+"',"7 ' ,-- %%
?&(-"/-"('@7," '"2"' %$(&(-"/-"(':/"' "'-+"',"&(-"/-"('
(+,-.2",-().+,.-!,-.2,(%%2(.-( '."'%"$"' (+"'-+,-:
/"' 1-+"',"&(-"/-"('(+,-.2",-().+,."-(+'1-+'% "'
(+'"-:1-+"',"&(-"/-"('",.+-!+(&)(,"'-(,/+%,- ,
('('-"'..&+(&=/+21-+"',">-(=))+(!"' "'-+"',"&(-"/-"('>
C" .+ JD: ! &(-"/-"(' "' -!, ,- , ", + .%- 2 (.+ "+'-
&!'",&,9 1-+'% + .%-"('7 "'-+(#- + .%-"('7 "'-""
+ .%-"(''"'- +-+ .%-"(':1-+'%+ .%-"('&',70!'0
.,.-"(',(.+1&)%7,-.2"' 0"-!(.-'2"'-+,-(+)+"/
+%/'7('%2.,()+,,.+(+1)--"('((-!+,7: :)+'-,:
' -!", ,7 -! %(., ( .,-"(' (+ ,-.2"' ", .%%2 1-+'%:
?
'-+(#- + .%-"('@ &', -!- ,-.'- +%"3, -! "&)(+-' (
-!,-.2.--!%(.,(.,-"('",,-"%%1-+'%:?
'-""+ .%-"('@
&', -!- ,-.'- !, (& -( /%. -! "&)(+-' ( !", ,-.27 !,
138
138
Motivation in medical students
Validity evidence for SMMS
chapter 4
"'-"" 0"-! "- ' )- -! + .%-(+2 )+(,,: ?
'- +-
+ .%-"('@ &', -!- -! "&)(+-' ( -! ,-.2 !, ' .%%2
"'- +- "'-( -! "'"/".%>, (!+'- ,', ( ,%8 '(0 -! %(., (
.,-"('","'-+'%:%;-+&"'-"('7-!+ .%-"('-2)-!-"-,0"-!
"'-+"'," &(-"/-"('7 &', -!- (' -+&"', ('>, (0' &(-"/-"('8
-! &(-"/-"(' ", ,%; '+- ' .-('(&(.,: 1-+'% + .%-"(' ",
-!%,-'"'- +-+ .%-"('",-!&(,-.-('(&(.,+ .%-"('(
1-+"'," &(-"/-"(': !., &(-"/-"(' !, ,)-+.& 0!"! ", &(,-
.-('(&(., - (' ' ' %,- .-('(&(., - -! (-!+7 -! + '
"' &(-"/-"(' C" .+ JD:KR &(-"/-"(' ", -! ,' (+ %$ (
&(-"/-"(':
*';!2)'"#)$#$#)#**"
"$)+)$# -)'#("$)+)$#
#)'#(
"$)+)$#
1-+'%
.%-"('
,-
.-('(&(.,
'-+(#-
.%-"('
'-""
.%-"('
'- +-
.%-"('
(,-
.-('(&(.,
C" .+ KD !, KQ "-&, +(.) "'-( P ,.,%,7 ":: M "-&, !7
,(+ (' "$+- ,% ( J -( P: ' /+ ( -! -(-% ,(+, (' !
,.,% ", -$' , -! ,(+: ! ,.,%, + ?
'-+"'," (-"/-"(' -(
$'(0@7 ?
'-+"'," (-"/-"(' -(0+, (&)%",!&'-@ ' ?
'-+"',"
(-"/-"(' -( 1)+"' ,-"&.%-"('@7 ?1-+"'," (-"/-"('; '-""
.%-"('@7 ?1-+"'," (-"/-"(';
'-+(#- .%-"('@7 ?1-+"',"
(-"/-"(';1-+'% .%-"('@'?&(-"/-"('@:KP
'-+"',"&(-"/-"('
C
D;-(;$'(0 ", -( ,-.2 (+ -! )%,.+ ' ,-",-"(' 1)+"'
0!"% %+'"' : ;-(0+,;(&)%",!&'- ", -( ,-.2 (+ -! )%,.+
' ,-",-"(' 1)+"' 0!"% (&)%",!"' -!"' ,:KP ;-(;
139
Motivation in medical students
139
chapter 4Validity evidence for SMMS
1)+"' ,-"&.%-"(' ", -( ,-.2 "' (++ -( 1)+"' ,-"&.%-"' ,',-"(',:KP !+ ", '( ,.,% /"%% -( &,.+ ;"'- +-
+ .%-"(':!+1",-, ((/"'(+-!/%""-2'+%""%"-2(-!
(/&'-"('(',-+.-(&(-"/-"(',&,.+2-!:KO
)28-((".#! # %! #*+#$*-.+
$! !$(
+!!$#!#'$"0
))%033,,,1'1*&"13#$!3'<@A;:33!!(9#1)"
140
140
Motivation in medical students
Validity
evidence for SMMS
chapter 4
3. Replace Figure2 (Pg.no. 129) by the one given below. This figure has the right font size and type *'<#(*(!(5!!'#)!1/;CBC6
Academic Motivation Scale (AMS) "
!
Using the scale below,
please indicate to what extent each of the following items presently corresponds to one of the reasons why you go to school (medical). !!&'$
Intrinsic motivation -­ to know 2. Because I experience pleasure and satisfaction while learning new things. .$
$
9. For the pleasure I experience when I discover new things never seen before. 5$
$
16. For the pleasure that I experience in broadening my knowledge about subjects (medical) which -2$ !
&'$
appeal to me. ./$!&'
!$
23. Because my studies (medical) allow me to continue to learn about many things that interest me. Intrinsic motivation -­ towards accomplishment !!&'$
2$
6. For the pleasure I experience while surpassing myself in my studies (medical). -/$
!!$
13. For the pleasure that I experience while I am surpassing myself in one of my personal .,$$
accomplishments. .3$&'
! !
20. For the satisfaction I feel when I am in the process of accomplishing difficult academic activities. &'$
27. Because school (medical) allows me to experience a personal satisfaction in my quest for excellence in my studies (medical). !$
Intrinsic motivation -­ to experience stimulation 0$
--$
&'$
4. For the intense feelings I experience when I am communicating my own ideas to others. -4$
!
!$
11. For the pleasure that I experience when I read interesting authors (medical). .1$))
&'$
18. For the pleasure that I experience when I feel completely absorbed by what certain authors have written. 25. For the "high" feeling that I experience while reading about various interesting subjects (medical). /$&'
$
-,$!
&'$
Extrinsic motivation – identified regulation -3$
!&'$
3. Because I think that a school (medical) education will help me better prepare for the career I have .0$
!&'!$
chosen. 10. Because eventually it will enable me to enter the job market in a field (medical) that I like. 17. Because this will help me make a better choice regarding my career (medical) orientation. 3$!
!&'$
24. Because I believe that a few additional years of Education (medical) will improve my competence -0$&'$
as a worker. .-$!$
.4$!!&'$
Extrinsic motivation – introjected regulation 7. To prove to myself that I am capable of completing my school (medical) degree. 14. Because of the fact that when I succeed in school (medical) I feel important. -$!%%!
$
21. To show myself that I am an intelligent person. 4$
$
28. Because I want to show myself that I can succeed in my studies (medical). -1$))$
..$
!$
Extrinsic motivation -­ external regulation 1. Because with only a high-­‐school degree I would not find a high-­‐paying job later on. 8. In order to obtain a more prestigious job later on. 1$!"(#!!&'$
15. Because I want to have "the good life" later on. -.$&'#"$
22. In order to have a better salary later on. -5$(!&'!"($
Amotivation .2$(#(&'$
5. Honestly, I don't know; I really feel that I am wasting my time in school (medical). 12. I once had good reasons for going to college (medical); however, now I wonder whether I should 5 continue. 19. I can't see why I go to school (medical) and frankly, I couldn't care less. 26. I don't know; I can't understand what I am doing in school (medical). 141
Motivation in medical students
141
chapter 4Validity evidence for SMMS
0+ %(($"' (+ &,.+ ( -.% ,+"" (+ &"% ,-.2 '
(.' -! ,%! .+'(.- '/'-(+2;-.'- .+/2 C
;D7 0!"!
('-"' ' 1!.,-"(' ,%:LJ .+'(.- &(' ,-.'-, !, '
"' , %"' 1!.,- ., ( ,-.2 &',7 !/"' 2'"%
' -! --"-. -(0+ ('>, ,-.27 ' %"' "'(&)-'- , ,-.'-:'%2-!1!.,-"(',%0,.,"'(.+,-.21)-"' -!-"
,-.'- ! !" !+ ,(+ (' 1!.,-"(' +(& ,-.2 !", ,-+' -! (
&(-"/-"(' (+ &"% ,!((% 0(.% %(0+: !", ,% ! N "-&,
,(+ (' "$+- ,% ( I -( O: (',-+.- ' ('.++'- /%""-2
/"'(+-!",", ((:LJ
))()!#!.((
! ,--",-"% '%2,, 0+ ++" (.- .,"' -! ,(-0+ )+( +&&
/+,"(' JN:I: ' 1)%(+-(+2 -(+ '%2,", (+ "-& ,(+,
0, ++" (.-: !, "-&, 0+ '%2, (+ +(.)"' "'-( ,.,%,
2.,"' )+"'")%(&)(''-,'%2,",.,"' )+(&1+(--"('0"-!",+
'(+&%"3-"('7 , -! -(+, 0+ '(- 1)- -( (&)%-%2
"')''- ( ! (-!+:LK7 LL ! =%-"(', -( (-!+ /+"%,> 0+
-,- 2 +,('>, (++%-"(' '%2,", ( -! ,.,%, 0"-! -!
,(+,('-!"+'-,%,(-!'1!.,-"(',%(-!
;
: +('!>, %)! (+ "'-+'% (',",-'2 0, -+&"' (+
,-%",!"' -!+%""%"-2(-!,.,%,:
(*!)(
.- ( -! MJOK ,-.'-, ))+(! -!+(. ! -!"+ .'"/+,"-2 ;&"%
(.'-,7 -!+ 0+ KQ "% +,,,7 K ,-.'-, 0+ (.- ( -!
(.'-+27 J ! %- -( #("' '(-!+ (.+, ' R 1)%""-%2 +., -(
)+-"")-: '%2 KLOO ,-.'-, /"0 -! *.,-"(''"+ ' ('%2 JMRM
142
142
Motivation in medical students
Validity evidence for SMMS
chapter 4
(&)%- "-: !., -! ,&)% ,"3 &(.'- -( JMRM CD ' -!
+,)(',+--(LO:KS:
! '+ ",-+".-"(' &(' -! +,)('+, 0, PJ:RS &%,
CJIPNAJMRMD'KQ:JS&%,CMJRAJMRMD:!",",-+".-"('0,,%" !-%27
.-," '""'-%2"+'-+(&-!-.%)().%-"('"'(-! -!,!((%,:
' )+'- -+&, -! "+' 0, %,, -!' NS7 ,( 0 "' "-
)-% ' +)+,'--"/: !", "+' 0, (.' -( ))+(1"&-%2 ,"&"%+ "' (-! &"% ,!((% )().%-"(',: %,(
)+(+&-;-,-,(+"')''- +(.),('-!-(-%',.,%
,(+,(&%,'&%,'"'(-"'," '""'-"+',:
!-(+'%2,",0"-!)+(&1+(--"('2"%-!+,)+--(+,(+
,.,%, 1)%"'"' MI:QS ( -! /+"' "' -! ,(+,: !
+"-+" (+ )-"' -! L;-(+ ,-+.-.+ 0+9 " '/%., (/ JLL7
-! ,+ )%(- C" .+ LD ' -! &(.'- ( /+"' 1)%"' 2 -!
-(+,: !", 0, %,( ,.))(+- 2 -!(+-"% 1)%'-"(' ( -!+
,)+- ,.,%, , (/+ "' -! "'"-"(' ( ,-+' -! ( &(-"/-"('
(+ &"% ,!((%: ! -!+ ,.,%, (+ ,-+' -! ( &(-"/-"(' (+
&"%,-.2(.%%%%,9
J: "%%"' ',,-(,+""C.,%JD
K: "',,-(,-+-C.,%KD
L: +,",-'C.,%LD
*(!;2!!##(()$('
!",,.,%&,.+,-!0"%%"' ',,(,-.'--(,+""(+!",A!+
&"%,-.2:
-1)%"'KOS(-!/+"'"'-!,(+,:"/
"-&, ":: N7 P7 R7 JI ' JK7 , (' -!"+ -(+ %("' , CVI:MID7 "--
"'-(-!",,.,%C%JD:
-&JN!%(0-(+%("' ,"::I:KP7I:KJ
'I:IO('-!,.,%,:"-(!$0!-!+-!+","'+,
143
Motivation in medical students
143
chapter 4Validity evidence for SMMS
"'"'-+'%(',",-'2(,.,%J"-!","-&",%-'-!'&$
","(' (' 0!-!+ -( +-"' -!", "-& "' -! ,.,% (+ '(-: !
+('!>, %)! ( -!", ,.,% 0, I:OR ' "'+, -( I:PI 0!'
"-&JN0,%-7,(0"-(+()-!","-&+(&-!,.,%:%%
.+-!+ '%2,, !/ ' ++" (.- -+ (&"--"' "-& JN: -& -(-%
(++%-"(',(%%"-&,0+VI:L70!"!",-!+(&&'/%.:LL
*'='%!$)$&*()$##')$'#!.((
5
#+!*
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
$"%$##)
*(!<2#(()$()')
!", ,.,% &,.+, -! +"',, ' 0"%% -( '-+ &"% ,-.2: -
1)%"'RS(-!/+"'"'-!,(+,:"/"-&,"::J7L7O7JJ
' JO7 0"-! -(+ %("' , VI:MI7 "-- "'-( -!", ,.,% C% JD:
144
144
Motivation in medical students
Validity evidence for SMMS
chapter 4
'-+'%(',",-'2(-!",,.,%0,I:OP:
-&-(-%(++%-"(',(%%
"-&,0+VI:L:
*(!=4'(()#
!", ,.,% &,.+, -! )+,",-' "' &"% ,-.2 "' ,)"- (
.'+"'%2"+.&,-',.+"' (+-+-!,-.2:!",-(+1)%"'
QS(-!/+"'"'-!,(+,:"/"-&,"::K7M7Q7JL'JM7
0"-! -(+ %("' , VI:MI7 "-- "'-( -!", ,% C% JD: '-+'%
(',",-'2(-!",,.,%0,I:NN70!"!",%(0+-!'+(&&':
(++- "-& -(-% (++%-"(' 0, I:KKI7 0!"! ", %,( %(0+ -!' -!
+(&&'I:LC"%KIIND:
!;)$'!$#($)&*()$##')"(
"
N:
/'"
(.%!+%2&"'-"'&2,("%%"7 :1A?
0(.%,-"%%('-"'.&"%-+"'"' :
P:
0(.% ,-"%% !((, &""' /' " -!- :1A:
&'- 0(.% '/+ % -( ( ('
!(%"2,0"-!&2+"','2&(+:
R:
,-.2"' -(($&&(+-!''/+ ( :1>?
OI!(.+,0$/
0(.%,+"(.,%2(',"+
*."--"' :
JI: "'-'-((&(-(+/'-!(. !-!- :1?A
0(.% &' -$"' (.+,, -0(
/'"' ,0$-!+(. !(.-&2)+(,,"('%
++:
JK: 0(.%%"$-((&(-(+7/'"-!- :1A@
0(.% &' "/"' )+' -( &2 0(+$
(/+&2&"%2:
JN: 0(.%%"$-(,-.2&""'7/'"
!/
I:KP
-( ,)' %(- ( -"& (' -()", -!- %-+
Motivation in medical students
#
I:IK
)$'
=
;I:IQ
I:IN
;I:IK
;I:IJ
I:KK
I:JJ
I:IQ
;I:JK
;I:IM
I:KJ
I:IO
145
145
chapter 4Validity evidence for SMMS
-.+'(.--(0,-(-"&:
J:
0(.%%02,+ +-&2","('"
!'>-
/"% &2,% ( -! ())(+-.'"-2 -( ,-.2
&""':
L:
0(.% ,-"%% !((, &""' /' " -!-
0(.%&',-.2"' "'(+" '(.'-+2"'
%' . -!-
!/'(-2-&,-+:
O:
0(.%'>- (',"+ '2 (-!+ )+(,,"('
-!'(&"' (-(+:
JJ: - 0(.%'>- +%%2 (-!+ & -(( &.! " (.%'(%(' +,-.2&""':
JO: 0(.%)+)+-(+-$&2"'%!" !
,!((% 1&, -( - !" !+ &+$, " -!",
0(.%',,+2-(,-.2&""':
K:
0(.%*."-,-.2"' &""'"
0+RNS
+-"' -!- (.% '/+ (& -!
,)"%",-(&2!(":
M:
, ,((' , 0(.% ",(/+ -!- "- 0(.%
-$ & -' 2+, -( *.%"2 , (-(+7 0(.%,-(),-.2"' :
Q:
0(.% ,-() ,-.2"' &""' " ,-+-
,(+"' %(0&+$,'"%"' -,-,(-':
JL: 0(.% *."- ,-.2"' , ,((' , "- &
))+'--!--!+0+'(#(,(++,"'-
)(,"-"(',-+ +.-"(':
;>1 0(.%'(-!/!(,'&""'""-0(.%
!/ ., & -( .&.%- ,.,-'-"%
"''"%-,:
;I:IQ
:1A@
;I:IM
;I:JI
:1?;
I:JO
I:JJ
:1@@
;I:IM
I:IM
:1@@
I:IR
I:JI
:1?A
;I:JO
I:IO
;I:LL
:1@?
I:IK
I:JP
:1?A
;I:IK
I:JP
:1>A
I:IJ
;I:IP
:1@C
;I:IP
I:KJ
:1?:
,! 1 ) % ,! 2 ) %
,!3) 146
146
Motivation in medical students
Validity evidence for SMMS
chapter 4
!+ 0+ '( +(,, %("' , ( "-&, "' (' ,.,% ('-( '(-!+
,.,% 0!"! 0+ +-+ -!' I:MI C% JD: ! -!+ ,.,%,
0+ ," '""'-%2 (++%- 0"-! ! (-!+ 0"-! (++%-"(', ( I:MQN
C,.,%, J 5 KD7 I:LOR C,.,%, K 5 LD ' I:LOI C,.,%, J 5 LD:
!", 0, 1)-7 , -!2 + '(- (&)%-%2 "')''-7 0!"! 0,
%,(-!+,('0!2)+(&1+(--"('0,.,"'-!-(+'%2,",:
!,(+,(+,.,%J7K'L'.%%C0"-!(.-"-&JND
(++%-," '""'-%2)(,"-"/%20"-!"'-+"',"&(-"/-"('CI:KMQ7I:KPO7
I:JPN ' I:LIQD ' -! (++%-"(' +, ' & ' -"/ ,
('&(/+(&-!"'-+"',"-(-!1-+"',"&(-"/-"(',)-+.&C%
K7" .+MD:!(++%-"(',(,.,%J'K'.%%0"-!-!
1-+"'," (-"/-"(';1-+'% .%-"(' ,(+ CI:IJQ7 I:ILP ' ;I:IKL
+,)-"/%2D ' ,.,% L 0"-! 1-+"'," (-"/-"(';
'-+(#-
.%-"(' C;I:ILOD 0+ '(- ," '""'-: ! (++%-"(', 0"-!
&(-"/-"(' C;I:LOP7 ;I:MNI7 ;I:KRL ' ;I:MPK +,)-"/%2D '
1!.,-"(' +(& ,-.2 C;I:JQM7 ;I:JNJ7 ;I:JPN ' ;I:KIO +,)-"/%2D
,(+,0+' -"/'," '""'-:
!<'($#$''!)$#(),#(*(!(##
2
!
"$
'-+"',"
(-"/-"('-(
'(0CD
'-+"',"
(-"/-"('
-(0+,
(&)%",!&'-
CD
'-+"',"
(-"/-"('-(
1)+"'
I:KMQE
I:KROE
I:JPNE
I:LIQE
I:KKNE
I:KRME
I:JMNE
I:KQOE
I:KNQE
I:LMJE
I:JMME
I:LKPE
Motivation in medical students
147
147
chapter 4Validity evidence for SMMS
,-"&.%-"('CD
1-+"',"
(-"/-"(';
'-""
.%-"('CD
I:KNPE
I:LMIE
I:JJME
I:LINE
I:JIME
I:JKOE
;I:ILO
C)TI:JORD
I:IQPE
1-+"',"
(-"/-"(';
1-+'%
.%-"('CD
I:IJQ
C)TI:MRMD
I:ILP
C)TI:JMQD
;I:JJKE
;I:IKL
C)TI:LPND
1!.,-"('+(&
,-.2C
;D
;I:LOPE
;I:JQME
;I:MNIE
;I:KRLE
;I:MPKE
1-+"',"
(-"/-"(';
'-+(#-
.%-"('CD
&(-"/-"('CD
;I:JNJE
;I:JPNE
;I:KIOE
" " ;0(037:0(450 :0(001
*'>'%!'%'(#))$#$$''!)$#(),##
#
2-*()$#(*(!(
" " ;0(037:0(450 :0(001
148
148
Motivation in medical students
Validity evidence for SMMS
chapter 4
(*(($#
!*.,-"(''"+",-!('%21",-"' *.,-"(''"+7-(-!,-(
(.+ $'(0% 7 (+ &,.+"' -! ,-+' -! ( &(-"/-"(' ( ,-.'-,
)+-".%+%2 (+ &"% ,!((%: %"-"(' ( -! &,.+&'- 2 -!",
"',-+.&'- ", -!+(+ "&)(+-'-: -!", &,.+&'- !,
((
),2!(&-+" )+()+-",7 -! *.,-"(''"+ (.% ., (' )(,-;!(,",(+&,.+"' ,-+' -!(&(-"/-"('(,-.'-,&"--
-( &"% ,-.2 (+ (+ ,-.2"' &(-"/-"(' ( ,-.'-, -!+(. ! -!
.+-"('(-!"+&"%,-.2'!(0"-'&'").%-7 "'"' %"'$-0'&(-"/-"(''&",.,,',((':
! *.,-"(''"+ !, )+/"(.,%2 ' )+()(, -( !/ .'";
"&',"('% -(+ ,-+.-.+:KJ !(. ! "' (.+ '%2,, -! "+,- -(+
%('(.%1)%"'KOS(-!/+"'"'-!,(+,70)-
L;-(+,-+.-.+(+-!*.,-"(''"+.,-!-(+%("' ,(JJ
"-&,"'-!*.,-"(''"+('-(-!"+,--(+0+%,,-!'I:MI:!L;
-(+,-+.-.+0,%,(-!(+-"%%2,(.':
!"'"' ,(++%""%"-2(-!"%%"' ',,-(,+""'"',,-(
,-+- + )-% ,"' -!2 + I:PI ' I:OP +,)-"/%2: !
+%""%"-2(++,",-',.,%CI:NND0,%(0+-!'1)-7.-0
-!"'$ -!- "- ", )-% (+ (&)+"' +(.), ( ,-.'-,: !,
+%""%"-", + (( '(. ! (+ ., ( -!", *.,-"(''"+ -( ,,,, '
.'+,-' +%-"(',!"), -0' &(-"/-"(' ' -!"' ;%+'"' )+(,,, (+ &" ,.,,,: 0(.% '(- /(- -! ., ( -!",
"',-+.&'-(+,%-"' &"%,-.'-,"'0!"!,"-0(.%*.%"2,
!" !;,-$, 1&"'-"(' ' 0(.% ' !" !+ +%""%"-2 /%.,: 0(.% +(&&' -! ., ( -! +,",-' ,.,% 0"-! .-"(' '
'(.+ .+-!+ ,-.", (+ ,-%",!"' .+-!+ /%""-2 /"': !
., ( -! .%% ,% C;7 " .+ ND 0(.% %,( )-%: !
+%""%"-2(-!.%%,%",!" !+-!'-!-(-!,.,%,C+('!>,
%)!TI:PRD:"&"%++%""%"-",!/'(.'"'(-!+,-.",:LM
Motivation in medical students
149
149
chapter 4Validity evidence for SMMS
*'?2*()$##'8
C()% !/ "/+, +,(', -( ,-.2 &""': %, "'"- !(0 &.! -! (%%(0"' ,--&'-,+%-2(.+)+,('%,"-.-"('2&+$"' J-(NC-+(' %2", +-(-+(' %2
+D0"-!!,--&'-%(0:D
!
J:
0(.%%02,+ +-&2","('"
!'>-
/"%&2,%(-!())(+-.'"-2-(,-.2
&""':
0(.%*."-,-.2"' &""'"
0+RNS
+-"'-!-
(.%'/+(&-!,)"%",-(
&2!(":
0(.%,-"%%!((,&""'/'"-!-0(.%
&',-.2"' "'(+" '(.'-+2"'%' . -!-
!/'(-2-&,-+:
,,((',
0(.%",(/+-!-"-0(.%-$&
-'2+,-(*.%"2,(-(+7
0(.%,-()
,-.2"' :
/'"
(.%!+%2&"'-"'&2,("%%"7
0(.%,-"%%('-"'.&"%-+"'"' :
0(.%'>-(',"+'2(-!+)+(,,"('-!'
(&"' (-(+:
0(.%,-"%%!((,&""'/'"-!-&'-
0(.%'/+%-( (('!(%"2,0"-!&2
+"','2&(+:
0(.%,-(),-.2"' &""'"
,-+-,(+"' %(0&+$,'"%"' -,-,(-':
,-.2"' -(($&&(+-!''/+ (OI
!(.+,0$/
0(.%,+"(.,%2(',"+*."--"' :
"'-'-((&(-(+/'-!(. !-!-
0(.%&'-$"' (.+,,-0(/'"' ,
0$-!+(. !(.-&2)+(,,"('%++:
-0(.%'>-+%%2(-!+&-((&.!"
(.%'(
%(' +,-.2&""':
0(.%%"$-((&(-(+7/'"-!-0(.%
&' "/"' )+'-(&20(+$(/+&2
&"%2:
0(.%*."-,-.2"' ,,((',"-&
))+'--!--!+0+'(#(,(++,"'-
)(,"-"(',-+ +.-"(':
0(.%'(-!/!(,'&""'""-0(.%!/
.,&-(.&.%-,.,-'-"%"''"%
-,:
K:
L:
M:
N:
O:
P:
Q:
R:
JI:
JJ:
JK:
JL:
JM:
150
<
=
W
<
=
W
;
<
;
=
;
;
<
;
W
W
W
=
W
=
W
150
Motivation in medical students
Validity evidence for SMMS
chapter 4
7;?
1
0(.%)+)+-(+-$&2"'%!" !,!((%
<
1&,-( -!" !+&+$,"-!",0(.%
',,+2-(,-.2&""':
F
15 16! 15
/) ! ! !(
(.' ," '""'- (++%-"(', 0"-! &(+ ,-%",! &(-"/-"('
,% ":: -! 7 ' )--+' ( +,"' (++%-"(', +(& -!
"'-+"'," -( -! 1-+"'," &(-"/-"(' (.% %+%2 (,+/: !",
,.))(+-, -! (',-+.- /%""-2 ( -! ,%: 1)- %% ,.,%,(+"'-+"',"&(-"/-"(''-!1-+"',",.,%(+?"'-""
+ .%-"('@ -( (++%- !" !,- 0"-! -! ,(+, ' "-, ,.,%,:
!", 0, ,.))(+- 2 -! +,.%-,: ! ,"3 ( (++%-"(', 0, '(- /+2
" :!",&21)%"'2-!--!--!&,.+,,-+' -!(
&(-"/-"(''-!&,.+,-2)(&(-"/-"(':%,(1)-%%
-!+ ,.,%, -( !/ ,-+(' ' -"/ (++%-"(' 0"-!
&(-"/-"('70!"!0,%,(,.))(+-2-!+,.%-,:!,"'"' ,+
"'('.++'0"-!-!+%"+,-.270!"!!(.'-!-,(+,
(++%- ," '""'-%2 ' -"/%2 0"-! &"/%' -(0+, ,-.2"' : KJ
%,(1)-'(," '""'-(++%-"('-0'-!,.,%,
' 1-+'% + .%-"(' ,.,% ( -! : !", 0, ., +%"+
,-.","'"--!-!" !+'.&+(,-.'-,!/%-+.",-"&(-"/,
(+ '-+"' &"% ,-.2 -!' &('-+2 (+ ,--., &(-"/, ' -!
1-+'%+ .%-"(',.,%&,.+,-!%--++-!+-!'-!(+&+:L;O
1)- -! "'-"" + .%-"(' ,.,% ( -( )(,"-"/%2
(++%-0"-!-!,.,%,.,-!.'"*.'-.+(&"%
.-"(' 0(.% &$ &(,- ,-.'-, ',0+ -! "-&, )(,"-"/%27 , %%
-! ,--&'-, ,& -( -+. "' -! ,(%.- ,', ( -! )+(,,"(':
(',"+"' -!",,%"&"--"('(-!,"-&,700(.%'(-+(&&'
) "'-+)+--"(' ( -!", )+-".%+ "'"' : ! ," '""'- ' -"/
(++%-"(' 0"-! 1!.,-"(' +(& ,-.", 0, 1)- , 1!.,-"(' (+
,-+,, ( ,-.2 0(.% -' -( %(0+ -! &(-"/-"(' "' -! ,-.'-,: (0
&(-"/-"(' !, )+/"(.,%2 ' )+()(, , (-! ., '
151
Motivation in medical students
151
chapter 4Validity evidence for SMMS
(',*.'(,-.'-",-+,,:LN7LO
-0(.%)+!),!/'--+-(
.,-!'-"+
;+-!+-!'.,"' -!1!.,-"(',%"'",(%-"('7
,"' -! (-!+ ,%, &,.+"' 2'"% ' -! --"-. -(0+,
,-.2 ' %"' , ( "'(&)-' 0(.% !/ (' -( -! "'"' ,
')+!),/'"'+,-!,"3((++%-"(':!+,(' '(--((
,( "' -! .++'- ,-.2 0, -! '-"")- %' -! ( %% *.,-"(',
(&"''"-,/+,-('+,)(',:!.,(-!'-"+
;
",!(0/++(&&'"''2.+-!+,-.",:
!", ,-.2 !, '.&+ ( %"&"--"(',: ! "
,- %"&"--"(' ", -!
+,)(', +-7 0!"! 0, *."- %(07 -!+(+ 0 ''(- +.% (.- +,)(',",:'(-!+,(',(+-!",+,)(',+-(.%-!--!
,-.'-,(.'-!,.+/2-((%(' :!(-!++,('(++,)(',",
(.% -!- -! &(+ &(-"/- ,-.'-, "' -! ,&)% 0+ %,( -!
(',-$"' )+-"'-!,-.2:!(',-+.-/%""-2(-!",*.,-"(''"+
',-(/%.-',-%",!"'0"+/+"-2(,&)%,,%%
-!,-.",0!"!!/.,*.,-"(''"+,-!"',-+.&'-!/
'++"(.-"'-!-!+%',('.-!,-.'-,8/'"-!2!/
' (' "' "+'- "',-"-.-, "' -! (.'-+2: +(&&' -!",
., &(,- ( -! ,-.'-, "' ! -!+%', '-+ &"% ,-.2
-!+(. ! 0" !- %(--+2 ,2,-& ' -!+ !/ ' ,-.", 0!"!
,!(0 -!- ,-.'-, '-+"' 2 ,%-"(' !/ !" !+ &(-"/-"(' -!'
-!(, '-+"' -!+(. ! %(--+2 , &,.+ 0"-! -! :LP !+(+7
"-"('% /%"-"(' ', -( ++" (.- "' (-!+ (.'-+", 0!+
,%-"('",-!&-!((+'-+2"'-(&"%,!((%:.+-!+,-.",+
%,( )+()(, -( ('"+& -! L;-(+ ,-+.-.+ -!+(. ! ('"+&-(+2
-(+'%2,",:
152
152
Motivation in medical students
Validity evidence for SMMS
chapter 4
$#!*($#
,-%",!,.))(+-(+-!/%""-2(&,.+&'-(-!,-+' -!(
&(-"/-"('(+&"%,!((%.,"' -!*.,-"(''"+7(-!(+"-,
'-"+-2'(+"-,,.,%,:!*.,-"(''"+!,-!+-(+
,-+.-.+7 ," '"2"' "%%"' ',, -( ,+""7 "',, -( ,-+- '
+,",-':
153
Motivation in medical students
153
chapter 4Validity evidence for SMMS
'#(
J: +(%'"$ 7 2' : .-('(&2 "' !"%+'G, %+'"' 9 '
1)+"&'-% ' "'"/".% "+' "'/,-" -"(': (.+'% (
+,('%"-2'("%,2!(%( 2:JRQP8NK9QRI;QRQ:
K: ,%(0 : -!(+2 ( !"/&'- &(-"/-"(': '9 2+
.%",!"' 8JRPI9KK;MQ:
L: '., 7 "/"' ,-(' 7 -(' : ! --+-"(', ( &""'9
! '+"&(-"/-"(',(&"%,!((%))%"'-,"'+%-"('-(
&( +)!27 )+,('%"-2 ' !"/&'-: "%
.-"(':KIIO8O9JJ:
M: "%%' 7 3/( 7 (,," 7 +( 7 "%%' 7 ++. : !- ", !"' ,-.'->, !(" (+ (&"' (-(+<%"'",:KIIN8OI9JML;JNI:
N: ".0!( 7 &$+, 7 .2/'!(/' 7 (-!(.-
7 ' - : -.'-,G (')-"(', ( -! &"%
)+(,,"('8 ' "'-+/"0 ,-.2: "% !+: KIIN8KP9PIR;
PJM:
O: %.& 7 "+,;',,' 7 %$+ : (-"/-"(' (+ &"%
,!((%9 ! +%-"(',!") -( '+ ' ,)"%-2 )++', "' '-"('0",&)%:"%.-"(':JRRR8LL9KLO;KMK:
P: (+% : !- $"' ( &(-"/-"(' +"/, &"% ,-.'-,
%+'"' *.,-,<"%.-"(':KIIM8LQ9RNI;RNP:
Q: .,.+$+7'-7',)+'7+(",-:(-"/-"(',
'"')''-')''-/+"%"'&"%.-"('9
+/"0(-!%"-+-.+:"%!+:KIJJ8LL9KMK;KOK:
R: (' %(0 7 %%*.",- 7 ( + 7 .'',,(' 7 #(+$%.' 7
!%*/",-:"%,-.'-,>'"%"--(+,>1)+"',('
+%2 )+(,,"('% ('-- (.+,9 -"/ ' &(-"/- ,-.'-,7
,-+"'"%"--(+,:"%.-"(':KIIQ8Q9NO:
154
154
Motivation in medical students
Validity evidence for SMMS
chapter 4
JI: "&+, 7 (%&', 7 +0"#'' 7 "'&' 7
!+)"+:-.'-,>()"'"(',(.--!-,()+%"'"%
)-"'- ('--, (' -!"+ %+'"' : / "' %-! " .:
KIIQ8JL9OLL;OMP:
JJ: '-"%%(' 7 +&(-- : (, +,)(',""%"-2 +"/ %+'"' <
%,,(',+(&"'-+'+(--"(',"' '+%)+-":"%!+:
KIIQ8LI9KNM;KNR:
JK: + 7 --"$ 7 '" !- : !2 )()% ))%2 -( &"%
,!((%9 &)%"-"(', (+ 0"'"' )+-"")-"(' -"/"-",: "%
.-"(':KIIP8MJ9QJN;QKJ:
JL: !"- : &((-!"' (.- -+',"-"(',9 (0 ) ( 2 "'%.',
&"% ,-.'-,> !"/&'- ( ,%;+ .%- %+'"' (%,<
/',"'%-!"',.-"(':KIIP8JK9KPR;KRP:
JM: "%%"&, 7 "3(0 7 (,, 7 " : (-"/-"(' .'+%2"' ++ !(" (+ "'-+'% &""' ' ,.+ +2: ( " :
JRRP8MN9JPIN;JPJL:
JN: (+%:-.'-B,%-(.+,,"'&"%,!((%9()'
+%-"(',!"),:"%!+:KIIQ8LI9JRR;KIN:
JO: "%$"',('7%%,7.,!'%%:"%,-.'-!+-+",-",
,,("- 0"-! -"& "' ,-.29 , ,)'"' &(+ -"& %02, ((-!"' <"%!+:KIIP8KR9JIO;JJI:
JP: (%&', 7 (%! ' 7 ' + %.-' : (-"/-"('%
' ( '"-"/ )+(,,, "'%.'"' -.-(+"% +(.),: :
JRRQ8PL9KK;KM:
JQ: (.%+-7+0"#''7"$+,7!+)"+:!-,
( %"+- )+-" "' .'+ +.- &"% .-"(':
"%.-"(':KIIM8LQ9JIMM;JINK:
JR: (,!% 7 (3'2 : +"-"' &" )+(+&' ( &"%
,-.'-,9!"+,--!+2+,:&,2!"-+2:JRRP8JNM9QP;RK:
155
Motivation in medical students
155
chapter 4Validity evidence for SMMS
KI: +" 7 "%%"&, 7 "%-,!"+ : '%.' ( &(-"/-"('% '
&( +)!" -(+, (' )+(+&' "' -! &"% (.+,9 )+(,)-"/,-.2:"%.-"(':JRRM8KQ9JIP;JJN:
KJ: ".0!( 7 ' - 7 (,-+/% 7 (-!(.- :
,.+"' ,-+' -! ( &(-"/-"(' (+ &"% ,!((%: .
'%"'C+"%'%"'D:KIIM8R9JO:,,('2KQ7KIJI7+(&
!--)9AA000:&;;('%"':(+ KK: ".0!( 7 (,-+/% 7 (-!(.- 7 ' - :
(-"/-"(' -( ,-.2 &""'9 +%""%"-2 ' /%""-2 ( -!
,-+' -! ( &(-"/-"(' (+ &"% +,+! *.,-"(''"+: KIIK:
C.').%",!D
KL: (0'"' : %""-29 ' -! &'"' .% "'-+)+--"(' (
,,,,&'--:"%.-"(':KIIL8LP9QLI;QLP:
KM: &+"'
.-"('
,+!
,,("-"('7
&+"'
,2!(%( "% ,,("-"(': -'+, (+ .-"('% '
,2!(%( "% ,-"' : ,!"' -(' 9 &+"' .-"('
,+!,,("-"('8JRRR:
KN: &+"' ,2!(%( "% ,,("-"('7 &+"' .-"('%
,+! ,,("-"('7 -"('% (.'"% (' ,.+&'-, , "'
.-"(':!'"%+(&&'-"(',(+),2!(%( "%-,-,'
" '(,-"-!'"*.,:,2!(%( "%.%%-"':JRNM9KIJ;KLQ:
KO: %%+'7%%-"+7%",7+"4+7'4%7%%"4+,
: ' -! ,,,,&'- ( "'-+"',"7 1-+"'," ' &(-"/-"(' "'
.-"('9 /"' ( ('.++'- ' (',-+.- /%""-2 ( -!
&" &(-"/-"(' ,%: .-"('% ' ,2!(%( "%
,.+&'-:JRRL8NL9JNR;JPK:
KP: %%+'7%%-"+7%",7+"4+7'4%7%%"4+,
: ! &" &(-"/-"(' ,%9 &,.+ ( "'-+"',"7
1-+"'," ' &(-"/-"(' "' .-"(': .-"('% '
,2!(%( "%,.+&'-:JRRK8NK9JIIL;JIJP:
156
156
Motivation in medical students
Validity evidence for SMMS
chapter 4
KQ: %%+'7>(''(+:(-"/-"('"'-!%+%29-!(+-"%
+&0(+$ ' ,(& )+(&","' "'"' ,: '"' ,2!(%( 2:
JRQR8LI9NLQ;NNI:
KR: 2' 7 " : '-+"'," ' 1-+"'," &(-"/-"(',9 %,,"
"'"-"(', ' '0 "+-"(',: ('-&)(++2 .-"('%
,2!(%( 2:KIII8KN9NM;OP:
LI: " 7 %%+' 7 %%-"+ 7 2' : (-"/-"(' '
.-"('9
,%;-+&"'-"('
,2!(%( ",-:JRRJ8KO9LKN;LMO:
)+,)-"/:
.-"('%
LJ: !.%" 7 +-"'3 7 "'-( 7 %'(/ 7 $$+ :
.+'(.- ' ' &'- "' .'"/+,"-2 ,-.'-,9 +(,,;'-"('%
,-.2:(.+'%(+(,,;.%-.+%,2!(%( 2:KIIK8LL9MOM;MQJ:
LK: (,-%%( 7 ,(+' : ,- )+-", "' 1)%(+-(+2 -(+
'%2,",9 (.+ +(&&'-"(', (+ --"' -! &(,- +(& 2(.+
'%2,",:+-"%,,,,&'-7,+!5/%.-"(':KIIN8JI9J;
R:
LL: "% : ",(/+"' --",-", .,"' : K' : .%"-"(',8KIIN:
LM: .,.+$+ 7 +."-0 ' 7 ' - 7 +(",- : -, ( 7
'+'.-"('%$ +(.'(',-+' -!(&(-"/-"('(+
&"%,!((%:/"'%-!".:KIJI8JN9LIL;LJL:
LN: 2+2 7 !(&, 7 +)+ 7 - %: ! %+'"' '/"+('&'- ' &"% ,-.'- .+'(.-9 &.%-"'-+ ,-.2:
"%.-"(':KIIR8ML9KPM;KQK:
LO: 2+2 7 !(&, 7 !'%- : "% ,-.'- ",-+,,9
.,,7 (',*.',7 ' )+()(, ,(%.-"(',: 2( %"'"
+("' ,:KIIN8QI9JOJL;JOKK:
LP: .%,&' 7 /' + ' 7 (+- 7 "!%, 7 ,-%' 7
+""(' : -"/',, ( ,%-"(' "' &"% ,!((%
&",,"(',9/%.-"('(-!(.-(&,&(' +,!&':"%
.-"(':KIIP8MJ9LOR;LPP:
Motivation in medical students
157
157
158
158
Motivation in medical students
%)'?
$)+)$#!%'$!($"!()*#)(0
(($)$#,)()*.$')/"
%'$'"##-*()$#
! "#! .,.+$+7C-+!-D
+(",-77!C&&,-+&D
'-!7!C-+!-D
159
Motivation in medical students
159
chapter 5
Motivational profiles
Abstract
'$*#
-.'-, '-+ &"% ,-.2 0"-! "'-+'%%2 '+- &(-"/, %"$
'."' "'-+,- C"'-+"'," &(-"/-"('D (+ 1-+'%%2 '+- &(-"/,
%"$ )+'-% )+,,.+ (+ ,"+ (+ )+,-" C('-+(%% &(-"/-"('D:
)'"' (' -! '(+,&'- ( "'-+"'," &(-"/-"(' /+,., ('-+(%%
&(-"/-"('7 ,-.'-, (.% "+ "' -!"+ ,-.2 (+-7 &"
)+(+&''#.,-&'--(-!,-.2:
"
! (#-"/, ( -!", ,-.2 0+ -( '+- &(-"/-"('% )+("%, .,"' (&"'-"(', ( !" ! (+ %(0 "'-+"'," ' ('-+(%% &(-"/-"(' ' -,-
-!"+/%."'--+)+"-"' ,-.2(.-(&,"'&"%,-.'-,:
)$(
+-"")-"' ,-.'-, CTQMMD +(& '"/+,"-2 "% '-+ -+!-7
! -!+%',7 0+ ,," ' -( "+'- %.,-+, -!+(. ! ;%.,-+
'%2,", .,"' "'-+"'," ' ('-+(%% &(-"/-"(' ,(+,: %.,-+
&&+,!") 0, ., , ' "')''- /+"% -( ,,,, )''-
/+"%, %"$ ,-.2 ,-+- ",7 ,%;,-.2 !(.+,7 &" )+(+&'
'1!.,-"('+(&,-.2:
(*!)(
(.+ %.,-+,8 " ! '-+"'," " ! ('-+(%%;
CTKJL7 KN:KSD7 (0
'-+"'," (0 ('-+(%%;
CTJML7 JO:RSD7 (0 '-+"'," " !
('-+(%%;
CTKOQ7LJ:QSD'" !
'-+"',"(0('-+(%%;
CTKKI7KO:JSD0+(-"':
,-.'-,0+," '""'-%2--+-
),-.2,-+- 2C)UI:IIJD7,%;,-.2!(.+,C)UI:IND7,C)UI:IIJD
' ! %(0+ 1!.,-"(' C)UI:IIJD -!' ' ,-.'-,: )+("% ", ,,("- 0"-!
(( ,-.2 (+-7 ,-+- 27 &"
)+(+&''%,,1!.,-"('+(&,-.27,(",
)+("%71)-(+
!" ! ,.+ ,-+- 2: ' )+("%, 0+ ,,("- 0"-! -!
%,-,"+%,-.2(.-(&,:
160
160
Motivation in medical students
Motivational profiles
chapter 5
$#!*($#
(-"/-"('% )+("%"' ", .,.% -((% -( .'+,-' %+'"' '
)+(+&' )+(,,, 0"-!"' "'"/".% ,-.'-, ' ' (&)%&'-+2 ))+(! -( ,-.2"' &(-"/-"(' ' &"
)+(+&', +(.)/+"%,:
161
Motivation in medical students
161
chapter 5
Motivational profiles
$)+)$#!%'$!($"!()*#)(0(($)$#
,)()*.$')/"%'$'"##
-*()$#
#)'$*)$#
-.'-,'-+&"%,-.20"-!/+"-2(&(-"/,:J!,(.%K;R
'+-"'-+'%%2%"$"'-+,-"'!%)"' )()%7"'-+,-"',"'(+
"(%( 27,"+(+"'-%%-.%!%%' 0!"!0(.%%,,"2,?"'-+"',"
&(-"/-"('@JI7
JJ
(+ '+- +(& 1-+'% -(+, %"$ ,"+ (+
&('-+2 +0+, (+ )+,-" (+ )+,,.+ +(& )+'-, 0!"! 0(.%
%,,"2 , ?('-+(%% &(-"/-"('@JI7 JJ: '"/".% ,-.'-, &2 (&"'
"'-+"'," ' ('-+(%% &(-"/-"(', "' .'"*. 02: !, &(-"/-"(',
'(+, 2 -! ,-.'-, + (',"+ "&)(+-'- "' )+"-"' !(0
,-.'-,#.,--(-!"+,-.27!(0&.!(+--!2+0"%%"' -("'/,-
"'-!"+,-.27)+(+&'"'&"%,!((%')++'(,)"%-2:L7
N
(&"'-"(' ( "'-+"'," ' ('-+(%% &(-"/-"(', '(+, 2 -!
,-.'-,&2 "/+",-("+'-&(-"/-"('%)+("%,0!"!(.%-
-!"+,-.2(.-(&,:(+1&)%7,-.'-,,-.2"' .,( '."'
"'-+,-"'-!,-.2C"'-+"',"&(-"/-"('D0(.%1!""-"+'--2)(
,-.2 !/"(.+ , (&)+ -( ,-.'-, 0!( + ,-.2"' ., (
)+'-% )+,,.+ (+ )+,-" C('-+(%% &(-"/-"('D:JI7
JK7 JL
!
(&"'-"('(-!,&(-"/-"(',&2 "/+",-(.'"*.)+("%,&(' ,-.'-,7 0!"! 0(.% %(,- " &(-"/-"(' ", ,-." , +(.)
/+"%:JM -.2"' &(-"/-"(' ' ,-.2 (.-(&, , +(.) /+"%,
0(.% "/ ., "&)(+-'- "'(+&-"(' (.- !(0 -!2 - ! (-!+:
-.2"' .'"*. (&"'-"(', ( &(-"/-"(', "' ! "'"/".% ,-.'-7
0!"! ", %% )+,(';(+"'- ))+(!7 0(.% (&)%&'-+2
))+(! 0!"! (.% 2"% &(+ "'," !-, "'-( 0!- !))', "' /+2
"'"/".%,-.'-:
162
162
Motivation in medical students
Motivational profiles
chapter 5
!)+,'-,-.20,++"(.-0"-!-!"'-'-"('((&"'"' !" !(+
%(0 *.'-"-", ( "'-+"'," ' ('-+(%% &(-"/-"(',7
'+-"' &(-"/-"('%)+("%,.,"' -!,-0("&',"(','-,-"' -!/%.(
.,"' -!,&(-"/-"('%)+("%,(+--+)+"-"' %+'"' (.-(&,
"' &"% ,-.'-,: )%'' -!", ., 0 !/ -! /"0 -!- ,-.'->, &(-"/-"('% )+("% ", %"$%2 -( "&)- (' !", (+ !+ &"
)+(+&':JM7 JN "& -( ',0+ -! (%%(0"' *.,-"(', -!+(. !
-!",,-.29
%
!- -2), ( &(-"/-"('% )+("%,7 (&"'"' !" ! (+ %(0
"'-+"'," ' ('-+(%% &(-"/-"(',7 1",- &(' &"%
%
,-.'-,<
( "+'- &(-"/-"('% )+("%,7 , (' -! (/
(&"'-"(',7 )+"- "+', "' ,-.2 (+-7 ,-+- ",7
&")+(+&''1!.,-"('+(&,-.2<
( %+"2 -! (')- ( &(-"/-"('% )+("%,7 0 0(.% %"$ -( 1)%"'
,(& (')-, %(+- "' %;-+&"'-"(' !(+2 CD: " '
2'%(+--0(-2),(&(-"/-"('8"'-+"',"'1-+"',":JI7 JL7 JO
)+,('",,"-("'-+"',"%%2&(-"/-(+,(&-!"' 0!'"-",('
(.- ( '."' %"$"' ' 1-+"',"%%2 &(-"/- 0!' "- ", (' (+ )+-".%+ "': ' -! +'- 2+,7 "'-+(. -! "!(-(&2 (
?.-('(&(.,@/+,.,?('-+(%%@&(-"/-"(':JP7JQ!",-1('(&2",,
(' -! (+" "' ( -! &(-"/-"(' ' "+, 0!-!+ "- (+" "'-, +(&
0"-!"' ' "'"/".% C.-('(&(.,A,%;-+&"'D /+,., +(& (+,
(.-," ' "'"/".% C('-+(%%D: '-+"'," &(-"/-"(' ", (',"+ -!
)+(-(-2) ( .-('(&(., (+ ,%;-+&"' &(-"/-"(': - !, '
(.'-!-.-('(&(.,&(-"/-"('7,(&)+-(('-+(%%&(-"/-"('7
%, -( +-+ +-"/"-2 JR7 %,, ,.)+""% "'(+&-"(' )+(,,"'
&(+)%+'"'
JQ7 KI7!"
JP7
!+!"/&'-KJ7 KK7'!'0%%;"' (+
#.,-&'-KL7 KM7 +, +();(.- "'-'-"(' ' !/"(.+KN7 KO: 163
Motivation in medical students
163
chapter 5
Motivational profiles
)(,"-,-!-*.%"-2(&(-"/-"('"::"'-+"',"(+.-('(&(.,'1-+"',"
(+ ('-+(%%7 ", &(+ "&)(+-'- -!' *.'-"-2 ( &(-"/-"(' ":: !" ! (+
%(0 "' -+&"'"' ,-.2 (.-(&, ( ,-.'-,: -!+ -!(+", (
&(-"/-"(' %"$ -( !"/ -!(+27 1)-'2;/%. -!(+2 -:7
,.,+"-(-!/"0-!--!!" !+-!*.'-"-2(&(-"/-"('7-!--+
+ -! ,-.2 (.-(&,:KP7
KQ
0'- -( -,- !(0 "+'-
(&"'-"(', ( !" ! (+ %(0 "'-+"'," ' ('-+(%% &(-"/-"(', 0(.%
-,-.2(.-(&,(,-.'-,:
(+ '+-"' "+'- &(-"/-"('% )+("%,7 0 )%'' -( ( %.,-+
'%2,, .,"' -! "'-+"'," ' ('-+(%% &(-"/-"(' ,(+, ( -!
,-.'-,: 1)- -( "' (.+ &(-"/-"('% )+("%, '&%2 " !
'-+"'," " ! ('-+(%% C
D7 (0 '-+"'," (0 ('-+(%% C
D7
(0 '-+"'," " ! ('-+(%% C
D ' " ! '-+"'," (0 ('-+(%%
C
D C % JD , (' -! "+'- (&"'-"(', ( *.%"-2 '
*.'-"-2 ( &(-"/-"(': )+("% 0(.% ,' "' ,-.'- 0!(
'(+,(-!"'-+"',"'('-+(%%&(-"/-"(',"'!" !*.'-"-27: :
,-.'-0!(0,"'-+,-"'&""'7.-%,(+"/'2)+,-" (-!
)+(,,"(': )+("% 0(.% ,' "' ,-.'- 0!( '(+,
"'-+"'," &(-"/-"(' "' !" ! *.'-"-2 ' ('-+(%% &(-"/-"(' "' %(0
*.'-"-27 : : ,-.'- ,-.2"' &""' ('%2 ., ( "'-+,- "'
)-"'-, (+ "(%( 2: )+("% 0(.% ,' "' ,-.'- 0!( 0, "'
-! ,-.2 ('%2 (+ &('-+2 +0+, (+ )+'-% )+,,.+: )+("%
0(.%,'"',-.'-0!(0,"'"+'--(-!!("(&""'7
)+(+&0%%"'-!*.%"2"' 1&7!-!!'-('-+ &""'
'"-(-+2"-:!1&)%,(&(-"/-"(',(,-.'-, "/'(/
!/'-.%%2(.'"',-.","'&"%.-"(':K;R
-%%-%:JN'',-'$",--%:JM7," '+,+!-(",'-' %
-!*.'-"-2/+,.,*.%"-2(&(-"/-"('",,.'-("'&(+/"'
(+7"::-!*.%"-2(&(-"/-"(':',-'$",--%:JM)+()(,-!-
164
164
Motivation in medical students
Motivational profiles
chapter 5
,"&"%+ *.'-"-", ( &(-"/-"(' 0"-! "+'- *.%"-", 0(.% )+(.
"+'- (.-(&, ' -!- *.%"-2 ( &(-"/-"(' ", "' - +-!+ -!
"+'-"-(+(+%+'"' (.-(&,7'(-*.'-"-2:
'-!"+,-.27*.'-"-2
(.%=!" !>(+=%(0>'*.%"-2(.%=.-('(&(.,>(+=('-+(%%>:JM
!., -! "+'- (&"'-"(', ( *.'-"-2 ' *.%"-2 ( &(-"/-"('
(.% " ! .-('(&(., " ! ('-+(%% CD &(-"/-"('7 (0
.-('(&(., (0 ('-+(%% CD &(-"/-"('7 (0 .-('(&(., " !
('-+(%% CD &(-"/-"(' ' " ! .-('(&(., (0 ('-+(%%
CD&(-"/-"('C,%JD:!2.,%.,-+'%2,,('-!"+-
C+(& ,('+2 ' !" ! ,!((% ,-.'-, ' (%% ,-.'-,D -!-
+-&(-"/-"('%)+("%,0!"!0+,!(0'"'%J:
!;$)+)$#!%'$!(($#
*)$#$"$*(
$#)'$!!
$)+)$#!
"$)+)$#
"$)+)$#
%'$!($#
5
4
#)'#(
"$)+)$#6
',-'$",--%:JM
! !$
$)+)$#!%'$!
!$
" !
" !
(0
(0
" !
(0
" !
(0
!(. !',-'$",--%:!2)(-!,"3-!-&(-"/-"(',-.'-,
0(.% )+(+& --+ -!' &(-"/-"(' ,-.'-,7 ' "' &(+
&'"' .%,-.2'!/--+0%%;"' -!'&(-"/-"('7-!2
-.%%2 (.' -!- -!, ,-.'-, 0+ "' ," '""'-%2 --+ ('
)+(+&''-,-'1"-27.-'(-('-!(-!+%+'"' )+&-+,:JM
-%%-%:.,*.%"-27"::.-('(&(.,'('-+(%%&(-"/-"(''
&(-"/-"(' ,(+,7 ' *.'-"-27 ":: !" !7 &(+- ' %(0 &(-"/-"('
-( +- "+'- )+("%,:JN !2 (.% '(- "' /"' (+ %% -!
165
Motivation in medical students
165
chapter 5
Motivational profiles
)+("%, 0!"! -!2 ! !2)(-!,"3 (.-: !2 (.' -!- ,-.'-, )+(+& , 0%% , ,-.'-,7 .- ,-.'-, 0+
&(+)+,",-'-"'-!"+,-.2:JN
., "'-+"'," &(-"/-"(' ,(+, "',- ( .-('(&(., &(-"/-"('
,(+,'('-+(%%&(-"/-"(',(+,-(%.,-+(.+,.#-,,"'-+"',"
&(-"/-"('",(',"+,-!)+(-(-2)(.-('(&(.,&(-"/-"(''
0!+%"+(.'-!-('(-!,.,%,(+.-('(&(.,&(-"/-"('
(,'(-0(+$0%%"',-.'-,(!%-!)+(,,"(',.-"(':KR
, (' JI7
JL
' -! +,+! (' "' '+% .-"(' ('
&(-"/-"('%)+("%,,('JM7JN70!2)(-!,"3-!-9
•
•
•
&(-"/-"('% )+("% 0(.% ,,("- 0"-! ) ,-.2
,-+- 2 ' &(+ !(.+, ( ,-.2"' 7 --+ &" )+(+&'
'%(01!.,-"(':
&(-"/-"('% )+("% 0(.% ,,("- 0"-! &(+ ,.+
%+'"' ,-+- 27 ((&")+(+&''!" !+1!.,-"(':
'
&(-"/-"('%)+("%,0(.%,,("-0"-!,.+
%+'"' ,-+- 27 %,, !(.+, ( ,-.27 %(0+ &" )+(+&'
'!" !1!.,-"(':
)$(
"%!
-.'-, +(& %% ,"1 2+, ( -! &"% (.+, - '"/+,"-2 "%
'-+ -+!-7 ! -!+%',7 0+ "'%. "' -!", ,-.2: ! "+,-
)+-(-!,-.20,++"(.-(/+)+"((-!+&('-!,-(0+,
-! ' ( KIIR: ! "'-+'- , - (%%-"(' )+( +&& ?.+/2
('$2 B 000:,.+/2&('$2:(& @ 0, ., -( ,' (.- %-+('"
*.,-"(''"+, -( -!, ,-.'-,: 0( -!(.,' ' -0'-2 ,-.'-,
0+ ,'- ' "'/"--"(' -( )+-"")- "' -! ,-.2 0"-! %"'$ -( -!
166
166
Motivation in medical students
Motivational profiles
chapter 5
*.,-"(''"+:(($/(.!+0(+-!NIH0,(+-(N,-.'-,-(
)"$(.-2%(--+2:-"&)+"(((.+0$,0, "/'-("%%.)-!
*.,-"(''"+: !+ +&"'+, 0+ ,'- -( ,-.'-, 0!( " '(-
+,)(': ! ,(' )+- ( -! ,-.2 0, ++" (.- "' -(+ KIJI
0!"! "'%. (%%-"' &" )+(+&' - +(& (' -+&7 ":
,"1&('-!,(-!&"2+KIIR;KIJI:!-0,/"%%('%2
-(',!'('2&"3"-(+++2"' (.-'2'%2,,:
)!%%'$+!
! ; C-!+%', ,,("-"(' (+ "% .-"(' -!"%
/"0 (+D 0, ,-%",! &.! -+ (.+ ,-.2 ': (+ -!",
(+&"'-(1",-'7&"%.-"('+,+!"'!-!+%',
0, 1&)- +(& -!"% ))+(/% +*."+&'-: ( &$ ,.+ -!- 0
(&)%" 0"-! -! +.%, %" (0' 2 -! %+-"(' ( %,"'$" -!
,-.'-,0+1)%"'-!--!)+-"")-"('"'-!,-.20,/(%.'-+27
-!+ 0, .+'- ( ('"'-"%"-2 ' '('2&"-2 ' -!- '(';
)+-"")-"('0(.%'(-.,-!&'2!+&:!2(.%%,(!((,-(
0"-!+0+(& -! ,-.2- '2 -"& 0"-!(.- "/"' '2+,(': +"--'
"'(+&(','-0,(-"'+(&%%-!)+-"")'-,:
#()'*"#)(*(
'"'-+'-;,%-+('",.+/20,," '0!"!('-"',(&
)+,('% )+((+& *.,-"(',7 -! &" (-"/-"(' % CDLI -(
&,.+ "'-+"'," ' ('-+(%% &(-"/-"('7 ,%;,-.2 !(.+,A0$7
-.2+(,,.,-"(''"+CDLJ-(,,,,-!,-.2,-+- ",C)
' ,.+D ( -! ,-.'-, ' ?1!.,-"(' +(& ,-.2@ ,% +(&
,%!.+'(.-
'/'-(+2;-.'-.+/2C
;DLK:.,
'-+"',"
&(-"/-"(' ,(+, "',- ( .-('(&(., &(-"/-"(' ,(+, C/+ (
"'-+"'," ' "'-"" + .%-"(' ,(+,D , 0 ! +%"+ (.' -!
%--+ ,.,% " '(- 0(+$ 0%% "' ,-.'-, ( !%-! )+(,,"(',
.-"(':KR ('-+(%% &(-"/-"(' ,(+, 0+ %.%- 2 -$"' '
167
Motivation in medical students
167
chapter 5
Motivational profiles
/+ ( "'-+(#- + .%-"(' ' 1-+'% + .%-"(' 1-+"',"
&(-"/-"(' ,(+, , ,+" "' %"-+-.+: C%, ++ -(JP7 JQ (+
.+-!+ -"%, (' %.%-"(' ( .-('(&(., ' ('-+(%% &(-"/-"('
,(+,D: (+"' -( 7 ) ,-.2 ,-+- 2 ,(+, +%- ., (
,-.2 ,-+- 2 2 ,-.'-, -( +- ' "';)-! .'+,-'"' ( -!
,-.2&-+"%70!+,,.+,-.2,-+- 2,(+,+%--!.,(
,-.2 ,-+- 2 -( &&(+"3 -, +(& -! ,-.2 &-+"% 0"-!(.- )
.'+,-'"' :LJ(%%--!&")+(+&'+,.%-,"'-+&,
(C.+()'+"-+',+2,-&D+"-,'C+("'-
/+ D --"' 2 -! ,-.'-, +(& )-&+ KIIR .) -( +.+2
KIJIC,"1&('-!,A('-+&D:+"-,+0+-+(&)%-"' (.+, ' ),,"' -! 1& (' -!- (.+, ' ", -! 0" !-
/+ ( +,C0" !-(+"' -(-!-!-'(-"'D
--"'2-!,-.'-,:%%*.,-"(''"+,.,!)+(/'/%""-2'
+%""%"-2:LI;LK
))()!#!.((
!-0+'%2,.,"' /+,"('JN:I:-.'-,0+%.,-+
"'-( "+'- &(-"/-"('% )+("%, .,"' ;&', %.,-+"' C.,"' ,*.+ .%"' ",-', ' "-+-"/ &-!(D (' -! ;,(+, (
-!"+ .-('(&(., ' ('-+(%% &(-"/-"(',: ! /+"', "'
.-('(&(., ' ('-+(%% &(-"/-"(' ,(+, 1)%"' 2 -! %.,-+
,(%.-"('0+%.%-.,"' '%2,",(/+"':(+-!%.,-+
,(%.-"('-()-%7"-',-(1)%"'&"'"&.&(NIS/+"'
"' -! .-('(&(., ' ('-+(%% &(-"/-"(' ,(+,:JM ++" (.-
/%"-"(')+(.+(+-!%.,-+,(%.-"('2+-"' ,.;,&)%,'
(&)+"' -!"++,)-"/%.,-+,(%.-"(',:,"' %.,-+&&+,!"),
'"')''-/+"%70(&)+,-.2,-+- ",7,%;,-.2!(.+,7
1!.,-"(' +(& ,-.27 ' , .,"' &.%-"/+"- '%2,", (
(/+"'&-!(:
168
168
Motivation in medical students
Motivational profiles
chapter 5
(*!)(
!+ 0, +,)(', +- ( MKS ,"' QMR ,-.'-, (.- ( KIKI "%%
(.--!,.+/2:.-(-!,PL:KS0+&%,'KO:QS0+&%,7
%(, -( -! -.%
'+ ",-+".-"(' &(' -! 0!(% ,-.'-
)().%-"(' COR:OS ' LI:MSD: "' -! "+', -0' -! -.%
)+'- ,'+,)('+,)+'- ,0+%,,-!'NS70(',"+
-!+,)('+,+)+,'--"/(-! '+",-+".-"(':(-%%-!,%,
0+"%%(.-2%%,-.'-,:++"(.--!'%2,,(-!%+'"' /+"%, ' (.-(&, 0"-! -! +,)-"/ (&)%- +,)(',, C
% MD: ! "'-+'% (',",-'", ( -! "+'- ,%, ., "' -!
,.+/2 0+ )-%7 +('!>, %)! /%., ( %% "' (/ I:PI:
"+,- 0 (&).- -! (++%-"(', -0' %% "')''- '
)''- /+"%, 0!"! + "/' "' % K: (.' -!- "'-+"',"
&(-"/-"(' 0, ," '""'-%2 )(,"-"/%2 (++%- 0"-! ) ,-+- 2
-(0+,,-.2C+TI:MOD7,%;,-.2!(.+,C+TI:IRD'C+TI:JIQD'
," '""'-%2 ' -"/%2 (++%- 0"-! ,.+ ,-+- 2 -(0+, ,-.2
C+T;I:JNKD ' 1!.,-"(' +(& ,-.2 C+T;I:JPRD: ' ('-+,-7 ('-+(%%
&(-"/-"(' 0, ," '""'-%2 ' -"/%2 (++%- 0"-! ,%;,-.2 !(.+,
C+T;I:JJND'C+T;I:JJPD'," '""'-%2)(,"-"/%2(++%-0"-!
,.+,-+- 2C+TI:KOD'1!.,-"('+(&,-.2C+TI:IQQD:
169
Motivation in medical students
169
170
*
#
#
."
-
,
+$#
#
)
%&
%&
% &
(
'
'
(
)
*
+
,
170
-
(! !
chapter 5
Motivational profiles
Motivation in medical students
Motivational profiles
chapter 5
'' .*- . */$) !-*( /# ./0 )/. 2 - *)1 -/ $)/* =.*- . $)
*- -/*(& /# (*(+-' <# =.*- .*)$)/-$).$(*/$1/$*))
*)/-*'' (*/$1/$*) 2 - 0. /* '0./ - /# ./0 )/. $)/* $!! - )/
(*/$1/$*)'+-*!$' .<
$1 *0/'$ -. 2 - - (*1 !-*( /# / . '0./ - )'4. . - #$"#'4
. ).$/$1 /**0/'$ -.<*-/# SOO./0 )/.$)'0 $)/# )'4. .2 /-$ !$//$)"N='0./ -9O='0./ -)P='0./ -.*'0/$*).*-$)"/*/# ( /#*.
.-$ !*-'0./ -)'4. .<O='0./ -.*'0/$*)9.2 #)/$$+/ !$)$)"9 $) !$// /# / ./< / 3+'$) QT<RU 1-$) $) /# $)/-$).$ (*/$1/$*) .*- . ) QO<OU 1-$) $) /# *)/-*'' (*/$1/$*).*- .<# O'0./ -.*/$) - .#*2)$)' N7$"0- L<
;'(&)(#"#'()"('!#"< )'(&' #"+("&
)'(&
!!&'$
"(&"'
!#(*(#"
1'#&
"45
#"(&# !#(*(#"
1'#&
"45
L<KSR
EK<PSTF
#( 1'%)&
'(('(#&
"&
""
EK<POQF
=L<NMM
=K<NKL
EK<PLLF
K<MQL
EK<OSMF
'
! '
K<SON
#0#
'()"('
"
)'(&
4B5
MLN
QL
LPM
EK<RNSF
ELQ<TUF
ELQ<SUF
ELRUF
EK<QMMF
=K<TOS
K<PRP
EK<OSLF
=K<SSL
EK<PSQF
EMP<MUF
LON
MQS
ENL<SUF
MMK
EMQ<LUF
EMRUF
NS
TM
EOK<RUF
NP
ELP<PUF
SOO
WK<KK
ML<OM
Motivation in medical students
ELKKUF
MMQ
ELKKUF
EMO<QUF
LKP
LRQ
EMS<OUF
LSP
ENKUF
QLS
ELKKUF
171
171
chapter 5
Motivational profiles
4. Replace Figure 1 (pg. no. 170) with the one given below. This figure appears completely changed in the $&#
pdf version )&9#(*(#"
'(&#) )'(&" -''
1.5 Intrinsic motivation Controlled motivation 1 0.5 Z-­‐scores 0 HIHC LILC LIHC HILC -­‐0.5 -­‐1 -­‐1.5 Motivational profiles/Clusters +-/ !-*( #1$)" /# *- /$' 3+')/$*) ) 1'$/$*) !*- /# O=
'0./ -.*'0/$*)92 /-$ /* ./'$.#1'$/$*)4-)*('4.+'$//$)"/# .(+' $)/*/2*)-0))$)"/# '0./ -)'4. .. +-/ '4*)/# . /2*
.(+' .< !*0) /#/ */# .(+' . 4$ ' .$($'- '0./ - .*'0/$*).<
$)$)"$!! - ) .$)./04 #1$*-)+ -!*-() - .0'/.E 3+'$) .0. ,0 )/'4F'.*4$ '.$/$*)'1'$/$*)!*-/# O='0./ -.*'0/$*)<
# $./-$0/$*) *! (' . ) ! (' . $) /# $!! - )/ '0./ -. 2.
.$")$!$)/'4$!! - )/2$/##$.,0- .//$./$*!ML<OM)+XK<KKLE.
' NF< '0./ - #. #$"# ./ + - )/" *! (' ./0 )/. EOK<RUF
6 172
172
Motivation in medical students
Motivational profiles
chapter 5
)/# '0./ -#./# #$"# ./+ - )/" *!! (' ./0 )/.ENKUF
) '*2 ./ + - )/" *! (' ./0 )/. ELP<PUF< # ./0 )/. !-*(
$!! - )/4 -.*!/# 0--$0'0(EL/*QF2 - 2 ''=$./-$0/ (*)"/# $!! - )/'0./ -.9/# - !*- 2 $)*/*)/-*'!*-4 -*!0--$0'0(2#$' + -!*-($)"/# )'4. .<
$) 2 !*0) .$")$!$)/'4 $!! - )/ $./-$0/$*) *! " ) - /2
) /# '0./ -. ) .$")$!$)/ $!! - ) . $) .*( ' -)$)" 1-$' . E' MF9
2 $ /* )'45 /# $!! - ) . /2
*0/*( . /2
) ' -)$)" 1-$' . )
) /# '0./ -. !/ - *-- /$)" !*- " ) - $!! - ) .<
!/ - + -!*-($)" /# # &. - ,0$- /* / ./ /# ..0(+/$*). *!
9 2 *)0/ 0.$)" '0./ - ( ( -.#$+ . )
$) + ) )/ 1-$' 9 ' -)$)" 1-$' . ) *0/*( . . + ) )/
1-$' .)" ) -.*1-$/ <
*-/# ' -)$)"1-$' .)*0/*( ./# $'&@.'(2..$")$!$)/9
WQS<QRO9 XK<KKL9 +-/$' / .,0- WK<PKS $< '-" !! / .$5
NN9
( )$)"/#/' -)$)"1-$' .)*0/*( .2 - .$")$!$)/'4$!! - )/
!*- $!! - )/ '0./ -.< ) - .#*2 (0'/$1-$/ !! / WO<NQQ9
XK<KKL9 +-/$' / .,0- WK<KQM $< < ( $0( !! /NN9 ( )$)" /#/
/# - 2 - .$")$!$)/$!! - ) . 0. *!" ) -<
Motivation in medical students
173
173
chapter 5
Motivational profiles
<&"'(+" &""*& '"#)(#!'!#"
&"( )'(&'45
"
45
"
45
"
45
"
45
(
'%)&
4B#
*&"
,$ "5
K<QTO
EQT<OUF
"(&"'
!#(*(#"
4"C@<<5
#"(&# !#(*(#"
4"C@<<5
$
'(&(-
4"C?8A5
P<RK
EK<OLF
N<SP
EK<OPF
O<QN
EK<NTF
P<KR
EK<NQF
OPM<RMIII
O<TQ
EK<ROF
M<SM
EK<SSF
O<QO
EK<PRF
M<TK
EK<QTF
NPM<RRIII
K<QNT
EQN<TUF
N<LK
EK<PPF
M<OK
EK<QPF
M<QO
EK<PSF
M<TN
EK<QMF
NL<QOIII
K<LNR
ELN<RUF
M<NT
)&
M<NR
M<LO
LL<OSIII
K<KPO
M<PK
'(&(-
EK<QMF
EK<PRF
EK<PMF
EP<OUF
EK<PTF
4"C?8A5
LN<MK9
N<KPII
K<KLP
LM<RR
LO<QP
1'()- LO<LQ9
ER<QRF
ER<QTF
EL<PUF
EQ<QLF
EQ<NLF
#)&'
4"C?A>5
ML<NT
MK<MN
MK<TP
LT<SO
L<LMQ
K<KKO
4"C?@85
ES<LPF
ER<TQF
ES<KRF
ES<RRF
EK<OUF
R<OL
R<NP9
R<QM9
P<RSIII
K<KMS
R<MK
4"C?@85
EK<TNF
EK<TNF
EK<RQF
EM<SUF
EK<SQF
,)'(#" L<TL
M<MT
M<LO9
P<KOII
K<KMP
L<SN9
&#!'()- EL<KNF
EL<KQF
EK<TTF
EM<PUF
EL<KNF
4"C@<<5
44%<5158/444%<515561"#(,)'#)(*('%)('(##)!-'#)'$"
$)'1)(.(77'$")(&*'0"!!;515625159/*";515925167:/'=5167:
''/# '0./ -.2 - .$")$!$)/'4$!! - )/.- "-.$)/-$).$(*/$1/$*)
)''0/
)
2 - .$")$!$)/'4$!! - )/!-*( #*/# -*)
*)/-*'' (*/$1/$*) E. ' OF< (*/$1/$*) ./0 )/. #
.$")$!$)/'4 (*- + ./-/ "4 ) .$")$!$)/'4 ' .. .0-! ./-/ "4
/*2-../04.*(+- /*
E+XK<KKLF)
E+XK<KKL9+XK<KLF
174
174
Motivation in medical students
Motivational profiles
chapter 5
(*/$1/$*) ./0 )/.< #$. 2. . 2 3+ / /* !$)< ./0 )/. #
.$")$!$)/'4(*- 9*/#9
+E+XK<KPF).0-! ./-/ "$ .E+XK<KKLF.
*(+- /*
./0 )/.<
/+-*'4( )./#/
./0 )/. (+'*4
*/# + ) .0-! ./-/ "$ . . ) 2# ) - ,0$- < (*/$1/$*)
./0 )/.#.$")$!$)/'4' .. 3#0./$*)!-*(./04.*(+- /*
E+XK<KKLF ) E+XK<KLF ./0 )/.< ./0 )/. '.* #
.$")$!$)/'4 ' .. 3#0./$*) !-*( ./04 . *(+- /* ./0 )/.
E+XK<KPF< ./0 )/. .#*2 .$")$!$)/'4 (*- . '!=./04 #*0-. .
*(+- /* ./0 )/. E+XK<KLF ) '.* (*- /#) ) ./0 )/.9 0/ /#$. $!! - ) $ )*/ - # .//$./$' .$")$!$) < # - 2. )* $!! - ) /2
) /# - $/. */$) 4 /# $!! - )/
'0./ -.< ./0 )/. # /# #$"# ./ .9 2#$# 2 - .$")$!$)/'4
#$"# -/#)
E+XK<KPF)
E+XK<KKLF./0 )/.90//# $!! - ) $)*/- #.//$./$'.$")$!$) $)*(+-$.*)2$/#
./0 )/.<
')''#"
*/$1/$*)' +-*!$'$)" #. ) .-$ . + -.*)=*-$ )/ ++-*#
. $/ !*0. . *) *($)/$*) *! #$"# *- '*2 0/*)*(*0. ) *)/-*'' (*/$1/$*) $) 1 -4 $)$1$0'<LO9 LP #$. # '+. /* --4 *0/ (*- $)= +/#
)'4. . *! (*/$1/$*)' !*- . 2*-&$)" $) 1 -4 $)$1$0'< /04$)"
(*/$1/$*)."-*0+1-$' $.$(+*-/)//*!$)#*2(*/$1/$*)!! /.
./04 #1$*0- ) ($ + -!*-() ) '.* /# $- /$*) *! /# $)!'0 ) < /04$)" (*/$1/$*) /#-*0"# + -.*)=*-$ )/ ++-*#9 $< <
(*/$1/$*)' +-*!$' .9 $)1 ./$"/ . +-* .. . 2*-&$)" $) $)$1$0'
./0 )/.<
#0.9 (*/$1/$*)' +-*!$' . /4+ *! )'4.$. 4$ '.
*(+' ( )/-4 $)!*-(/$*) /* ./04$)" 0/*)*(*0. ) *)/-*'' (*/$1/$*).."-*0+1-$' .<
* *0- &)*2' " 9 /#$. $. /# !$-./ ./04 $) ( $' 0/$*) 2#$#
'..$!$ ../0 )/.*-$)"/*/# $-(*/$1/$*)'+-*!$' .<'0./ -)'4.$.
Motivation in medical students
175
175
chapter 5
Motivational profiles
*! /# (*/$1/$*)' 1-$' #. ) *) !*- $) ( $' 0/$*)9
0/ /# '0./ -. !*0) 2 - . *)'4 *) ,0)/$/4 *! 0/*)*(*0. )
*)/-*'' (*/$1/$*)9 $< < #$"#9 (* -/ 9 '*2 ) +**- E/#*0"# /# '0./ -.2 - )*/' '' ..0#F<NO*-'$)*/'**&/0/*)*(*0.*-
*)/-*'' (*/$1/$*)' +-*!$' . ) #*2 /# 4 !! / ' -)$)" $)
( $$) <NO 0- ./04 '.* --$ . /# 2*-& *! )./ )&$./ / '< ./ +
!0-/# -.$/0/$'$5 ./0' ($+ -!*-() - .0'/.-/# -/#). '!=
- +*-/ + -!*-() - .0'/.<LO
=&""#!$#'(#&"(#!#(*(#" $&# '
)'(&&# )/-$).$(*/$1/$*)
$"#
*2
*2
$"#
$"#
*2
*)/-*'' (*/$1/$*)
$"#
'!=./04#*0-.
**
+./-/ "4
0-! ./-/ "4
3#0./$*)!-*(./04
$"#
$"#
**
**
*2
*2
$"#
*2
*2
*2
$"#
**
*2
$"#
*2
*2
$"#
$"#
**
**
*2
$"#
$"#
*2
!*0) /#/ (' . # .$")$!$)/'4 #$"# - *)/-*'' (*/$1/$*) .
*(+- /* ! (' .9 2#$# #. ) !*0) $) -'$ - ./0$ .LO9 LP9 NO9 0/
2 !*0) )* $!! - ) $) $)/-$).$ (*/$1/$*)< # ) 2 '**& $)/* /# $./-$0/$*) *! " ) -. 2$/#$) /# '0./ -.9 2 !*0) /#/ (' . 2 - - +- . )/ (*- $) /# (*/$1/$*) +-*!$' ) ! (' . 2 - - +- . )/ (*- $) /# (*/$1/$*) +-*!$' < )./
)&$./ / '<
!*0).$($'-$./-$0/$*)(*)"/# '0./ -.!*0)$)/# $-./04<LO
!*0) /#/ (*/$1/$*) ./0 )/. # /# *+/$(' ' -)$)" +-*!$' 2$/# #$"# + ./-/ "49 '*2 .0-! ./-/ "49 (*- /$( .+ )/ $) . '!=
./049"**9#$"#)'*2 3#0./$*)!-*(./04E.
' PF<
*/# ) (*/$1/$*) '0./ -. # /# ' ./ .$-' ' -)$)"
176
176
Motivation in medical students
Motivational profiles
chapter 5
+-*!$' .2$/#./$.!/*-4- $/.90/'*2
+./-/ "49#$"#.0-! ./-/ "49' ../$( $). '!D./049'*2)#$"# 3#0./$*)!-*(./04<
# . !$)$)". - $) '$) 2$/# /# )./
)&$./ / '< ./04<LO ./0 )/..0-+-$.$)"'4.*- #$"#*) +/#*!./04./-/ "4E 1 )#$"# -
/# '0./ -F ) '*2 *) 3#0./$*) !-*( ./04<LO ) '' +-( / -.
/# 4 $ . 2 '' . /# +-*!$' 9 3 +/ /# 2# - /# $!! - ) 2. )*/ .//$./$''4 .$")$!$)/< #$. 2. /# $!! - ) 2 !*0) !-*(
)./ )&$./ / '< ./04 $) 2#$# E. '!=- +*-/ "- .F *! ./0 )/. 2. .$")$!$)/'4 #$"# -<LO '.* /# 4 !*0) /#/ ./0 )/.
# #$"# - / ./ )3$ /49 0/ 2 !*0) /#$. +-*!$' .$($'- /* *)
3#0./$*) !-*( ./04<LO (*/$1/$*) ./0 )/. $) *0- ./04 .#*2 #$"# + ./-/ "4 ) "** +-*'4 0. /# $- $)/-$).$
(*/$1/$*) .*- . 2 - #$"# - /#) /# $- *)/-*'' (*/$1/$*) .*- .9
1 )/#*0"#/# *)/-*'' (*/$1/$*).*- .9/# (. '1 .2 - ,0$/ #$"#<
+-*'4$)*/!$)$!! - ) .$)- $/. 0. /# . - $/.
- 2- *) *(+' /$*) *! *0-. ) +..$)" /# 3( *) /#/
*0-. 9 $) + ) )/ *! #*2 #$"# ./0 )/ (4 .*- $) /# 3(< #0.
- $/.(4)*/ $.-$($)/$1 )*0"#(*)"$!! - )/./0 )/.<
$) / '' /'<!*0)+-*!$' /*#1 #$"# --*+*0/ #1$*0-.
*(+- /*+-*!$'
LP9-*+*0/
#1$*0-92#$#2 $)*/$)'0 $)*0-./049*0' $))4!0-/# -./0$ .<LP
/ 2*0' 2*-/# $)1 ./$"/$)" $! $!! - )/ (*/$1/$*)' +-*!$' . )
$!! - )/24.*!(*)$/*-$)")( )/*-$)"0-$)"/# $-( $'./04<
/
2*0' '.* *! $)/ - ./ /* !$) *0/ 2# /# - /# . (*/$1/$*)' +-*!$' .
- ($) ./' 0-$)" ( $' ./04 *- #)" *-$)" /* /# ' -)$)"
)1$-*)( )/ ) 3+ -$ ) < 2*0' - *(( ) '*)"$/0$)' ./04
.$")/*./04/#$..+ /*!+-*!$'$)"<)*/# -- *!$)/ - ./!*-!0-/# -
- . -# 2*0' /* $)1 ./$"/ 2# /# - $!! - )/ (*/$1/$*)' +-*!$' .
.#*2 $!! - ) . $) !! /$1 ) .. ) //$/0 . /*2-. /# +-/$ *!
( $$) $)/# $-+-*! ..$*)''$! <
Motivation in medical students
177
177
chapter 5
Motivational profiles
!((#"'
0/*)*(*0.(*/$1/$*)$.'0'/ .)1 -" *!$)/-$).$(*/$1/$*)
))*/# -E$ )/$!$ - "0'/$*)F.0.' *!<LK9LQ*)=0. !0') ..*!
/# '// -$)./0 )/.*!# '/#+-*! ..$*). 0/$*)' /*--4$)"*0/''
!0-/# - )'4. . 2$/# $)/-$).$ (*/$1/$*) . /# '0./ -$)" 1-$' < #$.
($"#/ #1 - 0 /# . ).$/$1$/4 *! /# 1-$' /* +$& *0/ $!! - ) .
/2
) /# "-*0+.< * ' /* *1 -*( /#$. $!!$0'/4 $) !0-/# -
./0$ . 2 2*0' - *(( ) 1 '*+( )/ *! ) $ )/$!$ - "0'/$*)
.' .+ $!$''4 !*- ./0 )/. *! # '/# +-*! ..$*).< #*0"# /# .(+' .$5 !*- '' 1-$' . 2. )*0"# /* !$) $!! - ) .9 /# !/ /#/ ''
./0 )/.$)*/!$''*0/'',0 ./$*))$- .$.'$($//$*)*!/#$../04<#$.
./04#.
)--$ *0/$)*)'4*) 0)$1 -.$/4# ) /# !$)$)".#1 '$($/ " ) -'$5$'$/4<#$.'$) *!- . -#)
.!0-/# - 1 '*+( )/$)
*/# -0)$1 -.$/$ .9)/$*)')$)/ -)/$*)'<0-/# -$!! - ) .*0' ./0$ /2
#" )'#"
)$!! - )/+*+0'/$*).90)$1 -.$/$ .)" ) -.<
(*/$1/$*)$...*$/ 2$/#"**./04#*0-.9
+./04./-/ "49
"** ($ + -!*-() ) ' .. 3#0./$*) !-*( ./04< (*/$1/$*) 2. '.* !*0) /* ..*$/ 2$/# .$-' ' -)$)"
+-*!$' 9 3 +//#/./0 )/.2$/#/#$.+-*!$' .#*2 #$"#.0-! ./-/ "4<
) (*/$1/$*) 2 - ..*$/ 2$/# /# ' ./ .$-' ' -)$)" #1$*0-.< */$1/$*)' +-*!$'$)" $. 0. !0' /**' /* 0) -./)
' -)$)")+ -!*-() +-* .. .2$/#$)$)$1$0'./0 )/.)) *(+' ( )/-4 ++-*# /* ./04$)" (*/$1/$*) ) ($
+ -!*-() ."-*0+1-$' .<
178
178
Motivation in medical students
Motivational profiles
chapter 5
&"'
L< 0.0-&- 9 ) / 9 ) .+ - ) 9 -*$. / < */$1/$*) .
)$) + ) )/) + ) )/1-$' $)( $' 0/$*);
- 1$ 2*!/# '$/ -/0- <!'<MKLL:NN; MOM= MQM<
M< 0/) - 9 -*") < # $.$*) /*
)/ - ( $$) ;
*/$1/$*).9 .*$' .0++*-/ ) $.*0-" ( )/. !*- 2*( )<
(-$!$-$$"#*')'!-<LTSK:P;NOL=NPR<
N< -$ 9 $''$(. 9 $'/.#$- < )!'0 ) *! (*/$1/$*)' )
(*"-+#$ !/*-. *) + -!*-() $) /# ( $' *0-. ; +-*.+ /$1 ./04<!*)$#<LTTO:MS;LKR=LLP<
O< *$.*94 .9-)$''<-
-(*/$1/$*).*!(' )! (' ( $'./0 )/.<(-$!%<LTTP:RR;LLTT=LMKM<
P< "'0( 9 $ -.= ).. ) 9 '& -" < */$1/$*) !*- ( $'
.#**'; # - '/$*).#$+ /* " ) - ) .+ $'/4 +- ! - ) . $) )/$*)2$ .(+' <<!*)$#<LTTT:NN;MNQ=MOM<
Q< -' 49-()
< ' /$)"( $'./0 )/.;. - +*-/*!/# ) !*-#)" <!*)$#<LTTT:NN;OPP=OPT<
R< *'! 9$)"')9 -.*)<-0/ )/-4/*( $'.#**'>
/ ./$)".*( ..0(+/$*).<!*)$#<MKKO:NS;RRS=RSQ<
S< $'') 9 5 1 * 9 *..$ 9 -* 9 $'') 9 --0 < #/ $. #$) ./0 )/@. #*$ !*- *($)" */*-><!#(<MKKP:QK;LON=LPK<
T< )0. 9 $1$)"./*) 9 /*) < # //-/$*). *! ( $$) ;
# " ) -$(*/$1/$*).*!( $'.#**'++'$)/.$)- '/$*)/*
(*"-+#49+ -.*)'$/4)#$ 1 ( )/<!*)$#<
MKKQ:Q;LL<
LK< 4) 9 $ < )/-$).$ ) 3/-$).$ (*/$1/$*).; '..$
!$)$/$*). ) ) 2 $- /$*).< $#)"%$''- *)$#!
(-$!$-<MKKK:MP;PO=QR<
Motivation in medical students
179
179
chapter 5
Motivational profiles
LL< )./
)&$./ 9 ). 9 $ < )/-$).$ 1 -.0. 3/-$).$ "*'
*)/ )/. $) . '!= / -($)/$*) /# *-4; )*/# - '**& / /# ,0'$/4
*! ($(*/$1/$*)<*)$#!(-$!$()<MKKQ:OL;LT=NL<
LM< $ 9 4) < #)'#( $)+)$# # !2)'"#)$# #
*"#+$'1 2*-&;' )0(:LTSP<
LN< 4) 9 $ < '!= / -($)/$*) /# *-4 ) !$'$//$*) *!
$)/-$).$ (*/$1/$*)9 .*$' 1 '*+( )/ ) 2 ''= $)"< "'#
(-$!$()<MKKK:PP;QS=RS<
LO< )./
)&$./ 9 $ - ). 9 * ) ). 9 04&3 9 ). <
*/$1/$*)' +-*!$' . !-*( . '!= / -($)/$*) + -.+ /$1 ; # ,0'$/4 *! (*/$1/$*) (// -.< $*'#! $ *)$#! (-$!$-<
MKKT:LKL;QRL=QSS<
LP< / '' 9049'' -)9-*. 9 ) '<0/*)*(*0.9
*)/-*'' 9)(*/$1/ /4+ .*! ($(*/$1/$*);+ -.*)=
*-$ )/ )'4.$.<
$*'#!$*)$#!(-$!$-<MKKR:TT;RNO=
ROQ<
LQ< $94)<# A#/B)A#4B*!"*'+0-.0$/.;0()
)
. ) /# . '!= / -($)/$*) *! #1$*-< (-$!$!
#&*'-<MKKK:LL;MMR=MQS<
LR< )./ )&$./ 9 $(*). 9 ). 9 # '*) 9 $ <
*/$1/$)"' -)$)"9+ -!*-() 9)+ -.$./ ) ;# .4) -"$./$
!! /. *! $)/-$).$ "*' *)/ )/. ) 0/*)*(4=.0++*-/$1 *)/ 3/.<
$*'#!$'($#!)-#$!(-$!$-<MKKO:SR;MOQ=
MQK<
LS< )./
)&$./ 9 #*0 9 ). 9 * ) ). < 3+ -$ ) . *!
0/*)*(4 ) *)/-*' (*)" #$) . ' -) -.; $/'$5$)" *-
$((*$'$5$)">
$*'#!$*)$#!(-$!$-<MKKP:TR;OQS=OSN<
LT< * ./) -94)9 -)$ -$9*'/< //$)"'$($/.*)#$'- )J.
#1$*-; # $!! - )/$' !! /. *! *)/-*''$)" 1.< $)!*-(/$*)'
./4' .*)$)/-$).$(*/$1/$*))- /$1$/4<
$*'#!$'($#!)-<
LTSO:PM;MNN=MOS<
180
180
Motivation in medical students
Motivational profiles
chapter 5
MK< -*')$& 9 4) < 0/*)*(4 $) #$'- )J. ' -)$)"; )
3+ -$( )/' ) $)$1$0' $!! - ) $)1 ./$"/$*)< $*'#! $
'($#!)-#$!(-$!$-<LTSR:PM;STK=STS<
ML< *""$)* 9 '$)& 9 #$ '. 9 '# 9 -- // < . *!
/ #)$,0 . +-*(*/$)" ./0 )/.J . '!= / -($)/$*); !! /. *)
./0 )/.J )'4/$ +-*' (=.*'1$)" .&$''.< $)+)$# # "$)$#<
LTTN:LR;NLT=NNQ<
MM< * ) ). 9 )./ )&$./ < )/ )/. ) *0/*( . *! . '!=
/ -($)/$*)$)N'$! *($).;# -*' *!+- )/.@)/ # -.@
0/*)*(4.0++*-/<
$*'#!$$*)#$!(#<MKKP:NO;PST=
QKO<
MN< 1 .,0 9 0 #'& 9 /) & 9 4) < 0/*)*(4 )
*(+ / ) $) " -() ) ( -$) 0)$1 -.$/4 ./0 )/.; *(+-/$1 ./04 . *) . '!= / -($)/$*) /# *-4< $*'#! $
*)$#!(-$!$-<MKKO:TQ;QS=SO<
MO< '&9 $<# !! /.*!$)./-0/*-.@0/*)*(4.0++*-/)
./0 )/.@0/*)*(*0.(*/$1/$*)*)' -)$)"*-")$# ($./-4;
. '!= / -($)/$*)
MKKK:SO;ROK=RPQ<
/# *-4
+ -.+ /$1 <
#
*)$#<
MP< '' -) 9 *-/$ - 9 04 < '!= / -($)/$*) )
+ -.$./ ) $) - '='$! . //$)"; *2- (*/$1/$*)' (* ' *!
#$"# .#**' -*+*0/<< $*'#! $ '($#!)- # $! (-$!$-<
LTTR:RM;LLQL=LLRQ<
MQ< -- 9 1 < (*/$1/$*)' (* ' *! -0-' ./0 )/.@
$)/ )/$*). /* + -.$./ $)9 1 -.0. -*+ *0/ *!9 #$"# .#**'< $*'#! $
*)$#!(-$!$-<MKKN:TP;NOR=NPQ<
MR< -)& ) < */$1/$*) !*- #$ 1 ( )/ ) +*2 -< ); *"#
$)+)$#1M) <;-**& .C*' 0'$.#$)"*<:LTSS;OMK<
MS< /&$).*)<*/$1/$*)' / -($))/.*!-$.&=/&$)" #1$*-<
);
/&$).*)9 /# -9 .<$'-$+"#)$)+)$#1
;*#)$' 47*).9
)<:LTQQ;LL=MT<
Motivation in medical students
181
181
chapter 5
Motivational profiles
MT< 0.0-&- 9 -*$. / 9 -0$/2" ) 9 ) / < '$$/4
1$ ) !*- /# ( .0- ( )/ *! /# ./- )"/# *! (*/$1/$*) !*-
( $'.#**'<+#!)*<MKLL:LQ;LSN=LTP<
NK< '' -)9 '' /$ -9'$.9-$6- 9 )6'9''$6- .
< ) /# .. ..( )/ *! $)/ $).$9 3/-$).$ ) (*/$1/$*) $)
0/$*); 1$ ) *! *)0-- )/ ) *)./-0/ 1'$$/4 *! /# ($ (*/$1/$*) .' < *)$#! # (-$!$!
(*'"#)<LTTN:PN;LPT=LRM<
NL< $"". 9 ( - 9 0)" < # - 1$. /2*=!/*- ./04
+-* .. ,0 ./$*))$- ; ==M< ')( $*'#! $ *)$#!
(-$!$-<MKKL:RL;LNN=LOT<
NM< #0! '$ 9 -/$) 5 9 $)/* 9 ')*1 9 && - <
0-)*0/ ) )"" ( )/ $) 0)$1 -.$/4 ./0 )/.; -*..=)/$*)'
./04<
$*'#!$'$((2*!)*'!(-$!$-<MKKM:NN;OQO=OSL<
NN< '')/<//$./$'/ #)$,0 ./**(+- "-*0+.<
);*'++!
#*!0 )% - )% * )$ ) #!-(( *(# $'
#$,(1 N- < 9 ; -2 $'' + ) )$1 -.$/4 - ..:
MKKR;MKL=MKT<
NO< *-' < #/ &$) *! (*/$1/$*) -$1 . ( $' ./0 )/.
' -)$)",0 ./.><!*)$#<MKKO:NS;TPK=TPR<
182
182
Motivation in medical students
$(&>
#!""%) (-"%)"((-
$$&#'"('()-#!#(*(#""
! )(#"
*"))$''+,#%*!)$#
0.0-&-9E/- #/F
-*$. /99#E((./ -(F
)) 9 9 #9 E*)F9 E)$1 -.$/4 *! '#*0.$ 9
)F
)/ #9#E/- #/F
Motivation in medical students
183
183
chapter 6Approach to motivation
'(&(
&#)"
# !- ,0 )/'4 .& ,0 ./$*) A*2 (*/$1/ $. /#$. ./0 )/>B )
.$''4 -*& )*2)$)/*/#-
,0 ./$*).;# - * ./#$.(*/$1/$*)
*( !-*(>*2./-*)"$./#$.(*/$1/$*)>)9#/$./# /-" /*!/#$.
(*/$1/$*)> # !$-./ /2* ,0 ./$*). - " ) -' ) - ! - /* ,0'$//$1 ),0)/$//$1 .+ /.*!(*/$1/$*))/# './,0 ./$*)$..$/0/$*)'<
*./(*/$1/$*)/# *-$ .!*0.*) $/# -,0'$/4*-,0)/$/4<
!
#$. ++ - 3+'*- . *($)$)" */# ,0'$/4 ) ,0)/$/4 *! (*/$1/$*)
$)/* *) ++-*# ) $.0.. . 2# /# - /#$. *($) ++-*# *!! -.
1)/" .*1 -. +-/ ++-*# .<
(#
0. .*( *!/# !$)$)".*!) -'$ -'$/ -/0- - 1$ 29+ -/$)$)"/*
#*2( $' 0/$*)- . -# -.#1 ./0$ (*/$1/$*)$)- '/$*)/*
' -)$)") ($+ -!*-() 9)/# !$)$)".*!) -'$ -- . -#
./049 . *) *($) ++-*#9 /#/ 2 *)0/ $) ( $'
0/$*)< '.* '$ -/ '4 . ' / !-*(
3$./$)" /# *-$ . *!
(*/$1/$*)9 + )$)" *) /# $- - ' 1) /* 0$'$)" ) -"0( )/ !*-
0.$)" *($)/$*) *! ,0'$/4 ) ,0)/$/49 -/# - /#) *)'4 ,0'$/4 *-
,0)/$/4<
') ('"#" )'#"
. *) ++-*# . .-$ 4 '' -) / '< EMKKMF9 /&$).*)
ELTQQF9 $74)EMKKKF9)./
)&$./ /'<EMKKPF)0.0-&- /'<
E.0($// F9 2 *)'0 /#/ ) ++-*# /* (*/$1/$*) *($)$)" /# /2*$( ).$*).*!,0'$/4),0)/$/4$.0. !0'$)- /$)") )#)$)"
0) -./)$)" *! (*/$1/$*)' +-* .. . $)!'0 )$)" ' -)$)" )
($ + -!*-() $) ( $' 0/$*) 2$/#$) $)$1$0' ./0 )/.<
0# ) ++-*# ) # '+ 0/*-. $) $!! - )/$' ( )/*-$)" )
(*)$/*-$)"*!( $'./0 )/.*-$)"/*/# $-.+ $!$) .<
184
184
Motivation in medical students
Approach to motivation
chapter 6
#!"" %) (- " %)"((- $$&#' " (
'()-#!#(*(#""! )(#"
"(&#)(#"
0$,0$/*0. ,0 ./$*) $) 0/$*) $) " ) -' ) '.* $) ( $'
0/$*)9$.$,"$)+)()(()*#)> # -.-/ ?#$"#(*/$1/$*)@
. *) *! /# (*./ $(+*-/)/ ) .$-' #-/ -$./$. *! ( $'
./0 )/.<L
!/ # -.*(+'$)*0/./0 )/.9$/$.)*/0)*((*)/#//# *) -) $. *0/ '*29 $.++*$)/$)" ./0 )/ (*/$1/$*)< # - $. .*( 1$ ) /#/'*2(*/$1/$*)* .#1 ) "/$1 !! /.*)/# 0/$*)'
+-* .. .<*2(*/$1/$*)$)( ( -.*!+-*' (. ' -)$)"EF
"-*0+ ++ -. /* $)#$$/ /# ' -)$)" +-* .. *! */# - ./0 )/. $) /# "-*0+<M !!*-/. #1 ) ( /* +/0- /#$. *)./-0/ $) $)/ -1$ 2.
0. $) ( $' . ' /$*) +-* 0- .9 0/ 2$/# '$//' .0 ..<N9 O # !$)$/$*)*!(*/$1/$*)$.(0'/$! / )!*-+-/$'+0-+*. .$/2*0'
1 -4# '+!0'$! 0/*-.*0'.+ $!4)/-).'/ ?#*2(*/$1/ $.
/#$. ./0 )/@ $)/* ,0 ./$*) /#/ // - . -1 . /# . ' /$*)9 (*)$/*-$)"
)( )/*-$)"*!./0 )/.<
)'4.$. *! /# (*/$1/$*)' *) +/ $. /#0. ) ..-4< $, "$)+) (
)(()*#)).$''4 -*& )*2)$)/*/#-
,0 ./$*).;#//4+ *!(*/$1/$*)-$1 .# -9$< <2# - * ./#$.(*/$1/$*)*( !-*(>*2
./-*)" $. /#$. (*/$1/$*)> )9 #/ $. /# /-" / *! /#$. (*/$1/$*)>
-).'/ $)/*/ #)$'/ -($)*'*"492 /'&*0/,0'$/49,0)/$/4)
$- /$*) *! (*/$1/$*)< )./ )&$./ / '<P ) / '' / '<Q #1 0. ) ++-*# 2#$# *($) . */# ,0'$/4 ) ,0)/$/4 *! (*/$1/$*) $)
0/$*) *($). */# - /#) ( $' 0/$*) ) /# $- ++-*# $.
$- / /*2-.+-*1$)"/#/,0'$/4$.(*- $(+*-/)//#),0)/$/4<0-
++-*#92#$#$!! -..*( 2#/!-*()./
Motivation in medical students
)&$./ /'<)/ '' /
185
185
chapter 6Approach to motivation
'<9$./*-"0 /#/$(+*-/) .#*0' "$1 )/**/#,0'$/4),0)/$/4
*! (*/$1/$*) ) /#/ /# $- *($)/$*) .#*0' *).$ - 2#$' 3+'*-$)" !! /. *) ' -)$)" ) + -!*-() < #$. ++-*# #. ) 1 -
)- +*-/ $)( $' 0/$*)<
!/# *($)/$*)*!,0'$/4),0)/$/4*!(*/$1/$*)$) #$)$1$0'
./0 )/ 2 - &)*2)9 $!! - )/$' --)" ( )/. *0' ( $) /# ( )/*-$)" ) (*)$/*-$)" *! ./0 )/.R /* .0$/ /# $- .+ $!$ )
.< # *% /$1 *! /#$. ++ - $. /* 3+'*- ) $.0.. /# 1'0 *! *($) ++-*#/*(*/$1/$*)9"$1$)"$(+*-/) /**/#,0'$/4),0)/$/4*!
(*/$1/$*)9 $) /# *)/ 3/ *! ( $' 0/$*)9 ) $/. $(+'$/$*). !*-
- . -#)+-/$ <
(#'
") 4 - 1$.$/$)" ++ -. $) ( $' 0/$*) /#/ 2 # -'$ -
- 1$ 2 S . +-/ *! 3+'*-$)" /2* - . -# ,0 ./$*).; A*2 #. /# '$/ -/0- ./0$ (*/$1/$*).)$) + ) )/) + ) )/1-$' $) ( $' 0/$*)> ) *2 $. (*/$1/$*) 0. !0' $) +- $/$)" )
0) -./)$)"+-* .. .)*0/*( .$)( $' 0/$*)>B-*(/#*. PQ ++ -.9 2 #*. /#*. 2#$# +-/$0'-'4 ./0$ /# !! /. *!
(*/$1/$*) *) ' -)$)" ) ($ + -!*-() <S 0- $( !*- /# 0-- )/ ++ - 2. /* / -($) #*2 (*/$1/$*) # ) ./0$ $)
( $' 0/$*) $) / -(. *! */# ,0'$/4 ) ,0)/$/4< #$. .+ / #
)*/ ) 3+'*- $)/# +0'$.# - 1$ 2<S
*)'49 2 '$ -/ '4 . ' / !-*( 3$./$)" /# *-$ . *! (*/$1/$*)9
+ )$)" *) /# $- - ' 1) /* 0$'$)" ) -"0( )/ !*- 0.$)" *($)/$*) *! */# ,0'$/4 ) ,0)/$/4 *! (*/$1/$*)< *- ,0'$/4 *!
(*/$1/$*) 2 . ' / '!= / -($)/$*) # *-4 EF . $/ #. )
!*0)/* - ' 1)/)++'$' $)( $' 0/$*)<R=LL*-,0)/$/4
186
186
Motivation in medical students
Approach to motivation
chapter 6
*! (*/$1/$*) 2 . ' / /&$).*)@. /# *-4 E/&$).*) LTQQF . $/ $. #''(-&/# *-4*!/# ,0)/$//$1 ++-*#/*(*/$1/$*)<
') ('
# - .0'/. 2$'' +- . )/ $) O . /$*).< /$*) G
H 2$'' +- . )/ *0-
.4)/# .$. *! #*2 (*/$1/$*) #. ) ./0$ $) ( $' 0/$*)< # *) +/. 2 !*0) $) /# '$/ -/0- *) (*/$1/$*) /# *-$ . 2$'' +- . )/ $) . /$*) G
H 2$/# /#- .0=. /$*).; $- /$*) G
H9 ,0'$/4
G
H),0)/$/4G
H*!(*/$1/$*)<#$.2$'' !*''*2 4/# -/$*)' !*-*($)/$*)*!,0'$/4),0)/$/49. /$*)G
H9).#*-/.0((-4
*! /# - .0'/. *! /# ./04 2 + -!*-( . *) /#$. ++-*#9 . /$*)
G
H<
6
7 #+ * &'&&' " ! )(#" '() %) (- "
%)"((-#!#(*(#"2
) *0- -'$ - '$/ -/0- - 1$ 2S9 *! /# . 1 ) ++ -. ./04$)" !! / *!
(*/$1/$*)*)' -)$)"9!*0-./0$ ,0)/$/4*!(*/$1/$*)M9LM=LO)/#-
./0$ ,0'$/4*!(*/$1/$*)LP=LR<# . ./0$ .!*0)/#/#$"# -,0)/$/4
*!(*/$1/$*)2...*$/ 2$/##$"# -/$( $)1 ./( )/$)./04LM9 3/-=
0--$0'-/$1$/$ .LN) // -"-*0+!0)/$*)$)"M9 LO<
)/-$).$,0'$/4*!
(*/$1/$*)9 $) *(+-$.*) 2$/# 3/-$).$ (*/$1/$*)9 $. ..*$/ 2$/#
+./04./-/ "4)/$( $)1 ./( )/$)./04=- '/ /$1$/$ .<LQ9LR!
)$) ++ -.- +*-/$)"+*.$/$1 *-- '/$*)*!(*/$1/$*)2$/#+ -!*-() 9
.$3LO9
LS=ML
# )'4. /# + -!*-() ) /#-
LR9 MM9 MN
!! / *! ,0)/$/4 *) (*/$1/$*) 2$/#
# )'4. /# !! / *! ,0'$/4 *!
(*/$1/$*)*)+ -!*-() <!/# !$1 ++ -./#/$)*/!$).$")$!$)/
+*.$/$1 !! /.9 /#-
LN9 MO9 MP )'4.
)'4. ,0'$/4*!(*/$1/$*)<
Motivation in medical students
,0)/$/4 *! (*/$1/$*) ) /2*MQ9 MR
187
187
chapter 6Approach to motivation
) *! /# +-*' - .*). 2#4 /# . ./0$ . #1 !*0) *)/-$/*-4
!! /. *) ($ + -!*-() $. /#/ /# 4 #1 *).$ - $/# - /# ,0)/$/4*!(*/$1/$*)*-/# ,0'$/4$)$.*'/$*)!-*( #*/# -<
7(&()&#"!#(*(#"(#&'
# '$/ -/0- *) (*/$1/$*) /# *-$ . $.0.. . /#(*/$1/$*);
*) +/. $)
7&(#"#!#(*(#"
* - / ' - &"-*0) !*- $.0..$*) *! ,0'$/4 ) ,0)/$/49 /# $- /$*)*!(*/$1/$*)2$'' '-$!$ !$-./<
)&9 &"3'&& !# #!#(*(#"
$/0/$*)'(*/$1/$*)
*)/ 3/0'(*/$1/$*)
'*'(*/$1/$*)
*-.+ $!$' /0- *-/ #$)"'*&
*--**)/ 3/.'$& 0/$*)9
# '/# /<
*-'$! $)" ) -'
'' -) ) / '' EMKKMF #1 $ )/$!$ /#-
' 1 '. /#/ $- /
(*/$1/$*)9 $< < "'*'9 *)/ 3/0' ) .$/0/$*)' ' 1 '9 /*" /# -
*)./$/0/$)"#$ --#$'(* 'E$"0- LF<''/#- + -/$)/*$- /$*)
*-/-" /<'*'(*/$1/$*)$./# " ) -'(*/$1/$*)+ -.*)! '.!*-
''.+ /.*!#$.'$! )$.'.*/# (*././' (*/$1/$*)<+ -.*)2$/#
#$"# "'*' (*/$1/$*) 2*0' 3+ / /* * 2 '' $) '' .+# - . *! #$.
'$! <<"<9+ -.*)2$/##$"#"'*'(*/$1/$*)(4#1 )/0-'/ ) )4
188
188
Motivation in medical students
Approach to motivation
chapter 6
/*+0/"- / !!*-/$)/*2*-&E2#/ 1 -/#$.2*-&./0-).*0//* F9#*( ).*$ /4$)" ) -'<# - $." ) -'#$"#*-'*2. '$) (*/$1/$*)
!*- '' /# (). *! '$! 9 0/ + *+' )
/* (& #*$ . *0/ 2#$#
(). (0./ "$1 ) "- / - $(+*-/) < 1 -4 $)$1$0' (4)*/ #$"#'4(*/$1/ !*-''/ "*-$ .*!/$1$/$ .$)/# $-'$1 .<
)!/9/# - ($"#/ .+ $!$ / "*-$ . !*- 2#$#9 !*- 2#/ 1 - - .*).9 # *- .# $.
)*/ (*/$1/ < '' -)@. ) 3/ ' 1 ' *! (*/$1/$*) $. *)/ 3/0'
(*/$1/$*)9 2#$# $. /# (*/$1/$*) !*- -* *)/ 3/. $) '$! '$& 0/$*)9 ' $.0- 9 $)/ -+ -.*)' - '/$*).#$+.
/< / !*''*2. /#/
(*/$1/$*) $) $!! - )/ *)/ 3/. ) $!! - )/: <"< ./0 )/ (4 (*/$1/ /* *( ) ($$)9 0/ )*/ (0.$$)< */$1/$*) !*-
( $' 0/$*) 2*0' !'' $)/* /# / "*-4 *! *)/ 3/0' (*/$1/$*)<
*)/ 3/0'(*/$1/$*)*!./0 )/.$.- ' 1)/0-$)". ' /$*)!*-( $'
./049 2# - /# "*' $. /* .. .. #*2 *- 2#4 ./0 )/ $. (*/$1/ !*-
( $'./04)/# ( $'+-*! ..$*)<*)/ 3/0'(*/$1/$*)$.&)*2)
/* (* -/ '4./' *1 -/$(
MS9$<
<$/(4#)" 90/)*/1 -4*!/ )
))*/1 -4,0$&'4<#$.%0./$!$ ./-4$)"/*. ' /./0 )/.. *)/# $-
*)/ 3/0' (*/$1/$*)< *)/ 3/0' (*/$1/$*) ) $)!'0 ) 4 .*$'
!/*-..+ $!$/*/#/+-/$0'-*)/ 3/<#0.*)/ 3/0'(*/$1/$*)*0'
./- )"/# ) $! ./0 )/. #1 +*.$/$1 3+ -$ ) . $) /# $- ./04 *-
/# 4 $ )/$!4 +*.$/$1 -*' (* '.: *-9 $/ (4 $($)$.# $! /# 4 #1 ) "/$1 3+ -$ ) .< # -. #1 )*/ *)'4 +*2 - /* )#) ./0 )/
(*/$1/$*)9 0/ '.* "- / - .+*).$$'$/4 /* )0-/0- /# -$"#/ &$) *!
(*/$1/$*) $) ./0 )/.< .*( /$( . .
/#/ ./0 )/. - #$"#'4
(*/$1/ !*- ( $' 0/$*) $) " ) -'9 0/ )*/ $) .+ $!$ .$/0/$*).<
#$. 3 (+'$!$ . /# *) +/ *! '' -)@. $/0/$*)' (*/$1/$*) ' 1 '<MS
$/0/$*)' (*/$1/$*) $. /# (*/$1/$*) !*- +-/$0'- .$/0/$*) '$& ' /0- *-.(''"-*0+. ..$*)*-+-/$0'-/ #$)"'*&<$/0/$*)'
(*/$1/$*) $. #$"#'4 1-$' 9 . ./0 )/ (4 )*/ (*/$1/ !*- +-/$0'- /*+$9 .+ $!$ ' /0- *- +-/$0'- 4 *! 0/$*)<
# -.*!/ ))
/* '2$/#/#$..$/0/$*)'(*/$1/$*)*!./0 )/.9/*
Motivation in medical students
189
189
chapter 6Approach to motivation
!! /$1 $) /# $- / #$)"< *./ *! /# ./ +-/$ . $) / #$)"=
' -)$)" 1 )/. - " - /*2-. ./$(0'/$)" .$/0/$*)' (*/$1/$*) *!
./0 )/.$)*- -/*-$)"*0//# ./' -)$)"- .0'/.<
) /#$. -/$' 2 2$'' '$)" 2$/# *) *)/ 3/9 $< < ( $' 0/$*):
2 2$'' )*/ - .. $!! - ) . $) /# /-" / *- $- /$*) 0/ ..0( .$($'-*)/ 3/0'(*/$1/$*))!*0.*)/# ,0'$//$1 ),0)/$//$1 .+ /.*!(*/$1/$*)<
7) (-#!#(*(#"
)&: 1(&!"(#"#"("))!E+/ !-*(MTF
*)/-*'' (*/$1/$*)
,(&"'!#(*(#"
"(&"'
!#(*(#"
3/ -)'
0/*)*(*0.
(*/$1/$*)
"0'/$*)
)/-*% / "0'/$*)
)/$!$ "0'/$*)
)/ "-/ "0'/$*)
) *!/# /# *-$ .*!(*/$1/$*)/#/ 3+).*),0'$/4*!(*/$1/$*)$.
'!= / -($)/$*)/# *-4EF4 $)4)NK92#$#$.++'$' $)
/# ( $' 0/$*) *)/ 3/<R=LL 0'$/4 *! (*/$1/$*) $!! - )/$/ .
(*/$1/$*)*-$)"/*/# - .*) #$)/# +0-.0$/*!)/$1$/4<
!)
/$1$/4 $. *) *0/ *! + -.*)' $)/ - ./ *- )%*4( )/9 /# ,0'$/4 *!
(*/$1/$*) $. '' $)/-$).$< ! $/ $. *) 0 /* 3/ -)' *- $)/ -)'
+- ..0- .9 /# ,0'$/4 *! (*/$1/$*) $. '' 3/-$).$< )/-$).$ )
3/-$).$(*/$1/$*).- /2*+*' .*!*)/$)00(2#$#- *)) / 4
*/# - .// . $) /2
190
)9 $!! -$)" $) /# 3/ )/ *! /# $- 3/-$).$ )/0- 190
Motivation in medical students
Approach to motivation
chapter 6
E$"0- MF<MT*( !*-(.*!(*/$1/$*)9$)/-$).$(*/$1/$*)E/$1$/4*) 0. *! " )0$) $)/ - ./F ) $ )/$!$ - "0'/$*) E/$1$/4 *) 0. /# $)$1$0' 1'0 . $/9 1 ) $! # * .)@/ - ''4 )%*4 $/F9 2#$#
- /*2-./# $)/-$).$ )*!/# *)/$)00(*!9#1 )"-*0+ /*" /# -!*-- . -#+0-+*. .9. *)2# /# -+ -.*)+ - $1 ./# 0. *!/#$.(*/$1/$*)/* $)/ -)'/*#$(. '!<#$.(*/$1/$*)"-*0+$.
'' A0/*)*(*0. (*/$1/$*)B E.
$"0- MF<NL *( !*-(. *!
(*/$1/$*)9$< <$)/-*% / - "0'/$*)E/$1$/4*) *0/*!"0$'/*-.#( F
) 3/-$).$ - "0'/$*) E/$1$/4 *) !*- <"<9 #$"# "- . *- !( *-
(*) 4F9 2#$# - /*2-. /# 3/-$).$ ) *! /# *)/$)00( *! 9
#1 ) "-*0+ /*" /# - . *) 2# /# - + -.*) + - $1 . /# 0. *! /#$. (*/$1/$*) /* 3/ -)'< #$. (*/$1/$*) "-*0+ $. '' A*)/-*'' (*/$1/$*)BE. $"0- MF<NL0/*)*(*0.(*/$1/$*)#.
)
+-*+*. ) !*0) /* ' /* // - ' -)$)" *0/*( . /#) *)/-*'' (*/$1/$*)NL<*-$)" /* 9 /# . $!! - )/ .// . *! (*/$1/$*) - +- . )/$))4$)$1$0'!*-)4/$1$/490//# *($))/(*/$1/$*))
.$")$!$ . $/# -0/*)*(*0.*-*)/-*'' *-*/#<
7)"((-#!#(*(#"
# ,0)/$/4*!(*/$1/$*))'.* '' (*0)/9' 1 '*-./- )"/#*!
(*/$1/$*)< */$1/$*)9 $) /#$. ++-*#9 $. 0)$/-4 *) +/ 2#$# $.
*!/ )1$.0'$5 $)/ -(.*!#$"#9(* -/ )'*2(*/$1/$*)<*/$1/$*)
,0)/$/4 $. 0-/ '4 ( .0-' 4 .0(($)" *- (0'/$+'4$)" /# 0) -'4$)" !/*-.< ) LTPN9 ' '') ) #$. *'' "0 . E/&$).*)9
'-&)*4F+/ /# # (/$+ - +/$*) ./E9 1 '*+ 40--4$)LTNSNMF) 1 '*+ ( /#*!*-.*-$)"/# #$ 1 ( )/
(*/$1 <NN /&$).*) 3/ ) '')@. 2*-& ) +-*+*. /#/ /# *1 -'' (*/$1/$*) *! ) $)$1$0' 2. .0( *! A*/$1/$*) /* .0
B
)A*/$1/$*) /* 1*$ !$'0- B<NO -$1 !*-(0'!*-/# 0-/ ./$(/$*)*!/# ,0)/$/4*!(*/$1/$*)$))$)$1$0'<NO0)/$/4( ).
Motivation in medical students
191
191
chapter 6Approach to motivation
A#*2 (0#B (*/$1/$*)< *-$)" /* /# ,0)/$//$1 ++-*# /*
(*/$1/$*)9/# #$"# -/# ,0)/$/4*!(*/$1/$*)!*-+-/$0'-/$1$/49
/# #$"# -2*0' /# / ) )4/*+0/ !!*-/$)/*/#//$1$/4<NO
7 (#" #& #!"" %) (- " %)"((- "(# #" $$&#
(#+&'!#(*(#"
)++-*#/*(*/$1/$*)) . *)/# *($)/$*)*!,0'$/4)
,0)/$/4<#$.++-*##.
)0. 4/ '' /'<Q))./
)&$./ /'<P$)*/# -*($).*! 0/$*)/#)( $' 0/$*)90/#.) 1 -
)- +*-/ $)( $' 0/$*)< # !*0.*!*/#/# . "-*0+.2./*
(*)./-/ /#/ ,0'$/4 *! (*/$1/$*) $. (*- $(+*-/)/ /#) ,0)/$/4<
# !$)$)". *! /# /2* ++ -. * )*/ *)0- )/$- '49 2#$# 2$'' 3+'$) .0. ,0 )/'4< +-*+*. ) ++-*# /#/ *($) . ,0'$/4
),0)/$/49"$1$)"$(+*-/) /**/#9)2$''-"0 !*-$/.*) +/0'
1'$$/40.$)" (+$-$' 1$ ) 2 - +*-/ $)) -'$ -++ -<NP$"0- N +$/. /#$. *($)/$*)< 0'$/4 *! (*/$1/$*)9 + -/$)$)" /* /# *)/$)00(*!0/*)*(*0./**)/-*'' (*/$1/$*)9$.- +- . )/ *)/# =3$.9 ) ,0)/$/49 + -/$)$)" /* /# .+ /-0( !-*( '*2 /* #$"#
(*/$1/$*)9$.- +- . )/ *)/# =3$.<
*./0'/$)" $) + ) ) *! ,0'$/4 ) ,0)/$/49 + -.*) / )4 "$1 )
/$( 9 ) $) )4 "$1 ) $-0(./) 9 2*0' +*/ )/$''4 #1 )4
*($)/$*)*!0/*)*(*0.)*)/-*'' ,0'$/4*!(*/$1/$*)$)#$"#*-
'*2,0)/$/$ .<
192
192
Motivation in medical students
Approach to motivation
chapter 6
)& ; #)& !#(*(#" $&# ' ' #" &"' " %) (-
"%)"((-#!#(*(#"
=3$.
$"#EF
)"((-
*2EF
*)/-*'' EF
0/*)*(*0.EF
=3$.
) (-
$"#)$#(2$)+)$#!%'$!(03/2/3/3
! ,0'$/4 ) ,0)/$/4 *! (*/$1/$*) - $)
$) + ) )/ 2 2*0'
#1 /# +*..$' *($)/$*).. +$/ $)$"0- N)' L<
Motivation in medical students
193
193
chapter 6Approach to motivation
9#)&!#(*(#" $&# ''#"&"'"%) (-"
%)"((-#!#(*(#"
)"((-
#
)"((-
#
#(*(#" $&# $"#EF
*2EF
#!"(1
1#"&#!
)&;
$"#EF $"#EF
*2EF
$"#EF
*2EF
*2EF
194
,!$ ./0 )/2#* )/ - ( $$) 0. *!
" )0$) $)/ - ./$)
( $'./04*-
+-/$ ./0 )/2#* )/ - ( $$) 0. .$- /*# '++ *+' ./0 )/2#*#
)/ - ( $$) 0. *!$)/ - ./$)
( $'./04)
+-/$ .2 ''.*!
3+ //$*)*!#$"#
$)*( *-+- ./$" ./0 )/2#*2.
#$"#'4(*/$1/ /*+0/
!!*-/$)/*./04$)"
( $$) 0. *!
3+ //$*)*!#$"#
$)*( *-+- ./$" ./0 )/2#*#
)/ - ( $$) *)'4
0. *!(* ./
+- )/'+- ..0- ./0 )/2#*2.)*/
+-/$0'-'4$)/ - ./ $)( $$) 90/ )/ - 0. # . 0- ($..$*)/*/# *0-. 194
Motivation in medical students
Approach to motivation
chapter 6
7#&(')!!&-#(&') ('#'()-$&#&!'#"('
$$&#
) ++-*#/* 3+'*- /# *) +/0'1'$$/4*!/#$.*($) ++-*#
$. /* .#*2 /0' 3(+' . *! 3$./ ) *! /# . +-*!$' . (*)" ./0 )/.<
). +-/ ++ -92 #1 ++-*#<NP
)' /* ./'$.#.*( 1'$$/4!*-/#$.
'..$!$ ./0 )/.$)/*!*0-'0./ -.. *)/# $-.*- .
*) $)/-$).$ E+-*/*/4+ *! 0/*)*(*0. (*/$1/$*)F ) *)/-*'' (*/$1/$*). ) !*0) '0./ -. .$($'- /* /#*. $) ' L< # $!! - )/
'0./ -. 2 - ..*$/ 2$/# $!! - )/ ./04 ./-/ "$ .9 ./04 !!*-/9
($ + -!*-() ) 3#0./$*) !-*( ./04< /0 )/. 2$/# E$"# )/-$).$ *2 *)/-*'' F (*/$1/$*)' +-*!$' 2 - !*0) /* #1 /# *+/$('+-*!$' !*-' -)$)"2$/##$"#' 1 '*!
+./04./-/ "49
'*2 ' 1 ' *! .0-! ./04 ./-/ "4 ) #$"# - ./04 !!*-/ $) / -(. *!
#*0-. *! . '!=./04< /0 )/. 2$/# E*2 )/-$).$ $"# *)/-*'' F
) E*2 )/-$).$ *2 *)/-*'' F +-*!$' . # /# ' ./ *+/$('
' -)$)"+-*!$' .)+ -!*-() .)'.*#$"# 3#0./$*)!-*(./04.
*(+- /* /# */# - +-*!$' .< ) *-) 2$/# *0- #4+*/# .$. *!
,0'$/4 ) ,0)/$/4 */# $)" $(+*-/)/9 2 !*0) /#/ E$"#
)/-$).$ $"# *)/-*'' F (*/$1/$*)' +-*!$' + -!*-( *(+-'4 /*
+-*!$' *)0. *!
+./04./-/ "49"**)'*2 3#0./$*)
!-*(./04<#$.!$)$)"$!! - !-*()./ )&$./ /'<2#*!*0)/#/
+-*!$' + -!*-( // - /#) +-*!$' *) ) # '*2 -
/ ./ )3$ /49 /#0. 1'$/$)" /# $- *2) #4+*/# .$. /#/ ,0'$/4 2. (*- $(+*-/)/ /#) ,0)/$/4 *! (*/$1/$*)<P $/$*)' ./0$ . .#*0' '-$!4
/#$.$!! - ) <
Motivation in medical students
195
195
chapter 6Approach to motivation
$&(#" '"(#!"(#"#%) (-"%)"((-
0)/$/$ . *! 0/*)*(*0. ) *)/-*'' (*/$1/$*) ) ( .0- 4
0.$)"/# ($ '!=- "0'/$*)'
P9 NL)/#
($*/$1/$*)
' EFNQ9 (*)" */# -.< */#9 ($ '!=- "0'/$*) ' )
9 #1 .0.' . 2#$# "$1 .*- . *) $)/-$).$ (*/$1/$*)9 $ )/$!$ - "0'/$*)9$)/-*% / - "0'/$*)) 3/ -)'- "0'/$*)E.
$"0- MF<NQ
* / -($) /# ,0)/$/4*!0/*)*(*0.(*/$1/$*)$))$)$1$0'*) )
./*/& )1 -" *!/# .0(*!/# .*- .*)$)/-$).$(*/$1/$*)
)
. /* /& ) 1 -" *! /# .0( *! /# .*- . *) $)/-*% / )
) $ )/$!$ - "0'/$*) E. $"0- M ) 0'$/4 *! (*/$1/$*)F<P9 NL *
/ -($) /# ,0)/$/4 *! *)/-*'' (*/$1/$*) $) ) $)$1$0'9 *) 3/ -)'- "0'/$*)E.
$"0- M)0'$/4*!(*/$1/$*)F<P9NL + )$)"
*) /# *($)/$*) *! /# .*- . *) 0/*)*(*0. ) *)/-*'' (*/$1/$*)9 # $)$1$0' ) '..$!$ $)/* *) *! /# +-*!$' .
+$/ $)$"0- N<
')''#"
* / 9 (*/$1/$*) #. ) ./0$ $) ( $' 0/$*) 0.$)" $/# - ,0'$//$1 ++-*# *- ,0)/$//$1 ++-*#< * *0- &)*2' " 9 *($) ++-*# #. ) ++'$ !*- /# !$-./ /$( $) ( $'
0/$*)$)- . -#./04*)0/ 40.NP)2 #1 )' /*
!$) 1$ ) /* .0++*-/ /# 1'$$/4 *! /#$. ++-*#< )*/# - 24 *!
3+'*-$)" /# 1'$$/4 *! *($) ++-*# 2*0' /* ./04 /# 1-$$'$/4*!*) $( ).$*)2#$' /# */# -$.& +/*)./)/<
! /# -/$* *! 0/*)*(*0. ) *)/-*'' (*/$1/$*) $) ) $)$1$0' $.
# ' *)./)/9 ) /# ,0)/$/4 1-4> ) (4 1$.0'$5 /# . .// .
#++ )$)"< ./0 )/ ($"#/ !
' (*- 0/*)*(*0. /#) *)/-*'' (*/$1/$*)!*- 3(+' 9//# "$))$)"*!/ #$)"'*&+ -$*)/# 196
196
Motivation in medical students
Approach to motivation
chapter 6
,0)/$/4 (4 (* -/ < 0# + -.*) (4 1 '*+ #$"# ,0)/$/4 *!
*/# 0/*)*(*0. ) *)/-*'' (*/$1/$*). / /# ) *! /# '*&
0. .# !*0) $/ 1 -4 $)/ - ./$)"9 /# 3(. 2 - 1 -4 ) - ) .# 1 -4(0#2)/ /*.#*2/# 2*-'/#/.# *0'*2 ''$)/# 3(.<
'/ -)/$1 '49 $! 2 &
+ /# .0( *! ,0)/$/$ . *! 0/*)*(*0. )
*)/-*'' (*/$1/$*).*)./)/9)/# -/$* 1-$ >#$.*0''.* +*..$' <*- 3(+' 9./0 )/#.'*20/*)*(*0.)#$"#*)/-*'' (*/$1/$*) !*- 3(+' 9 !*- + $/-$.< #. /# .$- /* .+ $'$5 $)
.0-" -49 0/ $. )*/ ($// /* - .$ )4 $) .0-" -49 2# - . # $. $)"
$)1$/ /* ++'4 !*- + $/-$.< #$. ./0 )/ *0' 1 '*+ #$"#
0/*)*(*0. ) '*2 *)/-*'' (*/$1/$*) E/# /*/' ,0)/$/4 - ($)$)"
/# .( F!*-+ $/-$. 0. # #!*0)+*.$/$1 -*' (* '$)
+ $/-$/ # -<#$./ # -*0'$).+$- #$(/*./04/# .0% /2$/#
$)/ - ./< #0.9 ,0)/$/4 - ($)$)" *)./)/9 ,0'$/4 *0' 1-4: ,0''49
,0'$/4 - ($)$)" *)./)/9 ,0)/$/4 *0' 1-4< 3+ -$( )/' ./0$ .
*0' .$") 9 2#$# *0' ./$(0'/ /# ,0)/$/$ . *!
$/# -
0/*)*(*0. *- *)/-*'' (*/$1/$*)9 <"< 4 "$1$)" ./0 )/. 3+ -$ ) .
2$/#+*.$/$1 -*' (* '.)#$"#'4*(+ /$/$1 .. ..( )/.- .+ /$1 '49
$)*- -/* 3($) /#$.1-$$'$/4.+ /<
/# - - . -# ./0$ . )
/* .$") /* !$) 1$ ) !*- *($) ++-*#/*2-.(*/$1/$*)$)( $')# '/#+-*! ..$*).
0/$*)< 0# ./0$ . #1 ) *) $) 0/$*) *($). */# - /#)
( $' 0/$*)90//# 4#1 #4+*/# .$5 /#/,0'$/4*!(*/$1/$*)$.
(*- $(+*-/)//#),0)/$/4<P9Q#*0"#*/#/# . ./0$ .2 - .$") *) .$($'- #4+*/# . .9 /# $- !$)$)". * )*/ *)0- )/$- '4< / '' / '<
!*0) /#/ ./0 )/.
)*-.$)" */# 0/*)*(*0. ) *)/-*'' (*/$1/$*). + -!*-( ,0''4 2 '' . ./0 )/. )*-.$)" 0/*)*(*0.
(*/$1/$*) (*- /#) *)/-*'' (*/$1/$*)<Q )./
)&$./ / '<
*)'0 /#/ ./0 )/. )*-.$)" 0/*)*(*0. (*/$1/$*) -/# - /#)
Motivation in medical students
197
197
chapter 6Approach to motivation
*)/-*'' (*/$1/$*) + -!*-( // - /#) ./0 )/. )*-.$)" */#
(*/$1/$*).<P # . *)/-$/*-4 !$)$)". ( $/ $(+*-/)/ !*- 0. /*
3+'*- /# #4+*/# .$. /#/ */# ,0'$/4 ) ,0)/$/4 *! (*/$1/$*) - $(+*-/)/<
!$ (#"'#&&'&
*($) ++-*# # '+. $) 0) -./)$)" /# ' -)$)" +-* .. .
2$/#$) # ./0 )/ ) #$. *- # - ($ .0 .. . *- !$'0- .< # )
2 ./04 $/# - 0/*)*(*0. *- *)/-*'' (*/$1/$*) *- */# . "-*0+
1-$' .)'**&!*-$!! - ) . /2
/2
)$!! - )/"-*0+.*!./0 )/.*-
)" ) -.92#/2 !! /$1 '4*$../04*) *!/# . 3'0.$1 *!
/# */# -< / ( ). /#/ 2 ./04 0/*)*(*0. (*/$1/$*) *! ./0 )/.
2$/#*0/"$1$)"*).$ -/$*)/*#*2(0#*)/-*'' (*/$1/$*)/# 4#1 *-1$ 1 -. < . - .0'/9 $) /#$. /4+ *!)'4. .92 *)*/*).$ -/# 0)$,0 *($)/$*)*!0/*)*(*0.)*)/-*'' (*/$1/$*)2$/#$) #
$)$1$0' ./0 )/ ) /# $- ,0)/$/$ .< '..$!4$)" ./0 )/. $)/* $!! - )/
(*/$1/$*)' +-*!$' . # '+. 0. /* ./04 /# *($)/$*). *! /# . /2*
,0'$/$ .*!(*/$1/$*))/# $-,0)/$/$ .2$/#$) #$)$1$0'./0 )/<
)*2$)"/# *($)/$*)*!0/*)*(*0.)*)/-*'' (*/$1/$*)$))
$)$1$0' ./0 )/ ) # '+ 0. /* +') ) --)" ( )/*-$)" )
(*)$/*-$)" *! # ./0 )/ *-$)" /* #$. *- # - .+ $!$ ) .< #$.
*($) ++-*# ) *(+' ( )/-4 /* ) ++-*# 2# - (*/$1/$*) ) ($ + -!*-() - ./0$ . "-*0+ 1-$' . /*
!$)*0/- '/$*).#$+. /2
)/# . /2*1-$' ./"-*0+' 1 '<
# - - 3(+' .*!- . -#$)( $' 0/$*)2# - $/# -,0)/$/4
*! (*/$1/$*) #. ) ./0$ . +- $/*- *! ($ + -!*-()
*- ,0'$/4 *! (*/$1/$*) #. + -!*-()
LR<
) ./0$ . +- $/*- *! ($
#$. *0' *) *! /# - .*). 2#4 /# +*.$/$1 - '/$*).#$+ /2
198
LN
) (*/$1/$*) ) ($ .0 .. $) ( $'
198
Motivation in medical students
Approach to motivation
0/$*)#.)*/4 /
chapter 6
).0./)/$/ ./-*)"'4<S
)*0-./04NP92 #1 )' /*!$).*( 1$ ) !*-/# +- $/$1 1'0 *!*($)/$*)*!
0/*)*(*0. ) *)/-*'' (*/$1/$*) $) ($ .0 ..< #$.
*($) ++-*#*0'1 -42 '' 3+) /*$!! - )/0)$1 -.$/$ .9
0'/0- . ) *0)/-$ . ) $/. 1'$$/4 ) " ) -'$5$'$/4 !0-/# -
./'$.# <
!$ (#"'#&$&(
)'45$)"/# (*/$1/$*)'+-*!$' .*!./0 )/.*0' # '+!0'$)"0$$)"
0. $) ( )/*-$)" ) (*)$/*-$)" *! ./0 )/.< /0 )/. '*)"$)" /*
$!! - )/ +-*!$' . (4 #1 $!! - )/ )
. $) /# . - .< /0 )/. 2#*
#1 (*- *)/-*'' (*/$1/$*) !*- ( $' 0/$*) $) " ) -' 2*0'
)
(*- ( )/*-$)".0++*-/)+*.$/$1 -*' (* '.$)*- -/*$).+$- /# ( /* 1'0 /# +-*! ..$*)R9 ) /* *( (*- 0/*)*(*0.'4
(*/$1/ !*- ( $' 0/$*) ) +-/$ < *( ./0 )/. 2#* - (*- 0/*)*(*0.'4 *-$ )/ ($"#/ )
.0++*-/ $) +'))$)" /# $- ./04
/$1$/$ . .* /#/ /# 4 *)@/ " / /** --$ 24 $) /# $- $)/ - ./ $) +-/$0'- /*+$9 /#0. .+ )$)" /** (0# /$( *) $/ ) $")*-$)" */# -.<
0# ./0 )/. *0' ! ' .$'4 !-0./-/ 2$/# /# $- ./04 ) /# $-
0/*)*(*0. (*/$1/$*) *0' *( *)/-*'' 0. /# 4 ! '/
*)./-$) 4/# $-./049' $)"/*'*2 -! '$)".*!1*'$/$*)< )/*-$)"
.0++*-/9 .+ $''4 *0/ /$( ()" ( )/ !*- $!! - )/ .0% /. 2$/#$)
( $$) 9 *0' # '+ /# . ./0 )/. /* - ($) 0/*)*(*0.'4 (*/$1/ /#-*0"#*0//# $-( $'./04<
' /$)"( $'./0 )/.*)/# .$.*!/# $-(*/$1/$*)'+-*!$' .$.)*/
.*( /#$)"2 2*0'- *(( )<#$.$. 0. $)#$"#./& ..$/0/$*).
./0 )/. *0' 2 '' - +*-/ /# (*./ .$-' /4+ *! (*/$1/$*)<S9 NR=NT
*)$/*-$)" (*/$1/$*)' +-*!$' . *! ./0 )/. /#-*0"#*0/ /# $- ( $'
./04 *0' # '+ $) */$)$)" 1'0' $).$"#/. $)/* /# !! /. *! /# Motivation in medical students
199
199
chapter 6Approach to motivation
0--$0'0( ) ' -)$)" )1$-*)( )/ *! ) $)./$/0/$*)< - *($)) *!
*)/-*'' (*/$1/$*)($"#/.0"" .//#//# $)./$/0/$*)+' .#$"#1'0 *) "- .9 2#$# *( 3/ -)' !/*-.MT !*- -$1$)" /# (*/$1/$*) *!
/# ./0 )/.<- *($)) *!0/*)*(*0.(*/$1/$*)($"#/.0"" .//#/
/# $)./$/0/ .0++*-/. " )0$) $)/ - ./ $) /# !$ ' *! ( $$) +'$)"
'*2 -1'0 *)"- ./*-$1 ./0 )/(*/$1/$*)<
!((#"'##!"$$&#
#$. *($) ++-*# $. 0. !0' !*- 0) -./)$)" /# ' -)$)"
+-* .. . ) *0/*( . $) # $)$1$0' ./0 )/< / $. )*/ .0$/' /*
./04 - '/$*).#$+. /2
) $!! - )/ 1-$' . / "-*0+ ' 1 ' *- ./04
0. ) !! / ( #)$.(. *! 1-$' . *- / -($) /# $- /$*). *!
/# $- !! /.<
//#0.))*/- +' /# ++-*#*!./04$)" 0/*)*(*0.
) *)/-*'' (*/$1/$*). . "-*0+ 1-$' .9 0/ ) +-*1$ 0. !0'
*(+' ( )/-4++-*#<
#$.*($) ++-*#$.'.*(*- *(+' 3/*0) -./))++'4!*-
- . -# +0-+*. . ) - ,0$- . "** ( /#**'*"$' .&$''. /* --$ *0/.0 ..!0''4<
#" )'#"
)++-*#/*2-.(*/$1/$*)*($)$)"/# /2*$( ).$*).*!,0'$/4
) ,0)/$/4 $. 0. !0' $) - /$)" // - 0) -./)$)" *! (*/$1/$*)'
+-* .. . $)!'0 )$)" ' -)$)" ) ($ + -!*-() $) ( $'
0/$*) 2$/#$) $)$1$0' ./0 )/.< 0# ) ++-*# ) # '+ 0. $)
$!! - )/$' ( )/*-$)" ) (*)$/*-$)" *! ( $' ./0 )/. *-$)" /*
/# $-.+ $!$) .<
200
200
Motivation in medical students
Approach to motivation
chapter 6
&"'
L< -' 49-()
< ' /$)"( $'./0 )/.;. - +*-/*!/# ) !*-#)" <!*)$#<LTTT:NN;OPP=OPT<
M< -1 9 *'(). 9 ) - ' 0/ ) < /0 )/
+ -.+ /$1 .*)-$/$'$)$ )/.$)/# /0/*-$'"-*0+<+#(#
!)#(*)$#<MKKM:R;MKL=MKT<
N< --4 9 /# -. 9 / 1 ). 9 / '< ($..$*). +-* .. . !*- !$1 4 - ( $' *0-. . /
MKKQ:NNM;LKKP=LKKT<
)"'$.# .#**'.; 1$ 2< <
O< '( 9 *#).*) 9 $ . 9 /0/. 9 *. )0( <
($..$*) $)/ -1$ 2 - +*-/.; *)/ )/ )'4.$. *! $)/ -1$ 2 -
*(( )/.<<LTTO:QT;QN=QP<
P< )./
)&$./ 9 $ - ). 9 * ) ). 9 04&3 9 ). <
*/$1/$*)' +-*!$' . !-*( . '!= / -($)/$*) + -.+ /$1 ; # ,0'$/4 *! (*/$1/$*) (// -.< $*'#! $ *)$#! (-$!$-<
MKKT:LKL;QRL=QSS<
Q< / '' 9049'' -)9-*. 9 ) '<0/*)*(*0.9
*)/-*'' 9)(*/$1/ /4+ .*! ($(*/$1/$*);+ -.*)=
*-$ )/ )'4.$.<
$*'#!$*)$#!(-$!$-<MKKR:TT;RNO=
ROQ<
R< ) / 9 0.0-&- 9 $''$(. < *2 . '!= / -($)/$*)
/# *-4 ) ..$./ *0- 0) -./)$)" *! / #$)" ) ' -)$)"
+-* .. .$)( $' 0/$*)>0$ PT9!'<
MKLL:NN;TQL=TRN<
S< 0.0-&- 9 ) / 9 ) .+ - ) 9 -*$. / < */$1/$*) .
)$) + ) )/) + ) )/1-$' $)( $' 0/$*);
- 1$ 2*!/# '$/ -/0- <!'<MKLL:NN; MOM= MQM<
T< ') . < -*' (=. ' -)$)"< ); 2)2$& 9
<
#'()## ! *)$#0 +#/ $'- # ')1
;$' 4='&2 '':MKLK;NR=PM<
Motivation in medical students
201
201
chapter 6Approach to motivation
LK< #$/ 9 -0++ ) < '!=- "0'/ ' -)$)" $) ( $'
0/$*)< ); 2)2$& 9 < #'()## ! *)$#0
+#/$'-#')1$' 4='&2 '':MKLK;MRL=MSM<
LL< $''$(. 9 $5*2 9 4) < # $(+*-/) *! . '!=
/ -($)/$*) /# *-4 !*- ( $' 0/$*)< " #<
LTTT:RO;TTM=TTP<
LM< $'&$).*)9 ''.90.#) ''< $'./0 )/#-/ -$./$.
..*$/ 2$/#/$( $)./04;
..+ )$)"(*- /$( '24."**
/#$)">!'<MKKR:MT;LKQ=LLK<
LN< 0'.() 9 1) - ) 9 *-/ 9 $# '. 9 ./ ' ) 9
-$!!$* ) < !! /$1 ) .. *! . ' /$*) $) ( $' .#**'
($..$*).; 1'0/$*) *! /# *0/*( . (*)" !- .#( )<!
*)$#<MKKR:OL;NQT=NRR<
LO< *'().9*'!#" )
9) -' 0/ )<*/$1/$*)')
*")$/$1 +-* .. . $)!'0 )$)" /0/*-$' "-*0+.< <
LTTS:RN;MM=MO<
LP< //$& 9 )$"#/ < # $(+*-/) *! 1*/$*)' ) .*$'
.+ /.*!++-*# ./*' -)$)"!*-( $'./0 )/.<+#(#
!)#*)$#<MKKT:LO;QMT=QOO<
LQ< *-'</0 )/D. ' / *0-. .$)( $'.#**';*+ )
- '/$*).#$+.<!'<MKKS:NK;LTT=MKP<
LR< *-' < #/ &$) *! (*/$1/$*) -$1 . ( $' ./0 )/.
' -)$)",0 ./.>!*)$#<MKKO:NS;TPK=TPR<
LS< *0' -/9 -2$%) )9$& -.9# -+$ -<# !! /.
*! '$ -/ +-/$ $)0) -"-0/ ( $' 0/$*)<!
*)$#<MKKO:NS;LKOO=LKPM<
LT< *.#' 9 *5 )4 < - $/$)" ($ + -!*-() *! ( $'
./0 )/.;# !$-.//#- 4 -.<"
(-)'-<LTTR:LPO;SR=TM<
MK< -'*92$9+*!0< $'./0 )/+ - +/$*).*!!/*-.
!! /$)" +-*0/$1$/4 *! +-*' (=. ' -)$)" /0/*-$' "-*0+;
202
202
Motivation in medical students
Approach to motivation
chapter 6
* . 0'/0- $)!'0 ) /# *0/*( > # # '## #
#<MKKN:LP;PT=QO<
ML< *- - 9 & - < - - 1 '*+( )/ *! (' ) ! (' +#4.$$).<
$*'#!$!*)$#<LTSN:PS;OOR=OPQ<
MM< -$ 9 $''$(. 9 $'/.#$- < )!'0 ) *! (*/$1/$*)' )
(*"-+#$ !/*-. *) + -!*-() $) /# ( $' *0-. ; +-*.+ /$1 ./04<!*)$#<LTTO:MS;LKR=LLP<
MN< 0 -"=$.# - 9 '"#*! - 9 ' 9 0 -" < )!'0 ) *! " ) - ) + -.*)'$/4 /-$/. *) /# -
- +'))$)" *! .2$..
( $'./0 )/.<,(( !-<MKKN:LNN;PNP=POK<
MO< '( 9 $'.*) 9 *#).*) 9 $"". 9 **() < - /-*.+ /$1 - 1$ 2 *! ( $' .#*' ($..$*) !$' . *!
($''4/=-$.&(/-$0')/.<<LTTT:RO;PS=QL<
MP< -0$) 9 1) $ ' 9 $& -. 9 #($/ <
3($)$)" /# ./$'$/4 *! 3+ -/.@ '$)$' . +-* ..$)"; )
3+ -$( )/' ()$+0'/$*)< #()'*)$#! #< MKKP:NN;MPL=
MRK<
MQ< *+*1$<4/#0./$)";) 3($)/$*)*!/ # -. '$ !.*0/
!$-./ 4 - ( $' ./0 )/.< #*2 2 '' * / # -. &)*2 /# $-
./0 )/.> ##$+)$#( # *)$# # # #)'#)$#!<
MKLK:OR;LOL=LPO<
MR< ) 9 #)-% < )!'0 ) *! *)/ 3/ ) +- ! -- ' -)$)"
)1$-*)( )/.; ++-*# . /* ./04$)" +#4.$*'*"4< !
*)$#<LTTN:MR;LON=LPT<
MS< '' -) 9 / '' < )/-$).$ ) 3/-$).$ (*/$1/$*); #$ --#$' (* '< ); #$$ $ !2)'"#)$# ('1
L./ <;# )$1 -.$/4*!*# ./ -- ..:MKKM;NR=SQ<
MT< 4) 9 $ < '!= / -($)/$*) /# *-4 ) !$'$//$*) *!
$)/-$).$ (*/$1/$*)9 .*$' 1 '*+( )/ ) 2 ''= $)"< "'#
(-$!$()<MKKK:PP;QS=RS<
Motivation in medical students
203
203
chapter 6Approach to motivation
NK< $ 9 4) < #)'#( $)+)$# # !2)'"#)$# #
*"#+$'1 2*-&;' )0(:LTSP<
NL< )./
)&$./ 9 #*0 9 ). 9 * ) ). < 3+ -$ ) . *!
0/*)*(4 ) *)/-*' (*)" #$) . ' -) -.; $/'$5$)" *-
$((*$'$5$)">
$*'#!$*)$#!(-$!$-<MKKP:TR;OQS=OSN<
NM< -)& ) < */$1/$*) !*- #$ 1 ( )/ ) +*2 -< ); *"#
$)+)$#1M) <;-**& .C*' 0'$.#$)"*<:LTSS;OMK<
NN< '') 9 / ' < *"# $)+)$#0 $$ $ #(1
; ) -' -)$)"*-+*-/$*):LTRN<
NO< /&$).*)<*/$1/$*)' / -($))/.*!-$.&=/&$)" #1$*-<
);
/&$).*)9 /# -9 .<$'-$+"#)$)+)$#1
;*#)$' 47*).9
)<:LTQQ;LL=MT<
NP< 0.0-&-9-*$. /9 )/ <*/$1/$*)'+-*!$' .*!( $'
./0 )/.;..*$/$*)2$/#./04 !!*-/9 ($+ -!*-() )
3#0./$*)E.0($// F<
NQ< '' -)9 '' /$ -9'$.9-$6- 9 )6'9''$6- .
<# ($(*/$1/$*).' ;( .0- *!$)/-$).$9 3/-$).$
) (*/$1/$*) $)
0/$*)< *)$#! # (-$!$!
(*'"#)<LTTM:PM;LKKN=LKLR<
NR< // -.*) 9 -"0.*) < ' /$*) !*- ( $' 0/$*) )
/-$)$)"< ); 2)2$& 9 < #'()## ! *)$#0
+#/$'-#')1;$' 4='&2 '':MKLK;NPM=NQP<
NS< $ 02#*! 9 ) / 9 *./ -1 ' 9 * /#*0/ <
.0-$)" ./- )"/# *! (*/$1/$*) !*- ( $' .#**'< *
#!#<MKKO:T;LQ<
NT< $'' -9-. -9-#(.*)9-)&9*# )
9)<
# +-*' (*!. ' /$*)<
);$'' -9 <##'##
204
# ! $$!1 (-$" ; -1- )$1 -.$/4 - ..<: LTQL;N=
MN<
204
Motivation in medical students
$(&?
#+!#(*(#"('!
$&#&!"/'(&)()& %)(#"
!# "" -''
%)-+#(#!)#(*)$#
0.0-&-9E/- #/F
)/ #9#E/- #/F
*.9E((./ -(F
./ -.9#E0'$0. )/ -!*- '/#$ ) .)-$(-4- 9
/- #/F
-*$. /99#E((./ -(F
Motivation in medical students
205
205
chapter 7
Motivation, learning and performance
'(&(
&#)"
2./0$ .$)( $' 0/$*)#1 ./0$ !! /*!,0'$/4*!
(*/$1/$*)*)+ -!*-() < '!= / -($)/$*)# *-4. *),0'$/4*!
(*/$1/$*)$!! - )/$/ . /2
)0/*)*(*0.*/$1/$*)EF/#/
*-$"$)/ .2$/#$))$)$1$0')*)/-*'' */$1/$*)EF/#/
*-$"$)/ .!-*( 3/ -)'.*0- .<
!
* / -($) 2# /# - '/$1 0/*)*(*0.*/$1/$*)E9( .0- *!/# ') /2
))F!! /. ($+ -!*-() /#-*0"#
"**./04./-/ "4)#$"# -./04 !!*-/)*(+- /#$.(* '
/2
).0"-*0+.;(' .)! (' .:./0 )/.. ' / 1$/2*$!! - )/
.4./ (.)( '4,0'$//$1 )2 $"#/ '*// -4. ' /$*)<
(#'
/*)(*/$1/$*)9./04./-/ "4) !!*-/2.*'' / !-*(NSN
( $'./0 )/.*!)$1 -.$/4 $' )/ -(./ -()/# $-
($+ -!*-() - .0'/.2 - */$) !-*(/# ./0 )/
($)$./-/$*)</-0/0-',0/$*)* ''$)")'4.$./ #)$,0 2.0. /*/ ./#4+*/# .$5 (* '$)2#$##$"#2*0'+*.$/$1 '4!! /
**/04/-/ "4EF)./04 !!*-/92#$#$)/0-)2*0'+*.$/$1 '4
!! / ($+ -!*-() $)/# !*-(*!- *$)/1 -" .E.F<
') ('
./-0/0-' ,0/$*)(* '2# - +*.$/$1 '4!! / )./04
!!*-/92#$#$)/0-)+*.$/$1 '4!! / ($+ -!*-() !$/2 ''2$/#
/# /9#$.,0- WL<KTP9!WN9+WK<RRS9(* '!$/WK<KKK<#$.
(* ''.*!$// 2 ''!*-''/ ./ .0"-*0+.*!./0 )/.<$!! - ) .
2 - !*0)$)/# ./- )"/#*!- '/$*).#$+. /2
$!! - )/.0"-*0+.. 3+ / <
)/# 1-$' .!*-/# 206
206
Motivation in medical students
Motivation, learning and performance
chapter 7
#" )'#"
+*.$/$1 '4*-- '/ 2$/# ($+ -!*-() /#-*0"#
+
./-/ "4/*2-../04)#$"# -./04 !!*-/<#$.(* '. (.1'$$)
( $' 0/$*)$).0"-*0+..0#.(' .9! (' .9./0 )/.. ' / 4,0'$//$1 )2 $"#/ '*// -4. ' /$*)<
Motivation in medical students
207
207
chapter 7
Motivation, learning and performance
#+!#(*(#"('!$&#&!"/
'(&)()& %)(#"!# "" -''
"(&#)(#"
*/$1/$*) #. ) .#*2) /* +*.$/$1 '4 $)!'0 ) ./04 ./-/ "49
($+ -!*-() 9%0./( )/)2 ''= $)"$)./0 )/.$)*($).
*!
0/$*) */# - /#) ( $'
0/$*)<L /04$)" (*/$1/$*)
+-/$0'-'4$)( $'./0 )/.$.$(+*-/)/ 0. ( $' 0/$*)$.
$!! - )/ !-*( " ) -' 0/$*) $) . 1 -' .+ /.9 .*( *! /# ( $)"
#$"# $)/ ).$/4 *! ./049 /# - ,0$- ( )/ /* --4 *0/ '$)$' 2*-& '*)"
2$/# ./04 ) /# )
/* !*''*2 #$"#'4 .+ $!$''4 !$) +/# /* ' /*,0'$!4/*+-/$ .*/*-.<
)'$/ -/0- - 1$ 22 !*0)/#/
/# +*.$/$1 *-- '/$*) /2
)(*/$1/$*))+ -!*-() #.)*/
)
.0./)/$/ ./-*)"'4 $) ( $' 0/$*) . $!! - )/ ./0$ . #1 *)/-$/*-4!$)$)".<M# *% /$1 *!/# +- . )/- . -#./042./*
3+'*- /# - '/$*).#$+. /2
)(*/$1/$*)9./04./-/ "49./04 !!*-/
) ($+ -!*-() (*)"( $'./0 )/.<
# - - $!! - )/ /# *-$ . *! (*/$1/$*): .*( !*0. *) ,0)/$/4 *!
(*/$1/$*))*/# -.*),0'$/4<0)/$/4*!(*/$1/$*)*0' #$"#*-
'*2<0'$/4*!(*/$1/$*) + ).*)2# /# -/# .*0- *!(*/$1/$*)$.
$)/ -)' *- 3/ -)'< '!= / -($)/$*) # *-4 EF *! (*/$1/$*)
*).$ -. ,0'$/4 *! (*/$1/$*) /* (*- $(+*-/)/ /#) ,0)/$/4 )
.-$ . *)/$)00( !*- ,0'$/4 *! (*/$1/$*)<N9 O #$. -)" . !-*(
$)/-$).$ (*/$1/$*) / *) ) /* (*/$1/$*) / /# */# - ) *! /# *)/$)00(92$/#!*0-/4+ .*! 3/-$).$(*/$1/$*)E$)/ "-/ - "0'/$*)9
$ )/$!$ - "0'/$*)9 $)/-*% / - "0'/$*)9
/2
3/ -)' - "0'/$*)F $)
)< )/-$).$ (*/$1/$*) $. -$1 *0/ *! " )0$) $)/ - ./ $) )
/$1$/4< 3/-$).$ (*/$1/$*) $. -$1 *0/ *! ) 3+ / "$) *- 208
208
Motivation in medical students
Motivation, learning and performance
chapter 7
. +-' *0/*( < . '*-/ 4 9 )*/ '' /4+ . *! 3/-$).$
(*/$1/$*) - 0) .$-' < 3/-$).$ (*/$1/$*) .+). !-*( #$"# . '!=
/ -($)/$*) /* '*2 . '!= / -($)/$*) E.
$"0- LF<N9 O )/$!$ "0'/$*)9/# #$"#'40/*)*(*0./4+ *! 3/-$).$(*/$1/$*)9$.'*. /*
$)/-$).$ (*/$1/$*)< )/$!$ - "0'/$*) ) $)/-$).$ (*/$1/$*) ) .0(( 0+ /* " ) -/ 0/*)*(*0. */$1/$*) EF< #0. +$/.
. '!= / -($) (*/$1/$*)<
)/-*% / ) 3/ -)'- "0'/$*)92#$#- '*2 $) . '!= / -($)/$*)9 ) .0(( 0+ /*" /# - /* " ) -/ *)/-*'' */$1/$*)EF<#0. +$/.(*/$1/$*)2#$#$.1 -4'*2
*). '!= / -($)/$*)<
)&9 1(&!"(#"#"("))!E+/ !-*(PF
!#(*(#"
,(&"'!#(*(#"
"(&"'
!#(*(#"
3/ -)'
"0'/$*)
./
0/*)*(*0.
)/-*% / "0'/$*)
)/$!$ "0'/$*)
)/ "-/ "0'/$*)
*./
0/*)*(*0.
1*/ . /#/ /# (*- . '!= / -($) *- 0/*)*(*0. /# (*/$1/$*)9 /# // - - /# *. -1 *0/*( .N9 O; )( '4 ' -)$)"L9 Q #$"# ($ + -!*-()
2 ''= $)"T9LK<
R9 S9 +
// - %0./( )/ ) +*.$/$1 ) /# +- . )/ ./04 2 ( .0- 0/*)*(*0. */$1/$*) EF )
*)/-*'' */$1/$*)EF. .-$ 4<L9Q
*/$1/$*)#.
)- +*-/ $)+-$(-49. *)-4)*'' " 0/$*)
/* $)!'0 ) ($ + -!*-() /#-*0"# ./04 !!*-/ . ( $/*-<L
#$. - '/$*).#$+9 /* *0- &)*2' " 9 #. ) 1 - ) / ./ $) ( $'
0/$*)< . -# !*- -/$' . $) ( $' 0/$*) (+'*4$)"
Motivation in medical students
209
209
chapter 7
Motivation, learning and performance
/-0/0-',0/$*)* ''$)"EF.( /#**'*"4)!*0)-/$' .
./04$)" !/*-. ' $)" /* #*$ *! .+ $'/4 $) ( $$)
.$ ) ) '$)$' &)*2' "
LN9
LL9 LM9
.$
'$)$' - .*)$)"LO9 0. *! $)
( $' 0/$*)LP9 $)!'0 ) *! ' -&.#$+. *) ./0 )/ ' -)$)" /< $)*/!$))4-/$' ../04$)"/# !! /*!(*/$1/$*)*)' -)$)")
($ + -!*-() < 0- ./04 /# - !*- . /* /# '$/ -/0- *) /#$.
.+ / $) ( $' 0/$*)< #1 '.* *(+- .0"-*0+. .0# .
(' . 2$/# ! (' . ) ./0 )/. . ' / /#-*0"# ,0'$//$1 . ' /$*)
+-* 0- 2$/# 2 $"#/ '*// -4 . ' /$*)9 2#$# #. ) 1 - !*- <
) *) ! /# - $. +-$*-$ #4+*/# .$.9 /-0/0-' ,0/$*) * ''$)" EF )
(+'*4 $) - . -# - '$'4 !*- / ./$)" /# - '/$*).#$+. *! $!! - )/
1-$' .2$/# #*/# -9/#*0"#0.'$/4))*/ $)! -- 0)' ..$/$.
) 3+ -$( )/'./04<LP# !*0)/$*)*!"**)'4. .$.2 ''=
!*0) /# *- /$'.$.!*-- '/$*).#$+. $)"/ ./ $)/# (* '<LP ##4+*/# . .9$)'0$)"/# $- /$*)'$/4*!- '/$*).#$+.92 ''=!*0) $)'$/ -/0- <# 1-$' .2 0. $)*0-)'4. .2 - '/$1 0/*)*(*0. */$1/$*) EF9 ** /04 /-/ "4 EF9 /04 !!*-/
) ($ -!*-() E
$"0- MF< ( )/ #*2 (0# *! /# ./0 )/@. (*/$1/$*) *-$"$)/ !-*( 2$/#$) #$(. '! *- # -. '!
E0/*)*(*0.F . *(+- /* /#/ *-$"$)/$)" !-*( 3/ -)' !/*-.
E*)/-*'' F<L( )/#*2(0#/# ./0 )/../0$ /*0) -./)/# ./04 (/ -$' . "$)./ ( (*-$5$)" $/ 2$/#*0/ 0) -./)$)"<LQ /04
!!*-/( )/#*2()4#*0-./# ./0 )/ 1*/ /*. '!=./04< ($
-!*-() ( )/#*2/# ./0 )/+ -!*-( $)/ -(.*!"- .0-$)"
#$.( $'./04<
0-#4+*/# . .2 - ;
- '/$1 0/*)*(*0. *- . '!= / -($) (*/$1/$*) ' . /* "** ./04 ./-/ "4 ) #$"# ./04 !!*-/9 2#$# ' . /* // -
210
210
Motivation in medical students
Motivation, learning and performance
chapter 7
($ + -!*-() 9 $< < /# ./04 ./-/ "4 ( $/ . /# $)!'0 ) *!(*/$1/$*)*) ($+ -!*-() <
# *1 -'' +-* .. ) $- /$*) *! !! /. - .$($'- (*)"
(' .9! (' .)./0 )/.($// /#-*0"#,0'$//$1 . ' /$*)
+-* 0- *- 2 $"#/ '*// -4 . ' /$*)9 /# - '/$1 $)!'0 ) *!
$!! - )/!/*-. $)"$!! - )/<
2)/ /*./04/# $!! - ) /2
) ! (' . . $/ #. )#*2/# (* '2*-&.$)(' .
) !*0) !*- /#/ (' . #1 #$"# - )
'*2 -/#)! (' .<LR9 LS9 LT9 MK# /# -').0. .2 $"#/ '*// -4
. ' /$*) .4./ ( !*- ($//$)" (*./ ./0 )/. /* ( $' ./049 )
,0'$//$1 . ' /$*) / .*( .#**'. !*- ($)*-$/4 *! /# ./0 )/.< # #$"#.#**' 3(- *$)/1 -" EF*!/# ++'$)/.$.2 $"#/ *-$)"/*/# .*- 9$< </# #$"# -/# .*- 9/# (*- )0( -*!/$( .
/# ./0 )/ $. )/ - $)/* /# '*// -49 /#0. "$1$)" #$( *- # - #$"# -
#) /*" /. ' / <ML 2)/ /*./04/# $!! - ) /2
)#*2
/# (* ' 2*-&. $) ./0 )/. . ' / /#-*0"# ,0'$//$1 ) 2 $"#/ '*// -49../0 )/.. ' / /#-*0"#,0'$//$1 . ' /$*)#1 )!*0)
/*#1 #$"# -(*/$1/$*)/#)/#*. . ' / /#-*0"#2 $"#/ '*// -4<MM
/# - !*- .$") /# +- . )/ ./04 /* / ./ /# !*''*2$)" - . -#
,0 ./$*).)(* 'E $"0- MF;
L< * . - '/$1 0/*)*(*0. (*/$1/$*) +*.$/$1 '4 !! / "** ./04
./-/ "40. 4./0 )/.)/# ./04 !!*-/>
M< * "** ./04 ./-/ "4 ) #$"# ./04 !!*-/ +*.$/$1 '4 !! /
($+ -!*-() >
N< * . /#$. (* ' E$"0- MF 2*-& $!! - )/'4 $) (' ) ! (' ./0 )/.>
!4 .92#/- /# $!! - ) .>
O< * . /#$. (* ' 2*-& E$"0- MF $!! - )/'4 $) ./0 )/. . ' / /#-*0"#,0'$//$1 . ' /$*))2 $"#/ '*// -4>
!4 .92#/- /# $!! - ) .>
Motivation in medical students
211
211
chapter 7
Motivation, learning and performance
)&:-$#('.!# #&!#(*(#"" )"'$&#&!"
'/$1 0/*)*(*0.
*/$1/$*)
**/04
/-/ "4
*- ./04 !!*-/
($
+ -!*-() E
(#'
!$ /0 )/.!-*(4 -.M/*Q*!/# )$1 -.$/4 $' )/ -(./ -(
2 - $)1$/ /* +-/$$+/ $) *0- - . -# +-*% / /#-*0"# ) ' /-*)$
,0 ./$*))$- $) +/ ( -MKKT<# /#0(-0' !*-"**.(+' .$5 !*-$.(*- /#)MKK9(*- 0-/ ./$(/$*) $)"MK.0% /.!*-
1 -41-$' $)/# (* '<0-.(+' .$5 ./$.!$ */#-0' .<LP
"'(&)!"(')'
# ' /-*)$.0-1 4 .$") $)'0 .*( + -.*)'/,0 ./$*).9/# ($*/$1/$*)' ED-*)#@.'+#-)"$)"!-*(K<QN/*
K<SQ !*- $!! - )/ .0.' .FMN9 MO /* ( .0- /# ,0'$/4 *! (*/$1/$*) *!
/# ./0 )/. . .-$ 4 ) /# 1$. /04 -* ..
0 ./$*))$- =M /*-. E==M D -*)#@. '+# -)"$)" !-*( K<PR
/*K<RMFLQ/*( .0- /# ./04./-/ "$ .0. 4/# ./0 )/.< ($
212
212
Motivation in medical students
Motivation, learning and performance
chapter 7
+ -!*-() 2.*'' / $)/# !*-(*!- *$)/1 -" EF)
0-*+ ) - $/. E.F */$) *-$)" /* 0-*+ ) - $/ -).! -
4./ (<
$)+)$#! '!( D 0. /# 1-$' . 0/*)*(*0. */$1/$*)
EF9 *)/-*'' */$1/$*) EF ) '/$1 0/*)*(*0. */$1/$*)
EF< 2. ( .0- *! /# (*0)/ *! . '!= / -($) (*/$1/$*)
( )$)" /# (*/$1/$*) 2#$# ( !-*( 2$/#$) /# ./0 )/< 2.
'0'/ 4.0(($)"0+/# 1 -" .*- .*)$)/-$).$(*/$1/$*))
$ )/$!$ - "0'/$*) .0.' . *! /# < 2. ( .0- *!
(*/$1/$*)2#$#*-$"$)/ *0/.$ *!/# $)$1$0'9( )$)"/#/$/2.
/ -($) 4 3/ -)'!/*-.*-- .*).<2.'0'/ 4.0(($)"
0+ /# 1 -" .*- . *) $)/-*% / ) 3/ -)' - "0'/$*) .0.' . *!
/# < $) ) 3$./ .$(0'/) *0.'4 2$/#$) ) $)$1$0'9 2 2)/ /*- / .$)"' .*- *)/# - '/$1 . '!= / -($) (*/$1/$*)9
2#$# $. +0/ !*-/# . /# *+/$(' /4+ *! (*/$1/$*) 4 < 2.
'0'/ /* " / .$)"' 1-$' *! (*/$1/$*) 2#$# $)*-+*-/ */#
) $) *- - /* " / ) $ *! /# *1 -'' . '!= / -($) *-
0/*)*(*0.(*/$1/$*)<
/2.'0'/ 4..$")$)"2 $"#/./*$)/-$).$
(*/$1/$*)EVMF9$ )/$!$ - "0'/$*)EVLF9$)/-*% / - "0'/$*)E=LF)
3/ -)' - "0'/$*) E=MF9 + )$)" *) /# +' ( )/ *! /#$. /4+ *!
(*/$1/$*) $) /# *)/$)00( E.
2 $"#/ .*#1 $"0- LF ) .0(($)" /# . .<L 9 E-*)#@. '+# K<SR ) K<RM -
)- '$'4).0 ..!0''40. $) -'$ -./0$ .<L
.+ /$1 '4F
)*-%'$(('!)+'!(D==M2.0. /**/$)/# .*- .*)
/# ./-/ "$ .0. 4./0 )/.2# )/# 4./0$ 9
0-! /-/ "4
EF<LQ
+/-/ "4EF)
+ /-/ "4 ( ). /# ./-/ "4 0. 4 /# ./0 )//*A(3$($. ( )$)"B$)/# (/ -$'' -)/)0-! /-/ "4
( ). 0. *! -*/ ' -)$)" *- ( (*-$./$*) *! !/.< 1 -4 ./0 )/
(+'*4. */# /4+ . *! ./-/ "$ . !-*( /$( /* /$( < 2)/ /* 0. Motivation in medical students
213
213
chapter 7
Motivation, learning and performance
.*- 2#$# ( .0- - '/$1 0. *! + ./-/ "49 2#$# $. *).$ - /# A"**B /4+ *! ./-/ "4 /* 0. 4 ./0 )/.<LQ /# - !*- *)1 -/ /# . /2*.*- .$)/*.$)"' .*- '' **/04/-/ "4
EF.0/-/$)"/# ( )$/ (.*- .!-*(/# ( )$/ (.*- .<
.$($'-/4+ *!'0'/$*)#. )0. 4)./
)&$./ /'</*- / )*+/$('' -)$)"*(+*.$/ !-*(/# .*- .*)/# E -)$)")
/04/-/ "$ .
)1 )/*-4F<L '.**'' / . '!=- +*-/ /*)./04
!!*-/(*)"/# ./0 )/.<
" %'$'"# +'!( D '' *0-. - .0'/. */$) 4 /# +-/$$+/$)" ./0 )/. 0-$)" *) . ( ./ - E +/ ( - MKKT=)0-4
MKLKF2 - */$) !-*(/# ./0 )/$)!*-(/$*).4./ (.*!/# ( $'
.#**'< * '0'/ /# 0-*+ ) - $/. E.F9 - $/. !-*( '' *0-. .
+.. 2$/#$) /# . ( ./ - 2$/#$) /# +-*"-(( *! ( $$) 2 - .0(( < # (3$(0( )0( - *! - $/. /#/ *0' */$) + -
*0-. 2. /# .( !*- # ./0 )/ . + - /# 0)$1 -.$/4 -0' .<
3/-0--$0'-- $/.2 - )*/$)'0 <
# 2. !$) ./# 1 -" "- + -*0-. 92 $"#/ !*-- $/.
-) E.F< ) /# +- . )/ ./04 *)'4 !$)' +..$)" "- . 2 - 0. E"- 4 2#$# /# ./0 )/ # -) - $/. ) +.. /# *0-. F<
$/#$) /#$. *)'4 *0-. . 2$/# )0( -$' EL /* LKF !$)' "- 2 - $)'0 ) *)'4 /# #$"# ./ E+..$)"F "- 2. 0. /*'0'/ <
#$. 2. *) 0. 2 *).$ - /# #$"# ./ "- (*- $(+*-/)/
/#) /# // (+/ / 2#$# /#$. "- 2. */$) 9 .+ $''4 .$) /# . // (+/.2 - ( 2$/#$)1 -4.#*-/+ -$**!/$( < -.$./ )/ !!*-/.
/*2-.' -)$)"- .-$1 )4(*/$1/$*). ./+ -!*-() <
# .*!/# ./0 )/.!-*(4 -.M)N2 - ($)'4. *)*0-. .
2$/#*")$/$1 .. ..( )/.*-&)*2' " / ./.)+-/$' 3($)/$*).9
2# - . . !-*( /# ./0 )/. !-*( 4 -. O9 P ) Q (*./'4 $)'0 214
214
Motivation in medical students
Motivation, learning and performance
chapter 7
*0-. . 2$/# ($3/0- *! *")$/$1 ) &)*2' " .. ..( )/. )
'$)$'+ -!*-() ++-$.'.<# . .*- .2 - *)1 -/ $)/*5=.*- .
2$/#$)/# - .+ /$1 "-*0+./*(& /# (*(+-' < $)*/.. ..
*")$/$1 ) '$)$' + -!*-() . . +-/ '4 . '$)$' + -!*-() "- .- *)'41$'' !*-/# .0"-*0+*!./0 )/.$)/# './+#. *!
/# ( $'./04+-*"-(( <
(('( " -''
# .*!/2- +-*"-(( 1 -.$*) LP<K 2. 0. !*- *0- .$
)'4. .< !/ - # &$)" !*- )*-(' $./-$0/$*) *! /# /9 '$) -$/4 *!
- '/$*).#$+. /2
/2
) 1-$' . ) *(+0/$)" /# .$ *-- '/$*).
) /# $!! - )/ 1-$' .9 - '$$'$/4 / ./. !*- '' /# .' . 0. /*
( .0- /# $!! - )/ 1-$' . 2 - + -!*-( < 0'/$+' - "- ..$*)
)'4.$. 2. +')) /* / -($) 2# /# - " 9 " ) -9 4 - *!
0--$0'0( ) ( /#* *! ($..$*) !! / /# (*/$1/$*)' 1-$' .
) /* *(+- /# (* ' /2
) /# "-*0+. (*)" 2#*( 2 !*0)
.$")$!$)/ !! /.<*- .*)''/# 1-$' .2 - *)1 -/ /*5=.*- ./*
(& /# ( *(+-' < * *(+- .*- . *) '' 1-$' . /2
)
.0"-*0+.9 (' . ) ! (' .9 ) ./0 )/. . ' / /#-*0"# ,0'$//$1 . ' /$*))2 $"#/ '*// -49./0 )/@.0)+$- /=/ ./.2 - + -!*-( <
/-0/0-' ,0/$*) * ''$)" EF )'4.$. 2. --$ *0/ 0.$)" /# .*!/2- 1 -.$*)P<K<*(+-$.*)2.*) /2
)/# +-*+*. )/ ./ (* '!*-(' .)! (' .)!*-./0 )/.. ' / /#-*0"#
,0'$//$1 . ' /$*))2 $"#/ '*// -4<# $)$ .0. !*- ./$(/$)"
"**) .. *! !$/ *! /# (* ' 2 - #$= .,0- "**) .. *! !$/ 1'0 YK<KP9
*(+-$.*) *! $/ ) 3 E
YK<KTF ) **/ ) ,0- --*- *!
++-*3$(/$*)EXK<KPF<# +/' 1'0 .!*-"**!$/*!/# (* '- "$1 )$)+- )/# . .!*''*2$)" #$) 3<LP9MP
Motivation in medical students
215
215
chapter 7
Motivation, learning and performance
( $$&#* $' /#$. 1$ 2 *-. *! 0)$1 -.$/4 ( $' )/ -. $) /# /# -'). 0.0''4 3 (+/ 0/$*)' - . -# !-*( - ,0$- ( )/ *!
/#$' ++-*1'9 . /# )/$*)' ' "$.'/$*) !*0. . *) ( $' - . -#
--$ *0/ 2$/# +/$ )/.< $) /#$. ./04 2. ./-/ !*- /# /# -'). $' 0/$*) /#$. 1$ 2 *- E=F ( $)/* 3$./ ) 9$/2. 3 (+/!-*(*/$)$)" /#$'++-*1'< ).0- '$")( )/ 2$/# /# -0' . *! '.$)&$ '-/$*) 4; */$)$)" 2-$// )9
$)!*-( *). )/91*'0)/-4+-/$$+/$*)9"0-)/
!
*!*)!$ )/$'$/4)
*( /* 2$/#-2 !-*( /# ./04 / )4 +*$)/ $) /$( 2$/#*0/ )4
3+')/$*)<
') ('
# - .+*). -/ *!/# ./0 )/.2.MQ<QUEOQOCLROMF92#$#$)'0 MR<SU ELMTCOQOF (' . ) RM<MU ENNPCOQOF ! (' .< # " ) -
$./-$0/$*) 2. '(*./ /# .( . *(+- /* /#/ $) /# )*-('
( $'./0 )/+*+0'/$*)</0 )/.($// /#-*0"#2 $"#/ '*// -4
. ' /$*)+-* 0- *(+-$. SL<MPUENRRCOQOF)./0 )/.#
)
($// /#-*0"# ,0'$//$1 . ' /$*) +-* 0- *(+-$. LS<RPU
ESRCOQOF< # . + - )/" . -*'4 *-- .+*) /* /# + - )/" *!
/# . ./0 )/.$)/# 2#*' ( $'./0 )/+*+0'/$*)9.*2 *).$ -/# .(+' - +- . )//$1 <
+ -!*-( )'4. . *) /# NSN ./0 )/. . /# . *! SL ./0 )/.
*0' )*/ *(+0/ 0. /# . ./0 )/. 2 - $) ) $)= /2
)
+#. $) /# $- ./04 2# - /# 4 # *(+' / /# +- 1$*0. 4 -9 0/
*0')*/./-/*-!$)$.# )*0"# 3(./**/$).$)/# !$-./. ( ./ -
*! MKKT=MKLK< # " ) - ) . ' /$*) $./-$0/$*) #-/ -$./$. 2 - .$($'- /* /# *1 -'' +*+0'/$*)9 .* 3'0$)" /# . ./0 )/. $ )*/
1 -. '4!! /*0-- .0'/.<
216
216
Motivation in medical students
Motivation, learning and performance
chapter 7
# ( )" !*-*/#9(' .)! (' .92.MN<N4 -.E/# -)" 2.
LS=OK4 -.F<
# - '$$'$/$ . *! /# .' . 0. 9 $< < -*)#@. '+#. E ' LF9
-)" !-*(K<PQS/*K<ROP92#$#2 - $)'$) 2$/#/#*. !*0)$)*/# -
./0$ .<LQ
9 ('#&"(' ')'
)'(#""&
)'
11:
& '
/*&)*2
*(+'$.#( )/
/$(0'/$*)
=
)/$!$ "0'/$*)
=
)/-*% / "0'/$*)
=3/ -)' "0'/$*)
(*/$1/$*)
# *-- '/$*). /2
&#"3' $
K<SKK
K<RRS
K<RPT
K<RRR
K<QNL
K<SMS
K<SKR
K<SNN
K<ROP
K<RNR
K<RKS
K<PQS
K<QML
)/# $!! - )/1-$' .2 - ..#*2)$)' M<
)2 - .$")$!$)/'4+*.$/$1 '4*-- '/ 2#$#2. 3+ / .
$/ # ) *. -1 $) -'$ - ./0$ .<L 2. .$")$!$)/'4 +*.$/$1 '4
*-- '/ 2$/#).$")$!$)/'4) "/$1 '4*-- '/ 2$/#92#$#
.#*2 /#//# *(+0//$*)*!.1-$' 2.2 ''=!*0) <
) 2 - .$")$!$)/'4 ) "/$1 '4 *-- '/ 2$/# (*/$1/$*)< 2..$")$!$)/'4+*.$/$1 '4*-- '/ 2$/#**/04/-/ "4)<
# . *-- '/$*). !*-( /# .$. !*- / ./$)" /# (* ' +-*+*. $)
$"0- M<
Motivation in medical students
217
217
218
'
$ "%
$
'
"
'
!&"
$&
%$"
!#
"
"'
#
" !# $'
%
'%
&&
!!
&
&
!
#!
!%
#&
Motivation in medical students
218
(#((
!$"#" chapter 7
Motivation, learning and performance
Motivation, learning and performance
chapter 7
!! % &
%)1'"'+-! 1'"'''& %)1'"'(,! 1'"''0& %1'"'.(& %1'"*-/&"
! $
# " ! "%*&
Motivation in medical students
219
219
220
"
#$'!#
###!'
#
*
6+
#%#
"
#$'!#
#%#
"
*
6+
!
$##%
#
*
6+
"
*
6+
220
405#&()"!" %$!!
"
#&()"!"
405#&()"!" %$!!
"
#&()"!"
/"$#"#"#!
"*7--,+&#"*7.2/+"#$#""##!$
&###!'*7/-3+&# $##%"#*710+
chapter 7
Motivation, learning and performance
Motivation in medical students
Motivation, learning and performance
chapter 7
$) ( /#* *! ($..$*) .$")$!$)/'4 !! / 2 + -!*-( ./0 )/D.0)+$- /@/ .//**(+- ./0 )/.. ' / /#-*0"#,0'$//$1 . ' /$*) ) 2 $"#/ '*// -4? !*0) /#/ ./0 )/. . ' / /#-*0"#
,0'$//$1 . ' /$*) # .$")$!$)/'4 #$"# - ) )
.$")$!$)/'4 '*2 - . ) (*/$1/$*) . *(+- /* /#*. ($// /#-*0"#2 $"#/ '*// -4?J ' TK
)&7(&)()& %)(#"# $("& (#"'$(+"
!#(*(#"-'(),'(&(,"$&#&!"#& '()"('
4.79533
'/$1 0/*)*(*0.
*/$1/$*)
**/04
/-/ "4
4.5;;33
4.68:33
/4.488
($
+ -!*-() J
*- ./04 !!*-/
4.4:;
# ./-0/0-' ,0/$*) (* ' )'4. . < 2#$# $)'0 *(+-$)" /# (' ) ! (' "-*0+.< - .0'/ $) /# (* ' +$/ $) $"0- T )
#/# !*''*2$)"#-/ -$./$.>)]TYT<!]T<#$.,0- ]R?QZV<+]Q?XXY
J_Q?QVK$? ?)*)@.$")$!$)/J#$@.,0- "**) ..*!!$/K<.*/#$.(* '2.
"** (* '? ]R?QQQ J_Q?QZK< J**/ ) ,0- --*- *!
++-*3$(/$*)K (* ' !$/ 2. ,0' /* Q?QQQ J^Q?QVK< 2#$# 2. "**
!$/?# (* '!$/*/#(' )! (' "-*0+.1 -42 ''J#-/ -$./$.*!
/# (* '. - ($) /# .( . ( )/$*) *1 K< 0/ /# - "- ..$*)
Motivation in medical students
221
221
chapter 7
Motivation, learning and performance
2 $"#/. !*- /# $!! - )/ - '/$*).#$+. /2
$!! - )/J
' UK?
) */# "-*0+. 2 - 9&"'"&''#"+('#*& '(+"
!# '#& - '-! '-) ((* (#""#((&,
(#"
& '
# '
# Q?TSRNNN
# # # ! ' ) ((* (
(#"
#((&,
(#"
Q?TVVNNN Q?TSUNN
Q?TUZNNN
#"
##
#"
'(),
#&(
###"
'(),
#&(
###"
(),
#&(#"
@Q?QRZ
@Q?RSR
@Q?QSV
@Q?QUU
Q?SYYNN
Q?SSXNNN
Q?TQWN
Q?SUQNNN
Q?SUYNNN
Q?QQX
Q?SWQNNN
Q?TRZNN
Q?RXYNN
Q?RZZNNN
Q?SQVN
Q?QUV
Q?SSS
Q?QWT
Q?QYZ
@Q?RRY
Q?TVRNNN
N+^Q?QV<NN+^Q?QR<NNN+^Q?QQR<+]Q?QVZ
0. /# .( (* '!*-/# ./-0/0-' ,0/$*)(* ')'4. .2#$#
$)'0 *(+-$)" /# ,0'$//$1 ) 2 $"#/ '*// -4 . ' /$*)
.0"-*0+.)/# (* 'J
$"0- TK#/# !*''*2$)"#-/ -$./$.>
)]TYT<#$.,0- ]U?XQZ<!]T<+]Q?RZUJ_Q?VQK</# - !*- )*)@.$")$!$)/
J#$@.,0- "**) ..*!!$/K?# ]Q?ZZQJ_Q?QZK)(* '!$/
!*- /#$. 2. Q?QSX J^Q?QVK< 2#$# $. "** !$/? # (* ' !$/ */#
,0'$//$1 ) 2 $"#/ '*// -4 . ' /$*) .0"-*0+. 1 -4 2 ''
J#-/ -$./$. *! /# (* '. - ($) /# .( . ( )/$*) *1 K<
222
222
Motivation in medical students
Motivation, learning and performance
chapter 7
0/ /# - "- ..$*) 2 $"#/. !*- /# $!! - )/ - '/$*).#$+. /2
"-*0+.2 - $!! - )/J ' UK?
) */#
!*0) $) /# +- . )/ ./04 /#/ - '/$1 0/*)*(*0. (*/$1/$*) $.
+*.$/$1 '4..*$/ 2$/#/# 0. *!"**./04./-/ "44/# ./0 )/.<
2#$#$.+*.$/$1 '4..*$/ 2$/##$"#./04 !!*-/) // -J
$"0- T ) ' UK? # - '/$1 ..*$/$*). !*- /# . - '/$*).#$+.
2 - $!! - )/ $) (' .< ! (' .< ,0'$//$1 ) 2 $"#/ '*// -4
. ' /$*).0"-*0+.J ' UK?
')''#"
) /# +- . )/ ./04< 2 !*0) /#/ - '/$1 0/*)*(*0. (*/$1/$*) $.
+*.$/$1 '4..*$/ 2$/#/# 0. *!"**./04./-/ "44/# ./0 )/.
2#$# $. +*.$/$1 '4 ..*$/ 2$/# #$"# - ./04 !!*-/ J'.* !*0) 4
$'&$).*) SQQX< /#*0"# )*/ /#-*0"# )'4. .KSW ) // - ?
)./ )&$./ / '? !*0) /#/ .$($'- (* ' $)*-+*-/$)" . '!@./04
#*0-.2$/#$)/# 1-$' E+/$(' -)$)"*(+*.$/ F!$/./0 )/.$)/# .( " "-*0+ J( ) " *0/ ST 4 -.K $) " ) -' 0/$*) ./04
2 ''?R '/$1 0/*)*(*0. (*/$1/$*) $. .$")$!$)/'4 ..*$/ 2$/#
#$"# - J'.* !*0) 4 *-'< 0/ /# - '/$*) .
(. /* (*- $)$- /< $? ? /#-*0"# 0. *! "** ./04 ./-/ "4< $)./ *! $- /
- '/$*)?RZ # +*.$/$1 *-- '/$*) *! 0/*)*(*0. (*/$1/$*) 2$/# ./04 ./-/ "4RZ ) +
+ ./04 ./-/ "4 2$/# ($ + -!*-() $.
.0++*-/ 4*/# -./0$ .$)( $' 0/$*)?RZ<SX # 3+ / /*
!$) .$")$!$)/ +*.$/$1 ..*$/$*) /2
) - '/$1 0/*)*(*0.
(*/$1/$*))./04 !!*-/<0/$)*/!$)/#$.?
. 3+ / < $!! - ) . 2 - !*0) $) /# )/0- *! - '/$*).#$+.
/2
)(' .)! (' .),0'$//$1 )2 $"#/ '*// -4. ' /$*)
.0"-*0+.?$")$!$)/+*.$/$1 ..*$/$*)*!*))*)#$"#
./04 !!*-/2 - !*0)$)''/# !*0-"-*0+.<.*/# . - '/$*).#$+..
Motivation in medical students
(
223
223
chapter 7
Motivation, learning and performance
/* 2 ''@.0./)/$/ ? $/# /# 3 +/$*) *! /# (' . .0"-*0+< .#*2 .$")$!$)/ +*.$/$1 ..*$/$*) 2$/# $) '' .0"-*0+.? /04
!!*-/.#*2 .$")$!$)/+*.$/$1 ..*$/$*)2$/#*)'4$)/# (' .
) ,0'$//$1 . ' /$*) .0"-*0+.< ) )* .$")$!$)/ +*.$/$1 ..*$/$*) $) /# *1 -'' (* '? #$. ( ). /#/ .*( 1-$' . #1 ./-*)" - ..*$/$*). $) .*( .0"-*0+. ) 2 & - ..*$/$*). $)
*/# -.? . (. /* #1 ) $)$- / +*.$/$1 ..*$/$*) 2$/# J -.*) *-- '/$*)]Q?RSR< +^Q?QQRK /#-*0"# $/. +*.$/$1 ..*$/$*)
2$/# < -/# - /#) #1$)" $- / ..*$/$*)< $) '' 3 +/ /# (' .
.0"-*0+? ) /# ,0'$//$1 . ' /$*) .0"-*0+< .
(. /* #1 )
$)$- / +*.$/$1 ..*$/$*) 2$/# J -.*) *-- '/$*)]Q?RSR<
+^Q?QQRK'.*/#-*0"#$/.+*.$/$1 ..*$/$*)2$/#./04 !!*-/?) *!/# -$/ -$ !*- ($..$*) /#-*0"# ,0'$//$1 . ' /$*) 2. 1$ ) *!
.$")$!$)//$( $)1 ./( )/$) -/$) '$"$' /$1$/$ .+-'' '/*!0''/$( 0/$*)< $)'0$)" # '/#@- '/ 2*-&< *! / ' ./ RWQ #*0-. + - 4 -?
0- !$)$)" /#/ /#$. .0"-*0+ .#*2 #$"# - ..*$/$*) *! ./04 !!*-/
2$/# . -1 . . 1'$/$*) !*- *0- !$)$)".? ) /# (' . .0"-*0+<
.
(. /* #1 ) $)$- / +*.$/$1 ..*$/$*) 2$/# J -.*)
*-- '/$*)]Q?RSR< +^Q?QQRK *)'4 /#-*0"# $/. +*.$/$1 ..*$/$*) 2$/#
./04 !!*-/?
)./ )&$./ / '? !*0) $!! - ) . $) /# .*- . *! (' . ) ! (' .
*) .*( 1-$' .< 0/ $ )*/ *(+- /# $- +-*+*. (* ' /2
)
(' ) ! (' "-*0+.?R 0- ./04 /#0. . /* )./ )&$./ / '?
./04?
$)$)". *! */# - ./0$ . $) ( $' 0/$*) .0++*-/ /# $!! - ) .
!*0) /2
)(' .)! (' .$)/# +- . )/./04$)/# ,0)/$/4*!
(*/$1/$*) J (' ._' .KSY< SZ< TQ ) ,0'$/4 *! (*/$1/$*) J! (' .
#1 #$"# - 0/*)*(*0. *- $)/-$).$ ) '*2 - *)/-*'' *- 3/-$).$
(*/$1/$*) /#) (' .K?SQ< TR # $!! - ) . /2
224
) /# ,0'$//$1 )
224
Motivation in medical students
Motivation, learning and performance
chapter 7
2 $"#/ '*// -4 . ' /$*) .0"-*0+. $) /# ,0)/$/4 *! (*/$1/$*)
J0'$//$1 . ' /$*)_ $"#/ '*// -4 . ' /$*)K - '.* .0++*-/ 4
.$($'-!$)$)".$)*/# -./0$ .?SS#0.<*0-./04'.*./*/# ./04
*! $!! - ) . /2
) ( $' ./0 )/. . ' / 4 ,0'$//$1 )
2 $"#/ '*// -4. ' /$*)?
#0. 2 !*0) +/' 1$ ) !*- *0- +-*+*. (* ' 2#$# 2.
. *)+-$*-$#4+*/# .$. -$1 !-*(?
!$ (#"'
0- ./04 +-*1$ . +/' 1$ ) /#/ /# ,0'$/4 *! (*/$1/$*) $.
$(+*-/)/ $) / -($)$)" "** + -!*-() (*)" ( $' ./0 )/.
/#-*0"#"**./04./-/ "4)#$"# !!*-/?# . !$)$)".$(+'4/#/2 .#*0' .+ $!$''4 // (+/ /* /-" / )#)$)" 0/*)*(*0. (*/$1/$*)
(*)" ( $' ./0 )/. $) *- - /* )*0-" ) //$/0 /*2-. ' -)$)")#$"# !!*-/)!$)''4"**+ -!*-() ?
+
(&"('" !((#"'
) *! /# ./- )"/#. *! *0- ./04 $. /#/ 2 0. ./-0/0-' ,0/$*)
(* ''$)" ++-*# ) #1 !*0) 2 ''@!$//$)" (* ' !*- /# - '/$*).#$+ /2
) (*/$1/$*)< ./04 ./-/ "4< !!*-/ ) ($
+ -!*-() ? )*/# - ./- )"/# $. /#/ 2 #1 *(+- /# (* '
/2
)(' )! (' .0"-*0+.),0'$//$1 )2 $"#/ '*// -4
. ' /$*) .0"-*0+.? $) /#$. ./04 2. + -!*-( $) /# /# -').
2 2 - $)0)$,0 +*.$/$*)/**(+- /# '// -/2*.0"-*0+.?
# (%*-'$($//$*)*!*0-./042.'*2- .+*). -/ ?*2 1 -<"$1 )
/# !/ /#/ /# - .+*)$)" +*+0'/$*) .
( - +- . )//$1 *! /# ( $' ./0 )/ +*+0'/$*) $) " ) -'< ) /#/ /# .*'0/ )0( - *!
- .+*). . ''*2. !*- ./-0/0-' ,0/$*) )'4.$.< 2 *).$ - - +*-/$)"
*0- !$)$)". /* /* /# 3$./$)" '$/ -/0- ? # */# - $. /#/ /#$. ./04
2. --$ *0/ / .$)"' 0)$1 -.$/4 $) /# /# -'). ) # ) #.
Motivation in medical students
225
225
chapter 7
Motivation, learning and performance
'$($/ " ) -'$.$'$/4?
/)1 -42 ''. -1 ."**./-/$)"+*$)/!*-
(*- ./0$ .*)/# .( .+ /$)( $' 0/$*)?
#" )'#"
'/$1 0/*)*(*0.*/$1/$*)+*.$/$1 '4!! /. ($+ -!*-() /#-*0"#
.
+./-/ "4/*2-../04)#$"# -./04 !!*-/?#$.(* '
(. 1'$ $) ( $' 0/$*) $) .0"-*0+. .0# . (' .< ! (' .<
./0 )/. . ' / 4 ,0'$//$1 ) 2 $"#/ '*// -4 . ' /$*)
+-* 0- .?
226
226
Motivation in medical students
Motivation, learning and performance
chapter 7
&"'
R? )./
)&$./ < #*0 < ). < * ) ). ? 3+ -$ ) . *!
0/*)*(4 ) *)/-*' (*)" #$) . ' -) -.> $/'$5$)" *-
$((*$'$5$)"B $*'#! $ *)$#! (.$!$.? SQQV=ZX>UWY@
UYT?
S? 0.0-&-< )/ <).+ - )<-*$. /?*/$1/$*).
)$) + ) )/) + ) )/1-$' $)( $' 0/$*)>
- 1$ 2*!/# '$/ -/0- ?!'?SQRR=TT> SUS@ SWS?
T? 4) < $ ? )/-$).$ ) 3/-$).$ (*/$1/$*).> '..$
!$)$/$*). ) ) 2 $- /$*).? *)/ (+*--4 0/$*)'
.4#*'*"4?SQQQ=SV>VU@WX?
U? 4) < $ ? '!@ / -($)/$*) /# *-4 ) !$'$//$*) *!
$)/-$).$(*/$1/$*)<.*$' 1 '*+( )/)2 ''@ $)"?"'#
(.$!$()?SQQQ=VV>WY@XY?
V? $<4)?# E#/F)E#4F*!"*'+0-.0$/.>0()
)
. ) /# . '!@ / -($)/$*) *! #1$*-? (.$!$!
#&*'.?SQQQ=RR>SSX@SWY?
W? -*')$& < 4) ? 0/*)*(4 $) #$'- )O. ' -)$)"> )
3+ -$( )/' ) $)$1$0' $!! - ) $)1 ./$"/$*)? *0-)' *!
-.*)'$/4)*$'.4#*'*"4?RZYX=VS>YZQ@YZY?
X? *""$)* < '$)& < #$ '. < '# < -- // ? . *!
/ #)$,0 . +-*(*/$)" ./0 )/.O . '!@ / -($)/$*)> !! /. *)
./0 )/.O)'4/$+-*' (@.*'1$)".&$''.?$)+)$##"$)$#?
RZZT=RX>TRZ@TTW?
Y? * ) ). < )./
)&$./ ? )/ )/. ) *0/*( . *! . '!@
/ -($)/$*)$)T'$! *($).># -*' *!+- )/.D)/ # -.D
0/*)*(4.0++*-/?
$*'#!$$*)#$!(#?SQQV=TU>VYZ@
WQU?
Motivation in medical students
227
227
chapter 7
Motivation, learning and performance
Z? '& < $ ? # !! /. *! $)./-0/*-.D 0/*)*(4 .0++*-/
) ./0 )/.D 0/*)*(*0. (*/$1/$*) *) ' -)$)" *-")$
# ($./-4> . '!@ / -($)/$*) /# *-4 + -.+ /$1 ? #
*)$#?SQQQ=YU>XUQ@XVW?
RQ? 1 .,0 < 0 #'& < /) & < 4) ? 0/*)*(4 )
*(+ / ) $) " -() ) ( -$) 0)$1 -.$/4 ./0 )/.> *(+-/$1 ./04 . *) . '!@ / -($)/$*) /# *-4? $*'#! $
*)$#!(.$!$.?SQQU=ZW>WY@YU?
RR? $''$(.<$ ) -<-&&$.<
1 < $? $'
./0 )/.O(*/$1/$*) !*- $)/ -)' ( $$) ? $*'#! $ #'!
#)'#!#?RZZU=Z>TSX@TTT?
RS? $''$(. < $5*2 < *.. < $ ? */$1/$*) 0) -'4$)"
-
- #*$ !*- $)/ -)' ( $$) ) .0-" -4? $ ?
RZZX=UV>RXQV@RXRT?
RT? #($/ < *0./ ? #/ (& . /0/*-
!! /$1 B ./-0/0-'@ ,0/$*). (* '$)" ++-*# /* ' -)$)" $) +-*' (@
. 0--$0'?"#2RZZV=XQ>XQY@XRU?
RU? -0$) < 1) $ ' < $& -. < #($/ ?
3($)$)" /# ./$'$/4 *! 3+ -/.D '$)$' . +-* ..$)"> )
3+ -$( )/' ()$+0'/$*)? #()'*)$#! #2 SQQV= TT>SVR@
SXQ?
RV? $*'/*< & -?*2/*0. ./-0/0-' ,0/$*)(* '$)"$)
( $' 0/$*)- . -#>-$ !"0$ ?##'##
##?SQQX=RZ>TWS@TXR?
RW? $"". < ( - < 0)" ? JK? # - 1$. /2*@!/*- /04
-* .. 0 ./$*))$- > @@S? ')( $*'#! $ *)$#!
(.$!$2SQQR=XR>RTT@RUZ?
17. )./
)&$./ < $ - ). < * ) ). < 04&3 < ). ?
*/$1/$*)' +-*!$' . !-*( . '!@ / -($)/$*) + -.+ /$1 > # ,0'$/4 *! (*/$1/$*) (// -.? $*'#! $ *)$#! (.$!$.?
SQQZ=RQR>WXR@WYY?
228
228
Motivation in medical students
Motivation, learning and performance
chapter 7
18. / '' <04<'' -)<-*. < ) '?0/*)*(*0.<
*)/-*'' < ) (*/$1/ /4+ . *! ($ (*/$1/$*)>
+ -.*)@*-$ )/ )'4.$.? $*'#! $ *)$#! (.$!$.?
SQQX=ZZ>XTU@XUW?
RZ? *-' ? #/ &$) *! (*/$1/$*) -$1 . ( $' ./0 )/.
' -)$)",0 ./.B!*)$#?SQQU=TY>ZVQ@ZVX?
SQ? 0.0-&-<-*$. /< )/ ?*/$1/$*)'+-*!$' .*!( $'
./0 )/.>..*$/$*)2$/#./04 !!*-/< ($+ -!*-() )
3#0./$*)?5(*"))62
SR? ) / ? $' 0/$*) $) /# /# -').? !
'2SQQX=SZ>XVS@XVX?
SS? 0'.() < 1) - ) < *-/ < $# '. < ./ ' ) <
-$!!$* ) ? !! /$1 ) .. *! . ' /$*) $) ( $' .#**'
($..$*).>1'0/$*)*!/# *0/*( .(*)"!- .#( )?!
*)$#?SQQX=UR>TWZ@TXX?
ST? '' -)< '' /$ -<'$.<-$7- < )7'<''$7- .
? # ($ (*/$1/$*) .' > ( .0- *! $)/-$).$<
3/-$).$ ) (*/$1/$*) $)
0/$*)? *)$#! #
(.$!$!(*'"#)?RZZS=VS>RQQT@RQRX?
SU? '' -)< '' /$ -<'$.<-$7- < )7'<''$7- .
? ) /# .. ..( )/ *! $)/-$).$< 3/-$).$ ) (*/$1/$*) $)
0/$*)> 1$ ) *) /# *)0-- )/ ) *)./-0/ 1'$$/4 *!
/# ($ */$1/$*) ' ? *)$#! # (.$!$!
(*'"#)2RZZT=VT>RVZ@RXS?
SV? '$) ? '#%!( # ') $ )'*)*'! &*)$# $!#2
T- ?># 0$''!*-- ..=SQRR?
SW? $'&$).*)< ''.<0.#) ''? $'./0 )/#-/ -$./$.
..*$/ 2$/# /$( $) ./04> . .+ )$)" (*- /$( '24. "**/#$)"B!'2SQQX=SZ>RQW@RRQ?
Motivation in medical students
229
229
chapter 7
Motivation, learning and performance
SX? )0. < $#-. < $) - < +-*./*) ? '$)$'
3+ -$ ) < + -!*-() $) !$)' 3($)/$*).< ) ' -)$)" ./4' $)( $'./0 )/.>-*.+ /$1 ./04?
2RZZY=TRW>TUV@TVQ?
SY? 0.0-&- < -0$/2" ) < ) / < -*$. / ? !! /. *! " <
" ) -) 0/$*)'&"-*0)*)./- )"/#*!(*/$1/$*)!*-
( $'.#**'?+#!)*?SQRQ=RV>TQT@TRT?
SZ? -'* < 2$ < +*!0 ? $' ./0 )/ + - +/$*). *!
!/*-. !! /$)" +-*0/$1$/4 *! +-*' (@. ' -)$)" /0/*-$'
"-*0+>* .0'/0- $)!'0 ) /# *0/*( B##'##
##?SQQT=RV>VZ@WU?
TQ? *0&.<**.</)/*)<0-./ $)<2'$.? 3@- '/ +.4#*'*"$' #-/ -$./$. *! ( $' ./0 )/.? $*'#! $
(.$!$.2RZXZ=RQS>RRZ@RST?
TR? 0 -"@$.# -<'"#*! -< '<0 -"?
)!'0 ) *! " ) - ) + -.*)'$/4 /-$/. *) /# -
- +'))$)" *! 2$..
( $'./0 )/.?,((! !.2SQQT=RTT>VTV@VUQ?
230
230
Motivation in medical students
$(&;
('#-"&")(#" &#)"#"'(&"(#!#(*(#"#&
! '## *!(#+#(#!)#(*)$#978708;5:60:7:3:8:
0.0-&-<J/- #/K
-0$/2" )<J0'$0. )/ -</- #/<# /# -').K
)/ #<#J/- #/K
-*$. /<<#J/- #/K
Motivation in medical students
231
231
chapter 8Age, gender and strength of motivation
'(&(
!
# $(*!/#$../042./* / -($) /# !! /.*!. ' /$*)< 0/$*)'
&"-*0)< " ) " ) - *) ./- )"/# *! (*/$1/$*) /* // ) )
+0-.0 ( $'.#**'?
(#
-0/ )/-4 JK ( $' ./0 )/. J#1$)" # '*-D. "-
$) $! $ ) .*-- '/ !$ 'K)*)@-0/ )/-4JK( $'./0 )/.
J#1$)"*)'4*(+' / #$"#.#**'K<2 - .& /*!$''*0//# /- )"/#*!
*/$1/$*) !*- $' #**' JK ,0 ./$*))$- / /# ./-/ *!
( $' .#**'? # ,0 ./$*))$- ( .0- . /# 2$''$)") .. *! /# ( $'./0 )/./*+0-.0 ( $' 0/$*) 1 )$)/# ! *!$!!$0'/4
).-$!$ ?
') ('
./0 )/.JVZ?WU\X?TQK##$"# -./- )"/#*!(*/$1/$*).*(+- /*./0 )/.JVV?SW\Y?TTK<.*$! (' .JVX?QV\Y?SYK.*(+- /*(' .JVU?TQ\Y?QYK?X?Z[*!/# 1-$) $)/# .*- .*0' 3+'$) 2$/#/# # '+*!'$) -- "- ..$*)(* '2$/#" <" ) -)
0/$*)' &"-*0)G. ' /$*) . +- $/*- 1-$' .? " 2. /# .$)"' '-" ./ +- $/*-? /0-$/4< /&$)" 1 '*+( )/' $!! - ) .
/2
) . 3 . $)/* *0)/< 2. 0. . +- $/*- /* *-- / !*-
$!! - ) . $) /# (/0-/$*) *! (' . ) ! (' .? /$''< /# " ) -
$!! - ) . +- 1$' < /#*0"# /# 4 2 - - 0 ? - @ )/-) 0/$*)' &"-*0) ) . ' /$*) '.* +- $/ /# ./- )"/# *!
(*/$1/$*)<0//# !! /*!/# /2*2.*)!*0) ?
#" )'#"
/- )"/#*!(*/$1/$*)++ -./* 4)($ )/$/4<#)"$)"+-$(-$'4
2$/#" )(/0-$/4)/*.('' 3/ )/2$/#" ) -) 3+ -$ ) ?
232
232
Motivation in medical students
Age, gender and strength of motivation
chapter 8
( # - "& " )(#" &#)" #"
'(&"(#!#(*(#"#&! '## "(&#)(#"
$'./0 )/.- &)*2)/* #$"#'4(*/$1/ ./0 )/.<$!( .0- 4-*+@*0/-/ )/$( $)1 ./( )/)*(+- 2$/#*/# -./0 )/.
$) #$"# - 0/$*)?R< S /- )"/# *! /#$. (*/$1/$*) ) .
) . )
$) + ) )/ 1-$' < +- $/$)" #1$*0-< 0/ '.* . + ) )/
1-$' <!! / 4 3+ -$ ) .$)/# +./?2*!$-'4- )/+# )*( )
$) 0) -"-0/ ( $' 0/$*) (4 $)!'0 ) /#$. ./- )"/#< )
$)$- /'4$/.$(+/*) ($.0 ..?) $./# 2*-'2$ $)- . $)/# )0( -*!! (' ./0 )/.<2#*2$/#$).#*-/+ -$**!/$( <*!/ )
( /**0/)0( -(' ( $'./0 )/.?T@X# */# -$./# )-*'( )/
*! ./0 )/. 2$/# "-0/ &"-*0) 2# ) /# 4 ./-/ ( $' .#**'?
*-/#( -$#. (+'*4 /#$./2*@4' (* '!*-'*)"/$( ./# *)'4 0--$0'0( ./-0/0- < 0/ $) 0-*+ ) 0./-'$< /# ($..$*) *!
./0 )/. 2#* #1 "-0/ ($''4< $)/* .#*-/ ) ( $'
*0-. *-$)#$"# -+-*"-(4 -*!- "0'-*0-. <$.- '/$1 '4) 2?Y<Z
*<$)(*./*0)/-$ .<./0 )/.- ($// $)/*( $'.#**'//# " *! RX@RY 4 -.< $- /'4 !/ - #$"# .#**'< 2# - . $) *-/# ( -$ )
) ./0 )/. - ($// /* ( $' .#**' -*0) /# " *! ST
4 -.?RQ ) -< ($ &"-*0) ) (/0-$/4 (4 2 '' !! / #*2
(*/$1/ ./0 )/. - /* +0-.0 ( $' .#**'< 0/ /# 3/ )/ *! /# . !! /.$.)*/&)*2)?
# - $. - .*) /* '$ 1 /#/ 4*0)" - ./0 )/. - ' .. (*/$1/ !*-
( $$) /#) *' - ./0 )/.? ) ./04 $) 0./-'$< $/ 2. !*0) /#/
*)'4VS[*!) 2'4($// ( $'./0 )/./0''4#/# ($/$*)
/* )/ -( $$) <RZ[ )/ - 0 /*$)/ - ./$)$*'*"4<RT[ )/ - Motivation in medical students
233
233
chapter 8Age, gender and strength of motivation
0 /* +- )/' +- ..0- ) RS [ )/ - 0. /# 4 */$) #$"#
(-&.<0/#)*$ *!/# $--
-)U[*0')*/"$1 )4.+ $!$
- .*)?RR /0$ . *) 2$/# 1$ 2 /* !$) *0/ 2# /# - ( $' ./0 )/.
- 2- *! /# - .+*).$$'$/$ . /# 4 - #**.$)" !*- #1 .#*2) /#/
./0 )/.$)/# $-!$-./4 -*!( $'.#**'- )*/1 -4!($'$-2$/#/# 1-$ .+ /. ) - .+*).$$'$/$ . *! /# ( $' +-*! ..$*)?RR@RT # *) +/$*). *! !$-./ 4 - ( $' ./0 )/. *0/ /# ( $' +-*! ..$*)
- *!/ ) '$($/ /* /# .*$' .+ /.? # $- " ) -' 0) -./)$)" $.
*0/*)'4/2*/$1$/$ .=/'&$)"2$/#+/$ )/.)/$)"$)/# *+ -/$*)
-**(?RS)4 ./0 )/. #1 ) '(*./ /*/''&*!&)*2' " *0//# - - ./-0/0- . ) 2*-&$)" #*0-. 2# ) /# 4 ./-/?RR@RT #$. * . )*/
) ..-$'4!! //# $-./- )"/#*!(*/$1/$*)!*-( $'.#**'<0//# - '/$*).#$+ /2
) ($(*/$1/$*))/# 1'$$/4*!/# $(" *!
/# +-*! ..$*)*!/# . ./0 )/.$.'.*)*/&)*2)?
!" )" ) - !! / +/$/0 !*- ( $'.#**'</#$.*0' 0 /*
(/0-$/4 $)" - '/ /* " ) - / " . /2
) RU ) SQ 4 -.RU )
-$) 1 '*+( )/RV<RW )(/0-/$*)RU<RV<*)/$)0$)"0+/*/# " *!SU
4 -. *- /#$- *! '$! ? ' . ) *).$ - /* '" #$)
! (' .4S4 -.$)+#4.$'(/0-/$*)?RX@RZ# - $. 1$ ) /#//# (/0-/$*) *! /# -$). *! (' . '" #$) /# -$). *! ! (' . *!
*-- .+*)$)"" 4T4 -.<' $)"/*'"*!T4 -.$)/# (*/$*)'
(/0-/$*)*!/# (' .?RU# +.4#*.*$'(/0-/$*))(/0-/$*)*!
%0" ( )/ '.* .#*2 ./ 4 +-*"- .. 0+ /* /# " *! SU 4 -.?SQ ) ./04 *) ( $' .#**' ++'$)/. $) /# )$/ // .< ! (' . 2 - !*0)/*#1 .$")$!$)/'4#$"# - (*/$*)'$)/ ''$" ) J
K.*(+- /* (' .= /# $( ).$*). *! /# $)" (/0-$/4< *(+..$*)< (*-'$/4<
.*$$'$/4<'($.+*.$/$*)?SR
*- *1 -</# - $./# '$ !/#///# " *!RX4 -.</# -$)$.)*/4 /
(/0- )*0"# /* (& .$")$!$)/ #*$
234
.SS<
- #*$ . *- $/ *0' (& -$.&4
# ) /# - - ()4 ./0 )/. -*++$)" *!! *- 3#)"$)"
234
Motivation in medical students
Age, gender and strength of motivation
chapter 8
./04RU?#$..+ /*!" / )/-4- '/ /**(+' 3- '/$*). /2
" ) - ) (/0-$/4 ) ($ &"-*0) #. )*/ !*- $)( $'./0 )/.?
)
) ./0$ # ./0$ .*) *)(*/$1/$*)*!( $'./0 )/.#1 '24... .. /# ,0'$/4*-/4+ *!(*/$1/$*)?./0 )/(4#1 "***- .$-' ,0'$/4 *! (*/$1/$*)< 0/ #$. ' 1 ' *- ./- )"/# *! (*/$1/$*) (4 )*/ *+/$('?ST 2 - $)/ - ./ $)&)*2$)"<( .0-$)")0) -./)$)"
/# ./- )"/# *! (*/$1/$*)? !/ - - 1$ 2$)" /# '$/ -/0- $) . -# !*- .' 2#$#( .0- ./# ./- )"/#*!(*/$1/$*)<*)'4*) ,0 ./$*))$- 2. !*0) $? ? /# J/- )"/# *! */$1/$*) !*- $' #**'K
,0 ./$*))$- ?ST * /# ./ *! *0- &)*2' " < /# - $. *)'4 *) */# -
./04SU2#$##.$)1 ./$"/ ./- )"/#*!(*/$1/$*)$)( $'./0 )/.<
0.$)" /# .( ,0 ./$*))$- < ) $/ $)1 ./$"/ . /# - '/$*) /2
(*/$1/$*))+ -!*-() ?
)
# $( *! /# ./04 2. /* $)1 ./$"/ 2#/ $!! - ) 0/$*)'
&"-*0)< +- @ )/-) . ' /$*)< " ) " ) - 2*0' (& *)
(*/$1/$*)*!./0 )/.#**.$)"!*-( $'.#**'?
# /# -'). $. .0$/' *0)/-4 /* *(+- /# !! /. *! . ' /$*)
1 -.0.)*)@. ' /$*)<./# *0)/-4 (+'*4.2 $"#/ '*// -4. ' /$*)
+-* 0- !*-(*./*!/# ( $'./0 )/.($// /*/# /-$/$*)'.$3@
4 - *0-. *! ( $$) ? *- *1 -< / /# )$1 -.$/4 $' )/ -
/- #/< /# - '.* 3$./. !*0-@4 - "-0/ )/-4 *0-. $) ( $$) <
2#$#. ' /../0 )/.2#*#1 # '*-D.$+'*($)'$! .$ ) .*-
- '/ !$ ' ) #1 /* "* /#-*0"# . ' /$*) +-* 0- ? 2$'' ''
/# . ./0 )/. /# -0/ )/-4 ./0 )/. J ./0 )/.K? # .$3@4 -
*0-. ./0 )/. - ($// $) /* ( $' *0-. !/ - #$"# .#**'
$+'*(<$? ?/# 4*)*/#1 # '*-D. "-
=# ) 2 2$''''/# (
*)@-0/ )/-4./0 )/.J./0 )/.K?#*0"#/# . "-*0+.2 - Motivation in medical students
235
235
chapter 8Age, gender and strength of motivation
)*/ 3+ -$( )/''4 ( < /# 4 2 - 1$'' !*- /# - . -# .
*)1 )$ ) .(+' .? #$. +- . )/ 0)$,0 *++*-/0)$/4 /* *(+- "-*0+./#/2 - . ' / ))*/. ' / )'.*./04/# !! /*!" <
" ) -<(/0-$/4) 0/$*)'&"-*0)*)/# (*/$1/$*)/*+0-.0 ( $' ./04 $) .$($'- ( $' 0/$*) )1$-*)( )/? # - . -#
,0 ./$*).!*-/# ./042 - >
R? * ( $' ./0 )/. #1 ./-*)" - (*/$1/$*) !*- ( $' .#**'
.*(+- /*./0 )/.B
S? #/ $. /# *)/-$0/$*) *! /# !/*-. *! " < " ) -< 0/$*)'
&"-*0) ) +- @ )/-) . ' /$*) /*2-. ./- )"/# *!
(*/$1/$*)!*-( $'.#**'B
(#'
)('
# .0% /.2 - ./0 )/.%*$)$)" $/# -*) *!/# /2*( $'*0-. .>
JRK ./0 )/. !-*( /# *0-. < /# . SQQW@SQQX< SQQX@SQQY
J]VUQK ) JSK ./0 )/. !-*( /# *0-. < /# . SQQW@SQQX<SQQX@
SQQY<SQQY@SQQZJ]RVTK?
)''*#*-/.</# ,0 ./$*))$- 2.($)$./ - 2$/#$)/#-
2
&.*!
/# "$))$)" *! ( $' .#**'? # - .+*). -/ !*- /# ./0 )/.
+- . )/ *) /# +-/$0'- 4 /#/ /# ,0 ./$*))$- 2. ($)$./ - 2.RQQ[?# /*/')0( -*!./0 )/.($// 0-$)"/#$.+ -$*
2. WSQ= # ) /# - .+*). -/ 2. YX?R[? *./ - ($)$)" .0% /.
2 - )*/ +- . )/ 0. /# 4 # '/ )-*'( )/ ) ! 2 2 - )*/
+- . )/ /#/ 4 !*- */# - - .*).? # /*/' )0( - *! ./0 )/.
($// 2. RWR= # ) /# - .+*). -/ 2. ZV?Q[? *- SQ ./0 )/.)W./0 )/./# - 2 - ($..$)"/=/# - !*- /# 42 - 3'0 !-*( /# )'4.$. J" 2. ($..$)" !*- RS ! (' . ) X
(' .)" ) -2.($..$)"!*-*) ?" )" ) -2 - ($..$)"
!*-W./0 )/.K?2 '1 ./0 )/.# '# '*-D. "-
236
))$) 236
Motivation in medical students
Age, gender and strength of motivation
chapter 8
./0 )/. $ )*/< # ) 2 - 3'0 !-*( /# )'4.$.? 2* ./0 )/.$)*/#1 # '*-D. "-
<0/#(*- /#)/#-
*!$*( $' 0/$*)# ) /# 42 - $)'0 $)/# )'4.$.?
4 -.
"'(&)!"(
# $)./-0( )/ 0. !*- / -($)$)" /# ./- )"/# *! (*/$1/$*) 2. /# /- )"/#*!*/$1/$*)!*- $'#**'JK,0 ./$*))$- ?ST<SV# 0/#*-. #1 !$) ./- )"/# *! (*/$1/$*) !*- ( $' .#**' . E/# ++'$)/D. *- ./0 )/D. - $) .. /* ./-/ ) *)/$)0 ( $' /-$)$)"
- "-' .. *! .-$!$ .< . /&.< ($.!*-/0) *- $.++*$)/$)"
+ -.+ /$1 .F?# ,0 ./$*))$- *)/$)..$3/
)$/ (./#/- .*- *)
$& -/ +*$)/ .' *! V< -)"$)" !-*( E/-*)"'4 $.""-
F /* E/-*)"'4
F? # ($)$(0( ) (3$(0( +*..$' .*- . - RW ) YQ
- .+ /$1 '4? # #$"# - /# .*- < /# "- / - $. /# ./- )"/# *!
(*/$1/$*)?$ 02#*! /'?- +*-/!1*0-' +.4#*( /-$+-*+ -/$ .!*-
/#$.,0 ./$*))$- =-*)#D.'+#!*-- '$$'$/4*!/# .' 2..// /* Q?XZ ) /# / ./@- / ./ - '$$'$/4 !/ - W (*)/#. + -$* 2. Q?XR?
# 1'$$/4 2. 3($) 4 $ 02#*! 2$/#$) /# !-( 2*-& *!
+-*/*/4+$'$/4 ++-*#< $? ? 1'$/$*) 2. *) 4 .&$)" +
-. *-
3+ -/ %0" . J+*/ )/$' ++'$)/. ) +- )/.K /* .. .. /# +-*/*/4+$'$/4*!/# *)./-0/ $/ (.!*-(*/$1/$*)?# *-- '/$*)*!
/# %0" .D .*- . ) /# ( $' ./0 )/.D .*- .< "$1 ) /# .(''
)0( -.< . (. /* ./$.!/*-4? *)./-0/ 1'$$/4 2. ./0$ 4
$ 02#*!$)"-*0+*!+*/ )/$'++'$)/./*( $'.#**'$)/2*24.>
-.*)*-- '/$*)*!.*- .2$/#C($1' ) /*2-../04$)"D
!*- ( $' .#**' 2. !*0) /* ) "/$1 J@ Q?SYK= + -()
*-- '/$*) /2
).*- )C / -($)/$*)/*++'4!*-( $'
.#**'D2.!*0)/* +*.$/$1 JQ?WVK?
# ,0 ./$*))$- 2. ($)$./ - /* ( $' ./0 )/. -*0)
/# .( /$( *! /# ( $' *0-. $) *0- ./04 . *(+- /*
Motivation in medical students
237
237
chapter 8Age, gender and strength of motivation
$ 02#*!D. ./04< '.* 2$/#$) /# .( $)./$/0/ ? # .*- . 2 - $) '$) 2$/#/# .*- .- *- 4$ 02#*!<J/0 )/.($// 2$/#'*// -4]
VW?X \ Y?R< /0 )/. ($// 2$/# ' /$*) -* 0- ] WQ?U \ W?WK<
/#*0"#/# /*/'- .+*) )/.$)# -./042 - (0#' .. -?ST
#"(#"'
# .0% /. 2 - )*/ -)*('4 ..$") /* /# /2* "-*0+.< 0/ 2 - -/# -- $'41$'' ?
# "-*0+.$!! - $)/# !*''*2$)".+ /.>
R? # ./0 )/. 2 - *' - /#) /# ./0 )/.< /# $- ( )
" . $)"ST?T4 -.)RY?T4 -.- .+ /$1 '4?
S? # ./0 )/. # ' # '*-D. "-
$) $! G '/# $ ) .
*-$*( $$) </# ./0 )/.# '*)'4#$"#.#**'$+'*(?
T? # ./0 )/. 2 - . ' / /#-*0"# +- @ )/-) . ' /$*)
+-* 0- < 2#$# 2. .$") /* . ' / ./0 )/. 2#* 2*0' .0$/' !*-!*''*2$)"/# 0--$0'0(*!/# U4 -*0-. ?# ./0 )/.2 - ($// /#-*0"#2 $"#/ '*// -4. ' /$*)?
# - !*- < /# - 2 - $!! - ) . $) " < 0/$*)' &"-*0) )
. ' /$*)*!/# ./0 )/. /2
&#)&
)/# /2*"-*0+.?
/ /# ) *! $/$ ' /0- < /# .0% /. 2 - .& /* !$'' *0/ /# ,0 ./$*))$- !/ - $)!*-( *). )/? # +-/$$+/$*) 2.
1*'0)/-4? # / */$) 2. ..$' *)'4 /* /# - . -# - )
)*)4($/42. ).0- ?
(('( " ,''
*-/# )*($)'1-$' <" ) -</# -.*)D.#$@.,0- / ./2.0. /* / -($) 2# /# -" ) -)&"-*0)- $) + ) )/?
238
238
Motivation in medical students
Age, gender and strength of motivation
chapter 8
*-/# *)/$)0*0.1-$' </# .*- </0 )/D.// ./2.0. </*
./04 $!! - ) . /2
" ) -.?
) /# /2* &"-*0). ) /2
) /# /2*
*- 1 -4 .//$./$''4 .$")$!$)/ - .0'/< *# )D. !! / .$5 *! /# $!! - ) 2. / -($) ?
.*- .2 - )'45 1$(0'/$+' - "- ..$*))'4.$./*.. ../# !! /*!" <" ) -<(/0-$/4)&"-*0)G+- @ )/-) . ' /$*)?
' . (/0- '/ - /#) /# ! (' .? $) 2 2)/ /* $)1 ./$"/ 2# /# - /# - 2. " ) - $!! - ) < $) + ) )/'4 *! (/0-$/4< .$(+' (/# (/$' /-).!*-(/$*) *! /# " *! /# (' . 2. --$ *0//* ./'$.#) 21-$' '' (/0-$/4?
# ..0(+/$*). !*- /-).!*-($)" /# 1-$' " $)/* (/0-$/4 $) /# +- . )/./042 - >
R? / /# " *! SU 4 -.< (' . ) ! (' . #1 *(+' / /# $-
(/0-/$*)+-* ..?SQ
S? 0/ / /# " *! RY 4 -.< /# (' . - /#! (' .?RU
4 -. #$) /# T? # E/#@0+F ) (* ' . ,0-/$ !0)/$*)< ( )$)"
/#/ /# (*0)/ *! /#$)" 0+ - . . . /# $!! - ) $)
(/0-$/4 *( ..('' -?
#0.< /# (' . 2 - ( 4*0)" - 4 /#-
*- ' .. 4 -. .* /#/ /# $-
.*- 2.*(+-' /*! (' .4*0)" -/#)/# (4/#*-' ..?
4 -.
') ('
# ,0 ./$*))$- #.0!!$$ )/- '$$'$/4<2$/#-*)#D.'+#
*!Q?XTV!*-/# "-*0+)Q?XYT!*-/# "-*0+?
# /2*"-*0+.2 - )*/.$")$!$)/'4$!! - )/$)" ) -J -.*)D.#$@
.,0- ]Q?UWT<!]R<]Q?UZWK?
Motivation in medical students
239
239
chapter 8Age, gender and strength of motivation
6'(&)(#"#"&"((+#&#)$'
&#)$
'
! '
#"&)("(&,
RVU
TVU
&)("(&,
#( #$@.,0- ]Q?UWT<!]R<+]Q?UZW
UW
#( VQY
ZS
SQQ
RTY
UUW
WUW
# !$-./ ./ + 2. /* / -($) 2# /# - /# - 2. $!! - ) $) /# ./- )"/#*!(*/$1/$*) /2
)/# )/# "-*0+?
.0'/. +$/ $)' S</]@V?WRY<+]Q?QQQ<.#*2/#//#$.$!! - ) 2..//$./$''4.$")$!$)/)*# )D. !! /.$5 !*-/#$.$!! - ) 2.
Q?VVZ<$? ?(*- /#)( $0( !! /?
7'#&'#"'()"('
&#)$
"=
"",&'
#"&)("(&,
VQY
VV?SW\Y?TT
RY?T
&)("(&,
/]@V?WRY<+]Q?QQQ
RTY
VZ?WU\X?TQ
ST?T
# . *)./ +2./* / -($) 2# /# -/# - 2.$!! - ) $)/# ./- )"/#*!(*/$1/$*) /2
)(' .)! (' .?
# - 2. .$")$!$)/ $!! - ) /2
) /# .*- . *! (' . )
! (' .J' T)TK>"-*0+</]@T?WYU<+]Q?QQQ<*# )D. !! /
.$5 ]Q?TWQ$? ? /2
).('')( $0( !! /)"-*0+</]@R?ZZS<
+ ] Q?QUY< *# )D. !! / .$5 *! Q?TVR $? ? /2
!! /?
) .('' ) ( $0(
240
240
Motivation in medical students
Age, gender and strength of motivation
chapter 8
8 '#&' # ! " ! ! '()"('- &#)$'
#!"
"&
'
! '
"=
SQQ
VU?TQ\Y?QY
UUW
/]T?ZSX<+]Q?QQQ
VX?QV\Y?SY
8'#&'#! "! ! '()"('-'$&(
&#)$'
&#)$
#"/&)("(&,
&)("(&,
'
! '
(
$
VT?ST\X?YU
VW?RV\Y?TZ
@T?XYT
Q?QQQ
VX?ZR\X?ZT
WQ?VR\W?YU
*# )D. !! /.$5 JK]Q?TWQ<*# )D. !! /.$5 JK]Q?TVR
@R?ZZS
Q?QUY
)/# /#$-./ +<.$) /# - 2.'-" 1-$/$*)$)/# " .*!./0 )/.
2$/#$)) /2
)*/#/# +-*"-(( .</# *-- '/$*)*!.*- 2$/# /# " 2. $)1 ./$"/ ? # -.*)D. *-- '/$*) *! .*- 2$/# " $) /# ./0 )/. "-*0+ 2. Q?QQZ J)*/ .$")$!$)/< $"0- RK
)$)/# ./0 )/."-*0+2.Q?RSSJ.$")$!$)/<$"0- SK?
Motivation in medical students
241
241
chapter 8Age, gender and strength of motivation
)&6((&$ #(#*1''#&"(&#)$
7
6
#&
5
SMMS Score
R-Square
=
= 59,44 + 0,02 *
4
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
40,0
)&7((&$ #(#*1''#&&#)$
8
7
6
5
4
3
SMMS Score = 40,94 + 0,78 *
R-Square
=
20,0
25,0
(&*'?7278
242
30,0
35,0
242
Motivation in medical students
Age, gender and strength of motivation
chapter 8
$) /# "-*0+ ./0 )/. 2 - *' -< $/ 2. $(+*-/)/ /* / -($) 2# /# -/# #$"# -(*/$1/$*).
)$)/# (2.0 /*/# !! /*!" *-
0 /* /# $!! - ) $) /# 0/$*)' &"-*0) *- +- @ )/-) . ' /$*) *- */#? --$ *0/ (0'/$+' - "- ..$*) )'4. . /*
/ -($) /# *)/-$0/$*) *! " < " ) -< &"-*0)G+- @ )/-) . ' /$*)<*/#2$/#" .1-$' J(* 'RK)2$/#(/0-$/4$)./ .1-$' J(* 'SK$)' .U)?
9# 6#"&&''#"" ,''
# 6
"&
"&
&#)"
)'(7
(.&&#&#('(!(
Q?QTZ
Y?RV
Q?QWX
Y?QS
Q?QXU
X?ZZ
9# 7#"&&''#"" ,''2&$ ,
!()&(,3
# 7
)'(7
(.&&#&#('(!(
()&(,
Q?QWR
Y?QW
Q?QXZ
X?ZZ
()&(,
"&
()&(,
"&
&#)"
Q?QXR
Motivation in medical students
Y?QS
243
243
chapter 8Age, gender and strength of motivation
#$..#*2 /#//# * 'R<*)/$)$)"*)'4" < 3+'$) T?Z[*!/# 1-$) $) /# .*- .? 4 $)" ) -< )*/# - S?Y[ *! /# 1-$) *0' 3+'$) ?)!0-/# -$)"0/$*)'&"-*0).
1-$' < /# (* ' *0' 3+'$) ) 3/- Q?X[? * ' S< $) 2#$#
/0-$/4 2. 0. . +- $/*- $)./ *! " < /0-$/4 2. ' /*
3+'$) W?R[ *! /# 1-$) $) /# .*- .< ) - 2. ' /*
3+'$) )*/# - R[ ) 0/$*)' &"-*0) 2. ' /* 3+'$)
)*/# -Q?Y[?
')''#"
/- )"/#*!(*/$1/$*)$.)*/.//$=$/++ -./* 4)($ )/$/4.$/
1-$ .2$/#" )(/0-$/4?# +- . )/./04$.-*..@. /$*)'./04
2#$#.#*2./#/./- )"/#*!(*/$1/$*)$)- . .2$/#" < /2
)/# " .*!RY/*SU4 -.?# .*- .$)/#$../04- $)'$) 2$/#/# .*- . */$) 4 $ 02#*!?ST !/ - /# " *! *0/ SU 4 -. /# ./- )"/#*!(*/$1/$*)$.(*- *-' ..*)./)/J$"0- .R)SK?
# +// -)2#$#/# (/0-$/4*!(' .!*''*2./*/#0+2$/#(/0-$/4
*! ! (' . $. )*/ - ''4 &)*2)< 0/ 2 ..0( /#/ $/ $. )*/ '$) -?
..0($)" /#/ /# (*0)/ *! /#$)" 0+ - . . . /# $!! - ) $)
(/0-$/4 *( . .('' -= 2 (* ' /# /#@0+ . ,0-/$
!0)/$*)? # ( -$/ $) 0.$)" /#$. (* ' $. /#/ $/ ''*2. / -($)$)"
2# /# -/# - $./-0 " ) -$!! - ) ?$/#- .+ //*(/0-/$*)<)
1$ ) @. (* ' 4 *$)" +-*.+ /$1 ./04 *! /# .( .0% /
"-*0+/* / -($) /# #)" $)/# $-./- )"/#*!(*/$1/$*)!*-( $'
.#**'2$/#1) ( )/*!" $.+-*+*. !*-/# !0/0- ?
) /# +- . )/ ./04< " ( -" . /# .$)"' '-" ./ +- $/*- *! /# ./- )"/# *! (*/$1/$*)? #$. !$)$)" $. .$($'- /* )*/# - ./04< 2#$#
*(+- ( $' ./0 )/. 2$/# ) 2$/#*0/ "-0/ "-
244
)
244
Motivation in medical students
Age, gender and strength of motivation
chapter 8
!*0) " . /# (*./ $(+*-/)/ +- $/*- *! *0/*( .?SW # +-*' 0. *0' /#/ " ) (/0-$/4 # '+ $) (&$)" ' - #*$ ?SW " ) (/0-$/4 #1 -
) !*0) /* !! / ' -)$)" ./4' )
+ -!*-() $)( $'.#**'?./04*) $))!*0)/#/.0-! ' -)$)" ./4' +*.$/$1 '4 *-- '/ 2$/# 4*0)" - " / ($..$*) /*
( $' .#**' ) ) "/$1 '4 *-- '/ 2$/# +- @( $' 0)$1 -.$/4
3+ -$ ) ?SX./04*) $)/# )$/ // .<!*0)/#/./0 )/.2#*
2 - %0" 4 /# ($..$*). *(($// /* #$"# - $) (/0-$/4 )
(*/$1/$*) 2 - (*- '$& '4 /* - $1 *0/./)$)" $)/ -).#$+
- *(( )/$*). '/ -?SY # 0. *! /# . !$)$)". (4 #$"# -
./- )"/#*!(*/$1/$*)$)/# . ./0 )/.</#*0"#$/#.)*/
$)/# . ./0$ .?
)( .0- # !! /*!" ) -*)./- )"/#*!(*/$1/$*)))*/ 3+'$) *)'4*)
/# .$.*!$!! - ) /2
)/# (/0-$/4*!/# (' .)/# ! (' .<
.$) $/ + -.$./. 1 ) !/ - *-- /$)" !*- /# *)!*0)$)" !! / *! /# (/0-$/4? # - 3$./. *)'4 *) ./04 /#/ #. ./0$ /# ./- )"/# *!
(*/$1/$*) /2
)(' .)! (' .)$/- +*-/ )*$!! - ) ?SU
/
$. +*..$' /#/ /# 0/#*-. *0' )*/ !$) $!! - ) /2
) /# ./- )"/#*!(*/$1/$*)$)/# $-./042# - .*0-./04*0'< 0. /# .(+' .$5 $) /# *0- 2. (0# '-" - ) /# - .+*). -/ *! /# +-/$$+)/. 2. ZR[ . *++*. /* XW[ $) /# 0'.() ./04< 2#$#
($"#/ #1 )*/ ) - +- . )//$1 *! /# 2#*' ./0 )/ +*+0'/$*)?
/# - ./0$ . #1 $)1 ./$"/ /# $!! - ) $) ,0'$/4 *! (*/$1/$*)
/2
)(' .)! (' .?# . ./0$ .#1 !*0)/#/! (' .++ -
/* $.+'4 '*2 - ' 1 '. *! 3/ -)' *)/-*'< 0/ #$"# - ' 1 '. *! $)/ -)'
*)/-*' /#) (' .?SZ # ! (' . - (*- $)/-$).$''4 (*/$1/ )
' .. 3/-$).$''4 (*/$1/ ?TQ # . !$)$)". #1 ) - +'$/ $)
$!! - )/ " "-*0+ +-*!$' .?TR< TS #0.< /# " ) - !! / *) (*/$1/$*)
++ -.2 ''@.0++*-/ ).
(./* 3/ )'(*./-*../# '$! .+)?TQ
#$.*)0-.2$/#/# !$)$)"/#/! (' ( $'./0 )/.+ -!*-( // -
Motivation in medical students
245
245
chapter 8Age, gender and strength of motivation
/#)(' ( $'./0 )/.)/# 4- (*- '$& '4/*//$))#*)*0-.
"-
?TT<TU
# $!! - ) /2
) /# /2* "-*0+. . !- . )/-) -$/ -$ - *) -) $. /2* !*' /# 0/$*)' &"-*0) ) +- @ )/-) . ' /$*)? *- /# "-*0+< /# 1-$' . 0/$*)' &"-*0) )
. ' /$*)- )*/. +-' ?1 -4./0 )/$)/# "-*0+#.# '*-D.
"-
)$.. ' / /#-*0"#. ' /$*)+-* 0- ?*/# !! /*!/# . /2*!/*-.$.*)!*0) ? ' /$*)4$/. '!*0' 3+ / /*$)- . /# (*/$1/$*) *! /# ./0 )/.? # ./0 )/. 2 - . ' / /#-*0"#
2 $"#/ '*// -4 + )$)" *) /# $- *1 -'' "- !*- /# #$"# .#**'
$+'*(? # . ' /$*) +-* 0- !*- /# *0-. 2. (0# (*- $!!$0'/)/# ++'$)/.+0/$)'*/*!#-2*-&/*+- +- !*-$/?#$.
' /$*) -* 0- $)'0 0'/$+' #*$ 0 ./$*))$- 3(<
"-$)" *! 0--$0'0( $/ < $ )/$!$ ..4< -.*)' )/ -1$ 2 )
/$ )/ )/ -1$ 2G /04 (+' .. ..( )/ -* 0- ?TV .*- .
$ )*/ *-- '/ 2$/# /# . ' /$*) +-* 0- .*- . . 2#*' J -.*)D. *-- '/$*) * !!$$ )/ Q?QWK *- )4 *! $/. .0@ ' ( )/.? 2*0' 3+ //#//# 0/$*)'&"-*0)*!/# ./0 )/.*0'"$1 /# ( 2*-&$)" &)*2' " *0/ /# .$ ) *! ( $$) ) /$( /*
+*) - *1 - 2# /# - /# 4 !$) $/ $)/ - ./$)"? #$. /4+ *! $)@ +/#
/#$)&$)" *0' (& /# ./0 )/. .0- - *0/ /# $- #*$ *! -
- )
(*- (*/$1/ ? #$. $. $) '$) 2$/# /# !$)$)". *! ) -'$ - ./04?SW ./04 *) $) $)') ./'$.# /#/ ./0 )/. - .+ $' "-*0+
2$/#$) ( $' ./0 )/. 2#* #1 "- / - /# *- /$' ) +-/$'
*(($/( )//*/# $-./0$ .)./-*)"2*-&'$! *-$ )//$*).*(+- /* ./0 )/. %*$)$)" ( $' .#**' !/ - #$"# .#**'?TW ) )*/# - ./04<
#1$)" +-$*- "-
'.* $)- . /# *@**+ -/$1 ) ..< "*'
*-$ )//$*) ) #$ 1$)" (*/$1 ?SW * )*/ &)*2 /* 2#/ 3/ )/
3+ -$ ) < . $) 0/$*)' &"-*0)< !! /. ./- )"/# *! (*/$1/$*)?
246
246
Motivation in medical students
Age, gender and strength of motivation
chapter 8
#*0"# $/ #. .$")$!$)/ !! /< $/ 3+'$). *)'4 ) 3/- Q?Y[ *! /# 1-$) $)/# ./- )"/#*!(*/$1/$*)$)*0-./04?
/2*0' 2*-/#2#$' /*/#$)&*0//# - .*).2#4/# . ./0 )/.
$ )*/ )/ - ( $' .#**' !/ - /# $- #$"# .#**'? ) *! /# +*..$' 3+')/$*).*0' /#//# . ./0 )/.$)*/#1 *1 Y/*
*/$)$- / )/-4$)/*/# ( $'*0-. )$)*/" /#*. )$)/# 2 $"#/ '*// -4?
/$.+*..$' /#//# 4/-$ - + / '4<'**& !*-*/# -
( ). /* )/ - ( $' .#**' ) /# ) /-$ !*- /# "-0/ )/-4
*0-. ?# */# -+'0.$' 3+')/$*)$./#//# $-$)$/$'#*$ *!-
-
2.)*/( $$) <0//# $)/ - ./$)( $$) 2. 1 '*+ .*( 2# - '*)" /# 24? # /#$- 3+')/$*) *0' /#/ /# - $. "-*0+ *!
./0 )/.2#* '$ 1 /#/*/$)$)"# '*-D. "-
$)/# '$! .$ ) .
) /# ) %*$)$)" ( $$) $. /# // - +/# /* *( */*- /#)
#**.$)" !*- /-$/$*)' ( $' *0-. !/ - #$"# .#**'? '' /# . 3+')/$*). +*$)/ /* (*- $)!*-( -
(*/$1/$*)?
- #*$ ) ./-*)" -
!((#"'
0- ./04 #. . 1 -' '$($//$*).? # *)./-0/ 1'$$/4 *! /# ,0 ./$*))$- #.
) 3+'*- *)'4$)*) ./04<2$/#'*2)0( -*!
- .+*) )/.?ST*- ./0$ .- ) /* ./'$.#!$-('4/# *)./-0/
1'$$/4*!/#$.,0 ./$*))$- ?#$.*0' )- !*-!0/0- - . -#?
# 1-$' . ./0$ $) /#$. ./04 3+'$) *)'4 X?Z[ *! 1-$) $) /# ./- )"/# *! (*/$1/$*) !*- ( $' .#**'? (%*- +-/ *! /# 1-$) - ($). 0) 3+'$) ? /# - !/*-. '$& + -.*)'$/4 /-$/.< 0/$*)'
&"-*0)*!+- )/.))/$*)'$/4)
*!./- )"/#*!(*/$1/$*)?
/* 1'0/ .+- $/*-.
" *!/# ./0 )/.2.*)!*0)$)"!/*-!*-.. ..$)"/# !! /*!/# 0/$*)' &"-*0)? 0/ 2# ) " 2. )/ - $)/* /# (* '< $/
Motivation in medical students
247
247
chapter 8Age, gender and strength of motivation
3+'$) (0#'-" -+-/*!/# 1-$) $)(*/$1/$*).*(+- /*
/# 0/$*)'&"-*0)?
) *0- ./04< $/ 2. )*/ +*..$' /* . +-/ ) ( .0- /# !! /. *!
0/$*)' &"-*0) ) . ' /$*)? # *)!*0) ?
!! /. - 1 -4 (0#
# ./04* .)*/- ''4*)) /./- )"/#*!(*/$1/$*)/*+ -!*-() $) ( $' .#**'? #$. +- . )/. ) *++*-/0)$/4 !*- !0-/# - - . -# $)
/#$.!$ ')$/2*0''.* '.*$)/ - ./$)"/* / -($) /# #)" $)
/# ./- )"/#*!(*/$1/$*)*1 -/# *0-. *!/# ( $'./04?
* )*/ &)*2 /* 2#/ 3/ )/ 2 ) " ) -'$5 *0- !$)$)". 0. /# ./042.--$ *0/$)*)'4*) $)./$/0/$*)$)# /# -').?0/
)*/# - ./04 *) $) 2 ') *--**-/ . *0- !$)$)".?SW
1 -/# ' ..< 2 - *(( ) - + /$)" .$($'- ./04 $) */# -
$)./$/0/$*).$))*0/.$ # /# -').?
#" )'#"
/- )"/#*!(*/$1/$*)++ -./* 4)($ )/$/4<#)"$)"+-$(-$'4
2$/#" )(/0-$/4)/*.('' 3/ )/2$/#" ) -) 3+ -$ ) ?
248
248
Motivation in medical students
Age, gender and strength of motivation
chapter 8
&"'
R? J..*$/$*) *! )$1 -.$/$ .< # /# -').K? #)$.# )$1 -.$/4< '!/? ' )/ 0$/" ) H /0$ .0 . $) # '*-
!. J' )/ #'' )" @/0 )/ 0 .. $) /# # '*- +#. K?
.. 0) TQ<SQQZ?
S? 0'$/4 ..0-) /# -'). )$1 -.$/$ . JK? 0'$/4
..0-) ) /# -'). 0)$1 -.$/$ . JK - +*-/ !*- ( $'
.#**'.?
SQQU?
1$'' #//+>GG222?,)0?)'G*(.4G0+'* !$' .G )
2 .$/ ?+!? .. 0) TQ<SQQZ?
T? '' ) ? *( ) */*-. ) /# $- SQQV=TTR>VWZ@VXS?
!-*(>
.&0) ++*-/
-.> #/ )*2B ?
U? $& ' ? ) - ,0$/4 $) 0) -"-0/ ( $' 0/$*)> .//0.- +*-/?
$*'#!$$"#4(!)/#'3(#?
SQQR=RQ>SWR@SXQ?
V? $'$" -. < $)"./() ? -
- +- ! - ) . ) /# 2*-&@
!($'4 ') $) ( $$) > ) - $!! - ) . (*)" ( $'
.+ $'$./.?$!#/#?SQQQ=VQ>RSTV@RSUW?
W? ' ) < $)"./() < $'$" -. < ). ) ? * ) ( + - )/" 1-*02 ) $) " )
.&0) > -' )< # ) )
/* &*(./ J$)- .$)" +-*+*-/$*) *! 2*( ) $) ( $$) > ./<
+- . )/ ) !0/0- K? (' #( 5*) $*'#! $
#60SQQY=RVS>SRWV@SRXR?
X? #$''$+. < 0./$) ? # ! ($)$5/$*) *! ( $$) )
+*+0'/$*)# '/#?
?SQQZ=TQR>YWT@YWU?
Y? -$ 03 < -*-$ ? * '. !*- /# 1 '*+( )/ *! "-0/ )/-4 ( $' *0-. .> 2* . ./0$ .? ! *)$#?
SQQU=TY>RRWZ@RRXV?
Z? ) / ? $' 0/$*) $) /# ) /# -').? !
'?SQQX=SZ>XVS@XVX?
Motivation in medical students
249
249
chapter 8Age, gender and strength of motivation
RQ? 0( < 3/ '' ? '#( # #$') "'# "! *)$#2?
$
?SQQV=VU>SS@SY?
RR? -' 4<-()
? ' /$)"( $'./0 )/.>. - +*-/*!/# ) !*-#)" ?!*)$#?RZZZ=TT>UVV@UVZ?
RS? $ 02#*! < (& -. < 041 )#*1 ) < * /#*0/
< ) / ? /0 )/.O *) +/$*). *! /# ( $'
+-*! ..$*)=)$)/ -1$ 2./04?!'?SQQV=SX>XQZ@XRU?
RT? ) -2** < #*(+.*) < .&$ ? ).$"#/ *! !$-./@4 -
( $' ./0 )/. $)/* /# $- !0/0- 2*-&$)" *)$/$*).? !
*)$#?RZZQ=SU>SRQ@SRR?
RU? ./ ) -" ? 0" 1) " )2**-$"A J' )-4 UTT-
))0'- ..//# *+ )$)"*!/# ($4 -*!)$1 -.$/4
*! $ )$)# /# -').K? .. 0) RR<SQQZ?
RV? *'' . < -**/ < 1) )/# ( < / '? -$) ..*).? .. 0) TQ<SQQZ?
RW? 0%*' < )- '' < 0),0 < -/$@$''/ < + 1$' ? # )
* .#0()-$) 1 '*+( )/ )B1$ ) *!*-+0.''*.0(
"-*2/#0+/*0'/#**?##*'$!?RZZT>XR@XV?
RX? </0-/?// -).*!"-*2/#$)# $"#/)2 $"#/!-*(
$-/#/* $"#/ )4 -.*!" ?)'(?RZVZ=SU>ZQU@ZSR?
RY? -.#''<)) -?-$/$*).$)/# +// -).*!+- +0 -/'
#)" .$)*4.?'+($((#!$$?RZXQ=UV>RT@ST?
RZ? )) -<#$/ #*0. <-0$)$< . ' ?# *' . )/
"-*2/# .+0-/ *! *4. ) "$-'. *! /# #-+ ) ) "-*2/# ./04?
##!($*"#$!$.?RZXW=T>RQZ@RSW?
SQ? / $) -" < 0!!() ? /0-$/4 *! %0"( )/ $) *' . ) >
.4#*.*$' !/*-. $) *' . )/ $.$*) (&$)"? , #
*"#+$'?RZZW=SQ>SUZ@SXS?
SR? --*/# -. < - "*-4 < ''"# - ? .0-$)" (*/$*)'
$)/ ''$" ) *! ( $' .#**' ++'$)/.? " #?
SQQR=XV>UVW@UWT?
250
250
Motivation in medical students
Age, gender and strength of motivation
chapter 8
SS? / $) -" ? *")$/$1 ) !! /$1 1 '*+( )/ $) *' . ) ?
'#(#$#)+#(?SQQV=Z>WZ@XU?
ST? $ 02#*! < ) / < *./ -1 ' < * /#*0/ ?
.0-$)" ./- )"/# *! (*/$1/$*) !*- ( $' .#**'? L' /-*)$
1 -.$*)M? * #!#? SQQU=Z>RW? .. 4 SY< SQQZ<
!-*(#//+>GG222?( @ @*)'$) ?*-"
SU? 0'.() < 1) - ) < *-/ < $# '. < ./ ' ) <
-$!!$* ) ? !! /$1 ) .. *! . ' /$*) $) ( $' .#**'
($..$*).>1'0/$*)*!/# *0/*( .(*)"!- .#( )?!
*)$#?SQQX=UR>TWZ@TXX?
SV? *-()?# (*-'$/4*!( $'.#**'($..$*).?+#(#
!)#(*)$#?SQQU=Z>XZ@YS?
SW? $'&$).*) < ''. < 0.#) '' ? - $!! - ) . /2
)
"-0/ . ) 0) -"-0/ . $) ( $' *0-. 0 /* " *-
+-$*- "- B!*)$#?SQQU=TY>RRUR@RRUW?
SX? -*) < &&0) ? *-- '/$*) *! ./0 )/.D #-/ -$./$. 2$/#
/# $- ' -)$)" ./4' . /# 4 "$) ( $' .#**'? ?
RZZZ=XU>SWQ@SWS?
SY? 0- ) < ''*24 < $ < *'2$'' ? ($ )
+ -.*)'+- $/*-.*!'$)$'.0 ..$)( $'.#**'?
$*'#!$
!*)$#?RZXY=VT>XRR@XRZ?
SZ? **+ - < 0-" - < ** ? ) - $!! - ) . $) /# ($ '*0. *! *)/-*' '$ !. *! 4*0)" #$'- )? $*'#! $
'($#!).#$!(.$!$.?RZYR=UQ>VWS@VXS?
TQ? '' -) < $.*)) // ? )/-$).$< 3/-$).$ ) (*/$1/$*)'
./4' . . +- $/*-. *! #1$*-> +-*.+ /$1 ./04? $*'#! $
'($#!).?RZZS=WQ>VZZ@WSQ?
TR? '' -)<D*))*-?*/$1/$*)$)/# ' -'4>/# *- /$'
!-( 2*-& ) .*( +-*($.$)" !$)$)".? ## (.$!$.?
RZYZ=TQ>VTY@VVQ?
Motivation in medical students
251
251
chapter 8Age, gender and strength of motivation
TS? '' -) < *-/$ - < 04 ? '!@ / -($)/$*) )
+ -.$./ ) $) - '@'$! . //$)"> *2- (*/$1/$*)' (* ' *!
#$"# .#**' -*+*0/? $*'#! $ '($#!). # $! (.$!$.?
RZZX=XS>RRWR@RRXW?
TT? -"0.*)<( .< ' 4?/*-...*$/ 2$/#.0 ..$)
( $' .#**'> 4./ (/$ - 1$ 2 *! /# '$/ -/0- ? ?
SQQS=TSU>ZVS@ZVX?
TU? / . < ($/# < ( . < -"0.*) ? #*0' ++'$)/. /*
)*//$)"#(0)$1 -.$/4( $'.#**'./04)*)@.$ ) @' 1 'B
*#*-/./04?!*)$#?SQQZ=Z>V@RT?
TV? *./ -1 ' < ) / ? ) -'$5$'$/4 *! ./04 .(+' .. ..( )/ +-* 0- !*- )/-) . ' /$*) !*- ( $' .#**'?
!'?SQQX=SW>WTV@WTZ?
TW? -*),1$./ < 6&$) ) < )) < 66+6 < $)$* ? /04
*-$ )//$*).*!"-0/ )/-4( $'./0 )/.? !'?
SQQX=SZ>YTW@YTY?
252
252
Motivation in medical students
$(&;
#+ /(&!"(#"#&,"'''(
#)&)"&'(""#((""
&""$&#'''"! )(#"
*!((*$;>0!'97880::1><83>=:
)/ #<#J/- #/K
0.0-&-<J/- #/K
$''$(.<<#J)$1 -.$/4*!*# ./ -<<K
Motivation in medical students
253
253
chapter 9AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
'(&(
&#)"
'!@ / -($)/$*) # *-4 JK< .$") 4 2- $ ) $#-
4)< . -1 . (*)" /# 0-- )/ (%*- (*/$1/$*)' /# *-$ . $)
+.4#*'*"4? - . -# #. ) *)0/ $) ()4 - .< (*)"
2#$# - 0/$*) ) # '/# - < 0/ $/. ++'$/$*). $) ( $'
0/$*)- -- ?# +*/ )/$'*!/*# '+0) -./)+-* .. .$)
( $' 0/$*)%0./$!$ ./#$.0$ ?
$. 3+'$) $) . 1 ) +-$)$+' .< *) *! 2#$# $. /# $./$)/$*) *!
/#-
$))/ +.4#*'*"$' )
. *! #0() $)".> !*- *(+ / ) < !*-
0/*)*(4)!*-- '/ ) ..?0-/# -< '*-/ .#*2#0()./ )
/* $)/ -)'$. - "0'/$*) *! #1$*0- /#/ $)$/$''4 #. *- -/* 1 '*+0/*)*(*0.<. '!@ / -($) #1$*0-?
!$ (#"'
) 3/ -)'< $)
(+'$/$*).*!!*-( $' 0/$*)- $.0.. <2$/#- ! - ) /*
+- +-/$*) ) . ' /$*)< 0--$0'0( ./-0/0- < '..-**( / #$)"<
.. ..( )/. ) 3($)/$*).< . '!@$- / ' -)$)"< '$)$' / #$)"<
./0 )/. . / # -. ) - . -# -.< *)/$)0$)" +-*! ..$*)'
1 '*+( )/<!0'/4 1 '*+( )/)./- ..(*)"/-$)
254
.?
254
Motivation in medical students
AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
chapter 9
#+ /(&!"(#" #&, " '''( #)&
)"&'(""#(("" &""$&#'''
"! )(#"
"(&#)(#"
-)$)"<. 0/$*)'+.4#*'*"41$ 2.$/<- ,0$- .*")$/$1 <!! /$1 )( /*")$/$1 *)$/$*)./* .0 ..!0'R<S</#/$.' -)$)"- ,0$- .
0) -./)$)"*!*)/ )/<2$''$)") ../*$)1 ./ !!*-/$)./04$)")/# $'$/4/*- "0'/ *) D.' -)$)"?
)*/# -2*-.</# ,)0,.)$,*!
' -)$)" - $(+*-/)/ !*- $/. .0 ..?T ) /#$. 0$ 2 !*0. *) /# !! /$1 *(+*) )/ *! ' -)$)"< ) (*- .+ $!$''4 *) /# (*/$1/$*)
/* ' -)? '!@ / -($)/$*) # *-4 3+'$). (*/$1/$*)' +-* .. . )
) # '+ ( $' 0/*-. /* 0) -./) ) !*./ - /#$. $(+*-/)/
*(+*) )/*!' -)$)"?
"0$ !*-/# E. '!@ / -($)/$*)F*!./0 )/.)/ # -..*0).'$& +-*3? *2 ) . '!@ / -($)/$*) "0$ 4 */# -.B / /# /*+$
)/# /# *-4 #$)$/$..*$(+*-/)/<+-/$')- ' 1)/!*-( $'
0/$*) /#/ /$' .-$+/$*) *! /# '!@ / -($)/$*) # *-4
JK $. *! +-/$0'- $)/ - ./ /* /# !$ ' *! ( $' 0/$*)? #*+ ) )/$$+/ /#/ ( $' 0/*-. 2#* - /#$. 0$ 2$'' 1$ 2
0/$*)< /# $- *2) !!*-/. ) /# +-* .. *! ' -)$)" $) ( $'
./0 )/.< - .$ )/. ) +-/$$)" */*-. $!! - )/'4? 3+ / /# . - -./*0) -./)(*- *!/# 0. .*!!$'0- .).0 .. .)*!
( #)$.(. /* ./
- ) - ( $/ /# / #$)" ) ' -)$)" +-* .. .
!/ -- $)"/#$.0$ ?
'!@ / -($)/$*) # *-4< 1 '*+ 4 2- $ ) $#- 4)
//# )$1 -.$/4*!*# ./ -U$.0-- )/'4*) *!/# (%*-/# *-$ .<$!)*/
Motivation in medical students
255
255
chapter 9AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
) (%*- /# *-4< $) /# +.4#*'*"4 *! (*/$1/$*)' +-* .. .? # !$ ' $. 4)($= /#$. /# *-4< . *) -'4 ./0$ . ) /# !$-./
/# *- /$' .-$+/$*) $) /# RZXQ.< $. ./$'' /# *% / *! *)"*$)"
3+ -$( )/' - . -#? / *0+$ . *((0)$/4 *! 1*/ - . -# -.
*1 - /# 2*-' 2#* !$) ) / ./ ++'$/$*). *! $/ $) ()4 *($). *!
'$! I(*)" 2#$# - # '/# - ) 0/$*)I '' *! 2#$# !0-/# -
0$'$/.1'$$/4?
$.'$//' &)*2)2$/#$)/# ( $' 0/$*)*((0)$/4?0/.$ /# *# ./ - "-*0+< *)'4 ! 2 - ! - ) . 2 - !*0) /* $.0.. /#$. /# *-4
- '/ /*( $' 0/$*)?$''$(. /'?VW+-*1$ -'4+0'$/$*).
*) - '/ /* ( $' 0/$*) ) -"0 !*- /# 0. *! (*- ( .0- . /#/ ./$(0'/ 0/*)*(*0. (*/$1/$*) $) ( $' ./0 )/.<
$)1*'1$)" 1*'$/$*)< " )4 ) #*$ < ) ' .. ( .0- . /#/ *)/-*'
(*/$1/$*)4- "0'/$*).<- ,0$- ( )/.<+- ..0- .) 3/ -)'- 2-.
J -$1 !-*( #1$*-$./ /# *-$ . /#/ ./- .. /# 0. !0') .. *! 3/ -)'
- 2-. !*- (*/$1/$*) 0$'$)"K? #$/ ) -0++ )X< Y 3+'$) /# - ' 1) *!!*-. '!@- "0'/ ' -)$)"?
#$. 0$ $. )*/ 2-$// ) . *(+- # ).$1 '$/ -/0- - 1$ 2 *- /# *- /$' 3+*.8 *! #*2 ( #)$.(. 2*-& . *) (+$-$'
./0$ .= '/#*0"# 2 2$'' $/ .0# ./0$ . 2# ) - ' 1)/? . +-/ - 1$ 2*1 -./#$.!*-/# ( $' 0/$*)*($)?Z# 0-- )/
0$ -/# - $(. /* +-*1$ (*- +-/$' ++'$/$*). *! $)
$!! - )/ *(+*) )/. *! ( $' 0/$*)? / (4 - 1 ' )*/$*). /#/
()4- -.- *")$. .!($'$-0/) 1 -' ' /#$.24?-*(/#$.
$!! - )/ ' ).< 2 #*+ /* !$'$// 0/*-. ) / # -. $) !*./ -$)"
0/# )/$. '!@ / -($)/$*)<*/#$)/# (. '1 .)/# $-' -) -.?
256
256
Motivation in medical students
AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
chapter 9
/(&!"(#"#&,
# '!@ / -($)/$*)# *-4$./# *-4*!(*/$1/$*))) ./
.-$ . . / *! +.4#*'*"$' ( #)$.(. - '/$)" /* /# . '!<
!*0) *) . -$ . *! +-$)$+' . " ) -''4 +-*1 1'$ $) 3+ -$( )/'
$)1 ./$"/$*).?U< RQ / $. )*/ +*..$' /* .#*2 /# !0'' -$#) .. *! !$)$)".
)2-$/$)".*)0/2 2$''+-*1$ *) ). *1 -1$ 2)- ! -
/# - -./*/# !*0)$)"'$/ -/0- ?
"& $&"$ '
?
0(). - "-*2/#@*-$ )/ ) )/0-''4 $)'$) /* 1 '*+<
$)/ -)'$. ) $)/ "-/ +.4#$ ' ( )/. /* 0$' ) $)/ "-/ ) 0)$!$ . ). *! /# . '!? # 4 - '.* $)'$) /* $)/ "-/ $)/*'-" -.*$'./-0/0- .?#$.)/0-' 1 '*+( )/'/ ) )4
?
?
) ./$(0'/ *-#(+ - 4$)/ -)') 3/ -)'!*- .?
#-
$))/ +.4#*'*"$' )
. / -($) /# *)"*$)"
+.4#*'*"$'"-*2/#*!#0() $)"./*2-$)/ "-$/4)2 ''@
$)">JK)
!*-0/*)*(4<JK)
!*-*(+ / ) )JK
) !*-- '/ ) ../**/# -.<$? ?/*/# .*$' )1$-*)( )/?
*/$1/$*)./#/ / -($) #0() #1$*0-1-4*),0'$//$1 .' !-*( '& *! (*/$1/$*) J'' E(*/$1/$*)FK< /#-*0"#
3/-$).$ (*/$1/$*) /* $)/-$).$ (*/$1/$*)? 3/-$).$ (*/$1/$*)
!*- ) /$1$/4 $. -$1 ) 4
3/ -)' *)/-*'< (). *-
- ,0$- ( )/. .0# . - 2-. ) +0)$.#( )/.? )/-$).$
(*/$1/$*)$..// /#/0. .!-
)"" ( )/$))/$1$/4*0/
*!$)/ - ./*-!*-$)# - )/./$.!/$*)?
Motivation in medical students
257
257
chapter 9AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
?
)$)/ -)'$./$*)+-* ..*! 3/ -)'. '!@- "0'/$*).)#)" /# )/0- *! (*/$1/$*)? 3/ -)' . '!@- "0'/$*). ) /-).!*-(
/#-*0"# /#$. +-* .. $)/* $)/ -)'$. #$/. ) (*/$1 . )
" ) -/ ! '$)" *! 0/*)*(*0. . '!@- "0'/$*) ) 1'0 ? # *) +/*!$)/ -)'$./$*)#.
?
0$ ?
) 3+'$) $) /$''/ -$)/# *- ($)+- . )/<$)/-$).$(*/$1/$*)- ,0$- ./# ./$.!/$*)*!
/# )
!*-0/*)*(4)/# )
!*-*(+ / ) )./-*)"'4
) !$/.!-*(/# ./$.!/$*)*!/# )
!*-- '/ ) ..?
)/-$).$
(*/$1/$*)$.'24...*$/ 2$/#/# ./$.!/$*)*!/# . /#
?
?
.$+.4#*'*"$')
.?
$"#$)/-$).$(*/$1/$*)< ?"?' -)$)"*0/*!$)/ - ./<0-$*.$/4*-
)%*4( )/< ) 0/*)*(*0. !*-(. *! . '!@- "0'/$*) - ..*$/ 2$/# // - ' -)$)"< // - *) +/0' 0) -./)$)"<
// - ($ + -!*-() ) #$ 1 ( )/< ) #$"# - ' 1 '.
*!2 ''@ $)"</#)#$"# 3/-$).$(*/$1/$*)?
# - "0'/$*) *! #1$*0- ) /# .-$ 0. *! *) D.
#1$*0-(/#/# /4+ *!(*/$1/$*)J$"0- RK?# !0''. -$ .
*!!*0-/4+ .*!- "0'/$*)2$/#$) 3/-$).$(*/$1/$*)- - ! -- /*.>
R? -)'#!- "0'/$*)J ?"?<*)!*-($)"/*-0' /#/*) * .)*/
+/.1'$<0/ 0. *!+ )$)"+0)$.#( )/K
S? #)'$)$#*!- "0'/$*)J +/$)"-0' ( 4*/# -.K
T? #))$# *! - "0'/$*) J.$) - 0) -./)$)" *! /# .$")$!$) *!-0' ( 4*/# -.K<
U? #)')$# *! - "0'/$*) J*)) /$)" -0' . /* *2) )*-(. )
1'0 .K? # (*- 3/-$).$ ' 1 '. *! - "0'/$*) J 3/ -)' )
$)/-*% / K - *!/ ) '' E$#)'$!! (!3'*!)$#F $)
258
258
Motivation in medical students
AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
chapter 9
*)/-./ 2$/# E*)$#$"$*( (!3'*!)$#F< /#/ $)'0 .
$ )/$!$ <$)/ "-/ )!0''4$)/-$).$- "0'/$*)?
0- '4$)/-$).$(*/$1/$*)$./# *- /$''4$./$)"0$.#' !-*(/# (*./
0/*)*(*0. !*-( *! 3/-$).$ (*/$1/$*) J$)/ "-/ - "0'/$*)K< 0/ $)
+-/$ /#$.$!! - ) $.)*/- ' 1)/?
# - - .#*0' 2- /#/ .$")/ . /# / -( P. '!@
- "0'/$*)P/*)4!*-(*! #1$*0-- "0'/$*)/#/$.--$ *0/4/# $)$1$0'< 1 ) $! /# *-$"$) *! /# - "0'/$*) '$ . 3/ -)''4 J'' 3/ -)' *)/-*'K *- $. +-/$''4 $)/ -)'$. J'' $)/-*% /$*)K?
)/$!$ . '! - "0'/$*) ) $)/ "-/ . '!@- "0'/$*) - !0-/# -
$)/ -)'$. . '!@- "0'/$*).'*)"/# 3/-$).$. '!@- "0'/$*)*)/$)00(
J
$"0- RK? #0.< 1 ) 3/ -)' *)/-*' ) $)/-*% / #1$*0-
- "0'/$*).<- '' . '!@- "0'/$*).< 0. /# $)$1$0'#.#*. )
/#$. #1$*0-< 0/ /# - .*). /# + -.*) $. .#*2$)" /# #1$*0- $.
0. /# 4! ''$& /# 4- *0/.$ *!/# . '!J0) - 3/ -)'*)/-*'K
*-*)'4+-/$''42$/#$)/# . '!J$)/-*% / K?
Motivation in medical students
259
259
260
260
chapter 9AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
Motivation in medical students
AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
chapter 9
"#!#) #
" .", (-> '(.#)( #( *,#(#*& ),' ." ), ) & B
.,'#(.#)(."),3A"-.",.#(>-#(3(&#%.)&&."#->
( %($)#5"* ,'1),%A ,!(#-'# , ,- .) ." (./,&
!,)1." ( 0&)*'(. .((3 ) "/'( #(!-> ( #&.# .) ."
. .". ." #(.,.#)( 1#." ." (0#,)('(. .,'#(- ")1 !,)1."
(0&)*'(., )-.,),"'*,A
" ( ), +*%$%#/ , ,- .) ." -#, .) )(F- )1( ),#!#( ),
-)/, ) "0#)/,A /.)()'3 , &.- ." 2*,#( .". "0#)/, #-
(2*,--#)() ."-& (!(,.-)'*&. &#(!) ,1#&&>&-)
&&0)&#.#)(>.)"))-1".0,*,-)(-#,-),)(-#,-/- /&.)
)A
"( ),%#&*$, ,-.)."-#,.) & .#0#(1".0,
.#)(- )( */,-/- ( *, ),'-A "#- ( &- *)*& .) -%
"&&(!-.".,)*.#'& ),."#,*#.#-(.)*,-#-.(.&3..'*.
.)'#(.#((("(-%#&&-(*#&#.#-A)'*.(#-().'(.
-..#(-%#&&),#&#.3&()>/.,.",*,*.#)() )( #((
.(A
"( ),("*$)), ,-.)."-#,.) &)((.1#.").",->
.),#(!(#(!, ),(.)"0#(!-(-) &)(!#(!(-->)."
1#."-#!(# #(.).",#(#0#/&--1&&-1#."-#!(# #(.)''/(#.3A
&.(--> - #(! *. ( 0&/ 3 ).",-> #- '(. - *-3")&)!#& )(-.,/.> (). (--,#&3 - ),'& '',-"#* ) !,)/*),,&.#)(-"#*A
Motivation in medical students
261
261
chapter 9AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
" ($"# $ $"# $&$ $ !" ##
$"#$ )*&(./,&&3.(.)!,)1(0&)*.",)/!"+/#,#(!%()1&!>
-%#&&("#.->)-,0#(.")/.-#1),&A/") ."#-0&)*'(.
( )(-#, ( #(.,(&#-.#)( *,)--> 1"#" ./,(- &,(
"0#)/, #(.) )(F- )1( -.3& ) .#)(A " ', ")# .) ,,3 )/.
.#)(- .". -.' ,)' 2.,(& -)/,- ), #,.#0- -")1- ")1 -)'
#(.,(&#-.#)() ."-#,.#0-.%-*&A-."#-"**(->.",#-
(./,& .((3 .) "(! 2.,(& ,!/&.#)( ) "0#)/, #(.) -& B
.,'#(,!/&.#)(A")&-.".."#-#(.,(&#-.#)(#-().*,)--
.".> 3 #.-& > #- ), .",)/!" 2.,(& *,--/,-> #((.#0- ),
,#( ),'(.>/.,.",#-(./,&*,)--A
" #(.,(&#-.#)( *,)--> ,)' 2.,(& ,!/&.#)( .) -& ,!/&.#)(>
( )(-#, - "0#(! ." )/, #-.#(. .3*- ) ').#0.#)( .".
1,'(.#)(#(*,0#)/-*,!,*"A
(." #,-..3*>.".) .*($"
,!/&.#)(>.#)(-,').#0..)-.#- 32.,(&'(->#AA.)).#(
,1, ), .) 0)# */(#-"'(.A " &)/- ) /-&#.3 ), .#)(- #-
*,#0 .) /&&3 2.,(&A " (2. -.! #- .". ) $*(% *
,!/&.#)(A ,> ." -/$. "- *,.&3 #(.,(&#- ." ,!/&.#)( ) "0#)/,>/. (). .,/&3 *. #. - )(F-)1(A""0#)/,'3
!/#3-#,.)0)#-"'),!/#&.),.)..#(!)B("('(.-
), &#(!-) -& B1),."('3-.)*--))(-2.,(&').#0-)'
&-- **,(.A "( "0#)/, )&&)1- ,!/&.#)( .",)/!" $**%$>
." -/$. 0&/- "0#)/,& !)& )(-#)/-&3 ( *.- #. -
*,-)(&&3 #'*),.(.A (.# # ,!/&.#)( &- .) '), *,-#-.(>
"#!",)''#.'(.("#!",*, ),'(."(&)1,-.!-) 2.,#(-#
').#0.#)(>-"0#)/,#- &.-'),/.)()')/-(-& B.,'#(A
$*(* ,!/&.#)( ) "0#)/, #(0)&0- ." &#(%#(! ) #(.# #
').#0- 1#." *,-)(& 0&/- .". , &,3 *,-(.A " &)/- ) 262
262
Motivation in medical students
AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
chapter 9
/-&#.3 #- ()1 *,#0 - #(.,(& ( 2.,(& ,!/&.#)( ) "0#)/,"- ( #(.,(&#-- /.)()')/--& B,!/&.#)(A 2.,#(-#
').#0.#)(> !/# 3 #(.!,. ,!/&.#)( ) "0#)/, #- &)- .)
#(.,#(-# ').#0.#)(A . "- ( ,.", )(-#-.(.&3 -")1( .". ."
#(.,(&#-.#)( *,)--> /* .) ." &0& ) #(.# # ,!/&.#)(> "- *)-#.#0 #'*.A " 0(.!- #(&/ '), 0)&#.#)(& *,-#-.(>
.., ,&.#)(-"#*- #( )(F- -)#& !,)/*-> '), .#0 *, ),'(
(!,.,"&."(1&&B#(!ARQ
) /(,-.( ." *-3")&)!3 ) ." #(.,(&#-.#)( *,)--> ,!(#-'#
(.!,.#)( "),3 K
L> '#(#B."),3 1#."#( RQ> -/!!-.- .". ."
#((. *-3")&)!#& (- *&3 %3 ,)&A " ( ), /.)()'3
*,)0#- ." *,#',3 !,)/( )( 1"#" .) /(,-.( #(.,(&#-.#)(> -
"/'(#(!-"0-.,)(!-#,.)#(.!,.(3"0#)/,,!/&.#)(>
#( ),, .) -& B,!/&. #. ( -& B.,'#( )(F- "0#)/, - '/"
( - -))( - *)--#&A " (0#,)('(.> #(&/#(! *,-> *,(.- (
.",->( ..".3*(-.,(!.") *,-)(F-').#0.#)(>),>#(
).",1),->( .."#(.,(&#-.#)(*,)--A#!(# #(.).",-(
,. '), #(.,)$. ')- ) ').#0.#)(> 3 2.,(&&3 )(.,)&&#(! #.
1#." *,--/,-> ,/&- ( '(- ( -.#'/&.#(! ),. 1#." 2.,(&
,1,-A,."3(-.#'/&.'),/.)()')/-')-) ').#0.#)(3
)-.,#(! )'*.(> /.)()'3 ( ,&.(--A ( ,&3 ( +/#.
)(-#-.(. #(#(! #( ,-," #- .". 2.,#(-# ,1,-> -/" -
')(3>),*/(#-"'(.#(-) #&/,>/(,'#(#(.,#(-#').#0.#)(ARR
"#- #- )(-#-.(. 1#." ." *)-./&. .".> 1#.")/. (3 2.,(&
#((.#0-> "/'(- "0 ( #((.> (./,& .((3 .) 0&)* .)1,
/.)()'3 ( -& B.,'#(.#)(A 2.,(& ,1,- '3 *,)'*. *)*&
.) ')# 3 "0#)/,> /. # ."#- "0#)/, ,!/&.#)( #- (). #(.,(&#->
." ')# # "0#)/, 1#&& - .) 2#-.> ), && &)1 #.- #(#.#& &0&>
1"(.",1,-,,')0A.."-'.#'>."!,)1.") #(.,#(-#
').#0.#)(#-"'*,A,#-(2'*&@
Motivation in medical students
263
263
chapter 9AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
-./(.-)().-")1)*.#'&*,.##*.#)(#(-'&&!,)/*---#)(->(
2.,(& ,1, -3-.' '3 #(.,)/> A!A 1,#(! ',%- ),
*"3-#& *,-(> .) +/&# 3 ), *,.##*.#)( #( #(& 2'A "#- ',
#(.,)/.#)( '3 -"# . -./(.-F ,-)(- .) *,-(. ,)' '),
#(.,#(-#').#0>A!A.)+/#,%()1&!>.)'),2.,#(-#').#0?.)
)&&. ." '#(#'/' (/', ) *)#(.- .) & .) .% ." 2'A "#-
'3 ./,( #(.) )&&.#0 /&./, K1"3 ..( (3 /,.",> # -/ ##(.
*)#(.- "0 ( )&&.DL .". #-.,.- ,)' '), (./,& "#. ) #(!*,-(.((!!#(!#(&,(#(!.",&0(.'.,#&A
%!! "$%$ )$ #$"#-$"$ " )(*. ) /.)()'3 -/**),. -,#- ( #(.,*,-)(& &#'. #(
1"#" ( /."),#.3 #!/, KA!A *"3-##( ), .",L .%- ."
*,-*.#0 ) ." *,-)( 1#." 1")' ."3 , #(.,.#(! #(.)
)(-#,.#)(>*,)0#-,&0(.#( ),'.#)(()**),./(#.#- ),")#>
( ()/,!- ." #(#0#/& .) *. *,-)(& ,-*)(-##&#.3 KA!A ),
"&."3 "0#)/, ), ), &,(#(!LA /.)()'3 -/**),. &-) #(&/-
#(.,.#)(- .". #(0)&0 -%#(! ." #(#0#/& 1". " ), -" 1(.- .)
"#0> ()/,!#(! +/-.#)(-> *,)0##(! '(#(! /& ( -.#- .),3
(-1,- .) +/-.#)(- ( , ,#(#(! ,)' $/!'(. ), 0&/.#)( 1"(
).#(#(! #( ),'.#)( )/. *-. "0#)/,A "/-> /.)()'3 -/**),.
#(0)&0- '#(#'& *,--/,> $/!'(.> ( )(.,)&AU>
RS
( )(.,-.> )(.,)&&#(! #(.,*,-)(& &#'. #(0)&0- *,--/,#(! *)*& 1#."
,1,->*/(#-"'(.->.",.->),0&/.#)(-(3#(!$/!'(.&A
&%%$%""# $&$ (#0#/&- # , #( ." 2.(. .) 1"#" ."3 . )/. ) 2.,#(-# (
#(.,#(-# ').#0.#)( ( ")1 ,#&3 ."3 #(.,(&#- ." ,!/&.#)( ) ."#, "0#)/,A "- # ,(- '3 &#(% .) ."#, *,-)(&#.3> -
264
264
Motivation in medical students
AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
chapter 9
-)' #(#0#/&- .( .) & )(.,)&& K"0 )(.,)& ),#(..#)(L #(
')-. -#./.#)(- 1",- ).",- .( .) & /.)()')/- #( .")-
-#./.#)(- K"0 ( /.)()')/- ),#(..#)(LA -)( #-.#(.#)(
*,.#(- .) -*#,.#)(- ) #(#0#/&-A (.,#(-# -*#,.#)(-> -/" -
#&#.#)(>*,-)(&!,)1."()''/(#.3)(.,#/.#)(,#-.#(. ,)'
2.,#(-#-*#,.#)(->-/"-1&."> '(#'!A
(.,#(-#-*#,.#)(-
( ."#, ..#('(. , *)-#.#0&3 ,&. .) 1&&B#(! #(#.),- (
(!.#0&3 .) (2#.3> *,--#)( ( *"3-#& -3'*.)'-> 1",-
2.,#(-# -*#,.#)(- -")1 ." )**)-#.ARTBRV --)#.#)(- "0 (
)/( #( ." 13 #(#0#/&- *,#0 ."#, *,(.-A ./(.-> 1")
*,#0 ."#, *,(.- .) /.)()'3B-/**),.#0> -")1 &-- "&."B
)'*,)'#-#(! "0#)/,- K/- ) .))> &)")& ( ',#"/(L ."(
.")-1")*,#0."'.)"0'),)(.,)&&#(!*,(.&-.3&ARW2.
.) #(#0#/& # ,(-> /&./,& # ,(- '3 2#-.> /* .) ." *)#(.
.". -)' ,-,",- )/. ." **&##&#.3 ) #( ()(B1-.,(
/&./,-RX? ), #(-.( #( -.,( /&./,-> #(*(( ,)' *,(.-
( -)#.3 1)/& 0&/ # ,(.&3A ,)!(#-- ." -.,(
/&./, ) G#(.,*((H> /- *)*& , '), *((. )(
-#!(# #(.).",-#(."#,0&/-.)-"*."#,)1("0#)/,A,#.#-
#'*),.(. .) ,#(! )/. ." # ,( .1( #(*(( (
/.)()'3A /.)()'3 )- (). '( .#(! 1#.")/. "&* ,)' ).",-> #.
'(- "0#(! &#(!- ) 0)&#.#)( ( , 1#&& #( 1".0, .#)(- ,
,,#)/.A#."#(."#->." &#(!-) 0)&#.#)('30,3 ,)'#(#0#/&
.)#(#0#/&A('3."#(%.".*,-)((!!-#("0#)/,/-
"0&/-((),--"#-/&./,&0&/->().",&#,.&3#-.)
(!! #( *,.#/&, "0#)/, /- ." -)#.3 2*.- -)? ."#,
'3)/(.,B,..)0&/-) *,0#)/-!(,.#)(1"#& &#(!G ,H
.) . ", H)1(H 13A "3*)."-#-- .". ." !(,& ,'1),% ) #!/,R")&-.,/#(()(B1-.,(/&./,--1&&A./#-1#."/--#(>
"#(-(%#-.(#-./(.--")1."./.)()')/--& B,!/&.#)("-
-#'#&,( ##& .-ARXBRZ
Motivation in medical students
265
265
chapter 9AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
-$"$ ")!!$ $"
"1#**&#.#)() #(&/-).".")'#(-) "&.",(
/.#)(A - ).),B*.#(. ,&.#)(-"#*- #( -)' ,-*.- ,-'&
.",B-./(.,&.#)(-"#*->#.#-/- /&.)'(.#)(-)' #(#(!-#(."#-
)'#(A
,#.#)(&&3 '#& *,.#.#)(,- .( .) .% )(.,)&&#(! **,)"
1#."."#,*.#(.-(&#(.-ASQ
()(.,-.>/.)()'3-/**),."-(
')(-.,. .) & .) !,., #(.,(&#-.#)( ) /.)()'3 (
*,#0)'*.( ),*,-,#"&.""0#)/,-ASRBST
(.,(&#-.#)( ) /.)()')/- -& B,!/&.#)( ( *,#0 )'*.(
"0 ( #&#.. #( *,-)( .) *,-)( #(.,0(.#)(- - 1&& - #(
-..#(!- 1", *.#(.- #(., 1#." )'*/., *,)!,'' ( ."(
'. 1#." *,.#.#)(,ASS>
ST
#%1#-> 1"( .",- ) '#&
#(.,0#1#(! ( -')%#(! --.#)( )/(-&#(! "0 ( /.)()'3B
-/**),.#0>
!,.,
/.)()')/-
-& B,!/&.#)(
(
*,#0
)'*.("0(#(.,(&#-3."&,(,-B*,.#.#)(,-AW> SU
"- &-) ( **&# .) 0,#.3 ) "&." "0#)/,-> #(&/#(!
..((#((&)")&.,.'(.*,)!,''>*,.##*.#)(#( 1#!".
&)-- *,)!,''> ",( .) '#.#)( *,-,#*.#)(-> &))B-/!,
')(#.),#(! ( -')%#(! --.#)(AW>
RS> SVBSY
"- -./#- )/- )(
').#0.#)( ), "0#)/, "(! - 1&& - ." -)#& )(.2.- #( 1"#"
"0#)/, "(! )/,-A 3( . &ASY KRZZVL ---- *,.##*(.-F
').#0.#)(
), ..(#(! '(.> YB1% &)")&B.,.'(.
*,)!,''A ,.##*(.- 1") " '), /.)()')/- ,-)(- ),
*,.##*.#(!..(.,.'(.'.#(!-'),,!/&,&3(1,,.
3."#,.,.'(.)/(-&),--'),#(0)&0#(.".,.'(.*,)--A
,)-- -,#- ) ,(. -./#-> #(.,0(.#)(- ,-/&. #( *)-#.#0
"0#)/, "(! ( #(,- /.)()')/- -& B,!/&.#)( ), "&."
"0#),ARW>SSBSV/,.",>"(!-#(/.)()')/--& B,!/&.#)()/(.
), -#!(# #(. #(*((. "(! 0,#( #( "&." "0#)/,-A "-
266
266
Motivation in medical students
AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
chapter 9
,-/&.-,)(-#-.(.1#."/.)()')/--& B,!/&.#)(#(!#(."/-&
*." ), "&." "0#)/, "(! ( -/**),. ." /(#+/ ( #'*),.(.
,)& .". /.)()')/- -& B,!/&.#)( *&3- #( *.#(. "&." - '"(#-'.",)/!"1"#""&.""0#)/,#-"(!('#(.#(ASZ
-$"$ ")!!$ %$ "
--& B.,'#(.#)(#(#.),-),,&.1#."*, ),'(>/.#)(#-
&,&3 *,)'#-#(! )'#( .) **&3 A /.#)( #- .) )-., -& B
.,'#(.#)((#(.,#(-#&&3,!/&."0#)/,>.",-")/&13-
.) -/**),. &,(,-F -(- ) )'*.(> /.)()'3 ( ,&.(--A (
( )0,0#1 ) ,-," )( #( ."#- #&> 0TQ KSQQSL -.,--- ."
#'*),.( ) ( /.)()'3B-/**),.#0 ."#(! **,)"A 1) '$),
)(&/-#)(-,,1(@
RA /.)()')/-&3B').#0. -./(.- .",#0 #( /.#)(& -..#(!-
(
SA -./(.-( #.1"(.",--/**),.."#,/.)()'3A
"#& ')-. ,-," "- ( ,,# )/. #( *,#',3 ( -)(,3
/.#)(-..#(!->&--)(-&,(.'31&&**&3#('#&/.#)(A
Motivation in medical students
267
267
chapter 9AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
%"5 $" %$ )-#%!! "$&$& "
$" $& "
•
•
•
•
)&&)1#(!#(-.,/.#)(&
'.,#&-
#0#(!#,.#0-(
)''(-
-#(!-..'(.-.).%
)(.,)&)0,-#./.#)(-
K#(&/#(!*,#-(,#.##-'
)/.-./(.-L
,)0##(!-)&/.#)(- ),
*,)&'-
%$ )-#%!! "$&$
& "
• #-.(#(!.)(%()1&!#(!
-./(.-F*,-*.#0-
• #0#(!.#'()**),./(#.3 ),
/.)()')/-1),%
• ,#-#(!+/&#.3) *, ),'(
(*,)0##(!)(-.,/.#0
.( %
• (+/#,#(!1".-./(.-1(.
• #(!'*."#1#."-./(.-
" /."),TQ K0L -.#*/&.- 1". , )(-#, /.)()'3B
-/**),.#0 ."#(! "0#),-> - )**)- .) )(.,)&&#(! ."#(!
"0#),K#!/,SLA",-.(> ),'(3,-)(->.)/-)(.,)&&#(!
**,)"> /. ( &,( .) '), /.)()'3B-/**),.#0A -)(- ), )(.,)&&#(! "#. , -0,&A (3 *)*& &#0 #( *,)0##(!
*/(#-"'(.- ( ,1,- .) )(.,)& ( ,#( ), "0#)/,A %#(!
-./(.-F *,-*.#0- ( -/**),.#(! -./(. #(.,-. ( /,#)-#.3 #-
# #/&.> ( #- /-/&&3 (). *,. ) .", .,#(#(!A (3 .",-
2*,#()(.,)&&#(!(*,--/,#(!#,/'-.(-#(."#,)1($)(
.( .) .,(-'#. ."- .) ." &,(#(! &#'. .". ."3 ,. ), ."#,
-./(.-A (3 &#0 .". ." "#!", ." #((.#0-> ." !,., 1#&& ." ').#0.#)(A ",- ( .) #(-.,/. .". )-.,#(! #(.,#(-#
').#0.#)( ( /.)()')/- -& B,!/&.#)( -%- ), # ,(.> '),
/.)()'3B-/**),.#0**,)"A+/#,#(!/.)()'3B-/**),.#0"0#),
,+/#,- #(-#!".- ( *,.#A 0 )(&/- 1#." ." 0# .) &.
268
268
Motivation in medical students
AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
chapter 9
.",--/**),..",+/&#.#-#(-./(.-@(#(.,(&&)/-) /-&#.3
.) )-.,-& B)(.,)&>0)&#.#)(.) )-., ,1#&&(*,*.#)() ")#
.) )-., &#(!) /.)()'3A
-$"$ ")!!$ %$ **&3#(!.)'#&/.#)(*,)---#- ,'#(!)/,)-,0.#)(-
(2*,#(-) '#&/.#)(1#."#(."#-."),3A"**,)"1
.))%#-.)-%)/,-&0-+/-.#)(--/"-@
-
-
)1 ) 1 2*&#( *"()'( .". 1 )-,0 #( '#&
/.#)( ,)' ." *,-*.#0 ) 2.,#(-# 0,-/- #(.,#(-#
').#0.#)(D
( 1 )-,0 )(.2.- .". -.#'/&. ), "'*, ."
#(.,(&#-.#)() 2.,(&"0#)/,,!/&.#)(D
(1#(.# 3&)#) /-&#.3D
)0 &&> ( 1 #(.# 3 *,)--- #( '#& /.#)( .".
"'*, ),
,&.(--D
)-., &#(!- ) )'*.(> /.)()'3 (
)-.) ."-)-,0.#)(-,().0#(B-A/.3**&3#(!1".
1%()1)/.>"3*)."--)/.'"(#-'-#('#&/.#)(
(,#&3 ),'/&.A"---/'*.#)(-("&*.)!/#,-,"
(0&)*'(.) '#&/.#)(A
! '" $&$ $ $ "
,)&3."')-.-#--.) & B.,'#(.#)("),3#-."."/'(
#(!- "0 (./,&> ),!(#-'# .((3 .) 0&)* ( #' ), -& B
.,'#(.#)(A)-.'#&-./(.-"0#(0-.-/-.(.#&(,!3.)
(.,'#&-"))&.))'*"3-##(A#&-./(.-,%()1(
.)"#!"&3').#0. ,)'."-.,.) ."#,-./3) '##(A
'#&
/.),- ,)!(#- ."#- #((. ').#0.#)( ( ,. &,(#(!
Motivation in medical students
269
269
chapter 9AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
(0#,)('(.-.)-/**),.&,(,-F#(.,#(-#-#,.), ),*.#(.->.)
'-.,(1'.,#&>(.)-/**),.*.#(.-(").",>."#-1)/&
"0 , ,"#(! #'*&#.#)(- ), '#& /.#)(A )-. -./(.- ,
,3 .) ()/(., ,,#,- ( /.#- ( , 1#&&#(! ( *& .)
,)-- "/,&- .) */,-/ ."#, ")-( *,) --#)(A )' ,,#,- ,
,. 3 ." '#& -"))& (.,( ,+/#,'(.- ( /,,#/& (
-)' '3 *,-)(&&3 .,'#(A " ),!(#-'# .((3 *,#.-
.". -./(.- 1#." "#!" &0&- ) /.)()')/- -& B,!/&.#)( 1#&&
)0,)' ."- "/,&- )( 13 ), ().",> () '.., 1". ."3 ,A
)' '3 0( &0 ."#, )/(.,3> &,( # ,(. &(!/! (
!,/.&-1",-).),# #..%-.".'/" ),..))')(A
" ,)/.- .) ." !, 0,3 !,.&3 ,)-- ." !&) ( ."
*.#0*)1,) /.)()')/-"0#)/,) '#&-./(.-'(-.".
'(31#&& #(."#,13>()'..,1".'(-."3 #(1"#".3*
) /,,#/&/'A
,)'."%($)#5"*"*,-*.#0>-./(.-,),!(#-'-1#."
."#, )1( &,(#(! (-> -/" - .) +/#, !,. & ) #( ),'.#)(>
( .) 0&)* (1 *,) --#)(& #(.#.3 ( (1 0&/- ,&.#(! .)
."#, /./, ,)& - *"3-##(-A " /.#)(& (0#,)('(. ),'- ."#,
)/.,1),&.".-"*-."0&)*'(.) ."#,#(.#.3(0&/-(
.". ( )-., ), /(,'#( -& B.,'#(.#)(A )!(#.#0 0&/.#)(
"),3 KL> ( ,&3 '#(#B."),3 1#."#( > -/!!-.- .". ." (-
), )'*.( ( /.)()'3 , -.,)(!&3 #(.!,. 1#." #(.,#(-#
').#0.#)(? ( .". )(.2./& 0(.-> -/" - ." '#& /,,#/&/'>
, &#%&3 .) . #(.,#(-# ').#0.#)( .) ." 2.(. .". ."3 ,
2*,#( - -/**),.#(! 0,-/- ."1,.#(! ." -.#- .#)( ) ."-
(-ATR ( ."#- 0#1> '#& -./(.- "0 -/-.(.#& /.)()'3 .)
)&&)1 ." *." .) !,/.#)( ( ." /.#)(& (0#,)('(. "-
*).(.#& .) &,. ), "'*, ."#- )/,-A " /(.#)( ) /.#)(>
270
270
Motivation in medical students
AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
chapter 9
,)' ."#- 0#1*)#(.> )/& '), &#'#. ."( 1 , /-/&&3 & .)
&#0A
.( .) ."#(% .". /.#)( '/-. , /&&3 -#!( .) *,)0#
)*.#'&)/.)'-A,.)*/.#.# ,(.&3>'(3.",-(#(-.#./.#)(-
.(.)."#(%.".."3,')-.-/-- /&# ."3)(.,)&')-.) -./(.
.#0#.#->- )( , /&&3 -#!( /,,#/&/' ( 1&& ")-(
."#(! '.")-A )10,> #( ),'- /- .". 3 (). &&)1#(! ."
-./(.- .) "))- ")1 .) &,( ), ."'-&0- ."3 , &-- &#%&3 .)
#(.# 31#."."'.,#&),.)#(.!,.#.(."/-1#&&&--&#%&3.)
,'', 1". ."3 "0 &,(> ( 1". ."3 ) ,.#( 1#&& &--
#(.!,. #(.) ."#, #(.#.3 - 0&)*#(! *"3-##(-A #0( ')-.
'#& -./(.-O (./,& .((3 .) 0&)* /.)()')/- ,!/&.#)( ) "0#)/, ( #(.,#(-# ').#0.#)( .) &,( ( .% )( "&&(!- .)
)'*"3-##(>#.#-0,3&#%&3.".1"(1)(.,)&)/,-./(.-1
1#&&*,)&3#("##.."#-0&)*'(.'/"'),."(1."#(%A.(
.)&#0."./.#)('/-.0#(B->(1#."."#-0#(
1()(.,)&-./(."0#)/,A"/- ,>&->1"0(). )/(-.,)(!
0#( ) ." -/*,#),#.3 ) (3 )( /.#)(& **,)" )0, ."
).",A ( .> #. "- ( 0,3 ", .) *,)0# -/**),. ), !/,(.>
-/*,#), &,(#(! ,-/&.- ,)' (3 -*# # ."#(! '.")> 0( .")-
-)('$),/,,#/&/', ),'-ATSBTU",'3&%) -/ ##(.&3
-.,)(! ,-," '."))&)!3> /. '), #'*),.(. '3 .". ."
#( &/() ."*,-)(&1#&&) -./(.-.),"."#,!)&-'3)0,,/&
()-/,')-.) ."# ,(-#( .-) /.#)(&#(.,0(.#)(-A
)&&)1#(! B> ." /.#)(& )(.2.> 1#." && #.- ,/&- (
,!/&.#)(-> '3 )(&3 &#'#. .,'#((. ) /.#)(& *,)!,-->
1"#& ." #(.,(&#-> /.)()')/- -& B,!/&.#)( .) )' ).),
)/& 0,3 1&& ." '$), /- ) 0,#( #( '-/, )/.)' ) /.#)(A '3 )0,B-.#'. ." *).(.#& ) /.#)(&
#(.,0(.#)(-> ( (!&. 1". ).", ').#0- (,!#- #(#0#/&
Motivation in medical students
271
271
chapter 9AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
-./(.-ATV ( RZZW> &() . &ATW -")1 ")1 '#& -./(.- #(
# ,(. )/(.,#- ( 0,3 # ,(. /,,#/&> *,) # ,(.&3 #(
."#,%()1&!0&)*'(.>-'-/,1#."-.(,#-.-.>/.
&-) ")1 ."3 -")1 -/,*,#-#(!&3 -#'#&, -),- . ." ( ) '#&
-"))&A),."(.(3,-,&#,>-#'#&, #(#(!1-,*),.')(!
/." '#& -"))&-> ( ." /."),- *)- ." +/-.#)( ) 1".",
'#&-./(.-"0(./,&.((3.)+/#,%()1&!)0,.#'>
()'..,1"./.#)(."3,#0ATX
( )(&/-#)(> ( "&* .) /(,-.( 1"3 ,-," )( )/.)'- ) /.#)(&#(.,0(.#)(--")1-)&#..&0#() ."-/*,#),#.3) )(
."#(! '.") ), /,,#/&/' **,)" )0, ().",A ().", &--)(
'3 .". '/" ) ." (,!3 #(0-. #( /.#)( 3 /,,#/&/'
0&)*,-'#!".-.-*(.#(13-.)-.#'/&./.)()')/- ),'-) ').#0.#)( ( #(.!,. ), #(.,#(-# ,!/&.#)(> ,.", ."( .,3#(! .)
.,'#( ." -. ')'(. .) *,)0# #( ),'.#)( ), ." -. #.#
'.").)."#.A
(."(2.-.#)(-11#&&2'#(")1("&*/(,-.('),
-*# #*,)---#('#&/.#)(A
"!" "$"#
- '#& -"))& ( ." '#& *,) --#)( , )." 0,3 '(#(!>
-./(.-'/-.*,*,.)-")1"#!"').#0.#)((1),%",A.,--
(/,(B)/.#(/(,!,/.(*)-.!,/.'#&/.#)(#-().
/()'')( ( '3 --)#. 1#." &)1 ').#0.#)(ATY (.,-.#(!&3>
'(3 -./(.- ) (). "0 &, 0#1 ) '#& /.#)( ( ."
'#&*,) --#)( ),."3-.,.TZ>UQ(-#!(# #(.(/',) ."'
-.,. '##( /- ) *,(.& *,--/,URA -./(. *,#0-
",I"#- ,-)(- ), (.,#(! '#& -./3 - 2.,(&&3 )(.,)&&>
),#(! .) ." > -I" '3 (). "0 '/" #(.,#(-# ').#0.#)( ),
272
272
Motivation in medical students
AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
chapter 9
-./3#(!'##(A&-)# ",I"#-#-)/.",I"#- /./,*,) --#)(
) (). '." 1#." ." ,&#.3> /. !..#(! #( 1- *,-.#!#)/- ."#(! .)
"**(> " ), -" 1#&& )(.#(/ #( ." -./3 1#." &#(!- ) 2.,(&
,!/&.#)(> !#0#(! &-- "( ), -/--A ,#), 0).#)(& !/#( (
'(.),-"#*-/**),./,#(!,&33,-) '#&-"))&'#!".-.#'/&.
&#(!-) 0)&#.#)(>/.)()'3(,&.(--A(.),-"#*-/**),.)/&
&-) -*#&&3 #,. .)1,- ,.#(! ( /(,-.(#(! 1#."#( ."
-./(. ) ." 0&/ ) '##( - *,) --#)( ( .)1,- !,/&
#(.,(&#-.#)( ) ."#- 0&/A 2'*&- , !#0( 3 ",#( ;
"%,"#(USA
&.#)( *,)/,- ), '#& -"))& "0 ( ( )$. ) )(-#,& . - '(3 )'')( *,)/,- "0 &)1 *,#.#0
0&##.3AUT ) -&. )(&3 "#!"&3 ').#0. (#.- #- 0,3 # #/&.> -
(#.- '3 !#0 -)#&&3 -#,& #( ),'.#)( #( **&#.#)(
*,)/,-.".#-2.,'&3# #/&..)1#!"A/&-'(.&AUU#(-./3
/-#(! *)-.B-&.#)( '-/,'(. ) ." -.,(!." ) ').#0.#)(> )/(
.". -./(.- (.,#(! '#& -"))& .",)/!" +/&#..#0 -&.#)(
*,)/,-")1"#!",-.,(!.") ').#0.#)(."().",-1")(.,
.",)/!" &)..,3 -3-.'A "#- '3 *)#(. . ( #'*),.(. E1."),(F
.> #( ).", 1),-> '(#(! -&.#)( *,)/, '3 $(*
').#0.#)( 3 #.-& A "#- )(&/-#)( #- -.#&& -)'1". -*/&.#0 (
(- .) -/-.(.#.> /. '#!". /- .) 2*&#( ."#-
*"()'()(A 0,)'#(! -&.#)( "/,& '3 !#0 ." (#.- &#(!) )'*.((,&.(--<9$%-
"%$*%"/)"*,
(%+&:LA
%""%%#$"%$%"##"
$
,#.#)(&&3> ." '#& /,,#/&/' "- ( )'*)- ) , /&&3
-&. )(.(.> ")-( 3 2*,.- #( '#& ( *,B'#&
#-#*&#(->-)(."#,-.%()1&!) ."-/$.-A"/,,#/&/'
Motivation in medical students
273
273
chapter 9AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
1)/&."( ##(.&3,,(!.)-"/&&&."#-)(.(.#(&./,->
&&---(&,%-"#*->.)2*)-&&-./(.-)*.#'&&3.)."#-)(.(.A
(3 !(,.#)(- ) '#& -./(.- "0 ( ,)/!". /* ."#- 13A
#1#(!.""(!-#('#&/,,#/&."."0.%(*&#(."*-.
- ,)' ( *,-*.#0> #. -")/& )(&/ .". '(3
"(!- , #( )(),( 1#." ( #(,- -& B.,'#(.#)( ) '#& -./(.-@ -./(.B(., /.#)(> "),#4)(.& ( 0,.#&
#(.!,.#)( 1#."#( ." /,,#/&/'> *,)&'B- &,(#(!> &,(#(! #(
-'&& !,)/*-> ." #(.,)/.#)( ) &.#0- ( ).", 0(- && #' .)
-.#'/&. ').#0.#)( #( -./(.- 2*&##.&3 ), #'*&##.&3A ( -.&#-"
,-/&. ) ,-," ) *,)&'B- &,(#(! #- .". #. ').#0.-
-./(.-UV? '3 "&* .) 2*&#( 1"3A '3 ,. &#(!- ) /.)()'3> - -./(.- '/-. ),'/&. ."#, )1( &,(#(! )$.#0- (
, ,&.#0&3 , .) "))- -)/,- ) #( ),'.#)(A . -.#'/&.-
,&.(-->-!,)/*-) -./(.-'/-.)&&),.#0&31),%)(*,)&'-A
.'3,...#'--.#- .),3 &#(!) )'*.(>1"('-.,
)(.(.#-2*&#(.)*,-A"#-# ,- ,)'.".,#.#)(&&,(#(!>#(
1"#".",#--)&#.,3-./31#."-/-+/(.2"##.#)() %()1&!#(
1,#..(2'-,-/&.#(!#((+/#,-),1"#"#-1#.")/.#(.,.#)(
), %J"(>.3*#&&32.,#(-#,1,A
0( #( ." ,&.#0 ,)' ) /. ,.#(&3 #( '), .,#.#)(&
/.#)(> #. ((). 2*. .". && -./(.- 1#&& &13- ').#0.A " ', )(*. ) -& B.,'#(.#)( #'*&#- .". -./(.-
'3 0&)* -*# # #(.,-.- 1#."#( '##( .". 2&/ ).", ,-A
",- -")/& ,&#4 .". 0( #( -./(.- 1#." "#!" &0& ) !&)&
').#0.#)(> #AA 1#." !(,& ').#0.#)(& ..#./UW> -)' &--- '3
(). **& .) ."#, #(.,-.A (').#0. ), ), -./(.- ( .,)/&-)'(0,3').#0.#(! ),.",-( &&)1-./(.-A)1
)1&1#."."--./(.-D1)/&0#-."..",-1),%.)
,.((0#,)('(..".-/**),.--./(.#(.,(&#-.#)() 0&/ ),
274
274
Motivation in medical students
AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
chapter 9
&,(#(! ." ,+/#, .#0#.#-A ) ( ),#!#(&&3 2.,(&&3 ,!/&.
"0#)/,1#&&#(.,(&#-3-./(.# "#-"&*.)-."0&/
) .""0#)/,#(&)(!.,')(.2.># *)--#&#(.",) "#-")#
) -*#&#-.#)(A "#- )/& "#0 3 1),%#(! #( -'&& !,)/*-
1", ." .",- !. "( .) %()1 ." -./(.- *,-)(&&3 (
.",#-!)))''/(#.#)(.1(.".",(-./(.A"-'
!)- ), ,&3 *.#(. )(.. #( 0,.#&&3 #(.!,. /,,#/&/'A
#& -./(.- -)'.#'- .( .) !. ').#0. /,#(! ."#, -#
-#(3,-1"(.",#--#'#-&#!('(..1(&,(#(!-#
-#(- ( ." ,-)( 1"3 ."3 */,-/ '##(> #AA .) 1),% 1#."
*.#(.-A !#(> ." 0&/ ) &,(#(! -# -#(- )/& #(.!,.
#(.)."/,,#/&/'.",)/!"&#(#&&3),#(.**,)"()((.#)(
1#.",&3*.#(.)(..A
,.#&#(.!,.#)(#-) .( #(-&#(#&2*,#( ,)',&3)(#(
."/,,#/&/'#()($/(.#)(1#."-#-#(-.",)/!")/.."3,-AUX
), ,)&3 #(> 0,.#& #(.!,.#)( )- (). )(&3 #(0)&0
# ,(-#(."(/',(#-.,#/.#)() ")/,-) &#(#&.,#(#(!(
-# -#( ."#(! ,)-- ." /,,#/&/'> /. #(&/- *"#&)-)*"3
.". -/**),.- *,)!,--#0 #(,-- #( ." ,-*)(-##&#.3 (
#(*(( &&)1 .) '#& -./(.-AUY>
UZ
(,-#(!&3> '#&
-./(.- , .,/-. 1#." '), &#(#& ,-*)(-##&#.#- #( -(#),
&,%-"#*-.".!,.&3 )-.,."#, &#(!-) /.)()'3()'*.(A
,)0# .". -/*,0#-#)( #- +/.> -/" ,-*)(-##&#.3 '3 #( ./,(
"&*.)-*/*."&,(#(!/,0>-).".,-*)(-##&#.#-(#(
#(,-#(!&3 !#0(A %()1&!'(. ( ,1, ,)' ." &#(#& -. '3#(./,(,..,'()/- &#(!) ,&.(---1&&>--./(.-
,#(!.%(-,#)/-&3-',!#(!)&&!/-A
Motivation in medical students
275
275
chapter 9AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
####$#($ #
2'#(.#)(-.3*#&&3,*,-(.2.,#(-#-.#'/&# ),&,(#(!(',%-
),-),-,.3*#&2.,#(-#,1,-A#0(."#->."+/-.#)(#-")1(
2'#(.#)(- /- ),#(! .) .) -.#'/&. #(.,#(-# ').#0.#)(
#(-./(.-D
( 13 ) ."#(%#(! )/. ."#- #- ,)' *,-*.#0 ) 1". 1)/&
("( -./(. /.)()'3 1#." ,-*. .) 2'#(.#)(-A 2'#(.#)(-
) .(,&,!-&0(.->#(1"#"-./(.-,&&.-.#(.#&&3.
."-'.#'> ),,-)(-) ,&##&#.3( #,(--A/.)()'3")10,
1)/&'(.".-./(.-1)/&*&(."#,)1(')'(.-) ----'(.>
1"(0, ."3 & ."3 ,3 .) .-.A "#- -# # ) #(#0#/&#4 &,(#(! ), '-.,3> ( )& /. /- /& "0#)/,#-.
**,)"VQ>VR>1)/&,.(,+/#, &2#&&,(#(!*."->-)"),.-
) -./(.- 1)/& (). *,) 1#." +/& -*A "#- **,)" !,-
1#." /,,(. .")/!".- )/. )'*.(3B- '#& /.#)(> #(
1"#" ..#( )'*.( #( &#(#& /.#)( -")/& *,0#& )0,
&#(#&,)..#)(- 1#." *,B-. .#' ,'-AVSBVU
.-.#'/&.-/.)()'3#(
-./(.-1"(."3(.,'#(."#,)1(&,(#(!*."A
(#0#/&#- .-. ,.- "/! "&&(!- ), '#& -"))&-> /.
'),( ."()&)!3 '3 "&*A )'*/.,B- ----'(. ,.-
*,.#&*)--##&#.#-.".'3,*&)&&.#01,#..(.-.-A
) 2*&#( ")1 2.,#(-# ,!/&.#)(- K-/" - 1),%#(! .)1, (
2'#(.#)(L()'#(1#."#(.,#(-#').#0.#)(K.))').),L>
&&,((.&&"02.(-& B.,'#(.#)(."),33#(!
.", &0&- ) !(,&#.3 ').#0.#)(@ !&)&> )(.2./& ( -#./.#)(&AUW
" !&)& &0& ( 0#1 - ,*,-(.#(! ,.", -.&> !(,&
').#0.#)(& #(&#(.#)( .) #(.,. 1#." ." )/.-# 1),&A "#!"&3
').#0.'#&-./(.#(.""%"-(-)/&># -./3#(!'##(
1- (). ( )*.#)(> 1)/& )' "#!"&3 ').#0. ).", *,) --#)(&A
276
276
Motivation in medical students
AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
chapter 9
" %$*.*+" &0& ,*,-(.- '), )/- ').#0.#)(A )(.2./&
.,'#((.- & -./(. .) .% /* '##(> ." !(,& 1#&& (
")# .) )' ).), 1#&& '),.&3 -.& ').#0.#)(&
),#(..#)(A " )*+*%$" &0& *,.#(- .) -*# # .#0#.#- . -*# #
.#'-A ,*,#(!
), ( 2'#(.#)( .3*#&&3 ,+/#,- 2.,#(-#
').#0.#)( . ." -#./.#)(& &0&> *,)&3 (). '/" '), #(.,(&#-
."( . ." E#(.,)$.F -.!A /. ." )0,,"#(! )(.2./& &0& ) ').#0.#)((.."-'.#'"#!"&3#(.!,.A
-"$"
/") .".#'-./(.--*(#(."*,&#(#&*"-) '#&-"))&
#- -& B#,.A &--- .3*#&&3 .% () '), ."( "& ) ." .#'
0#&&A & #,. .#' #- -*(. )( &,(#(! ,)' ))%- ( ."
#(.,(.> *,*,#(! ), &---> *,)&'B- ./.),#&- ), ).",> (
*,*,#(! ), 2'#(.#)(-A ) '% ."#- .#' ')-. /- /&> -./(.-
-")/& &,( ")1 .) ,!/&. ."#, &,(#(!> .) *,*, (). )(&3 ),
&--- ( 2'- /. &-) ), &., &# 1#." &-- 2.,(& !/#( (
2.,#(-# *,--/,A " (#0,-#.3 ) #"#!( #& "))& /-- -.,/./,**,)".).,#(-./(.-.))'-& B,!/&.),3&,(,->
**&# #( )/,B-.! 3&@ *&((#(!B&,(#(!B----'(.B$/-.'(.AY
"*&((#(!*"-#(&/-.1)&'(.-@!)&B-..#(!(').#0.#)(.)
+/#,%()1&!(-%#&&-A"#-#-1",.",-("&*.)-/**),.
-./(.-F/.)()'3A),."&,(#(!(."----'(.*"-->-./(.-
, #(-.,/. )/. &,(#(! -.3&- ( -.,.!#- ( -*# # &,(#(!
'.")-> )&&)1 3 -& B')(#.),#(! ( ." +/#,#(! ) % )(
."#, )'*.(A " $/-.'(. *"- *,.#(- .) , &.#(! )(
)'*&#-"'(.-('%#(!),,./-&..,#/.#)(-) "#0'(.>
.)!/# /,.",&,(#(!AY"/."),--.,--."/- /&(--.)1),%1#."
*,- #( ." 0&)*'(. ) -& B,!/&.#)( -%#&&- ( #. & B
.,'#(.#)( "),3 - )( )/(.#)( ) ."#, **,)"A (
/.)()'3K#(."*&((#(!*"-L>)'*.(K#(."----'(.*"-L
Motivation in medical students
277
277
chapter 9AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
(,&.(--K1),%#(!#(*,!,)/*L'3)(-#,,&.
)'*)((.-) ."#-*,)'#-#(!**,)"A
$"
&#(#& .,#(#(! #( /(,!,/. /.#)( #- .3*#&&3 2*,#(.#& #(
(./,A)-.) ."%()1&!(-%#&&-,+/#,G&)(!."13H(
()./-) &#,.."#(!3 /&.3A/") 1".-./(.-(
!,/.- &,( ,)' &#(#& 2*,#( "0#&3 *(- )( ."#, )1(
"0#)/,> ..#./ ( )(*.#)( ) &,(#(!A . #- ,#.#& .) )(-#,
")1&#(#&.",-(."&#(#&)(.2.(-/**),.."#-A),(("-
)/(.".-/--#(&#(#&&,%-"#*-*,.#/&,&3,1-)(."13."
1),%*& &,(#(! &#'. ').#0.- -./(.- 3 -/**),.#(! ."#,
*,.##*.#)( #( *.#(. ,AVV> VW 0 ; (!,VX "0 #(.,)/ ."
)(*. ) G&!#.#'. *,#*",& *,.##*.#)(H .) -#!(# 3 ")1 (1
**,(.#--")/&!,/&&3)'*,.) *,) --#)(&)''/(#.3) *,.#A "#- #- )(-#-.(. 1#." ." --/'*.#)(- ) A ,#)/-
*,.##*.#)( #( ." &#(#& 1),%*& '(- .". /.)()'3 #( &#(#&
/(.#)(#(!#-0&/A
."-./(.-F,)&#(."&#(#&*,.##-.%(
-,#)/-&3>."#,)'*.(#-&#%&3.)))-.A
&,(#(!B#(B)(.2.#-
.#0> #. #- *,)&3 ." )''#.'(. ) -./(.- .) &(* ) ."#-
)(.2..".-.#'/&.-&,(#(!AVY(!()&&!/- )/(-#!(# #(.
),,&.#)( ) -./(.-F .#)(& ), ) #& 2'#(,- -/$.
2' -),- 1#." ." (/', ) $- *.#(.- ."- -./(.- "
'#..>-)'*,.)."(/',*.#(.-..(.".1,&,3
'#..3).",-AVZ'#!".2*&#((#(,-&,(#(! . ,)'
!,., &#(! ) ,-*)(-##&#.3 1#." -/" (1 *.#(.- ."( 1"(
-./(.-'/-.,B2'#(&,3'#..*.#(.-A,#)/-*,.##*.#)(
#(*,) --#)(&)''/(#.3> ),#.",*,#*",&),'#(),.-%->&,&3
-.#'/&.- &#(!-) ,&.(--A",&#,#(."/,,#/&/'."#-(
,&#->."..,#.'#!". ),-./(.&,(#(!AWQ>WR
278
278
Motivation in medical students
AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
chapter 9
)1 -")/& ."#- /.)()'3B-/**),. ),!(#-D 1)/& &#% .)
"#!"&#!". .1) &'(.-@ ." ,)& ) % ( ." -#!(# #( ) (.,/-.#(!*,) --#)(&.#0#.#-.).,#(-A
#0#(! % #- ( --(.#& )'*)((. ) 2*,#(.#& &,(#(! #(
." &#(#& 1),%*&> - #. #- --(.#& .) /#& -& B#'! ) -.,(!."-
( 1%(---> ( .,#(- ( .#0&3 -.#'/&. .) -%
%AWS "( *,)0##(! )(B)(B)( % .) '#& .,#(-> -
"**(- #&3 #( &#(#& -..#(!-> ." *",-#(! ) % '--!- #-
#'*),.(. ( -")/& , &. ." #(.(.#)( .) - )& ." &,(,F-
0&)*'(.AWT 0( ., -"*#(! - (0#,)('(.> '(3 *)*& -.#&&
#(,#0#(! %# #/&.>-#..,#!!,-."#,0/&(,#&#.3(&-
.) /(/ ').#)(& /.#)( 3 ." % ,#0,> - ." "#(
'--!) .(#-9
#$*&%)*%$*%*""/%+-*/%+(-!$)))(2
/%+((-/(%##:A
"( )(-#,#(! ." % *,)-- ,)' ( *,-*.#0> ."
+/-.#)( #- ")1 .) ("( &#(!- ) )'*.(> /.)()'3 (
,&.(-- .",)/!" ." *",-#(! ) % '--!-A . #- *,.#/&,&3
#'*),.(..".-./(./.)()'3-/**),.# %#-2*..)
#(,- -./(. *,#0 )'*.(A "( % #- *,)0#
,&--&3> && .", )(#.#)(- '3 -#&3 0#)&.A ))-.#(! ) ').#0.#)('3*,) #.3.",**,)"-@
RA -"# .#(! ." )/- ,)' ." #(#0#/&.).")(.2.A). 9/%+
"*%%-*-(%%*:>/.9));)!"";&(%+()
'+*+"**%#)*(2"*8))%-*%**(:A
(."&..,
1),#(!> #&/, ) )'*.( #- (). *,#',#&3 . -.% - #.
(),'&#--,&3 #&/,->(#.-/**),.--./(.#(#.#.#)() ."(1"0#)/,A
Motivation in medical students
279
279
chapter 9AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
SA -"# .#(! ,)' #(-.,/.#)(& '--!- .) -& B,!/&.#)( (
-"# .#(! ." )/- ,)' ." *,-*.#0 ,)' *,)0#, .)
,#0, ) ." %A ). 9
-"" *"" /%+ .*"/ -* /%+
#+)* %: /. 9%- % /%+ *$! /%+ -%+" $" *) $.*
*#6)!#%("&/%+$#:>(-.#'/&. &#(!-) /.)()'3>(,&.(--A
TA */&&#(! ." .,#(- #(.) ." *,) --#)(& !,)/*A ). 9/%+
*($)#+)*"($*%,$*+""/"!+):/.9*))-*-
""-$**(%+2-""#+)*&(**%**$)+$-)!""):
1#&& '/" '), ("( ." &#(! .) ,&. (
/(,-.))3 /./,)&&!/-A
"-*",-#(!-'3-'&#%-/.&(/(->/.."3('%&,!
# ,( #( ")1 ').#0.#)( .) #'*,)0 -%#&&- ( "0#)/, .,
,#0#(! %#- .A
().", &'(.> (.,/-.#(! *,) --#)(& .#0#.#- .) '#& .,#(->
"- ( &),. #( ." &#.,./, #( )($/(.#)( 1#." )'*.(3B
-'#&/.#)(AUZ> VT> VU> WU
()'*.(3B-'#&.,#(#(!>
." &(!." ) .,#(#(! -")/& .,'#( 3 ." +/#-#.#)( ) )'*.(>(().)/(.)*,B-.> #2&(!."A-#(!.")(*.) (.,/-.& ,) --#)(& .#0#.#- K-L> #. #- *)--#& .) !,(. /&&
,-*)(-##&#.3 .) .,#(- ), -*# # .-%- #( 1"#" ."3 "0
')(-.,.'-.,3A"#'*.) -/"(**,)".)&#(#&.,#(#(!
#- *).(.#&&3 , ,"#(!> - ." 0&)*'(. ) '#& -*#&#-.
1)/&."!,/&+/#-#.#)() ,-*)(-##&#.3 ),."/#&#(!&)%-
K-L#( &2#&.#' ,'>,.",."(." )&&)1#(!()'*&.#(!
*,B.,'#( .,#(#(! ,)/. ( ." ,*.#)( ) #*&)' ),
,!#-.,.#)( ),." /&&,-*)(-##&#.#- ),."*,) --#)(.."() ."
.,#(#(!A "#- '3 -)/( &#% /./, 0#-#)(> /. ." ')& "- (
280
280
Motivation in medical students
AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
chapter 9
**&# #( "&." , /.#)(AWV #1 ,)' ( *,-*.#0> ."#-
**,)" 1)/& &#%&3 "0 ( . )( ." 0&)*'(. ) /.)()'3
( )( .., +/&#.3 ) ').#0.#)(A 1,#(! /&& ,-*)(-##&#.3 ),
&#'#. .-%- ,&#,> ), #(-.(> /,#(! *)-.!,/. ,-#(3> '3
1&& !(,. &#(!- ) )'*.(> /.)()'3 ( ,&.(--> - ."
.,#(!,/&&3)'-'),('),-,#)/-*,.(,) ."&#(#&
-. A
&#(#&.,#(#(!"->#(!(,&>().)'-#,#(.",(.-A
" ,&.(-- )'*)((. #( &#(#& .,#(#(!> ,+/#,#(! -/ ##(.
#(.,.#)(1#."*,->&#(#&-. (*.#(.->"-(.-.%A(.
0&)*'(.- #( '# "&.", ((!, ."- ,&.#)(-"#*-?
1),%#(!B ")/, ,-.,#.#)(-> ." -"),. -.3 ) *.#(.- #( ")-*#.&->
,!'(..#)( ) "&." , )0, -*#&.#- ( "&." , *,)0#,->
(."#(,-*,--/,-/*)(&#(#& /&.3&&& /&.3.),.
)(.,)&&#(! &,(#(! (0#,)('(.-A " &% ) -/-.#( ,&.#)(-"#*-
')(! -./(.-> .",-> ( *.#(.- #- '$), /,,(. *,)&' #(
'#& /.#)(WW ( .",. .) ." 0&)*'(. ) #(.,#(-#
').#0.#)(#('#&-./(.-A
(,-*)(-.)."#- #&/,) ."'#&
/.#)(-3-.'>2'*&-) -/-- /&&3,-.),)(.#(/#.3#(&#(#&
.,#(#(! "0 ( 0&)* 3 # ,(. -"/&#(! ) &,%-"#*-AWX
/.)()'3B-/**),.#0&#(#&&,%-"#*-#(#(.,(&'##((-/,!,3
"0 ( -")1( .) #(,- ." &#%&#")) ) -./(.- "))-#(! ."-
,("- ),."#,-*#&.3.,#(#(!AV>WY
#$%$##$"#"#""#
"))&-> &))%#(! ), )**),./(#.#- .) *,)0# -./(.-> /,#(! ."#,
.,#(#(!> 1#." -,#)/- ,-*)(-##&#.#- -")/& (). )(&3 ."#(% ) (.,/-.'(. ) ,-*)(-##&#.#- #( *.#(. , /. &-) #( ).",> '),
'#,--/"-."#(!(,-,"A",#-!,)1#(!)3) Motivation in medical students
281
281
chapter 9AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
&#.,./, .". -")1- ")1 '#& -./(.- ( 0,3 1&& -,0 -
.",- ), &-- 0( -./(.- K)-- ; ',)( SQQXLA " . ) (,B*, ."#(! "- ( -")1( .) "0 -*# # ( #.- ), .")-
'#& -./(.- 1") ."> 1#.")/. (--,#&3 )'*,)'#-#(! ."
&,(#(! ) ."#, 3)/(!, *,-A ( #.- ( '** #( )!(#.#0>
.#0('.)!(#.#0&0&-) ."&,(#(!*,)--AWU
-./(. ), ,-#(.> *& #( ." *)-#.#)( ) .", ) (,B*,->
2*,#(-# ,(.,&.#)(.)."'A.#(!-,&.#02*,.'%-
)("&#%,&.#02*,.A
.!(,.- &#(!-) )'*.(>,&.#0
/.)()'3.).,'#(1".(")1.)."(-.' ),).",->
1"#" #( ./,( ( ').#0. ." *,B.", .) -*( /,.", (,!3 #(
-./3#(!J-E-/--,--/--FAWU
)'."#(! -#'#&, ")&- ), ,-,"A ./(.- '3 (,!#- #(
,-," &.#0- # ."3 ( /.)()')/-&3 1),% )/. *,)$.> *,-(.
,-/&.->&&)1.)-*%.)( ,((0(.) #,-./."),) $)/,(& **,A ( /." '#& -"))&-> (). #( ,+/(.&3> '#&
-./(.- !,/. )B/."),#(! )( ), '), $)/,(& **,- #( ."
-#(.# #&#.,./,AWZ
$%!" ## & !$
).#0.#)( #- &,&3 . -.% #( )(.#(/#(! '#& /.#)( (
)(.#(/#(! *,) --#)(& 0&)*'(.A /.-# ),'& .,#(#(! ),
&,(#(! ,'1),%> ).),- '/-. /.)()')/-&3 +/#, "#. ) -*(#(! .#' ( ),. #( %*#(! /* .) . 1#." '#& %()1&!A
"#- ,+/#,- -)' -& B,!/&.#)(A "- ( /- .) *,#. ")1
*,.##(! &#(##(- #(.,(&#- /.)()')/- -& B,!/&.#)( ), .))
*(( )/(-&#(!A (.,-.#(!&3> ." '#& &#.,./,XQ #(#.-
.".#.#-."&%) #3),*,#0)'*.((.#'*,--/,-XR
,)' /-3 *,.# .". -.)*- &#(##(- ), *,)0##(! )/(-&#(! (
282
282
Motivation in medical students
AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
chapter 9
*,-,#*.#)(- ),.))*((A#&&#'-.&ASU')(-.,.#(
*,B*)-.>()(B,()'#--#!(.".1"(*,.##(!&#(##(-*,#0
/.)()'3 -/**),. ,)' ." #(-/,, ( ,)' ." #&#..),> ."3
#(.,(&#-/.)()')/--& B,!/&.#)()/..")/(-&#(!(.".."#-
*,#.- "(! #( "0#)/, ( -& B,*),. .#' -*(. )/(-&#(!A
"- #(#(!->#(#.#)(.).")-#(!(,&/.#)((1#."'#&
-./(.-> *)#(. .) ." #'*),.( .) ,. &,(#(! (0#,)('(.- .".
#&#.. #(.,(&#-.#)( ) 0&/#(! ." #'*),.( ) &,(#(! '.,#&->
( (). .) -#'*&3 *,)0# #( ),'.#)( ( .,#(#(! -%#&&-A #&
.,.'(.- , )(-.(.&3 #(! /*. - )( 0(- #( )/,
0#( -A &,(#(! (0#,)('(.- .". !(,. #(.,-. (
/,#)-#.3 - 1&& - #&#.. /.)()')/- -& B,!/&.#)( .) #(),*),.
(1 .,.'(.- ( #( ),'.#)( #(.) *,.#> , '), &#%&3 .) .#0 ), *.#(. )/.)'-> ( .) ("(."+/&#.3) *,.#&# ),&#(##(->."('(3/,,(.#.#&./,B-)/,--A
"#(!) '#&-./(.-#-.-%.".#-&')-.#(0,#&3)'#(
1#.").",.-%-A-#-#(.#-.-"0,-,")&#!.#)(-(&#(##(-
"0*.#(.,/.#-(,-,".-%-A*,#.-.". /&.31#&&
')-. #(.,#(-#&&3 ').#0. ), .")- .-%- .". 0)% ." "#!"-.
&#(!-) )'*.(>/.)()'3(,&.(--A
()(.,-.1#."')-.
) ."."#(!>,-,"'3&.)-.,)(! &#(!-) )'*.()(
,-,", -.,.- */&#-"#(! ( -")1#(! -&.#0 +/#(.( #(
-*# #)'#(->%()1&!3."-#(.# #)''/(#.3>0#1-
!,)/* )( 1)/& &#% .) &)(! ( G,&.H .)A .#(. , "- ."
*).(.#&.) -#!(-) -/--%.)."&#(##(A.#(.-(#-*&3
-.#- .#)( ( &#(#& -#!(- ( -")1 ." . ) .,.'(.> )."
1),%#(! - -#!(&- ) &#(#& )'*.(A &.(-- .) )&&!/- #-
)(.#(/)/-&3 *,-(.> - ')-. &#(#& 1),% #- .'B-A ( #(&&3>
Motivation in medical students
283
283
chapter 9AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
*"3-##(-"0 #(*,) --#)(&/.)()'3.)..)."-.) ."#,
%()1&!A
"#(! "- # ,(. 3('#A ),( '#& /,,#/& ) ().
*,.#/&,&3 -.#'/&. ." .", ./,- '), ."( ,-," (
*.#(. ,A ( -./(.B(.,> *,)&' - /,,#/&> ." .",-
"0 1,)**),./(#.#-.)#-*&3."#,%()1&!(2*,#(."/-
&#(! .) &)1, &#(!- ) )'*.( - )'*, .) .,#.#)(&
&./,B-/,,#/&A&.(--.))''/(#.3#-&--0&)*-
'/" ) ." ."#(! *, ),'( #- ,,&3 -( ( #-/-- ')(!
)&&!/-A ( ,(. -/,03 ')(! SVQ (#0,-#.3 #& (.,
.,". .",- )/. ."#, 0#1- )( 1". 1)/& -.#'/&. ."#,
').#0.#)( .) ."> ,-*)((.- ")- ." )&&)1#(! .),-@ ."#(!
)/.'3)1(2*,.#->().#&**,#.#)() '3."#(! -%#&&-3
'3 #,. '(!,> ."#(! -'&& !,)/*-> ,)' .) .,'#( ."
)(.(.) '3."#(!( %)('3."#(!*, ),'(A() ." ').#0.),- #(.# # 3 ."- .",-> 1"#" 1- (). *,. ) ."
&#-.) .),-*,)0#.)."'>/.1-0,3) .(,#0-,',%#(
()*((+/-.#)(>1- 7*$"/#%*,*)*+$*)8AXS".
")&- ), -./(.-> ")&- ), .",- .))A #!"&3 -./(.B(., (
(.,&&3 ,!/&.> #(.!,. /,,#/& '3 /- /& .) -./(.-> /.
'3 (). *,.#/&,&3 -.#'/&. #(#0#/& .",- #( ."#, /.#)(&
.-%-A ) -.#'/&. #(.,#(-# ').#0.#)( #( ."#(!> 0#-##&#.3 ) ."#(!
*, ),'(> ,1#(! )( ." .",F- 2*,.#- ( -)' /.)()'3 #(
.,'#(#(!."')) ."#(!-'-.)(A
). && &#(#& ( -# -#( /&.3 , #(.,#(-#&&3 ').#0. .)
."A ."3 1)/& & .) )((. ."#, 0&/-> A!A ), ,-," ),
&#(#& *,.#> 1#." ."#(! ."#- )/& ("( ."#, ').#0.#)( .)
."A &%#(! ( ."#(! #( !(,&#- 13 )/. ,-," (
*.#(. , ( -.#'/&. ."#, )1( ."#(%#(! ( -,0 ."#, '),
284
284
Motivation in medical students
AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
chapter 9
*,#',3!)&->A!A/-#(!."#,)1(1),%-2'*&-.)!(,&#-/*)(A
&#(! )'*.(. .",)/!" )(-.,/.#0 % ( &#(! ,&. .)
).", .",- ( )&&!/- #( ." *,.'(. )/& !) &)(! 13 #(
').#0.#(! ."' #(.,#(-#&&3 ), ."#(!A "#(! (- .) 0&/?
()/,! ( #(.,(&#- #(.) ." /&./, ) ." *,.'(. (
#(-.#./.#)(A " .",- ( .) & .) #(.# 3 1#." ."#, 1),% ) ."#(!(-#.-1),."3.#0#.3A0#(!G",)''/(#.#-H-
!,)/*.),&..))/&*).(.#&&3"&*#(!..#(!.",-.)!.",.)
#-/--."#,2*,#(->&#(%.)."#, &#(!) )'*.(># #/&.#-
(-)&/.#)(-.))'')(*,)&'- #(."#(!A
$"##+ !"## %"- %$ #$%$# "#$#
)1 ').#0.#)( "- ( *,)*)- - )." /- ( )(-+/( ) '#&-./(.#-.,--ATY).)(&3.".>/.1&&B#(!#(!(,& .-
').#0.#)( #( #&3 1),% ( )0,&& ,,? &)1, ').#0.#)( &- .)
&#(!- ) '#!/#.3 #( ,, ")# ( "#!", 1&&B#(! &#(! .)
!,.,4&.)1,-*/,*)-#('##((#(.,#(-#*--#)( ),1),%AXT
)1)-2*&#(."#-(1".)/&)( ,)'.".*,-*.#0D
.,-- #( '#& -"))& ( /- 3 -0,& .),-A . #- *)--#&
.".-./(.>1")#-#(.,#(-#&&3').#0. ),."'#&-./3> #(-#.
# #/&..)-.,#%&(.1(!#(#(!'#&%()1&!.)-.#- 3
"#-#(.,#(-#').#0.#)((-./3#(!(&#0,#(!"#!"*, ),'(#(
"#- ----'(.- )1#(! .) ." "/! .#' '(- ( )(-.,#(.- ) ."
*,) --#)(A "#- )/& & .) &#(!- ) ." )(.,)&&#(! (./, ) ."
-./3) '##(>"'*,#(!."-./(.F-#(.,#(-#').#0.#)(>&#(!.)
-#!(# #(. #-.,--A (.),-"#* -/**),. )/& !) &)(! 13 #( "&*#(!
."- -./(.- .) ,!#( &#(! ) /.)()'3 #( ."#, &,(#(!> 3
*&((#(! ."#, )1( -./3 0(.- #( ),( 1#." ."#, #(.,-.->
1#.")/.!#0#(!/**,*,.#)( ),----'(.-A
Motivation in medical students
285
285
chapter 9AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
)(.,)&&#(!"0#)/,3-/*,#),-"-( )/(.)((.(.) 1),%B")' #(., ,( &#(! .) ,- &#(!- ) 1&&B#(! (
/,()/. ')(! '#& ,-#(.-AXU , .))> ." *,)&' &#(! .)
-.,-- ( /,()/. )/& .%& 3 ()/,!#(! '), /.)()'3B
-/**),.#0&#'.-A%) /.)()'3-/**),."-&-)(#(.# #-
." &#(! *,)&' *,)/#(! /,()/. ')(! *,.##(! ).),-AXV
/.)()'3B-/**),.#0&#'.-,-#'*),.(.#('#&*,.#-#(
'#&/.#)( ),."*,)').#)() 1&&B#(!A
% ) #(.&&./& ( ').#)(& #(.!,.#)( "0 ( *,)*)- .)
/(,&# ." 2*,#( ) /,()/. #( '#& -./(.- 1"( ."3 ,
.#0&3 #( )(.. 1#." *.#(.- ( -/**),. ) ." .", -# (- ) /.)()'3> )'*.( ( ,&.(-- "0 ( *,)*)- .) ,/
/,()/.ASZ
( ." -)( "& ) ."#- /# 1 -&. -,#- ) )'*)((.- ) '#& /.#)( ( -./(. &,(#(! .) #&&/-.,. ")1 '3 -,0
.) /(,-.( ( *)--#&3 ("( ." /.#)(& *,)--A .",
&'(.- )/& "0 ( ")-( - 1&&> /. 1 ")* ,,- 1#&& ()1
"0 +/#, ()/!" !,)/( .) ."#(% ) **&#.#)( ) #( 1".0,
).", *,. ) ." '#& /.#)( )(.#(//' #- ) #(.,-. .) ."'> .)
.-.."'>(.),1."#,)1()(&/-#)(-A
#%" $&$ ., ."#- #-/--#)( )( # ,(. .3*- ) ').#0.#)( ( ." *, ,,
.3*-> #. '#!". "&* /& .) ,# &3 ,0#1 ")1 ').#0.#)( /- #( ( '-/,A # ( 3( "0 0&)* ( )*3,#!". '(3
+/-.#)((#,- 1"#" )0, '-/,'(. ) &')-. && )(*.-
-,# 1#."#( ." ."),3A " # "5+"*%$ +)*%$$(
<5= !#0- -*,. -),- )( #(.,#(-# ').#0.#)(> #(.# #
286
286
Motivation in medical students
AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
chapter 9
,!/&.#)(> #(.,)$. ,!/&.#)( ( 2.,(& ,!/&.#)(A (.!,.
,!/&.#)(#-# #/&..)'-/,(.#&&..",#-()-&.)'-/,
#.A""5*(#$*%$"<=-----."2.(..)1"#"*)*&
.( .) /(.#)( #( -& B.,'#( 13A " $(" +)"*/
($**%$)"<='-/,-/.)()'3>)(.,)&&(#'*,-)(&
),#(..#)(- #( ( #(#0#/&A " ($$ "#* +)*%$$( <=
'-/,- ." -./(.-F *,*.#)( ) /.)()'3B-/**),. #( ."#,
/.#)(& -..#(! ), '), -*# # -(,#)- &#% ,.#( &./,A "
(, %#&*$ %( ($$ +)*%$$( <= '-/,- ")1
-./(.-F *,#0 ."#, )'*.( #( ."#, &,(#(!A " )
)/%"%" ) " <= '-/,- ." 2.(. .) 1"#" (
#(#0#/& &-"#-(- ),/.)()'3>)'*.((,&.(--,
-.#- # #( !(,& &# ), . 1),%A " %*,*%()8 ($**%$)
+)*%$$() '-/, ,&.#0&3 -.& ),#(..#)( #( /&.- .)1,
."#, **,)" .) ').#0.#(! ).",-A "- +/-.#)((#,- ( '(3
).",- K'-/,#(! )(*.- #( ).", )(.2.- &#% "&." , (
1),%L, ,&30#&&)(1-#.@
"..*@II111A*-3"A,)"-.,A/II+/-.#)((#,-A*"*
().", -&> 0&)* 3 &&,( ( )&&!/- #- ." #
%*,*%$ " <= 1"#" &-) !#0- -),- )( #(.,#(-# ').#0.#)(>
#(.# # ,!/&.#)(> #(.,)$. ,!/&.#)( ( 2.,(& ,!/&.#)( (
').#0.#)(A (.,#(-# ').#0.#)( K
L -& "- T /,.", -/B-&-
'-/,#(!
.)%()1>
.)1,-)'*&#-"'(.(
.)2*,#(
-.#'/&.#)(A "#- -& .)) )- (). "0 #.'- ), '-/,#(! #(.!,.
,!/&.#)(A ,(-) ,*,)0##(&&,(;.&&AUW
"-(/-#('#&/.#)(,-,"AXW>XX
/,.", , ,(- .) ')-. ) ." &#.,./, 2#-.#(! )( > )."
'*#,#&(-")&,&3>,0#&& ,)'."1-#.A
Motivation in medical students
287
287
chapter 9AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
%# "&(-) & B.,'#(.#)("),3*,)0#-/-1#."# ,(.0#1) *,)--- #( '#& /.#)(A -.,--- ." #'*),.( ) ,.#(!
&#(!- ) )'*.(> /.)()'3 ( ,&.(-- #( '#& -./(.-A
-*#.."&,!)3) ,-,"#(.")'#() ."#-."),3>#(&/#(!
'(3 -./#- #( "&." ,> ." **&#.#)(- -( /,,(.&3 #( '#&
/.#)( , -,A ",)/!" &)!#& ,-)(#(! ( **&3#(! ."
&'(.- ) ." ."),3 1 )' .) -0,& "3*)."-- .) /(,-.(
*,)--- #( /.#)( .". "0 "#!" 0&##.3A - #. $/-.# #& .)
#-/-- ."- --,.#)(-D &#0 #. #-A /" ) '#& /.#)(
'.")- ( /,,#/&, -.,/./,- **&# #( '#& -"))&- ,
)(-.,/. 1#." )/- )( *,.#&#.3 ( - /*)( .,#.#)(A )'
'),( **,)"- , '), ."),3B-> /. '(3 &% -/"
)/(.#)(A(0(# ."3"0>.",#-) .(&#..&0#(.)*,#.
.". )( '.") 1#&& 3#& -/*,#), ,-/&.-> )'*, .) ).", '.")->
- '#& /.#)( ,-," #- (). ,)%. -#(AXY "#- -")/& ().
,-.,#( /- ,)' -%#(! '"(#-'- .) /(,-.( 1". )/& /-
-/---( #&/,-#('#&/.#)(A"#-/#"-('(..)
"&*."#-."#(%#(!A
288
288
Motivation in medical students
AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
chapter 9
"#
RA ,'/(.A.)!(#.#0>)!(#.#0( .#0)'*)((.-) &,(#(! -.3&- ( -.,.!#-@ *"()'()&)!#& (&3-#-A
(+*%$ARZZW?TR@SVBVQA
SA "),. > #-,!B(-"&& A " .,#*& &&#( ), &,(#(!@
)!(#.#)('.)!(#.#)((').#0.#)(A
(@),'#%>#&&,
> ,--&3 > -A %$*, *(*/ )(3 (%# )
)(*%+*%$"&&"*%$)41),%@*,#(!,?RZYZA
TA ( . > (&& > (( > ,'/(. A ,#(.#(! ."#(!
.)1, ." &,(#(! *,)--A # $A SQQU?XZ@SRZB
SSYA
UA 3( > # A & B.,'#(.#)( ."),3 ( #&#..#)( ) #(.,#(-#').#0.#)(>-)#&0&)*'(.(1&&B#(!A#($
)/%"%)*ASQQQ?VV@WYBXYA
VA #&&#'->#(,>,%%#->0>#A#&
-./(.-O').#0.#)( ), #(.,(& '##(A %+($" % $("
$*($"$ARZZU?Z@TSXBTTTA
WA #&&#'->#A
(.,(&#4.#)() #)*-3")-)#&0&/-3
'#& -./(.-@ .-. ) -& B.,'#(.#)( ."),3A %+($" %
()%$"*/$%")/%"%/ARZZW?XQ@XWXBXXZA
XA "#. > ,/**( A "5+"* ($$ $ "
+*%$4 @ --)#.#)( ), ." ./3 ) #& /.#)(?
SQQXA
YA "#. > ,/**( A & B,!/&. &,(#(! #( '#&
/.#)(A (@ 1(1#% > A $()*$$ " +*%$3
,$1%(/$(*4#&3B&%1&&?SQRQ@SXRBSYSA
ZA /-/,%,>(.>(-*,(>,)#-.A).#0.#)(-
(#(*((.(*((.0,#&#('#&/.#)(@
,0#1) ."&#.,./,A"(ASQRR?TT@SUSBSWSA
Motivation in medical students
289
289
chapter 9AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
RQA 3( > # A 0,0#1 ) -& B.,'#(.#)( ."),3@ (
),!(#-'# #&.#& *,-*.#0A (@ # > 3( > -A
$%%! % "5*(#$*%$ )(4 )"-., @ "
(#0,-#.3) )"-.,,--?SQQS@TBTWA
RRA # A .- ) 2.,(&&3 '#. ,1,- )( #(.,#(-#
').#0.#)(A()%)/%"ARZXR?RY@RQVBRRVA
RSA #&&#'->!(>3(>#A#&#..#(!/.)()')/-
').#0.#)( ),-')%#(!--.#)(A"*)/ASQQS?SR@UQBVQA
RTA --,>3(A,%-#) ."',#(,'@),,&.-
) #((#& -/-- - (.,& &# -*#,.#)(A () % )/A
RZZT?WV@URQBUSSA
RUA --, > 3( A /,.", 2'#(#(! ." ',#( ,'@
# ,(.#& ),,&.- )( #(.,#(-# ( 2.,#(-# !)&-A () %
)/+""ARZZW?SS@SYQBSYXA
RVA --, > 3( A , /& 1". 3)/ 1#-" ),@ *.#'&
/(.#)(#(! ( ." ,&.#0 ..#('(. ) #(.,#(-# ( 2.,#(-#
!)&-A (@ "'/% > "&)( > -A %") $ ""5$4
:..#(!(@)!, (/,?SQQRA
RWA #&&#'- > )2 > ,! > # A 2.,#(-# &# !)&- (
"&." ,#-% "0#),- #( )&-(.-A && % )/A
SQQQ?TQ@RXVWBRXXRA
RXA (-.(%#-. > ")/ > (- > )((- A 2*,#(- ) /.)()'3 ( )(.,)& ')(! "#(- &,(,-@ #.&#4#(! ),
#'')#&#4#(!D %+($" % +*%$" )/%"%/A SQQV?ZX@UWYB
UYTA
RYA "#,%)0 > 3( A ,(. ( .", /.)()'3 -/**),. #(
,/--#( ( AA )&-(.-@ )'')( .- )( 1&&B#(! (
'#').#0.#)(A(%))5+"*+(")/ASQQR?TS@WRYBWTVA
RZA .1,. > )( > ) > '( > , > (1, A
,*.#)(-) *,(.-()&-(.)/.)'-#(*%#-.(A(*
,)/ASQQQ?RY@TTVBTVSA
290
290
Motivation in medical students
AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
chapter 9
SQA %'( > ,(%& A " #'*. ) *"3-##( "0#), )( ."
)&&.#)() .A$$
$*ARZYU?RQR@WZSBWZWA
SRA # > !",,# > .,#% > )( A #&#..#(!
#(.,(&#4.#)(@"-& B.,'#(.#)(."),3*,-*.#0A%+($"
%()%$"*/ARZZU?WS@RRZBRUSA
SSA #&&#'->3(">&-!)1A)'*/.,B--#-.#(.,0(.#)(
#'*,)0#(!*.#(.B(.,#.-,3#(,-#(!/.)()'3
-/**),. ( *,#0 )'*.(A "* )/A SQQX?SW@XSYB
XTUA
STA #&&#'- > ,!), > ",* > )/#- > 0-+/ > 3(
A -.#(! -& B.,'#(.#)( ."),3 #(.,0(.#)(
),
').#0.#(! .)) --.#)(@ /**),.#(! /.)()'3 (
)'*.(#(&#(#&.,#&A"*)/ASQQW?SV@ZRBRQRA
SUA #&&#'- > 0-+/ > &'( > ,#!". > # A &."
,*,.#.#)(,-F').#0.#)( ),.))*(()/(-&#(!A
"*+)ASQQT?RY@VTYBVVTA
SVA #&&'- > # A .#0.#(! *.#(.- ), -')%#(! --.#)(
.",)/!"*"3-##(/.)()'3-/**),.A(ASQQR?TZ@YRTBYSTA
SWA #&&#'- > )2 > )/#- > # A ,-(.#(! ." .-
)/. -')%#(! .) )&-(.-@ " .- ) ( /.)()'3B
-/**),.#0-.3&A(%"ARZZZ?RVT@ZVZBZWUA
SXA #&&#'- > ,'( > # A/**),.#(! /.)()'3 .)
').#0.*.#(.-1#."#.- ),!&/)-)(.,)&A*)(A
RZZY?SR@RWUUBRWVRA
SYA 3( > &(. > F&&3 A (#.#& ').#0.#)(- ), &)")&
.,.'(.@ &.#)(- 1#." *.#(. ",.,#-.#- .,.'(.
#(0)&0'(.(,)*)/.A*,ARZZV?SQ@SXZBSZXA
SZA .,#% > #&&#'- A& B.,'#(.#)( #( '#& /.#)(>
()/,!#(! '#& /.),- .) '), &#% &/- ,.#-.- (
*).-A%(/$)($+*%$ASQQZ?X@RYUBRZTA
Motivation in medical students
291
291
chapter 9AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
TQA 0A& B.,'#(.#)(."),3**&#.)/.#)(&-..#(!-A
(@ # > 3( > -A $%%! % "5*(#$*%$
)(4@(#0,-#.3) )"-.,,--)"-.,?SQQS@RYTB
SQTA
TRA 3(A!(3(),!(#4.#)(@
(.,#(-#').#0.#)(/.)()'3
(."-& #(*-3")&)!#&0&)*'(.ASQQSA
TSA &(- A ,)&'B- &,(#(!@ "3 /,,#/& , &#%&3 .)
-")1 &#..& . )( %()1&! ( &#(#& -%#&&-A "
+*%$ASQQQ?TU@XSZBXTYA
TTA )&&#0, A .#0(-- ) *,)&'B- &,(#(! /,,#/&@
-,"(."),3AASQQQ?XV@SVZBSWWA
TUA /#( > 0!!# A " ."#(! &,(#(! *,)2A )'*,.#0 (&3-#- ) )&&! ."#(! '.")-A (., ) 0( ./3 ) /.#)(& '#(#-.,.#)( (#0,-#.3 ) ,!)(A?RZWYA
TVA (.A"."**(-.)."-./(.D."(!&.0,#&
#(/.#)(&)/.)',-,"A,"*+ASQQR?W@YRB
YYA
TWA &() > ,0&&) > )!())' > . &A ( #(.,(.#)(&
)'*,#-)( ) %()1&! &0&- ) '#& -./(.-@ "
-.,#".*,)!,--.-.A+ARZZW?TQ@STZBSUVA
TXA (,>)"(B").(/->
')->,- &.>(,1#$((
A #-" %((#- #$ -./(.( /#. 0,-"#&&( '#-"
/&.#.(@ ( ".4& &%( ( *%D ("$) )(*
,%%($)!+$ARZYU?RSY@ZRXBZSRA
TYA 3,3 > ")'- > "( &. A #& -./(. #-.,--@
/--> )(-+/(-> ( *,)*)- -)&/.#)(-A /% "$
(%$)ASQQV?YQ@RWRTBRWSSA
TZA #/1") > '%,- > /30(")0( > ).")/.
> ( . A ./(.-O )(*.#)(- ) ." '#&
*,) --#)(?(#(.,0#1-./3A"(ASQQV?SX@XQZBXRUA
292
292
Motivation in medical students
AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
chapter 9
UQA (,1)) > ")'*-)( > -%# A (-#!". ) #,-.B3,
'#& -./(.- #(.) ."#, /./, 1),%#(! )(#.#)(-A "
+*%$ARZZQ?SU@SRQBSRRA
URA ,&3>,'(
A&.#(!'#&-./(.-@-,*),.) ."
( ),"(!A"+*%$ARZZZ?TT@UVVBUVZA
USA ",#(>"%,"#(A(.),#(! ),).),-@)#.-( #.-
)/.1#!"#.-#-0(.!-DASQQY?TQ@ZVBZZA
UTA &0.),# A &##&#.3 ( 0&##.3 ) '#--#)(- .))&- /- .)
-&.-./(.- ),"&."*,) --#)(-A,$)$"*$)
+*%$ASQQR?W@RVZBRXVA
UUA /&-'( > 0( , ( > ),. > #"&- > -.&( >
,# #)( A .#0(-- ) -&.#)( #( '#& -"))&
'#--#)(-@0&/.#)() .")/.)'-')(! ,-"'(A"
+*%$ASQQX?UR@TWZBTXXA
UVA &(- > #."&& A ,)&'B- &,(#(!@ ,0#1 ) &#.,./, )( #.- )/.)'- ( #'*&'(..#)( #--/-A #
$ARZZT?WY@VSBYRA
UWA &&,( > .&& A (.,#(-# ( 2.,#(-# ').#0.#)(@ "#,,"#& ')&A (@ $%%! % "5*(#$*%$ )(4
R-.A@"(#0,-#.3) )"-.,,--?SQQS@TXBYWA
UXA (. > ,( A (*" + %( " ()4
#(/,!"@"/,"#&&#(#(!-.)(?SQQRA
UYA #$((B#$, > ( . > ( , " > ),& - A
,.#& #(.!,.#)( #( '#& -"))&@ . )( ." .,(-#.#)( .)
*)-.!,/..,#(#(!A"+*%$ASQRQ?UU@SXSBSXZA
UZA ( . A (.,/-.#&#.3 ) *,) --#)(& .#0#.#- (
)'*.(3B-.,#(#(!A+ASQQV?TZ@RRXWBRRXXA
VQA '#,/&.>,(-)(A/.),-(2*,.#-@,# "#-.),3
) ."),#- ( ')&-A (@ ,#--)( > A #(
$%%! % .&(*) $ .&(* (%(#$4 1 ),%@
',#!(#0,-#.3,--?SQQWA
Motivation in medical students
293
293
chapter 9AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
VRA /&#% > /&#% > )"( A '.B(&3-#- ) )/.)' -./#-
) &&,F- *,-)(&#4 -3-.' ) #(-.,/.#)(A #( )/A
RZXZ?TU@TQXBTRYA
VSA ))%>
,3>F,#(>"/&'(A+*$/)$)3
"" %( %(# % " %%" $ )$/4 ( ,(#-)
&# ),(#@)--3B--J,(!#)/(.#)( ),."0('(.
) "#(!?SQRQA
VTA ,(%>(&&>(.>.&A)'*.(3B-'/@
"),3.)*,.#AASQRQ?TS@WTYBWUVA
VUA ( . > (&& > ,,#) A #& )'*.(@ "
#(.,*&3 .1( #(#0#/& #&#.3 ( ." "&." ,
(0#,)('(.AASQRQ?TS@WWZBWXVA
VVA ),((A.&($)"($$3($$"$"#$$
-%(!&")4M"NA(#0,-#.3) -.,#".?SQQWA
VWA ),(( > #& > ,)1( > )-"/#4( > ",*#, A )1
( '#& -./(.- &,( #( -& B#,. 13 #( ." &#(#&
(0,)('(.D-#!(B-,-,"A+ASQQV?TZ@TVWBTWUA
VXA 0 > (!, A *+* ($$3 *#* (&("
(*&*%$41),%@',#!(#0,-#.3,--?RZZRA
VYA )(- > (( > /-.,- > ( . A (&3-#(! ."
)(*.) )(.2.#('#&/.#)(A+ASQQV?TZ@RSUTB
RSUZA
VZA (!>))(3>F)((),>),&3>/,#A--)#.#)(
.1( "(B) *.#(.- ( -/$. 2' *, ),'( #(
'##( &,%-"#* -./(.-A $ $*($ A SQQZ?SU@RQRYB
RQSSA
WQA #..&1))>*#(4,>,!)&#->",*#,A,&3*,.#&
2*,#( ( ." -)#& ,-*)(-#0(-- ) &#(#& /.#)(A
-3-.'.#,0#1AASQQV?TTR@TYXBTZRA
WRA '&-%#>,,%>(.>),& -A,&3
&,%-"#*-A"(ASQQX?SZ@ZRVBZSQA
294
294
Motivation in medical students
AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
chapter 9
WSA /(#--(>.*&>(,&/.(>",*#,>)),>
"& A ") 1(.- %D ( #(0-.#!.#)( ) ." 0,#&-
#( &/(#(! ,-#(.-O %B-%#(! "0#), #( ,&.#)( .)
(#!".-"# .-AASQQZ?YUZ@ZRQBZRXA
WTA (#,>.)%%#(!>!"#>(.A".
#- %#(&#(#&/.#)(D"+*%$ASQQY?US@RYZB
RZXA
WUA ( . > /,(#(! A #'(-#)(- ( *-3")&)!3 ) *,
."#(!#('#&/.#)(A"(ASQQX?SZ@VUWBVVSA
WVA /&, > ( . > &, > ,%0(- A /#&#(! )'*.(3B- 1),%*& /,,#/&/' ,)/( (.,/-.&
*,) --#)(& .#0#.#-@ " - ) *"3-##( --#-.(. .,#(#(!A
ASQRQ?TS@UVTBUVZA
WWA ,3 A /.#)(& )(.#(/#.3 #( &#(#& &,%-"#*-A - $" ASQQX?TVW@YVWBYVXA
WXA #,-" > !/, > "#/&. > )2 A G)(.#(/#.3H - (
),!(#4#(!*,#(#*& ),&#(#&/.#)(, ),'A-$"A
SQQX?TVW@YVYBYWWA
WYA #&&#'- > #4)1 > )-- > # A ).#0.#)( /(,&3#(!
,, ")# ), #(.,(& '##( ( -/,!,3A % A
RZZX?UV@RXQVBRXRTA
WZA ( 3% > ))#0& > ( /1( > ( , /, >
,( > %%, A #(.# # )/.*/. ) /." '#&
-./(.-AASQRQ?TS@STRBSTVA
XQA #), > ( > %, A ,.#(! .)) /- (
*((@ SQQY /*.A )%0#&& @ AA@ *,.'(. ) &."(/'(,0#-A/&#&.",0#A?SQQYA
XRA ,(&&>)&&%
>-.3>,/->#"(,A,#',3
,@ - .", ()/!" .#' ), *,0(.#)(D #( + "*A
SQQT?ZT@WTVBWURA
Motivation in medical students
295
295
chapter 9AMEE Guide 59, Self-Determination Theory
XSA ((,!>(.>(&>#.4(A----#(!."
() .",-#(/(#0,-#.3'#&(.,AK#(*,*,.#)(LA
XTA .(1)(!->,#!".>,,-A&&B#(!#(,-#(3@
.- )( ,&.#)(-"#*- 1#." *.#(.-> #(.,.#)(- 1#."
)&&!/-> *, ),'(> ( ').#0.#)(A *$* +*%$ $
%+$)"$ASQQY?XS@RZUBSQQA
XUA /,.- > /.. > .,- A (.(.- ( )(-+/(- ) 1),%B")' #(., ,( ')(! '#& ,-#(.-A % A
RZZZ?UY@RRTVBRRUYA
XVA "( &. > &)( > ,'(( A " 1&&B#(! ) *"3-##(-A#(ASQQT?RRU@VRTBVRZA
XWA /-/,%, > ,)#-. > ,/#.1!( > ( . A &##.3
0#( ), ." '-/,'(. ) ." -.,(!." ) ').#0.#)( ),
'#&-"))&A,$"*+ASQRR?RW@RYTBRZVA
XXA ),& A ". %#( ) ').#0.#)( ,#0- '#& -./(.-
&,(#(!+/-.-D"+*%$ASQQU?TY@ZVQBZVXA
XYA !",A
.#-,)%.-#(@."#(%#(!)/,'.*"),- ),
,-," #( "&." *,) --#)(- /.#)(A +A SQRQ?UU@TRB
TZA
296
296
Motivation in medical students
!$"43
'&$!#$ #$%$$"#
$&$ #$%$#$" %
%$ )-#%!! "$&##"
$
"&" -$"$ ")
+")$"(@>??1AA3GEF5GF@
/-/,%,>K.,".L
,)#-.>>"K''-.,'L
(.">"K.,".L
Motivation in medical students
297
297
chapter 10Twelve tips to stimulate intrinsic motivation
#$"$
" %
& B.,'#(.#)( "),3 KL ) ').#0.#)( #-.#(!/#-"- .1(
#(.,#(-#(2.,#(-#').#0.#)(-A
(.,#(-#').#0.#)(#-)-,01"(
)( (!!- #( ( .#0#.3 )/. ) !(/#( #(.,-. ( #- .,/&3 -& B
.,'#(A (.,#(-# ').#0.#)( #- ." -#, .3* ) ').#0.#)( ),
-./3-#.#---)#.1#."*&,(#(!>..,*, ),'((1&&B
#(!#()'*,#-)(.)2.,#(-#').#0.#)(A
.#-*((.)( /& #&'(.
) .",-#*-3")&)!#&(--,#3A"-,."(-
),/.)()'3>)'*.((,&.(--A),#(!.)>/.)()'3B
-/**),.#0 ."#(! #- #'*),.(.> /- #. '%- -./(.- &
/.)()')/- ( )'*.(. #( ."#, &,(#(! ( &-) -/**),.
K,&.(--L3."#,.",-A
" )(*. ) /.)()'3B-/**),.#0 ."#(! #- ,&0(. .) '#&
/.#)(> /. &-- %()1(A ",)/!" ."#- ,.#&> 1 #' .) '% ."#-
)(*./(,-.))(*,.#&&3/-3'#&.",-A
$ /-&#.,./,--#-.) ),'/&.."-.1&0.#*-A
#%$#
*,-(. .1&0 *,.#& .#*- - )( > ), .",- #( "&."
*,) --#)(-> )( ")1 .) (!! #( /.)()'3B-/**),.#0 ."#(!
"0#)/,-#(),,.)-.#'/&.#(.,#(-#').#0.#)(#(."#,-./(.-A
%# "- .#*- ')(-.,. .". #. #- (). # #/&. .) (!! #( /.)()'3B
-/**),.#0 ."#(! "0#)/,A . ( &,( .",)/!" *,.# (
-& B, &.#)()(."#(!*,.#-A
298
298
Motivation in medical students
Twelve tips to stimulate intrinsic motivation
chapter 10
'&$!#$ #$%$$"# $&$ #$%$#
$" %
##"
$
%$ )-#%!! "$&
"&
" -
$"$ ")
$" %$ #& /.),- "0 .,# .) .,'#( .) 1". 2.(. '#&
-./(.- , #(.,#(-#&&3 ), 2.,#(-#&&3 ').#0.ARBW "#- #-/--#)(
&#!(- 1#." & B.,'#(.#)( "),3 KL ) ').#0.#)( 1"#"
#-.#(!/#-"- .1( #(.,#(-# ( 2.,#(-# .3*- ) ').#0.#)(-AX> Y
(.,#(-# ').#0.#)( #- )-,0 1"( )( (!!- #( ( .#0#.3 )/. ) !(/#( #(.,-. ( #- .,/&3 -& B.,'#(A 2.,#(-# ').#0.#)( #-
)-,0 1"( )( (!!- #( ( .#0#.3 ), *,.#/&, ( #. ),
/-) *,--/, ,)').",-AY>Z
(.,#(-#').#0.#)(#-)(-#,."
-#, .3* ) ').#0.#)( #( -./(.-Y> Z ( #. "- ( -")1( .) --)#. 1#." * &,(#(!> .., *, ),'( ( 1&&B#(!XBZ #(
)'*,#-)( .) 2.,#(-# ').#0.#)(A ),)0,> #(.,#(-# ), 2.,#(-#
').#0.#)( #- (). *,'((. ), *,-)(&#.3 ",.,#-.# ) (
#(#0#/&A 2.,#(-# ').#0.#)( ), .-% ( "(! .) #(.,#(-#
').#0.#)((0#0,-ARQ),."#-"(!.",#!".&'(.-(.)
*,-(.#(."&,(#(!(0#,)('(.ARR
(.,#(-# ').#0.#)( #- *((. )(
*-3")&)!#& (- -,# 3
AXBZ
/& #&'(. ) .", -#
"- , ." (- ),
/.)()'3> )'*.( ( ,&.(--A " ( ), /.)()'3 #- ."
( .) & .". )( #- ,,3#(! )/. .-% ) "#- )1( ")#A . #- ().
),),),#((313A"( ),)'*.(#(&,(#(!#-."
(.) &*&) &,(#(!."-./3),)/,-'.,#&A"( ),
,&.(-- #- ." ( .) & )((.(-- ), -(- ) &)(!#(!
Motivation in medical students
299
299
chapter 10Twelve tips to stimulate intrinsic motivation
1#." &&)1 */*#&- ( ." .",-AXBZ ,(. +/&#..#0 -./3 #( "
.",&(- )/( .". ()(B /& #&'(. ) ." (- ), /.)()'3>
% ( ').#)(& -/**),. &- .) ,)*)/. ), )(-#,.#)( ) -.)**#(!.,#(#(!')(!!,/.).),-1"),#(.,#(#(!ARS #(
." ,-/&.- ) ."#- ,-," , #( &#( 1#." A /.)()'3B/**),.#0
"#(!*,)*)--.)-.#- 3."-(-#(),,.)-.#'/&.#(.,#(-#),
-& B.,'#(').#0.#)(')(!-./(.-RTBRV-)**)-.))(.,)&&#(!
"#(! "0#)/,A ,)&3 ." ')-. ),,. .,' .) -,# ."#-
)(*. 1)/& & B.,'#(.#)( /**),.#0 "#(!> /.
/.)()'3B/**),.#0"#(!"-(/-#(&#.,./,A
/.)()'3B-/**),.#0 ."#(! #- #'*),.(. /- #. '%- -./(.-
& /.)()')/- ( )'*.(. #( ."#, &,(#(! ( &-) -/**),. 3
."#, .",-> )-.,#(! ,&.(--A ( '#& /.#)(> /.)()'3 #(
&,(#(!RW ( /.)()'3B-/**),. 3 .",- #( '#& /.#)( "-
( )/(.)().)(&3'%-./(.-').#0.#)('),/.)()')/-RX>/.
&-) '% ." -./(.- ."'-&0- '), /.)()'3B-/**),.#0 .)1,-
*.#(.- ( #( ."#, "&." *,.#U> V> RVA " )(*. ) /.)()'3B
-/**),.#0."#(!#-,&0(..)'#&/.#)(>/.#-,&.#0&3&--
%()1(ARR*,-(.",.1&0*,.#&.#*--)(> ),.",-
#("&."*,) --#)(->)(")1.)(!!#(/.)()'3B-/**),.#0."#(!
"0#)/,-#(),,.)("(#(.,#(-#').#0.#)(')(!."#,-./(.-A
),'),#(*."#( ),'.#)()(.3*-) ').#0.#)((**&#.#)(-) #( '#& /.#)(> 1 1)/& &#% .) , , )/, ,,- .) !/#VZ)(ARR
!4
$)%"$%"'$#$%$#'$
% ( ..'*. .) /(,-.( 1". -./(.- 1(. )/. ) ." ."#(!
---#)(-(-.,/./,." ),'.) ."#(!,)/(."-(-A"#-#-
.) '% ." &,(#(! '), ,&0(.> #(.,#!/#(! ( #(.,-.#(!> ."/-
300
300
Motivation in medical students
Twelve tips to stimulate intrinsic motivation
chapter 10
-.#'/&.#(!')(!."-./(.-!(/#(#(.,-.#(."-/$.AA!A# .", #(-)/. ,)')/,-0&/.#)(.".."-./(.-, #(.,-.
#( &,(#(! !&/)- '.)&#-' - -( #( ,& *.#(. ,.", ."( #(
."),3> " )/& "))- .) )(-.,/. -B- &,(#(! ---#)( )(
!&/)- '.)&#-' 3& "#!"&#!".#(! " -.* 1", .", )/& )'*&#.#)(- ( '#& #(.,0(.#)(- 1)/& $/-.# #A "#- #- -(,#) 1", ." )(.(. ./!".> ,'#( )(-.(.> /. ." ),'. ) ."#(!#-#()(!,/(1#."."-./(.-F(-A
!5&#$%$#.$"#$$#%$"& %"
.,/./,#(!."&--)(,)/(."(-) ."-./(.-"&*-.),.
-..) -& B.,'#(').#0.#)(K#(.,(&-..L')(!."--./(.-A
&&)1 ."#- /.)()')/- ').#0.#)( -.. .) /,.", !/# ." -./3
"0#)/, ) ." -./(.- #(-. ) .,3#(! .) *,)0# #((.#0- &#%
.&&#(! -./(.- .". G."#- .)*# #- #'*),.(. ), ." 2'H ), *,)0##(!
."' ,1,- ), 1#."")&#(! ,1,-A ./(.-> 1") , !(/#(&3
#(.,-. #( &,(#(! )/. ." .)*#> #(0-. .#' ( ),. #( ,#(!
'), )/. ." -/$.> )' *,*, .) ." &-- ( &-) , '),
..(.#0A "/- ."#, "0#)/,> )." #( ( )/. ) &--> , &.- ."#,
#(.,-.#(."-/$.A0#(!)(F-)1(G#(.,(&-..H!/#)(F--./3
"0#)/,>,.",."(/-#((.#0-.)!/#."#,"0#)/,>#-"#!"&3
.#0-.#'/&/- ),*,-#-.(.#(.,-.( ),.-#(."-./3A
!6 %"$&!"$!$ ()/,! .#0 *,.##*.#)( ,)' ." -./(.- /,#(! ." &--A "#-
'%- &,(#(! '), /.)()')/-> '%- #. -3 .) *,)0# %
/,#(!#-/--#)() #-(#(,-- &#(!-) ,&.(--')(!."
-./(.- ( 1#." ." .",A #0##(! ." -./(.- #(.) .1) !,)/*->
!#0#(!"!,)/*.",-*)(-##&#.3 ),#-/--#(!(-/'',#4#(!*,.
Motivation in medical students
301
301
chapter 10Twelve tips to stimulate intrinsic motivation
) ." .)*# #- )( 13 ) (-/,#(! .#0 *,.##*.#)(A "#- **,)"
-.#'/&.- #-/--#)( ')(! ." -./(.- ( 0,3 -./(. #- .#0&3
#(0)&0 #( ." &,(#(! *,)--A -.#(! ,,(!'(.> ( #'*),.(.
&'(. ) ."#- *,)--> 1"#" #&#..- ." #(.,.#)( ) ." -./(.-
1#."").",(.".",>#-,)''(A
! 7 %" #$%$# $ !$ " "#! #$) " $"
"
()/,! -./(.- .) *. '), ,-*)(-##&#.3 ), ."#, &,(#(!A
0#(!,-*)(-##&#.3 ),."#,)1(&,(#(!"-(-")1(.)-.#'/&.
-./(.-F ').#0.#)(ARY 3- ) ()/,!#(! -./(.- .) *. '),
,-*)(-##&#.3 ), ."#, &,(#(! ,@ (#(! ." ---#)( 1#." /,.",
+/-.#)(-.)#-/--#(."(2.---#)(-(&&)..#(!-)'G(#.)
%()1H .)*#- ), -& B-./3A (&3 !#0#(! -./(.- '), ,-*)(-##&#.3 ),
."#, &,(#(! #- (). ()/!" .")/!"> ." .",- ( .) )''/(#.
."- 2*..#)(- .) ." -./(.- &,&3 ( ,&3 )( #( ." )/,-A
.#0*,.##*.#)() -./(.-#(&,(#(!---#)(-.,(- ,--)') ."
,-*)(-##&#.3 ), &,(#(! ,)' ." .", .) ." -./(.- '%#(!
&,(#(!'),/.)()')/-A
!8" &#$"%$%"%
,)0#-.,/./,!/#(.)."-./(.-/,#(!."."#(!---#)(-A
,(- ,,#(! ,-*)(-##&#.3 ), &,(#(! .) ." -./(.- )- (). '(
.". ." .", #- )(&3 #( ." %!,)/( &0#(! -./(.- .) )
0,3."#(! ."'-&0-A . ,.", '(- .". ." .", #- *,)0##(!
-.,/./, .) ." ---#)(> !(.&3 /,!#(! ." -./(.- &)(! ." ,#!". *."
(*,)0##(!'),.#0( #(#.#0,)&# ."---#)(-.,.-!)#(!
)'*&.&3 #( ." 1,)(! #,.#)(A "#- &&- ), &#. &(
.1(&..#(!."-./(.-.%."&(,#(!#(!#()1(2*,.#-
302
302
Motivation in medical students
Twelve tips to stimulate intrinsic motivation
chapter 10
#(."-/$.'..,1"(0,,+/#,A
."-(-(#(,-,".".
)'#(#(! "#!"&3 /.)()'3B-/**),.#0 ( "#!"&3 -.,/./, ."#(!
---#)(-,#(!)/.."-.&,(#(!)/.)'-ARU
!9" & !$#
,)0# )*.#'& "&&(!- /,#(! ." ."#(! ---#)(A A!A !#0 ."
-./(.--'&&.)*#- ),*,*,.#)((*,-(..#)(#(!,)/*-A"#-().
)(&3"&*-."-./(.- &/.)()')/-()'*.(.#(."#, &,(#(!
(/.&-)"&*-."'.)*,.#).",-) .,-%#&&-K&#%*,-(.#(!.)
(#( ),'/#(L1"#"#-) 0&/.)."'#(."&)(!,/(A./(.-
-")/&(). ),.).%*,.#(."-.#0#.#->/.*,.##*.)/.) ."#,)1(0)&#.#)(A
.1)/&&-)'(!#0#(!-./(.->1"),().1&&B
*,*, ), -/" "&&(!-> '), .#' .) !.", ."#, )/,! (
'(.&&3 *,*, ), ."'A "/- ." "&&(!- ( .) )*.#'&RZ> SQ>
(#.",.))# #/&.(),.))-3>."##(!.)'%."-./(.- &
)'*.(. #( ."#, &,(#(!A &#(!- ) )'*.( !,.&3 ("(
#(.,#(-#').#0.#)(AZ
!:&! #$& #$"%$&
#0 .#'&3> *)-#.#0 ( )(-.,/.#0 % .) ." -./(.- )( ."
*,)--) &,(#(!.)-")1."!*.1(."/,,(.(."-#,
/(,-.(#(!,.",."(.".-%) &,(#(!K#AA!,-LASR"'((,
) !#0#(! % -")/& ()(B.",.(#(!> #,. .)1,- &,(#(!
#--/- ( (). .)1,- ." *,-)(> *",- #( *)-#.#0 13 ( !#0#(!
.#*- ),#'*,)0'(.#(." /./,A(&.)(F-,/&-SSK #,-.."-./(.-
-3-1".1(.1&&> )&&)131"..".",."#(%-1(.1&&?."(
." -./(. .&%- )/. 1". )/& #'*,)0 ( ")1> )&&)1 3
1"..".",."#(%-)/&#'*,)0(")1L ),!#0#(! %
*,)0#/- /&!/#&#(- ),.,#(#(!)(-& .)!#0 %.)).",-#(
Motivation in medical students
303
303
chapter 10Twelve tips to stimulate intrinsic motivation
( .#0 '((,A #0#(! *)-#.#0 % )- (). '( .".
),,.#0 % ),,,),-'-")/&().!#0(A
.,.",'(-
.". ."#- % -")/& *",- - G*)#(.- ), #'*,)0'(.H ."/-
#-)&.#(! #. ,)' (3 (!.#0 )(()..#)(-A " .)( ) ." % #-
+/&&3 #'*),.(.A )#(.- ), #'*,)0'(.- -")/& *,-(. -
G-/!!-.#)(-H(().-G#,.#0-HARU
!;& $ #%!! "$
,. ( (0#,)('(. ) ').#)(& -/**),. ), ." -./(.-A ').#)(&
-/**),. (.#&- ,.#(! 1,'> *)-#.#0 ( -",#(! .')-*", #( ."
&--,))' 1", -./(.- & - .) 2*,-- ."#, &#(!-> )/.- (
+/-.#)(-A 0#(! *)-#.#0 #(.,.#)( 1#." ." .", #- &#%&3 .) '%
-./(.- '), #(.,-. #( ." -/$. '..,A "#- &#(! ) G,&.(--H 1#." ." .", -/**),.- ." ("('(. ) #(.,#(-#
').#0.#)( ) ." -./(.-AZ . ,.- )''/(#.3 &#(! ( -./(.-
'3 &'),)''#...)."-./3) '##(/-."3()1"0
." &#(!) &)(!#(!.)G'#&)''/(#.3H1"#"#(&/-().)(&3
."#,.",->/.."#, &&)1-./(.--1&&A
!< '#$%$#.(!"## # $&$
#-.( *.#(.&3 .) ." -./(.- ( '*."#4 1#." ."' # -./(.-
2*,-- ."#, #-#(.,-. ), #--.#- .#)( 1#." *,.#/&, .)*# ), *,.#/&, '.") ) ."#(!A ." .", , /-- .) *. (!.#0
&#(!- ,)'."-./(.->."-./(.-,&#%&3.)&)-&&#(.,-.#(."
/,.", ."#(! ---#)(-A ./(.- ( .) & ",> ."#(% .". ."#,
&#(!- , #'*),.(. .) ." .", ( .". ."3 ( #( &/( -)'
."#(!- #( ." ."#(! ---#)(- 1#." ."#, )(-.,/.#0 %A A!A ."
-./(.-'#!".!(,&&3#(.,-.#(.".)*##(!./!".>/.'3
#-#(.,-.)(*,.#/&,3/-) (#'*(#(!2'A
."3
304
304
Motivation in medical students
Twelve tips to stimulate intrinsic motivation
chapter 10
)''/(#.."#-.).".",>.".",-")/&'*."#41#."."'>
.,3 .) &))% . ." -#./.#)( ,)' ." *)#(. ) 0#1 ) ." -./(.- (
'30(,)/(."#-)1(2*,#(---./(.A0(." &#(!) .".",#(!**,)"&/-) G,&.(--H'#!".()/!"
),."-./(.-.).,3.)'%(..'*..))((.,.)(."."#(!
)( *,.#/&,&3 .)/!" 3A . #- #'*),.(. .) (). $/!'(.& 1"(
-./(.-)''/(#.."#, &#(!-A
!43 %$&%%$"#$$&$#
. #- /(&#%&3 .". && .#0#.#- ), ."#(! ---#)(- , #(.,-.#(! ),
0,3-./(.A./(.-1"),().').#0.("0(!.#0 .
)( ." ').#0.#)( ) ).", -./(.- #( ." !,)/*ST ( 0( )( ."
').#0.#)() .".",A(#.)'-#'*),.(..)."#(%)/.")1
.) "(& ."- -./(.- ), ")1 .) ').#0. ."- -./(.- .) (!! #(
." 2*. "0#)/,-A ) '% ." 2*. "0#)/, ) ."-
-./(.--& B.,'#(>.",)/&)''/(#.."0&/) )#(!
."- /(#(.,-.#(! .#0#.#- .) ." -./(.-ARR "#- '(- *,)0##(!
,.#)(&- ),(!!#(!#(.",+/-."0#)/,-AA!A ),-./(.-1")
, (). #(.,-. #( #)"'#-.,3 - -/$. ), *,.#/&,&3 #( !&/)-
'.)&#-'>.".",)/&2*&#(")1#.#-,&0(.(#'*),.(.#(
'#& *,.#> ")1 '(3 *.#(.- 1#." #.- ."3 )/& 2*. .)
()/(.,#(."#,&#0-(1".1)/&"**(# ."#-#!()-#-#-'#--A
" .", )/& &-) -% -./(.- 1".", ."3 "0 (3 '#&3
'',--/ ,#(! ,)'#.-(."/-'%.".)*#,&0(..)&&
."-./(.-A
."-./(.-/(,-.(."0&/) -./3#(!."#--/$.
), ."#, '#& ,,> ."3 1#&& /.)()')/-&3 "))- .) -./3 #.> ."/-
-"# .#(! ."#, ').#0.#)( .)1,- ." -& B.,'#( ').#0.#)(> ,.",
."( #. #(! )(.,)&& 3 ." .",F- 2*..#)(-A *.#(! ,.#(
"0#)/,-/-)(0&/-."''%-&,(#(!'),*,'((./
.)'),-& B.,'#(').#0.#)(A
Motivation in medical students
305
305
chapter 10Twelve tips to stimulate intrinsic motivation
!44& #
#0 ")#- .) ." -./(.- 1"(0, #. #- *)--#& #( ),, .) ,#(! #(
/.)()'3A "- ")#- )/& #(&/ 1". )/& ." -+/( ) .)*#- #( *,.#/&, )/,-> )/& .", -"),. 0&/.#)( ., ."
)/,-> 1". )/& ." 13 .) ) #.> 1)/& ." -./(.- &#% .) )
*,-(..#)(- )( ." .)*#> 1") 1)/& 0)&/(., .) *,-(. .A #(!
#(0)&0#(-)') ."*&((#(!"&*-."-./(.- &&)-&3,&..)
." )/,- ( ("(- ."#, #(.,#(-# ').#0.#)( .) ) ." ."#(!-
,+/#, ),." )/,- / .) ."#, &#(!-) #(!-.%")&,-#(."
."#(!B&,(#(!.#0#.#-A
!45"$'$/+)+ %0#$ /%#$++# %0
- ." ,#!". 1),- 1"#& !/##(! -./(.- #( ."#, 1),%A "#&
,--#(!."-./(.->."1),-.3*#&&3/-3)(.,)&&#(!.",-
,@ G3)/ %#$ &,( ."#-H> G3)/ # % ) ."#-H> G."#- #- $ ")H> G# 3)/ 1(. .) -/> 3)/ $ &,( ."#-H> G# 3)/ -./3 ."#- 1#&&
"'" 3)/H> G# 3)/ )(F. ) ."#- 1#&& !#0 3)/ !,H .A
/.)()'3B-/**),.#0."#(!"0#)/,1)/&(.#&/-) 1),-&#%@
G3)/ &,( ."#-H> G'3 3)/ ) #. #( ."#- 13H> G#. #- H>G# 3)/1(..)%()1."#-.)*#1&&>#.
.)#(&/."#-
#(3)/,-./3H>G# 3)/-./3."#-#.) ,&. )(#.#)(-H> G# 3)/ )(F. -./3 ."#- 3)/ -)' .)*#- #( ." /./, ---#)(-H .A ",-#(!
)''(.-(-/!!-.#)(-#(.",#!".13#AA1"#"#-().#(#(!)(."
-./(.-> /. !#0- ."' ." "( .) # ), ."'-&0- K"(
/.)()')/-L>#-0,3 .#0#(("(#(!."#,#(.,#(-#').#0.#)(A
306
306
Motivation in medical students
Twelve tips to stimulate intrinsic motivation
chapter 10
%# /.)()'3B-/**),.#0."#(!#-( ##&.)("(-./(.-F#(.,#(-#
').#0.#)( ), '#& -./3A " RS .#*- '(.#)( #( )/, ,.#&
')(-.,..".#.#-()..))# #/&..)(!!#(/.)()'3B-/**),.#0
."#(!"0#)/,A
.(&,(.",)/!"*,.#(-& B, &.#)(
)( ."#(! *,.#-A 0#(! /.)()')/-&3 ').#0. ( #(.,-.
-./(.- #( ."#(! ---#)(- '3 1&& ("( .",-F #(.,#(-#
').#0.#)( ),."#(!.",)/!" &#(!-) )'*.((,&.(--A
"- .1&0 .#*- ( **&# #( # ,(. .3*- ) ."#(! ---#)(-
&#% &,! !,)/*-> #(.,.#0 &./,-> &#(#& *,-(..#)(- .A ( &-)
#( *,)&'B- &,(#(! ---#)(-A ( *,)&'B- &,(#(! ---#)(-
1", ." .", #- (). )(.(.B2*,.> -)' ) ." .#*- 1)/& **&#.."&0&) .")/,-)),#(.),A
#(&&3> #. #- #,)(# .". .) ", .) ." -.3& ) ." G1&0 .#*-H -,#->
1".)1),)/,.#*--#,.#0-#(-.) -/!!-.#)(-),")#- ),
("(#(! ." #(.,#(-# ').#0.#)( ) .",- .) #(),*),. ."- .#*-
#(.) ."#, ."#(! -.3&-A /. ,,- '/-. 1, .". 1 ',&3
1)/&&#%.)()/,!."#,-& B.,'#(.#)(A
Motivation in medical students
307
307
chapter 10Twelve tips to stimulate intrinsic motivation
"#
RA ),& A ". %#( ) ').#0.#)( ,#0- '#& -./(.-
&,(#(!+/-.-D"+*%$ASQQU?TY@ZVQBZVXA
SA #-"A(,!)!3('#&/.#)(@,'#&-./(.-
#(.,(&&3 ').#0. .) &,(D ,$) $ "* $)
+*%$ASQQS?X@RVTBRWQA
TA ((A).#0.#)(#('#&/.#)(@)1."),3(#( ),'
)/,*,.#DARZZZ?XU@STXBSTZA
UA #&&#'- > #4)1 > )-- > # A ).#0.#)( /(,&3#(!
,, ")# ), #(.,(& '##( ( -/,!,3A % A
RZZX?UV@RXQVBRXRTA
VA #&&#'->#(,>,%%#->0>#A#&
-./(.-O ').#0.#)( ), #(.,(& '##(A %+($" % $("
$*($"$ARZZU?Z@TSXBTTTA
WA /-/,%,>,)#-.>(.A).#0.#)(&*,) #&-) '#&
-./(.-@--)#.#)(1#."-./3 ),.>'#*, ),'((
2"/-.#)(A<)+#**=4
XA #>3(A"G".H(G"3H) !)&*/,-/#.-@/'(
(- ( ." -& B.,'#(.#)( ) "0#),A )/%"%"
$'+(/ASQQQ?RR@SSXBSWYA
YA 3( > # A (.,#(-# ( 2.,#(-# ').#0.#)(-@ &--#
#(#.#)(- ( (1 #,.#)(-A %$*#&%((/ +*%$"
)/%"%/ASQQQ?SV@VUBWXA
ZA 3( > # A & B.,'#(.#)( ."),3 ( #&#..#)( ) #(.,#(-#').#0.#)(>-)#&0&)*'(.(1&&B#(!A#($
)/%"%)*ASQQQ?VV@WYBXYA
RQA #A
$*($)%*,*%$41),%@&(/',--?RZXVA
RRA ( . > /-/,%, > #&&#'- A )1 -& B.,'#(.#)(
."),3 ( --#-. )/, /(,-.(#(! ) ."#(! ( &,(#(!
308
308
Motivation in medical students
Twelve tips to stimulate intrinsic motivation
chapter 10
*,)---#('#&/.#)(D/#VZ>"(A
SQRR?TT@ZWRBZXTA
RSA ( , #(( A "3 ) ." ).),- #( .,#(#(! ,)* )/.A
)%$**ASQRR?WW@RRSRBRRSUA
RTA .,#% > #&&#'- A & B.,'#(.#)( #( '#& /.#)(1
()/,!#(! '#& /.),- .) '), &#% &/- ,.#-.- (
*).-A%(/$)($+*%$ASQQZ?X@RYUBRZTA
RUA 0>#>3(A& B.,'#(.#)(."),3@#&.#&
,'1),% ), /(,-.(#(! -)#)/&./,& #( &/(- )( -./(.
').#0.#)(A (@ (,(3 > 0( ..( > -A %()
,)*4)&UA@
( ),'.#)(!/&#-"#(!
(A?SQQU@TRBWQA
RVA #&&#'- > #4)1 > 3( A " #'*),.( ) -& B
.,'#(.#)( ."),3 ), '#& /.#)(A # $A
RZZZ?XU@ZZSBZZVA
RWA "#. > ,/**( A "5+"* ($$ $ "
+*%$4 @ --)#.#)( ), ." ./3 ) #& /.#)(?
SQQXA
RXA &% > # A " .- ) #(-.,/.),-F /.)()'3 -/**),.
( -./(.-F /.)()')/- ').#0.#)( )( &,(#(! ),!(#
"'#-.,3@ -& B.,'#(.#)( ."),3 *,-*.#0A $
+*%$ASQQQ?YU@XUQBXVWA
RYA #&&#->)(->/(3>/,..>"#.")/->F#&&A
'&&B!,)/* 1),% ( ----'(. #( /,,#/&/'@ +/&#..#0 ( +/(.#..#0 0&/.#)( ) -./(. *,*.#)(- ) ."*,)--) 1),%#(!#(-'&&!,)/*-(#.-----'(.A"
(ASQQS?SU@UZVBVQRA
RZA ,'/(.>,&))*A)(!,/(( ,#.#)(.1(&,(#(!
(."#(!A($
$)*(+*ARZZZ?Z@SVXBSYQA
SQA .%#(-)( A ).#0.#)(& .,'#((.- ) ,#-%B.%#(! "0#),A
(@ .%#(-)( > .", > -A %(/ % ,#$*
%*,*%$4@)"(#&3;)(->
(A?RZWW@RRBSZA
Motivation in medical students
309
309
chapter 10Twelve tips to stimulate intrinsic motivation
SRA ..# > '*,&3 A " *)1, ) %A ,- %
+*%$")(ASQQX?XX@YRBRRSA
SSA (&.)( > ) #& > . > 0&)% A %$)+"**%$3 $
&&(% *% ($$ $ $4 2 ),@ 2 ), (#0,-#.3
,--?RZYUA
STA ,0 > )&'(- > ( , &/.( A ./(.
*,-*.#0-)(,#.#&#(#(.-#(."./.),#&!,)/*A,$)$
"*$)+*%$ASQQS?X@SQRBSQZA
310
310
Motivation in medical students
!$"44
#%## Motivation in medical students
311
311
chapter 11Discussion
#%## "#- ."-#- '#(&3 -./#- ." )(*. ) ').#0.#)( .",)/!" ').#0.#)(
."),3 &#.,./, ,0#1> #(0-.#!.- ').#0.#)( - *((. ( (
#(*((. 0,#& .",)/!" &#.,./, ,0#1 ( ,-," -./#->
-.&#-"-0&##.30#( ),(#(-.,/'(..)'-/,."-.,(!.") ').#0.#)( ) '#& -./(.- ( ..'*.- .) 2*&), . ) ').#0.#)( )( &,(#(! ( *, ),'(A - )( ." ,-," #(#(!-
( ,0#1#(! ." ,&0(. &#.,./,> #. !#0- ,)''(.#)(- )(
**,)"- .) ').#0.#)( ,-," #( '#& /.#)(> -#!(#(! ) /,,#/&(."#(!'.")-#('#&/.#)(A
"#-#-/--#)("*., #,-.2*&),-#(.#&." #(#(!-) ."."-#--
1")&> )&&)1 3 *,-*.#0- )( # ,(. -*.- ) '#&
/.#)( ( ').#0.#)( 1"#" "0 ( 0&)* ,)' ." ,-,"
(,0#1 #(#(!-> )&&)13."-.,(!."-(&#'#..#)(-( #(&&3
*,)*)--(1,-,"+/-.#)(- ), /,.",-./3A
# $#$##
0,3)( #( /.#)( %()1- ( &- .". ').#0.#)( #( -./(.- #-
--(.#& ), ."#, -/-- #( &,(#(!A ",- -% )/. ').#0.
-./(.- ( -./(.- -% )/. ').#0. .",-A "#- *,)-- #-
*,)&3 )( -) /()(-#)/-&3 .". *)*& )0,&))% !#0#(! ."
').#0.#)(& -*. ()/!" )(-#,.#)( 1"#& -#!(#(! /,,#/&A
'*),.( #- !#0( .) ." )(.(. ) &,(#(!> '.")- ) &,(#(! (
#(-.,/.#)(> '.")- ) /,. ----'(.- ) )'*.(#-> -./(.-F
%()1&! )/. ."#, )1( &,(#(! &# -> '.")- ) -& B----'(.>
-& B,!/&. &,(#(!> , &.#)( .A "/- ." )!(#.#0 (
'.)!(#.#0-*.-) &,(#(!,+/.&3,--A"G .#0
312
312
Motivation in medical students
Discussion
chapter 11
)'*)((.H 1"#" #(&/- ').#0.#)( #- ')-.&3 (!&.A "- .",
)'*)((.-> #AA )!(#.#0> .#0 ( '.)!(#.#0> )(-.#./. ."
,(,B,#(."#(!KL')&R>S1"#""-(')&& ,)'
." ,-," #( )!(#.#0 *-3")&)!3AT> U ./(.- 2*,#( 0,#
').#)(- /,#(! &,(#(! *(#(! )( ")1 1&& ."3 *, ),' #( ."#,
&,(#(!>")1."#-#-*,#03."#,*,-(.",-(")1."#,
.",- -/**),. ."'AV "#, ').#)(- . ."#, ').#0.#)(V ( ."#-
').#0.#)( .-."#, /,.",&,(#(!(*, ),'(K#!/,RLA
%" 4 ' $&$ $# " !" " &
&"#
,(#(!(
, ),'(
K)'*.(L
,*.#)(-(
-/**),.) *,-
(.",-
).#0.#)(
').#)(-
./(. ').#0.#)( #- &,&3 #'*),.(. ), &,(#(!A G).#0.#)( #- ."
-#,.)&,(1"#"-./(.,#(!-1#.""#'-& .)'#&-"))&HAV
.
)&&)1- .". ').#0.#)( -")/& ,#0 ()/!" )(-#,.#)( 1"#&
-#!(#(! /,,#/&A "*., S ) ."#- ."-#- ,0#1- '#& /,,#/&,
-#!(- -#( #(*.#)( ) '#& /.#)( ( ').#0.#)( ."),#- .)
.,'#( 1".", ').#0.#)( "- ( !#0( ()/!" )(-#,.#)(
1"#& -#!(#(! ."- /,,#/&A #& /.#)( "- #(),*),.
Motivation in medical students
313
313
chapter 11Discussion
# ,(. /,,#/&, -#!(- )0, ." &-. (./,3@ **,(.#-"#* ')&>
&2(, ')&> ,)&'B- ,(#(!> (.!,. /,,#/&> /.)'B
- ')&> *#,& ( B-"* /,,#/&> 2*,#(B- &,(#(!
')&>)(!#./#(&&3B
(.!,.&,%-"#*-.A/,,#/&/'0&)*'(.
"- )/- )( /.#)(& 0&)*'(. .". )-.,- ." )!(#.#0
)'*)((. ) &,(#(!@ .., /(,-.(#(!> &)(!, ,.(.#)(> ..,
0#&#&#.3 ) %()1&! 1"( (> ,/#(! ,/((3> )( /-#)(
( ,*.#.#)( ) )(*.-AT . -)'.#'- )-.,- ." '.)!(#.#0
,!/&.#)()'*)((.) &,(#(!@),#(.#(!>*&((#(!>')(#.),#(!>.-.#(!>
#!()-#(!> $/-.#(!> 0&/.#(! ( , &.#(! )(F- &,(#(! "0#)/,
(**,)"AT)(-#,.#)() ').#0.#)(&&'(.-#(."-#!(#(!) '#& /,,#/& #- -)'."#(! .". #- /,,(.&3 /(,0&/ #( '#&
/.#)(AW "#- ,0#1 ,)''(- .". '-/,- .) /& #& ." .",
-# *-3")&)!#& (- ) /.)()'3> )'*.( ( ,&.(-->
#(.# # 3 & B.,'#(.#)( "),3 KL .) -.#'/&. #(.,#(-#
').#0.#)( ')(! -./(.-> -")/& #(.!,. #(.) ." -#!( ) '#&/,,#/&AW
().", #(#(! ) ."#- ."-#- ., ,0#1#(! ').#0.#)( ."),#- (
,-," )( )( ').#0.#)( #( '#& /.#)( K"*., TL 1- .".
').#0.#)( #- *((. - 1&& - #(*((. .), #( '#&
/.#)(AX -," )( ').#0.#)( #( '#& /.#)( #- -.#&& #( ."
0&)*'(.& -.! ( '3 (). &13- 1&&B#( ),' 3 ."),3 #(
').#0.#)(A " ,-/&.- , -./#- 1#." &)1 +/&#.3 ) '."))&)!3
K2&/ -./#-YL> )(.,#.),3 #(#(!- ) -./#- *, ),' 1#."
!)) '."))&)!3Z> RQ> ').#0.#)( -./# - #.", +/(.#..#0 ), +/&#..#0 (.#.3Z> RQ K#( #-)&.#)( ,)' " ).",L> -./#- ..,#/.#(!
#(#(!- .) ').#0.#)( 1#.")/. -./3#(! ), '-/,#(! ').#0.#)(Y (
&% ) !)) #(-.,/'(.- .) '-/, ').#0.#)( #( '#& -./(.-A
).#0.#)(-(#(*((.0,#&#('#&/.#)(1- )/(.)
.&,(#(!(-./3"0#)/,>'#-/-->")#) '##(
314
314
Motivation in medical students
Discussion
chapter 11
- ,,> ")# ) -*#&.3 ( #(.(.#)( .) )(.#(/ -./3AX #!"
').#0.#)((#(.,#(-#').#0.#)(1,--)#.1#."..,&,(#(!
#( ')-. -./#-A "3 1, --)#. 1#." .., *, ),'( #( -)'
-./#-(#()."0(3-#!(# #(. .#().",-./#-A
.1-().
*)--#&.)*)-#.#0&3)(&/ ,)'."-./#-)(#('#&/.#)(
.".').#0.#)(*)-#.#0&3#( &/(-'#-/--(."#-().#)("
.) -/**),. ,)' ." #(#(!- #( )'#(- ) /.#)( ).", ."(
'#& /.#)(AX "/- ( #'*),.(. ,-," +/-.#)( 1- #(.# #
,)'."#-,0#11"#"&.)-#!(#(!) .1),-,"-./#-K"*.,-
V(XL.)(-1,1".",').#0.#)(#( &/('#*, ),'(
#( '#& /.#)(A ).#0.#)( 1- )/( .) *)-#.#0&3 --)#.
1#."#(.(.#)(.))(.#(/-./#-#('#&/.#)(AX#(#(!0#(
.". ').#0.#)( 1- ( #(*((. 0,#& #( '#& /.#)( &#
)1( ." ,.#)(& ), #(0-.#(! .#' #( -./3#(! #. - *((.
0,#&A ).#0.#)( - *((. 0,#& #( '#& /.#)( 1-
)/( .) . 3 .),- .". ((). '(#*/&.> -/" - !>
!(,> ."(#> -)#))()'# ( /.#)(& %!,)/(> 3, ) /,,#/&/'(*,(.(.",-/**),.?(3 .),-.".)/&
'(#*/&.> -/" - ." .", -# *-3")&)!#& (- #(.# # 3
>('&3/.)()'3>)'*.((,&.(--A#&-./(.-)
0&/ /.)()'3 #( &,(#(!ARRBRT . #- , &. #( ."#, &#%#(! ) ,)&'B
- ,(#(! KL> 0&/#(! .",- 1") -/**),. /.)()'3 ( 3
."'-&0- -/**),.#(! /.)()'3 #( ."#, *.#(.-ARS>
RUBRW
&#(!- ) )'*.( #( &,(#(!> -/**),. 3 % )( *, ),'( ,)'
.",-> !,.&3 #(,- -./(. ').#0.#)(ARQ> RXBSR ').#)(& -/**),.
3 .",- ( *, !,)/* &-) #(,- -./(. ').#0.#)(ASSBSU "/-
0#( 1- )/( #( ."#- ,0#1 .". -./(. ').#0.#)( #( '#&
/.#)( )/& ("( 3 -/**),.#(! /.)()'3> )'*.( (
,&.(--A " ,)& ) /&.3 #- ./&&3 &#'#. .) *,)0# '#&
-./(.- 1#." )**),./(#.3> ()/,!'(. ( !/#(AV **),./(#.3
)/&0#1-!#0#(!-./(.-/.)()'3#(&,(#(!>()/,!'(.
Motivation in medical students
315
315
chapter 11Discussion
- )(-.,/.#0 % &#(! .) &#(!- ) )'*.( ( !/#(
-'(-) )-.,#(! &#(!-) ,&.(--A
#(#.1- )/(.".').#0.#)(1-().&13-)$.#0&3(0&#&3
'-/, #( '#& /.#)( ,-,"> -./3 K"*., UL 1-
)(/. .) 0&#. ( #(-.,/'(. .". '-/,- ').#0.#)(
*,.#/&,&3 ), '#& -"))&A "#- #(-.,/'(. " ( ,&#,
0&)*#((#0,-#.3#&(.,.,".(1-&&G.,(!."
) ).#0.#)( ), #& "))&H KL +/-.#)((#, 1"#" "
)(.(. 0&##.3> /. ." )(-.,/. 0&##.3 ( ,&##&#.3 ( /,.",
-./3ASV>SW0#(1- )/( ),)(-.,/.0&##.3) ."#-#(-.,/'(.3
*, ),'#(! ( 2*&),.),3 .), (&3-#- 1"#" 3#& .", -/-&-
('&3""$$))*%)(1$))*%)*(*$())*$ASX"-
.", -/-&- -#!(# # .". ."3 )(.,#/. #(*((.&3 .) ."
)(-.,/.) -.,(!.") ').#0.#)( ),'#&-"))&A)(/,,(.0&##.3
1--.&#-"3),,&.#(!."-/-&-),-1#."."-),-
)( '), 1&&B-.&#-" -& )( ').#0.#)(> '# ).#0.#)(
&KL(."2"/-.#)(-/-&) -&"/,()/.
(0(.),3J
./(. /,03 K
BLA )) 0#( 1- )/( ), ,&##&#.3 ) ."
.", -/-&- ( ." -& - 1")& ), '-/,'(. ) -.,(!." ) ').#0.#)( ), '#& -"))&A "/- ." #(#(!- ) ."#- -./3 -/**),.
." 0&##.3 ( ,&##&#.3 ) +/-.#)((#, #( '-/,#(! -.,(!."
) ').#0.#)( ), '#& -"))&A +/-.#)((#, #- 0&# (
,&#&.))& ),'-/,'(.) -.,(!.") ').#0.#)( ),'#&-"))&
( ." ,)''( /- #- ), *)-.B") "%#(! ) -&.#)( '.")-
), '#--#)( .) '#& -./3 ( .) .,'#( ." +/(.#.3 ) ').#0.#)(/,#(!."'#&-./3>/.().-.))& ),-&.#)(A"#-#-
/- -./(.- ( 2"##. ." G,+/#,H %#( ) ').#0.#)( #( "#!"
-.%--#./.#)(-&#%'#&(.,(*,)/,-ASV>SY>SZ
316
316
Motivation in medical students
Discussion
chapter 11
#(#.1- )/(#(."&#.,./,,0#1.".'#&/.#)(,-,"
-./#- -")1 )(.,#.),3 #(#(!- )( #(0-.#!.#(! . ) ').#0.#)()('#-/-->.1)-./#-1,*, ),')(."#-#--/
/-#(!.1)# ,(.**,)"-K"*.,-V(XLA
( -./3 K"*., VLTQ /- 1". #- && *,-)(B(., **,)"
( ." ).", K"*., XLTR /- 0,#&B),#(. **,)"A "
*,-)(B(., **,)" K"*., VL 1- - )( )'#(#(! +/&#.3
( +/(.#.3 ) ').#0.#)(A /&#.3 ) ').#0.#)( )/& #(.,#(-# ),
)(.,)&& ( +/(.#.3 )/& "#!" ), &)1A " '."))&)!3 ) ."#-
-./3 1- *. ,)' -./3 *, ),' #( !(,& /.#)(TS ( #.
1- #' .) "&* #( /(,-.(#(! ." ').#0.#)(& *,)--- 1#."#(
#(#0#/& -./(.-A "#- 1- *)--#& - ." *,.##*(.- 1, !,)/*
#(.) # ,(. ').#0.#)(& *,) #&- *(#(! )( ."#, ').#0.#)(&
",.,#-.#- .",)/!" &/-., (&3-#-ATS )'#(.#)( ) +/&#.3 (
+/(.#.3 ) ').#0.#)( 1, 2*. .) !#0 ,#- .) U # ,(.
').#0.#)(& *,) #&-@ #!" (.,#(-# #!" )(.,)&& K
L ').#0.#)(>
#!" (.,#(-# )1 )(.,)&& K
L ').#0.#)(> )1 (.,#(-# #!"
)(.,)&& K
L ').#0.#)( ( )1 (.,#(-# )1 )(.,)&& K
L
').#0.#)(A""3*)."-- ),."#--./31,@
').#0.#)(&*,) #&
1)/&--)#.1#."*&,(#(!>..,'#*, ),'((
&)12"/-.#)( ,)'-./3?
(
').#0.#)(&*,) #&-1)/&
--)#. 1#." -/, &,(#(!> *)),, '# *, ),'( ( "#!"
2"/-.#)( ,)' -./3? *,) #& 1)/& --)#. 1#." !))
'# *, ),'( K.")/!" ),#(! .) *,#(#*&- *,) #&
1- (). -#,& *,) #&TS> "( 1)/& (). --)#. 1#."
-#,&&,(#(!",.,#-.#-(*, ),'(LA&&."-"3*)."--
1,-/**),.3." #(#(!-) ."#--./3A
.1-&-) )/(.".
*,) #& -")1 "#!" * &,(#(!> !)) '# *, ),'( ( &)1
2"/-.#)( ,)' -./3> .")/!" #. &-) -")1 "#!" -/, &,(#(!ATQ
(-.(%#-..&A )/(.".
*,) #&*, ),'-#!(# #(.&3&)1,
Motivation in medical students
317
317
chapter 11Discussion
- )'*, .) *,) #&> /. ."#- #(#(! 1- (). ,*&#. #( )/,
-./3ATS "#- 1- *,)&3 )/( - ." -./(.- #( ."#- -./3 1#." ."#-
*,) #& " "#!", #(.,#(-# ').#0.#)( -),- ."( )(.,)&&').#0.#)(
-),-A "#- -./3 )/( 0#( .) -.&#-" .". -#,& +/&#.3 (
+/(.#.3 ) ').#0.#)( #- --)#. 1#." * &,(#(! ( !))
'# *, ),'(> ."/- #(! .) ." &#.,./, )( ').#0.#)( #(
'#& /.#)( ,-,"A . &-) .))% ." #(#(!- ) (-.(%#-. .
&ATS -.* /,.", - ./& '# *, ),'( -),- 1, /-
#(-.) -& B,*),.'#*, ),'(-),-/-#(."#,-./3A
" -)( -./3 #(0-.#!.#(! G').#0.#)( #( &/(- '#
*, ),'(H'*&)30,#&B(.,**,)"1",/.)()')/-
( )(.,)&& ').#0.#)(- 1, -./# - !,)/* 0,#&-> #AA ), ."
(.#, -./3 *)*/&.#)(A .,/./,& +/.#)( )&&#(! KL 1-
*, ),' .) -./3 ." ,&.#)(-"#*- .1( /.)()')/- ').#0.#)(>
!))-./3-.,.!3('#*, ),'(A",-)( ),'*&)3#(!
."#- **,)" 1- .". # .", #- *,#),# "3*)."-#-> ( '*&)3#(,-," ),,&#&3.-.#(!.",&.#)() # ,(.0,#&-
1#." " ).", 1", '), ."( )( ,&.#)(-"#* ( .-. . .#'ATT> TU""3*)."-#-1-.".&.#0/.)()')/-).#0.#)(K-/'
) 1#!". /.)()')/- ( )(.,)&& ').#0.#)( 1#." (!.#0 -#!(
!#0( .) && )'*)((.- ) )(.,)&& ').#0.#)(L 1)/& *)-#.#0&3
--)#.1#."!))-./3-.,.!3K*.,.!3B/, .,.!3L(
-./3 ),.> 1"#" #( ./,( 1)/& *)-#.#0&3 --)#. 1#." '#
*, ),'(#(." ),') ,)#(.0,!-K-LA )/(!))
0#( ),.""3*)."-#4')&K#!/,SLA"/->."#--./3&-)
-.)."&#.,./,)(').#0.#)(#( &/(#(!'#*, ),'(#(
'#& /.#)(A -#'#&, ')& "- ( .-. ( -.&#-" #(
!(,&/.#)(ATV
318
318
Motivation in medical students
Discussion
chapter 11
%"5)! $#* " $&$ %#!" "
&.#0/.)()')/-
).#0.#)(
))./3
.,.!3
),-./3 ),.
'#
*, ),'(K
'*&)3#(! ." )0'(.#)( .1) **,)"- #( -./3#(! ."
,&.#)(-"#* .1( ').#0.#)( ( '# *, ),'( #- ( ##&
- ."- **,)"- )'*&'(. " ).",ATS ( **,)" -./#- ."
,&.#)(-"#* ) ').#0.#)( ( '# *, ),'( 1#."#( #(#0#/&
-./(.-(.").",-./#-#.#(!,)/*-..#(!A"*,-)(B(.,
**,)" ( *,)0# "&* /& -/!!-.#)(- )( # ,(.#& ')(#.),#(! (
'(.),#(! ) -./(.- *(#(! )( ."#, ').#0.#)(& *,) #&- ( ."
0,#&B(., **,)" *,)0#- ." 0#( ), 0&##.3 ) ."-
,&.#)(-"#*-(."#,#,.#)(-#(.")(.2.) '#&/.#)(A
( ." -#- ) ." #(#(!- ,)' ." -./3 )( ').#0.#)(& *,) #&- ) '#& -./(.-TQ> -*,. ,.#& K"*., WL 1- ' )( ."
,.#)(& ), )'#(#(! +/&#.3 ( +/(.#.3 ) ').#0.#)( #( '#&
/.#)(> ." 0&##.3 ) ."#- **,)" ( ")1 #. ( ( ##& #(
).",-,"(*,.#TR#('#&/.#)(A)'#(#(!+/&#.3(
+/(.#.3) ').#0.#)((."((&3-#(!.",&.#)(-"#*-1#."&,(#(!
( *, ),'( "&*- .) /(,-.( ."- *,)--- 1#."#( #(#0#/&
Motivation in medical students
319
319
chapter 11Discussion
-./(.-A "#- ( 3#& )'*&'(.,3 #( ),'.#)( .) ." **,)"
#(0-.#!.#(!."-,&.#)(-"#*-#(&,!!,)/*A
.(&-)/- /&#(
*,.# - -./(.- 1#." # ,(. ').#0.#)(- '3 ( # ,(. .3*-
) ').#)(& ( -.,.!# -/**),.> )/(-&&#(! ( )**),./(#.#- 1"#"
()*.#'&&3"&&(!#(! ),."'>#(),,.)("(."#,#(.,#(-#
').#0.#)(A ./(.- 1#." *,)'#((. )(.,)&& ').#0.#)( '3 (
'(.),#(!-/**),.)(."0&/-) ."'#&*,) --#)((1".*&
#. "- #( ." -)#.3 ( #( ." '#( ) *.#(.-A ./(.- 1#."
*,)'#((. /.)()')/- ').#0.#)( '3 ( -.,.!# -/**),. )(
-./3 *&((#(! -) - .) 0)# )( &#. ) #(.,-.A "#- )( &#. ) #(.,-.
)/& ,#- ,)' .1) )( &#.#(! '(-> ."#, !(/#( #(.,-. #( *,.#/&, .)*# ( ." ).", -./3 ,+/#,'(.- ) ." -3&&/-A "#-
)/& & .) &#(!- ) 2.,(& )(.,)& #'#(#-"#(! ."#, #(.,#(-#
').#0.#)(A./(.-1#."*,)'#((./.)()')/-').#0.#)('3&-)
( '), )**),./(#.#- ( "&&(!- #( ."#, -./3 .) '#(.#( ."#,
/.)()')/- ').#0.#)( ( 0)# ),)' 1#." ." -3&&/-ATW
G,-(. 1#." "&&(!#(! 2*,#( .". #- &,&3 ,&0(.> '#& -./(.F- ').#0.#)( &- "#' .) "#0> ( 1#." -/--
)'- ." )( #( .". ()/,!- "#' .) ')0 )( .) #(,-#(!&3
# #/&.('),)'*&2.-%-AHV
#( 0#( 1- )/( #( ." &#.,./, ,0#1 )( ').#0.#)( #(! *((. 0,#& #( '#& /.#)(X> -./3 K"*., YL 1-
-#!( .) ,-," ."#- -*. ) ').#0.#)(A " . ) -)' ) ."
0,#&- #(.# # #( ." ,0#1 &#% !> !(, ( /.#)(&
%!,)/()(-.,(!.") ').#0.#)( ),'#&-"))&>1,-./#ATX
. 1- )/( .". './,#.3 2*&#( '), 0,#( #( -.,(!." ) ').#0.#)( - )'*, .) ! &)(A *,. -),- ), './,#.3 1,
().)&&.>/.."'./,#.3) ."-./(.-1-')&&)(."-#-
) ."#,!>!(,(*..,() './,.#)(,*),.#(0&)*'(.&
-#(ATY> TZ""3*)."-#-1-.".'&-( '&--.,..."-'
320
320
Motivation in medical students
Discussion
chapter 11
&0&) ').#0.#)(>/.3."!) RY3,->'&-&!"#( '&-3
T3,-#(."#,'./,#.3(."/*#(+/,.# -"#)(3."!) SU3,-> .,1"#"."#,'./,#.3&0&-,'),#(&#(1#." '&->
/. (). +/#. ." -'A ."'.#& ),'/& 1, /- ), ."#-
)(0,-#)(A"*)-#.#0 .) !('./,#.3)(').#0.#)("-(
)/( #( -)' -./#- #( '#& /.#)(AUQ> UR ( ." *,-(. -./3> #.
1- )/( .". './,#.3 2*&#( WAR[ ) 0,#( #( ." -.,(!." ) ').#0.#)(-),-A0( .,'./,#.31-)/(. ),>!(,-.#&&"
#-.#(. -'&& . )( ." -.,(!." ) ').#0.#)(A /.#)(&
%!,)/(> #AA "0#(! "&),F- !, %!,)/( - )'*, .)
"#!"-"))&%!,)/(>&-)"(#(*((. .)(."-.,(!.") ').#0.#)(A "#- 0,#& 1- )( )/( 1#." -&.#)( - && -./(.-
1#." "&),F- !, " &-) (., ." '#& -"))& .",)/!" +/&#..#0 -&.#)( *,)/,A "/- 1 )/( '*#,#& 0#( ),
').#0.#)( #(! *((. 0,#& #( '#& /.#)(A " #(#(!
.". '&- " "#!", -.,(!." ) ').#0.#)( ."( '&- 1- 2*.
( )( #,' - .", , -./#- 1"#" "0 -")1( # ,( #(
+/(.#.3US ( +/&#.3UTBUX ) ').#0.#)( .1( '&- ( '&-A
&-( '&--'.)"0# ,(..3*) ').#0.#)(- ),"))-#(!
.) -./3 '##(A ")/!" ." .)* ,-)(- ), "))-#(! '##(
#,,-*.#0 ) !(, , "&*#(! *)*& ( #(.,-. #( -#( ),
#)&)!3> '&- , '), #(&#( .)1,- 2.,#(-# ').#0- &#% ')(3
( ' ( '&- , '), #(&#( .)1,- #(.,#(-# ').#0- &#%
/& #&'(. ( -(- ) "#0'(.AUT>
UYBVU
'&- &-) "0 '),
/.)()')/- ').#0.#)( ), -./3 ."( '&- 1") "0 '), )(.,)&&
').#0.#)(AUY - *, ." "#-.),3 ) -./3 ) ').#0.#)(> #. 1- ), &)(!
.#' -./# )(&3 #( '&-AVV " #,-. ..'*.- .) -./3 ').#0.#)(
*,.#/&,&3#( '&-1,'3,.#(),(,VV> )&&)13(.
*(VW> 1") )/( #-.#(. # ,(- .1( ." ').#0.#)(- ) ."
.1)!(,-A),(, )/(.". '&-"#-.#(.G,) -/--H#(
."#, ').#0.#)(& )(-.,/. 1"#" ,)- ,)' , ) &)-#(! ,#(- (
Motivation in medical students
321
321
chapter 11Discussion
'#(#(#.3/.)-/--AVV*( )/(.". '&--),"#!",."(
'&-)(."-#,.)1),%",('&--),"#!",."( '&-)(
'-.,#(! .-% ( *, ),'#(! .., ."( ).",-AVW "#- -")1 # ,(#(."),#(..#)() ').#0.#)(.1(.".1)!(,-@."
').#0.#)( ) '&- "0#(! '), #(.,#(-# ),#(..#)( ( ."
').#0.#)( ) '&- "0#(! '), 2.,#(-# ),#(..#)(A "/- ."#- -./3
.) ." &#.,./, )( !(, .- )( ').#0.#)(A )(,(#(!
/.#)(&%!,)/(>).",-./#-"0 )/(#..)*&3(#'*),.(.
,)&#(').#0.#)() '#&-./(.-AUQ>VX
& B.,'#(.#)( "),3 KL ) ').#0.#)( 1- )/( .) ,&0(.
#( '#& /.#)(AX>
VYBWS
( *,)0# ,)''(.#)(- ),
-.#'/&.#(! #(.,#(-# ), /.)()')/- ').#0.#)( ')(! '#& -./(.-
/,#(!."#,'#&/.#)((&-)/,#(!."#,"&.",*,.#A
/**),.#(!.".",-#*-3")&)!#&(-) /.)()'3>)'*.(
(,&.(--("&*.)("(#(.,#(-#').#0.#)(')(!-./(.-
), &,(#(! #( &,! !,)/*-> -'&& !,)/*-> ./.),#&-> *,)&'B-
&,(#(!> -B- &,(#(!> 2*,#(B- &,(#(!> -& B,!/&.
&,(#(!> -& B----'(. ( ..#(#(! ." ,+/#, )'*.(#- . ."
,+/#,&0&-A-)(."#->!/#K"*.,ZL ),'#&/.),-
1-*/..)!.",1"#")/&"&*."'/(,-.(")1("&*#(
/(,-.(#(! ."#(!B&,(#(! *,)--- #( '#& /.#)(A ( ) ." *)1, /& '--!- ) #- ." *#&#.3 ) ." "/'( '#( .)
#(.,(&#-0&/-(').#0.#)(-)*1#."#(."-& .".#.)'-
*,.#&&3 #'*)--#& .) #-.#(!/#-" #. ,)' #(.,#(-# ').#0.#)(AWTBWV "
"/'( '#( .(- .) #(.,(&#- 0&/- 1"#" , #(#.#&&3 *,#0 -
2.,(& #( ),#!#( ( )(.,)&> # #. /(,-.(- ." #'*),.( ) ."#,
2#-.( ),#.-& ), ),",')(3#(."-)#.3AWV"#-*,-(.-'#&
/.),- 1#." *)1, /& .))& .) '(#*/&. )(.,)&& ').#0.#)( (
"(!#..)'),/.)()')/- ),'-) ').#0.#)(A"#-!/#-,#-
")1 .) ",(-- ."#- #&#.3 .) #(.,(&#- #( ),, .) '% '#&
322
322
Motivation in medical students
Discussion
chapter 11
-./(.- '), #(.,#(-#&&3 ').#0. ), ."#, -./3> ")# ) -*#&.3
(*.#(.*,.#A
./(.- &#% ').#0.#(! .",- ( .",- &#% ').#0. -./(.-A
/. 1"( #. )'- .) '-/,- .) ("( ').#0.#)(> '(3 1)/&
1&)' .#0 **,)"- .) 1),% 1#."A -#(! ." *,#(#*&- ) >
.1&0 .#*- "0 ( ,)''( #( "*., RQ .) ("( #(.,#(-#
').#0.#)( #( '#& -./(.-A "- .#*- , && - )( -/**),.#(!
/.)()'3>)'*.((,&.(--')(!'#&-./(.-A&&)1#(!
-./(.-.)*,.##*.#(*&((#(!&,(#(!-)(."#,&,(#(!(->
()/,!#(! ."' .) .#0&3 *,.##*. /,#(! &,(#(! ---#)(- ,.",
."( *--#0 &#-.(,-> '%#(! ."' '), ,-*)(-#& ), ."#,
&,(#(! &)(! 1#." !#0#(! -.,/./, %> !/#( ( ').#)(&
-/**),. ( !#0#(! ."' ")#- 3 /-#(! 1),- .". , *,#0 -
-/!!-.#)(- ,.", ."( #,.#0-> "&* -./(.- #( &#(! #(.,#(-#
').#0.#)( ), ."#, &,(#(!A " #'*),.(. '--! #- .". /.)()'3B
-/**),. #- -%#&& .". ( &,(. ( *,.#- 3 .",- # ."3
/(,-.( ." #'*),.( ) -/**),.#(! ." .", -# *-3")&)!#&
(- ')(! ." -./(.-A " ,.#& )( G1&0 .#*-AAAH 1- )'*#&
1#."()$.#0.)"&*'(3'#&/.),-1")"0(&))%#(!
), "(!#(! ."#, ."#(! *,.#- ( &-) .) #(-*#, ).",- 1")
"0(F.!#0('/".")/!"..)."#,/,,(.."#(!*,.#-A
" (2. -.#)( ) ."#- #-/--#)( "*., *,)0#- *,-*.#0- )(
# ,(. -*.- ) '#& /.#)( ( ').#0.#)( 1"#" "0 (
0&)* ,)'.",-,"(,0#1 #(#(!-) ."#-."-#-A
"#!$&# "$#!$# %$ $&$ " ,(#(! #- 0#1 - ( .#0> )(-.,/.#0
*,)-- 1"#" ( #( &/( 3 ." &,(,AWW ,(#(! #(0)&0-
Motivation in medical students
323
323
chapter 11Discussion
"(! #( ." "0#)/, ) ." &,(,AV )!(#.#0 *-3")&)!3 )(-#,-
."'(.&*,)---) ."&,(,-#(0)&0#(&,(#(!>#AA)!(#.#)(>-
)( *,. ) &,(#(! ( '.)!(#.#)( #AA %()1&! )/. )1(
)(*.#)(-) &,(#(!(/-) -.,.!#-.),#(!)/.&,(#(!-."
).", *,. ) &,(#(!AT>
WW
"0#),& *-3")&)!3 &-) )(-#,- ."
').#)(& *,)--- #(0)&0 #( &,(#(! - *,. ) &,(#(!> 1"#" #-
').#0.#)(AWW "- .", )'*)((.- , ,)/!". .)!.", #( ."
,(,B,#(."#(!KL')&AR>S).#0.#)( .-."')/(.
) .#' .". -./(.- , 1#&&#(! .) 0). .) &,(#(!AWX> WY /.)()')/-
').#0.#)( "- ( )/( #( '#& /.#)( .) --)#. 1#."
* &,(#(!Z>
TQ> TR
( , &.#)( #( &,(#(!Z> .., '#
*, ),'(TQ>TR(&)12"/-.#)( ,)'-./3TQ>TRA"#-,&.#)(-"#*(
1&&B-/-.(.#.3."),3-# -./(.*,#0-."."1(.-.)
&,(/-) !(/#(#(.,-.),/-" #(-&,(#(! -)'."#(!
0&/&> " 1#&& #(#.&3 */. '), ),. #( "#- -./3 ( (!! #(
/(,-.(#(! ." '(#(! ) ." '.,#& .) -./#V> #AA *
&,(#(!AWZ &#(! )'*.(. #( )(F- &,(#(! )( ." ).", "( (
("( /,.", #(.,#(-# ').#0.#)( ), &,(#(!AWT ).#0.#)( (). )(&3
("(- &,(#(! #( #(#0#/& -./(.-> /. &-) ("(- &,(#(! (
*, ),'() ./.),#&!,)/*-) -./(.-),!,)/*-XQ>"&."B,&.
2.,B/,,#/&, .#0#.#-RQ> *,.##*.#)( #( *, ."#(! ( )*.#)(&
,#. )/,--XRA ( ()(3')/- -(.), )( -#> 9( ( %$"/
*( *$) %+* "($$3 #%*,*%$1 #%*,*%$ $ #%*,*%$:4
#(, ,',%- #( E#-.),3 ) ').#0.#)(& ,-," #( /.#)(FXS .".>
G )*+/ % #%*,*%$ %( * +*%$" ()(( ) $
%$%+$ -* * " % "($$2 $1 #%*,*%$ %*$ ) $((
(%# "($$1 $ "($$ +)+""/ ) * $*%( % #%*,*%$ %( *
+*%$"&)/%"%)*AH
" $&$ ,)' ." #(#(!- ) ."#- ."-#-TQ> TX ( ).",
-./#-UTBUX)( ),>#.#-&,."..",,# ,(-#(').#0.#)(
324
324
Motivation in medical students
Discussion
chapter 11
')(! '&- ( '&-A '&- 2"##. "#!", &0&- ( #(.,#(-# ),
/.)()')/-').#0.#)(-)'*,.)'&-1")2"##.'),2.,#(-#
),)(.,)&&').#0.#)(ATR>TW"#'*),.(.)(-#,.#)(.".1(.)
."#(%)/.#-.".# -&.#)( ),'#&-"))&#-')( ."-#-) ').#0.#)(> .", #- (!, ) -&.#(! '&- ,)' ." '#&
*)*/&.#)(A " /,,(. *,(.! ) '&- #( '##( -.(- .
**,)2#'.&3XQ[#(')-.)/(.,#-AXTBXX
-./(.-,-&.)(."
-#- ) ').#0.#)(> -*#&&3 +/&#.3 ) ').#0.#)(> #. #- &#%&3 .". ."#-
*,(.! 1#&& #(,- )(-#,&3 #( ." )'#(! 3,-A "
)(-#,.#)( ) ."#- # ,( #- -*#&&3 #'*),.(. /-
').#0.#)( ) '&- ."- /* K.")/!" (). )'*&.&3L 1#." '&-
,)/( ." ! ) SU 3,-TX ( .". ').#0.#)( ( "(! ,)'
2.,#(-# .) #(.,#(-# *(#(! )( ." ",.,#-.#- ) ." &,(#(!
(0#,)('(.WTA
.'(-.".').#0.#)() '&-)/&"(! ,)'
2.,#(-# .) #(.,#(-# 1#." './,#.3 ( /.)()'3 -/**),.> &#(!- ) )'*.( ( ').#)(& -/**),.WT? ( .". -&.#(! ."' G)/.H .
(.,( .) '##( /- ) ."#, ').#0.#)(& ",.,#-.#- '#!".
(). #,.)."'#(."&)(!,,/(A
####$# $&$ 1&&B%()1( --,.#)( #( '#&
/.#)(#-G----'(.,#0-&,(#(!HAXYBYR"#-*"#&)-)*"3#-0(."
-#- ) -)' /,,#/&, -.,/./,-AYS>
YT
" &# .". ---'(.
("(-&,(#(!#--/**),.3'*#,#&0#(YU.",)/!".",-F
2*,#(-1#."-./(.-()!(#.#0-#(,-,"YSA(." ) #.> ----'(. -'- .) ,#0 &,(#(!YU? "( .", #- .'*..#)( .)
."#(% #. ,#0- -./(. ').#0.#)( - 1&&A . #- #'*),.(. .) , &. )(
1".", ." %#( ) ').#0.#)( #. ,#0- #- ." )( .". ,-/&.- #( *
&,(#(! ( /(,-.(#(! 1"#" #- ,.#( ), &)(! .#'A )-.
'#&/.),-1)/&."#(%.".'#&/.#)(#-&# &)(!&,(#(!>
/.#.#-#'*),.(..)2'#(1".",."#-#--/ ##(.&3#(/&.- 0&/ ')(! '#& -./(.- ( /./, ).),-A (3 /."),- "0
Motivation in medical students
325
325
chapter 11Discussion
1,#..(#( 0)/,) ----'(.-,#0,) &,(#(!AY> YR> YS",)/&
-0,&,-)(-1"3."#-*"()'()(#-)-,0A#&/.#)(
#- .3*#&&3 "#!" -.,-- *,#) 1#." "03 )!(#.#0 &) (
)'*,.#0&3&--.#'.)#!-.."#-&)A
(."-#,/'-.(->..#%
((#!"."0 )/(.".'#&-./(.-'*&)3(**,)".)1,-
-./31"#"#-*,..3/(#+/(#-&&0).#)(&-./3**,)"AYU
.
'(- .". -./(.- &,( 1". ."3 ."#(% #- #'*),.(. #( ."#,
/,,#/&/'- ,-&#(#&,&0(#-)(,(A/,#(!."*,#)) -./3>-./(.-F*,*.#)() 1".#-#'*),.(.#-'$),&3,#0(31".
."3 2*. ." .",- .) -% ."' #( ." 2'-AXY "#- )/& ."
'#(,-)(1"3#.#-)-,0.".----'(.,#0-&,(#(!A(,
&/.( ; "/1#,." '% 0&# ,!/'(. )/. ")1 ----'(.
-")/&(#(.!,&*,.) #(-.,/.#)(&-#!() /,,#/&/'>1#."."
)$.#0- ) ." ----'(.- &,&3 &# )/.AXZ )-. /."),- &-) .,3 .)
'% #-.#(.#)( .1( ),'.#0 ( -/''.#0 ----'(.- (
." # ,(- #( ." */,*)-- ."3 -,0AXYBYR> YV ),'.#0 ----'(.-
, *,#',#&3 /- - % '.") ), -./(.- .) !/! ."#,
%()1&! ( *, ),'(> 1",- -/''.#0 ----'(.- , /-
), +/&# #.#)( ( (.,/-.#(! ,-*)(-##&#.3AYW )." ."- .3*- ) ----'(.- "0 ."#, )1( #(*((.> #'*),.(. ,)&- #( '#&
/.#)(AXY----'(.-.-#((.#0- ),&,(#(!>.",1,-#(!
."!,--./(.-,#0 ),."#,*, ),'(-A"-%#() 2.,#(-#
,1,-> ),#(! .) & B.,'#(.#)( ."),3 ) ').#0.#)(> & .)
-.#'/&.#)() 2.,#(-#').#0.#)(')(!-./(.-1"#"#-)(.,)&&3
.),- 2.,(& .) ." -./(.-V> VY> YXA (.,#(-# ,1,- &#% &#(!- ) )'*.(( &#(!) /.)()'3>#AAG
-./3."#-/- 1(..)H
-.#'/&. #(.,#(-# ').#0.#)( ')(! -./(.-AV> VY> YX (.,#(-# ').#0.#)(
#- --)#. 1#." * &,(#(! -.,.!3TQ> .., '#
*, ),'(TQ> *)-#.#0 1&&B#(! ( -.#- .#)(YXA "#- #- ." %#( ) ').#0.#)( 1"#" -")/& .,!. ), -.#'/&.#)( ')(! '#&
-./(.-YY>
326
YZA
#-" "- "#!"&#!". .". -*#(! ,)' -.#'/&.#(!
326
Motivation in medical students
Discussion
chapter 11
2.,#(-# ').#0.#)( ')(! '#& -./(.- #- 0,3 # #/&. /- ) ." ,+/#,'(. ) -/''.#0 ), +/&# 3#(! ----'(.- .) *,)0#
&#(-/,AZQ ")/!" #-"F- 0#1 .". ."#- ((). )'*&.&3 0)#
-'- 0&#> )(,. -.*- ( .%( #( ." #,.#)( ) )(-#)/-&3
-.#'/&.#(!#(.,#(-#').#0.#)(,.",."(2.,#(-#').#0.#)(.",)/!"
----'(.-A )."> .., &,(#(! ( #(.,#(-# ').#0.#)( , -#,&
#(),,.)'%&,(#(!&)(!B.,'(.)#(/&.."0&/) &# &)(!
&,(#(!A ,#0#(! ,)' ." *,#(#*& .". ." #(.(. "#( ),'.#0
----'(.- #- .) *,)0# ,#" % .) ." -./(.- )/. ."#,
%()1&! ( *, ),'(XZ> )( ) ." 13- ),1, )/& '%
!))/-) ),'.#0 %A() ."()0&-)&/.#)(- ),-/''.#0
----'(.- #- *,)0##(! % - )( ..#('(. ) ." ,+/#,
)'*.(#-1"#")'*&'(.-."#-*,)--A",,'#&-"))&-
&#% &0&( &#(# 1"#" *,.# ."#- *"#&)-)*"3ZRA " -./(.- "0
'(.),- 1") !/# ."' .",)/!")/. ."#, -./3 .",)/!" -./(.-F B
*),. )&#)-A "- B*),. )&#)- , /- - ." '#( .))&- .) !#0 ,#"
.#'&3> )." )(-.,/.#0 ( ),,.#0 %> -) .". -./(.-
"#0&&.",+/#,)'*.(#-1#."#(."2*..#'A"3,
/- ), -/''.#0 ----'(.- 1"#" , ."/- %B,#" ( ().
- )( !,-A " ).", ()0& -)&/.#)( #- ." /- ) (.,/-.&
,) --#)(& .#0#.#- K-L> ( **,)" 1"#" #- -&)1&3 /. -/,&3
."#(! )( #( " .",&(- ( ." AZS (.,/-.& ,) --#)(&
.#0#.#- "&* -/*,0#-),- #( .,'#(#(! ." )'*.( ) ."#,
.,#(- ( # 1".", .,#( ( .,/-. .) ,
,-*)(-##&#.3 .) *, ),' *,) --#)(& .#0#.3A - -,0 - !))
% *)#(.- ), -./(.-F *, ),'(- ( &-) )-., ."#, &#(!-
) )'*.(.*,.#/&,*,) --#)(&.#0#.#-A-)/&/--
----'(.- ), ..#(#(! )'*.(#-A ----'(.- ( .) '),
%B- ."( !,-B- .) -.#'/&. #(.,#(-# ').#0.#)(
')(! -./(.-AYW /''.#0 ----'(.- ((). 0)# #( *,) --#)(& /.#)( -/" - '##( - -#- ), +/&# #.#)( #-
Motivation in medical students
327
327
chapter 11Discussion
(--,3A/.-"# ..)*--B #&-3-.'()#(!131#."!,-#-
,.#(&3*)--#&A"#-#-/,,(.&3#(!)(#(-)''#&-"))&-#(
( KA!A (#0,-#.3 ) &")/-#> &# 2L ( ,.#(&3 ( '/&.3).",'#&-"))&-A
$&$ -%$ " "#. ( ,/**(VZ> ZT "0
*,)*)- ')& ), -& B,!/&. &,(#(! 1"#" "- )/, ),
)'*)((.- K#((, #,&> - #!/, WL@ *&((#(!> &,(#(!> ----'(.
($/-.'(.A"3&-)*,)*)-."*,)---1),%#(!"#(."-
)/, )'*)((.- K)/., #,&> - #!/, RQL> )( ) ."- #(!
').#0.#)(A
%"43 #-"%$"VZ>ZT
328
328
Motivation in medical students
Discussion
chapter 11
")/!""#.(,/**(#(#..".').#0.#)(- .),#( &/(-
)(&3 ." *&((#(! -.! ) -& B,!/&. &,(#(!VZ> ZT> .", #- ,-)( .)
&#0 ,)' ." #(#(!- ) ."#- ."-#- .". ').#0.#)( &-) .- ."
&,(#(!> ----'(. ( $/-.'(. -.!-A ----'(. #AA -& B
----'(. ( 2.,(& %> #.-& '3 #( ./,( . ').#0.#)(
.",)/!" &#(!- ) )'*.(A &.#)( ( ..,#/.#)( , &-)
*((.)(').#0.#)(A)').#0.#)(-'-.)"0#(!#( &/()(
&&-.!-) -& B,!/&.&,(#(!(."/(,&3#(!*,)---A"/-# '#&-./(.-,.)-& B,!/&.&,(,->#.1)/&-,01&&.)
*3!,.,..(.#)(.)').#0.#)(&*,)---#(-./(.-A
$&$ # #$ "$" ).#0.#)( #- /- -)'.#'- - ,#.,#)( ), -&.#)( ) -./(.- ), '#& -"))&ASZ> ZU ). )(&3 )
#(.,0#1,-.,3.)!,&0&) ').#0.#)(>/.&-).,3.)!,.".3*
) ').#0.#)( #AA #(.,#(-# ), 2.,#(-# ( ." ').#0- ), "))-#(!
'#& -./3AZV . "- ( -")1( .". ."- '.")- ) !,#(! ,
!(,&&3 - )( ,#.,,3 /(,-.(#(! ) ').#0.#)( ( ,
#(#.&3().)$.#0),-.(,#4AZU>ZV) /,.",)'*&#.#--/->
-./(.- 2"##. ." --(.#& ').#0.#)( /,#(! "#!" -.%- -#./.#)(-
1"#"'3().,*,-(..",&*#./,ASV>SY>SZ&-)-'(.#)(,&#,
#( ." G(, ( ').#0.#)(H -.#)(> -&.#)( )( ." -#- ) ').#0.#)( '3 & .) -&.#(! G)/.H ) '), (/', ) '&-> 1"#"
'3().(--,#&3."1&&B )/(-#(').#0.#)(("(!(
("(!1#.".#'(,,(!'(.-#(."/,,#/&/'AWT"#-)-
().'(."./(').#0.-./(.--")/&'#...)'#&-./3>
/. # -./(.- , .) -&. )( ." -#- ) ').#0.#)(> .", #- #(#.(.)/-#(-.,/'(.-),#(.,0#1."(#+/-.".(,')0
." #- ,&. .) *,-(.#(! )(F- ')-. ').#0. -& . -/" "#!"
-.%- -&.#)(ASY /,.", &--# 3#(! -./(.-F ').#0.#)(- #(.) #(.,#(-#
(2.,#(-#.!),#-&-)'3()..")*.#'&-&.#)(-.,.!3.)
Motivation in medical students
329
329
chapter 11Discussion
!))/.----#(!."#,').#0.#)(-#(."#-').#0.#)(("(!WT(
-#( #(.,0#1,- , (). .,#( #( !,#(! ( .!),#4#(!
').#0.#)(ZVA -&.#(! )( ." -#- ) ').#0.#)( #- &#'#. .) #(#(!
)/.-./(.-1"),,&&3/(').#0..)-./3'##(>#AA# #.#-/-
- #&.,#(! ), -,(#(! ,.", ."( -&.#)( ,#.,#)(> #. 1)/& /- /& #.#)( .) ." -&.#)( *,)/,-A &-) ."#- *,)/, 1)/&
1),% .#0&3*,)0#&&#(.,0#1,-,.,#(#()$.#0!,#(!
) ').#0.#)(#(-.(,#4'((,A
$&$ $% %$ 12 $%
" ## & !$ 12 )(.#(/ #& /.#)( KL
( )(.#(/ ,) --#)(& 0&)*'(. KLZW , 0,3 #'*),.(. #(
'##( #( ),, .) %* ,-. 1#." (1 %()1&!> 0&)*'(.-
( ."()&)!#& 0(- #( ." #& ( ,(1 ( #'*,)0 -%#&&- #(
#!()-#-> '(!'(. ( .,.'(.AWW ( ." /,,(. -3-.' #( ')-.
)/(.,#-..(#(!I---#)(-().#(#(!,#.-#-)&#!.),3
),).),-.),.#(."#,&#(-.)*,.#A
.'(-.".&&).),-)
(!! #( I> /. ." ")1 '/" ) #. #- .#0 *,.##*.#)(> ")1
'/" %()1&! ( -%#&&- ."3 !#( ,)' ."#- ( ./&&3 /- ."- #-
*,.##-.&ZWA),).),-.).#0&3( #. ,)'-/".#0#.#->
"0#(! .,#(#(! #( -& B,!/&. &,(#(! #- #'*),.(.A !", ; 0
)*#( .". .", #- , .)) '/" ,&#( )( /&. ').#0.#)( .) &,( #(
)(.#(/#&/.#)(KL(.".G
(.,(&').#0.#)(.)&,(
'3 (). &13- )/.1#!" ." #(,.# ) '#(.#(#(! /,,(. *,.#HAZX
().",*,-*.#0.)."#-)/&.".#.#-# #/&. ),).),-.)-& B
----(-& B,!/&.."#,&,(#(!/-."3"0(#(-3-.'
1"#" 1- !,-B- ), )(-#,& ')/(. ) .#'> -*#&&3
/,#(! ."#, '#& /.#)(A # ; 3( "0 )(-#-.(.&3 1,#..(
)/. ." &.,#)/- . ) 2.,#(-# ').#0.#)(> ,#0( .",)/!"
,1,-> )( #(.,#(-# ').#0.#)(AZYA " '), 1 '% )/, &,(#(!
(0#,)('(. .,!. #(.,#(-# ').#0.#)(> ." .., &,(#(! ( ..#./
330
330
Motivation in medical students
Discussion
chapter 11
.)1,- &# &)(! &,(#(! ), I )/, -./(.- 1#&& "0A ).),-
,,&&3.))'&# &)(!&,(,->."#-..#./(-.)#(/&.
- 0&/ ')(! ."' ,&3B)( #( ."#, /.#)(A ), ."#-> /#&#(! &,(#(! (0#,)('(. 1", '#& -./(.- &,( .) "((& ."#,
#(.,#(-#').#0.#)((#(.,(&#4."#-"0#),)0,.#'>."/-'%#(!
#. -#, ), ."' .) )(.#(/ 1#." ."#- "0#), /,#(! ."#, '#&
*,.#>#-#'*),.(.A
$&$ "# "#- ."-#- #- )/. ').#0.#)( ) '#& -./(.- ( ")1 .",- ( "&* #( ("(#(! ."#, #(.,#(-#
').#0.#)(A+/&&3#'*),.(.#-G.",').#0.#)(HA.",1)/&
#(.,-. ( 1#&&#(! .) 1),% )( -./(. ').#0.#)( )(&3 # " ), -"
"#'-& ), ",-& #- ').#0. ), ."#(!A .", (). )(&3 (
*,)0# /.)()'3> )'*.( ( ').#)(& -/**),. .) -./(.-> /.
&-) *)-#.#0 ,)& ')&A .", ( "0 *,) )/( #( &/( )(
." ..#./- ) -./(.- .)1,- ." &,(#(! ( *,.# ) '##(A
), .", .) ').#0. ), ."#(!> "#- ), ", .", -#
*-3")&)!#&(-) /.)()'3>)'*.((,&.(---")/&
-.#- #A "/- #. #- #'*),.(. ), .",- .) "0 /.)()'3 #( ."#,
."#(!*,.#-A3&&/-#..-.")(.(..)./!".>/.")#) ."#(! '.")- ( /.)()')/-A /-. - -./(.- ( % .)
))-. ."#, &#(!- ) )'*.(> -) ) .",-A "/-> )(-.,/.#0
% ,)' -./(.- )/. ."#(! ( #(,- .",-F &#(!- ) )'*.(A",-)/& /& #&."#,( ),,&.(--3#-/--#(!
."#,# #/&.#-#(."#(!1#."."#,*,-(&-)!(,.#(!-)&/.#)(-A
"#-1)/&&.) &#(!) &)(!#(!(--.))''/(#.31",."3
( ,&3 2*,-- ."#, )*#(#)(- ( #(-/,#.#- ( ")* .) #(
-)&/.#)(-(').#)(&-/**),.A
Motivation in medical students
331
331
chapter 11Discussion
$"$#$$ #
"#- ."-#- #- - )( ."),.#& )/(.#)(- 1"#" "0 ( /- #(
-#!(#(!&&.",-,"-./#-A#(."#-"-(*,)*)--%#(
) "&&(!#('#&/.#)(,-," ZZ>RQQ>#.)(-.#./.--.,(!.") ."#-."-#-A
" ).", #'*),.(. -.,(!." #- .". ." ,-," **,)"- (
'.")-> A!A )'#(#(! +/&#.3 ( +/(.#.3 ) ').#0.#)(> /- ) -.,/./,&+/.#)(')&&#(!(&3--.A>/-#(."#-."-#-,()0&#(
'#&/.#)(,-,")(').#0.#)(A
().", -.,(!." #- .". ."#- ."-#- )- (). -.)* 1#." ." ,-,"
)(/.> /. 2*&),- ")1 ." #(#(!- ) ."#- ,-," ( ."
&#.,./,,0#1(**&##(*,.#.)'#&/.#)(A"/-
." #'*&#.#)(- ) ."#- ."-#- ), ,-," ( *,.# #( '#&
/.#)("0(2*&),#(*."A
"#-."-#-"-&-)0&#.(#(-.,/'(. ),*,.#/&,&3'-/,#(!."
-.,(!." ) ').#0.#)( ), '#& -"))&A #( ." #(-.,/'(.- ),
'-/,#(!."#-)(-.,/.,&#'#.>#.#-(#.#)(.)."&#.,./,(
*,.#A
( ) ." #!!-. &#'#..#)(- ) ."#- ."-#- ), &% ) .#' #- .". &)(!#./#(& -./3 )/& (). )(/. .) .,'#( ")1 ').#0.#)(
"(!- /,#(! ." '#& -./3 ( 1#." # ,(. 2*,#(- #( ."
&,(#(! (0#,)('(.A "#- #- &-) &#'#..#)( ) ." ,) ,-," )(
').#0.#)(.".&)(!#./#(&), )&&)1/*-./#-,().)'')(&3)(A
" -)( &#'#..#)( #- .". ." -#4 ) ),,&.#)(- )/( ,(!- ,)'
-'&& .) '#/' K)"(F- . -#4L> 1"#" #- )'')( #( !(,&
/.#)( ( *-3")&)!3 -./#-> /. (). #( '#& /.#)(A "#- #-
*,)&3 / .) ." )'*&2 )(-.,/. ) ').#0.#)( ( 13 ."
'-/,'(.#(-.,/'(.-,)(-.,/.A
332
332
Motivation in medical students
Discussion
chapter 11
" ."#, &#'#..#)( #- .". #( ." G . ) !AAAAH -./3> )(&3 -'&&
*,(.! ) 0,#( KXAZ[L #( ." -.,(!." ) ').#0.#)( ), '#&
-"))& )/& 2*&#(A "#- )/& /- )(&3 U .),-> #AA !>
'./,#.3>!(,(/.#)(&%!,)/(>1,)&&.(.-.A
"#- -./3 )/& "0 ( #'*,)0 3 #(&/#(! '), %!,)/(
.),- ) ." -./(.- &#% *,-)(&#.3 .,#.-> ."(# %!,)/(>
-)#))()'# -../-> *,(.& /.)()'3B-/**),. .A> 1"#" ,
2*..)#( &/(').#0.#)(A
" )/,."&#'#..#)(#-.".&&."-./#-#(."#-."-#-"0(,,#
)/. #( )(&3 .1) /(#0,-#.#- #( ." .",&(-> .,". ( '
'-.,'>("()()."0(#(.,(.#)(& &0)/,>(),"0."
*,-*.#0)(0&##.3) ."- #(#(!-#(# ,(./&./,&-..#(!-A"
!(,&#4.#)() ." #(#(!-) ."#-."-#--")/&.", ),)(1#."
/.#)(A
%$%""$ #
" #(#(!- ) ."#-."-#- , '#(." )/(.#)() ."),.#&
*,#(#*&-A)."-##('."))&)!3#--.,)(!(-)/(>1"#"
'%- #. !)) -.,.#(! *)#(. ), -#!(#(! #(.,(.#)(& ( ,)--B
/&./,&,-,"-./#-&)(!."-'&#(-A
"#-."-#-"-..'*..)#(.!,.."*,#(#*&-) & B.,'#(.#)(
"),3#('#&/.#)((*,.#.",)/!".",0#1->)(*./&
**,- ( **&#.#)( **,- 1"#" "0 ( */&#-" #( ." ')-.
1#&3B,'#&/.#)($)/,(&-A
(." /./,>")* /&&3." #(#(!-) ."#-."-#-1#&&) "&*.)'),
,-,",-#('#&/.#)(.)/-**,)"-#(."#,,-,"
-./#->'),'#&.",-.)#(.!,.,)''(.#)(-#(."#,
Motivation in medical students
333
333
chapter 11Discussion
."#(! '.")- ( *"#&)-)*"#- ( '), '#& /,,#/&/'
0&)*,-.))(-#,').#0.#)(&&'(.-#(*&((#(!."#,/,,#/&A
%"$"#"%#$ #
")'*&.#)() ."#-."-#-#-().."() ."#-,-,")(').#0.#)(A
",,)(,.*&(-.))(.#(/,-,"#().",,-) ').#0.#)(
1"#" "0 ( #(.# # .",)/!" ." ,-," ( &#.,./, ,0#1-
*, ),'#(."#-."-#-(.",-,"*,-(..#)(-(#-/--#)(-.
)( ,(-A)') .",-,"+/-.#)(-."."0(#(.# # ),
/./,-./#-,@
RA )1 )- -./(. ').#0.#)(> )." +/(.#.3 ( +/&#.3> "(!
)0,.")/,-) '#&-./3K&)(!#./#(&-./3LD
SA )-/.)()')/-').#0.#)(&.)..,).),-/,#(!./&
'#&*,.#-)'*,.))(.,)&&').#0.#)(D
TA ) ').#0.#)(& *,) #&- ) '#& -./(.- "(! )0, ."
)/,-) '#&-./3K&)(!#./#(&-./3LD
UA )- #!" /.)()')/- )1 )(.,)&& KL ').#0.#)(&
*,) #&&.)!))).),-(!))'#&*,.#D
VA - .", # ,(.#& .#0.#)( #( ." ,#( /,#(! #(.,#(-# (
2.,#(-#').#0.#)()(#.#)(-D
WA ". #- ." /-& *."13 .1( #(.,#(-# ( 2.,#(-#
').#0.#)( ( ." -./3 -.,.!3> '# *, ),'( (
1&&B#(!) '#&-./(.-K(2*,#'(.&-./3L(1".
#-."#,.#)() .-D
XA )1 ) ----'(.- ( !,#(! /,#(! '#& -./3 #( &/(
+/&#.3) ').#0.#)(D
YA ". , ." #(.,#(-# ( 2.,#(-# ').#0.#)(- ) '#&
-./(.-#(-& B----'(.) *, ),'((")1)."3 .
."-& B----'(.D
334
334
Motivation in medical students
Discussion
chapter 11
"#
RA ( . > (&& > (( > ,'/(. A ,#(.#(! ."#(!
.)1, ." &,(#(! *,)--A # $A SQQU?XZ@SRZB
SSYA
SA ,'/(.A.)!(#.#0>)!(#.#0( .#0)'*)((.-) &,(#(! -.3&- ( -.,.!#-@ *"()'()&)!#& (&3-#-A
(+*%$ARZZW?TR@SVBVQA
TA ,(- ), > ,)1( > )%#(! A ,(#(!@ ,)' -*/&.#)(
.) -#(A (@ %- %&" ($3 ($1 $1 .&($ $
%%"4 2*( A -"#(!.)(> AA@ .#)(& '3 ,--?
SQQQ@TBTQA
UA ,() > )&&#(- > -(#% A )!(#.#)( ( &,(#(!A (@
,&#(,>& >-A$%%!%+*%$")/%"%/4@
#&&(?RZZW@RVBUWA
VA #&&,>,-,>,"'-)(>,(%>)"(
>(A
" -./(. &,(-A (@ #&&, > A $ $ ($$ $
" %%"4 )& UA ',#!@ ,0, (#0,-#.3 ,--?
RZWR@VQBWUA
WA /-/,%, > ,)#-. > (( > /-.,- > ( . A
0&)*'(. ) ').#0.#)( ."),#- ( ")1 ."3 ,&. .)
0&)*'(. ) '#& /.#)(A K*. 3 '#
##(LA
XA /-/,%,>(.>(-*,(>,)#-.A).#0.#)(-
(#(*((.(*((.0,#&#('#&/.#)(@
,0#1) ."&#.,./,A"(ASQRR?TT@SUSBSWSA
YA ),'1& > ")'( > )'-/(,' > (( A
----'(. ,#0- &,(#(!@ ( /(0)#& .,/."D $*%#"
$)+*%$ASQQZ?S@RZZBSQUA
ZA ),& A ". %#( ) ').#0.#)( ,#0- '#& -./(.-
&,(#(!+/-.-D"+*%$ASQQU?TY@ZVQBZVXA
Motivation in medical students
335
335
chapter 11Discussion
RQA /&-'( > 0( , ( > ),. > #"&- > -.&( >
,# #)( A .#0(-- ) -&.#)( #( '#& -"))&
'#--#)(-@0&/.#)() .")/.)'-')(! ,-"'(A"
+*%$ASQQX?UR@TWZBTXXA
RRA #&&#'- > # A " #'*),.( ) -/**),.#(! /.)()'3 #(
'#&/.#)(A$$
$*($ARZZZ?RSZ@TQTBTQYA
RSA #&&#'- > #4)1 > )-- > # A ).#0.#)( /(,&3#(!
,, ")# ), #(.,(& '##( ( -/,!,3A % A
RZZX?UV@RXQVBRXRTA
RTA #&&#'->#A
(.,(&#4.#)() #)*-3")-)#&0&/-3
'#& -./(.-@ .-. ) -& B.,'#(.#)( ."),3A %+($" %
()%$"*/$%")/%"%/ARZZW?XQ@XWXBXXZA
RUA )&.,#(! > ,,#, > *#.4, A &( &,(#(! *)-#.#0&3
.- -./(.-O-.#- .#)( ( ." ,)& ) ." ./.), #( ."
*,)&'B- &,(#(! *,)--@ -/&.- ) '#2B'.")
0&/.#)(A,$)$"*$)+*%$ASQQZ?RU@XTYA
RVA "#. A '))."#(! )/. .,(-#.#)(-@ )1 *!)!3 #( &/(-
'#& -./(.-F "#0'(. ) -& B,!/&. &,(#(! !)&-D
,$)$"*$)+*%$ASQQX?RS@SXZBSZXA
RWA #&&#'->#(,>,%%#->0>#A#&
-./(.-O').#0.#)( ), #(.,(& '##(A %+($" % $("
$*($"$ARZZU?Z@TSXBTTTA
RXA &#>&*&(+>,#3>,.#,>'(>/*3,)(A
'*. ) .,#(#(! *,#)- #( ." ',!(3 *,.'(. )( ."
').#0.#)( ) "&." , -./(.- .) &,(A " +*%$A
SQQZ?UT@UWSBUWZA
RYA #&%#(-)(>&&->/-"(&&A".#-."/.#)(&#'*.
) -.(,-B- ----'(. #( '#& !,D "
+*%$ASQQX?UR@VWVBVXSA
RZA ,-%)0#
>)&,#(.>/&.>)&"/#->(/1A)&#(!
-'&&!,)/*&,(#(!A
$)*(+*%$"$ASQQU?TS@UUXBUXTA
336
336
Motivation in medical students
Discussion
chapter 11
SQA #&&#->)(->/(3>/,..>"#.")/->F#&&A
'&&B!,)/* 1),% ( ----'(. #( /,,#/&/'@ +/&#..#0 ( +/(.#..#0 0&/.#)( ) -./(. *,*.#)(- ) ."*,)--) 1),%#(!#(-'&&!,)/*-(#.-----'(.A"
(ASQQS?SU@UZVBVQRA
SRA F#&& > 2., > ),,#- A )- 1,#(! '#& !,
1#." ")()/,- . - ').#0.), ), ').#0.), .) -./(.
&,(#(!D"+*%$ARZZZ?TT@VWWBVXRA
SSA )( &)1 > &&+/#-. > )!, > /((--)( > $),%&/( >
"&+0#-.A#&-./(.-F( #&#..),-F2*,#(-) (
,&3 *,) --#)(& )(.. )/,-@ .#0 ( ').#0. -./(.->
-.,#( #&#..),-A"+*%$ASQQY?Y@VWA
STA .(1)(!->,#!".>,,-A&&B#(!#(,-#(3@
.- )( ,&.#)(-"#*- 1#." *.#(.-> #(.,.#)(- 1#."
)&&!/-> *, ),'(> ( ').#0.#)(A *$* +*%$ $
%+$)"$ASQQY?XS@RZUBSQQA
SUA #',- > )&'(- > ,1#$(( > #('( >
",*#,A./(.-F)*#(#)(-)/.." .-) *,&#(#&
*.#(. )(..- )( ."#, &,(#(!A , $ "* +A
SQQY?RT@WTTBWUXA
SVA #/1") > ( . > )-.,0& > ).")/. A
-/,#(! -.,(!." ) ').#0.#)( ), '#& -"))&A +
$"$A SQQU?Z@RWA -- )( 3 SY> SQRQ>
"..*@II111A'BB)(&#(A),!
,)'
SWA #/1") > )-.,0& > ).")/. > ( . A
).#0.#)( .) -./3 '##(@ ,&##&#.3 ( 0&##.3 ) ."
-.,(!." ) ').#0.#)( ), '#& ,-," +/-.#)((#,A SQQS
K/(*/&#-"LA
Motivation in medical students
337
337
chapter 11Discussion
SXA /-/,%, > ,)#-. > ,/#.1!( > ( . A &##.3
0#( ), ." '-/,'(. ) ." -.,(!." ) ').#0.#)( ),
'#&-"))&A,$"*+ASQRR?RW@RYTBRZVA
SYA ..,-)( > ,!/-)( A &.#)( ), '#& /.#)( (
.,#(#(!A (@ 1(1#% > A $()*$$ " +*%$3
,$1%(/$(*4@#&3B&%1&&?SQRQ@TVSBTWVA
SZA #&&,>,-,>,"'-)(>,(%>)"(
>(A
"*,)&') -&.#)(A
(@#&&,>A$$($$
$ " %%"4 ',#!@ ,0, (#0,-#.3 ,--A? RZWR@TB
STA
TQA /-/,%,>,)#-.>(.A).#0.#)(&*,) #&-) '#&
-./(.-@--)#.#)(1#."-./3 ),.>'#*, ),'((
2"/-.#)(A<)+#**=4
TRA /-/,%, > ( . > )- > -.,- > ,)#-. A )1
').#0.#)( .- '# *, ),'(@ -.,/./,& +/.#)(
')&&#(!(&3-#-K*.30A#(&."#/ALA
TSA (-.(%#-. > #,(- > )((- > /3%2 > (- A
).#0.#)(& *,) #&- ,)' -& B.,'#(.#)( *,-*.#0@ "
+/&#.3 ) ').#0.#)( '..,-A %+($" % +*%$" )/%"%/A
SQQZ?RQR@WXRBWYYA
TTA #)&.)>%,A)1.)/--.,/./,&+/.#)(')&#(!#(
'#&/.#)(,-,"@,# !/#A$$($$
$$ASQQX?RZ@TWSBTXRA
TUA &#( A ($&") $ (* % *(+*+(" '+*%$ %"$4
T,A@"/#&& ),,--?SQRRA
TVA (-.(%#-. > ")/ > (- > )((- A 2*,#(- ) /.)()'3 ( )(.,)& ')(! "#(- &,(,-@ #.&#4#(! ),
#'')#&#4#(!D %+($" % +*%$" )/%"%/A SQQV?ZX@UWYB
UYTA
338
338
Motivation in medical students
Discussion
chapter 11
TWA /-/,%,>,)#-.>((>(.A)'#(#(!+/&#.3
( +/(.#.3 **,)"- #( ." -./3 ) ').#0.#)( #( '#&
/.#)(K-/'#..LA
TXA /-/,%, > ,/#.1!( > ( . > ,)#-. A .- ) !>
!(,(/.#)(&%!,)/()(-.,(!.") ').#0.#)( ),
'#&-"))&A,$"*+ASQRQ?RV@TQTBTRTA
TYA -.(,! A /! 0( !(1)),#!C K&(,3 UTT,
((/&,--..")*(#(!) ."'#3,) (#0,-#.3
) #(#(".",&(-LAA--/(RR>SQQZA
TZA .#(,! > / '( A ./,#.3 ) $/!'(. #( )&-(@
-3")-)#& .),- #( )&-(. #-#)( '%#(!A - $
+#$,%(ARZZW?SQ@SUZBSXSA
UQA #&%#(-)( > &&- > /-"(&& A , # ,(- .1(
!,/.- ( /(,!,/.- #( '#& )/,- / .) ! ),
*,#),!,D"+*%$ASQQU?TY@RRURBRRUWA
URA /,( > &&)13 > # > )&1#&& A '# (
*,-)(&*,#.),-) &#(#&-/--#('#&-"))&A%+($"%
"+*%$ARZXY?VT@XRRBXRZA
USA ,&) > 1# > *) / A #& -./(. *,*.#)(- ) .),- .#(! *,)/.#0#.3 ) *,)&'B- &,(#(! ./.),#&
!,)/*@)-/&./,#( &/(.")/.)'D$$($$
$$ASQQT?RV@VZBWUA
UTA /,!B#-",>&!") ,>&>/,!A
( &/(
) !(, ( *,-)(&#.3 .,#.- )( ." ,, *&((#(! ) 1#--
'#&-./(.-A-))!"/ASQQT?RTT@VTVBVUQA
UUA &&,( > #-)((.. A (.,#(-#> 2.,#(-# ( ').#0.#)(&
-.3&- - *,#.),- ) "0#),@ *,)-*.#0 -./3A %+($" %
()%$"*/ARZZS?WQ@VZZBWSQA
UVA &&,( > ),.#, > /3 A & B.,'#(.#)( (
*,-#-.( #( ,&B&# -..#(!@ )1, ').#0.#)(& ')& ) Motivation in medical students
339
339
chapter 11Discussion
"#!" -"))& ,)*)/.A %+($" % ()%$"*/ $ %" )/%"%/A
RZZX?XS@RRWRBRRXWA
UWA &&,(>F)((),A).#0.#)(#(."&,&3@."),.#&
,'1),% ( -)' *,)'#-#(! #(#(!-A $$ )/%"%/A
RZYZ?TQ@VTYBVVQA
UXA ))*, > /,!, > )) A (, # ,(- #( ."
'# &)/- ) )(.,)& &# - ) 3)/(! "#&,(A %+($" %
()%$"*/$%")/%"%/ARZYR?UQ@VWSBVXSA
UYA (/- > #0#(!-.)( > .)( A " ..,.#)(- ) '##(@
"!(,#').#0.#)(-) '#&-"))&**&#(.-#(,&.#)(.)
')!,*"3> *,-)(&#.3 ( "#0'(.A "
+*%$ASQQW?W@RRA
UZA #,(! > ,(3 > #')( > )..#(!, > ,."1#. A
).#0.#)( ),()(,(-)/.(.,#(!'#&*,)!,''A
)*
$$"%+($"ASQQT?VS@TQUBTRQA
VQA !&/' > #,-B(--( > &%,! A ).#0.#)( ), '#&
-"))&@ " ,&.#)(-"#* .) !(, ( -*#&.3 *, ,(- #( (.#)(1#-'*&A"+*%$ARZZZ?TT@STWBSUSA
VRA )#-) > 3- > ,(#&& A ,, ').#0.#)(- ) '& (
'&'#&-./(.-A)/%"&ARZZV?XX@RRZZBRSQSA
VSA ,# > #&&#'- > #&.-"#, A ( &/( ) ').#0.#)(& (
')!,*"# .),- )( *, ),'( #( ." '#& )/,-@ *,)-*.#0-./3A"+*%$ARZZU?SY@RQXBRRVA
VTA )#(->)#(->.4>&#.,>.,(A"#0'(.
').#0.#)( #( '#& -./(.-A %+($" % " +*%$A
RZYT?VY@YVQBYVYA
VUA /.(, > ,)!( A " #-#)( .) (., '##(@
).#0.#)(-> -)#& -/**),. ( #-)/,!'(.- ), 1)'(A
)/%"%/%%#$+(*("/ARZYQ?V@TURBTVXA
VVA ),(,A*-3")&)!#&,,#,.)"#0'(.#(1)'(@"
').#0 .) 0)# -/--A (@ &&( > .& > -A +#$
340
340
Motivation in medical students
Discussion
chapter 11
%*,*%$3 %%! % $)4 (,& ,(#(! ),*),.#)(?
RZXT@SSSBSTQA
VWA , A ),% ( '#&3 ),#(..#)( +/-.#)(#,A (@ $(
%")3 $%%! % )*) $ )+()4 ,(1)) ,--> (A?
RZZQ@URTBURZA
VXA ,)(+0#-. > 5%#(( > (( > 55*5 > #(#) A ./3
),#(..#)(-) !,/.(.,3'#&-./(.-A "(A
SQQX?SZ@YTWBYTYA
VYA &(- A ,)&'B- &,(#(!A (@ 1(1#% > A
$()*$$ " +*%$3 ,$1 %(/ $ (*4
@#&3B&%1&&?SQRQ@TXBVSA
VZA "#. > ,/**( A & B,!/&. &,(#(! #( '#&
/.#)(A (@ 1(1#% > A $()*$$ " +*%$3
,$1%(/$(*4#&3B&%1&&?SQRQ@SXRBSYSA
WQA &(- A ,)&'B- &,(#(!@ "3 /,,#/& , &#%&3 .)
-")1 &#..& . )( %()1&! ( &#(#& -%#&&-A "
+*%$ASQQQ?TU@XSZBXTYA
WRA #&&#'- > #4)1 > 3( A " #'*),.( ) -& B
.,'#(.#)( ."),3 ), '#& /.#)(A # $A
RZZZ?XU@ZZSBZZVA
WSA ((A).#0.#)(#('#&/.#)(@)1."),3(#( ),'
)/,*,.#DARZZZ?XU@STXBSTZA
WTA 3( > # A & B.,'#(.#)( ."),3 ( #&#..#)( ) #(.,#(-#').#0.#)(>-)#&0&)*'(.(1&&B#(!A#($
)/%"%)*ASQQQ?VV@WYBXYA
WUA 3( > # A 0,0#1 ) -& B.,'#(.#)( ."),3@ (
),!(#-'# #&.#& *,-*.#0A (@ # > 3( > -A
$%%! % "5*(#$*%$ )(4 )"-., @ "
(#0,-#.3) )"-.,,--?SQQS@TBTWA
Motivation in medical students
341
341
chapter 11Discussion
WVA # > !",,# > .,#% > )( A #&#..#(!
#(.,(&#4.#)(@"-& B.,'#(.#)(."),3*,-*.#0A%+($"
%()%$"*/ARZZU?WS@RRZBRUSA
WWA /-.,- > )-"/#4( A " *-3")&)!3 ) &,(#(!A (@
),'( > ( , &/.( > 1& > -A $*($*%$"
$%%! % )( $ " +*%$4 )),,".@ &/1,
'#/&#-",-?SQQS@RWTBSQTA
WXA ,(- ), > ,)1( > )%#(! A ,(#(! ( .,(- ,A (@
%- %&" ($3 ($1 $1 .&($ $ %%"4 2*(
A-"#(!.)(>AA@.#)(&'3,--?SQQQ@VRBXYA
WYA #&%#(-)(>&&->/-"(&&A#&-./(.",.,#-.#-
--)#. 1#." .#' #( -./3@ - -*(#(! '), .#' &13- !))."#(!D"(ASQQX?SZ@RQWBRRQA
WZA #!!- > ', > /(! A " ,0#- .1)B .), -./3
*,)-- +/-.#)((#,@ BBSA (*) %+($" % +*%$"
)/%"%/ASQQR?XR@RTTBRUZA
XQA )&'(- > )& "!( > ( , &/.( A ).#0.#)(&
( )!(#.#0 *,)--- #( &/(#(! ./.),#& !,)/*-A A
RZZY?XT@SSBSUA
XRA ),&A./(.J-&.)/,--#('#&-"))&@)*(
,&.#)(-"#*-A"(ASQQY?TQ@RZZBSQVA
XSA #(,A+#$%*,*%$3*&%()1%()0)(4S(
A!/&#.#)(-A?RZZSA
XTA "#&&#*- > /-.#( A " '#(#4.#)( ) '##( (
*)*/&.#)("&."AASQQZ?TQR@YWTBYWUA
XUA &( > #(!-.'( > #&#!,- > (-( A )('
*,(.! 0,)/1( #( !(-%/(@ ,&(> "( (
.)%)'-. K#(,-#(! *,)*),.#)( ) 1)'( #( '##(@ -.>
*,-(. ( /./,LA )( $)! <+* %+($" %
$=ASQQY?RVS@SRWVBSRXRA
342
342
Motivation in medical students
Discussion
chapter 11
XVA &&( A )'( ).),- ( ."#, ,,-@ ". ()1D A
SQQV?TTR@VWZBVXSA
XWA #%& A (, +/#.3 #( /(,!,/. '#& /.#)(@ -../-,*),.A%+($"%%#$8)"*0$(5)$A
SQQR?RQ@SWRBSXQA
XXA #&#!,- > #(!-.'( A ,, *, ,(- ( ." 1),%B
'#&3 &( #( '##(@ (, # ,(- ')(! '#&
-*#&#-.-A%"$0$ASQQQ?VQ@RSTVBRSUWA
XYA #&&#,- > "/1#,." > ,'( > (), > ( ,
&/.(> A A ')& ) ." *,B----'(. &,(#(! .- ) -/''.#0 ----'(. #( '#& /.#)(A ,$) $ "*
$+*%$ASQRRK,&3)(&#(LA
XZA ( , &/.( > "/1#,." A ----#(! *,) --#)(&
)'*.(@ ,)' '.")- .) *,)!,''-A " +*%$A
SQQV?TZ@TQZBTRXA
YQA ->(,&/.(>".4,>)(-A----'(.) &#(#&
)'*.(A$*ASQQR?TVX@ZUVBZUZA
YRA )2 A )(.#(/#(! '#& /.#)(@ ,(#(! ( "(!@
'*&#.#)(- ),)(.#(/#(!'#&/.#)(AARZZY?TRW@UWWA
YSA ,-( > /.&, > )#!, A -. ("( &,(#(! #(
'#& /.#)(A " +*%$ @>>F1 B@3GCG5GDD4
SQQY?US@ZVZBZWWA
YTA ,#"A,#.#&, &.#)(A-& B0&/.#)(,*),.)(.""&),
('-.,*,)!,''-#('##() /(#0,-#.3'#&(.,
!,)(#(!(A ,)((#(!(> " .",&(-@ (#0,-#.3 #&
(.,,)((#(!(?SQRRA
YUA ..#% > (#!". A " #'*),.( ) 0).#)(& ( -)#&
-*.- ) **,)"- .) &,(#(! ), '#& -./(.-A ,$)
$"*$+*%$ASQQZ?RU@WSZBWUUA
YVA *-.#( A ----'(. #( '#& /.#)(A - $"$
%+($"%$ASQQX?TVW@TYXBTZWA
Motivation in medical students
343
343
chapter 11Discussion
YWA ,(- ), > ,)1( > )%#(! A " -#!( ) &,(#(!
(0#,)('(.-A (@ %- %&" ($3 ($1 $1 .&($ $
%%"4 2*( A -"#(!.)(> AA@ .#)(& '3 ,--?
SQQQ@RTRBRVUA
YXA #>3(A"G".H(G"3H) !)&*/,-/#.-@/'(
(- ( ." -& B.,'#(.#)( ) "0#),A )/%"%"
$'+(/ASQQQ?RR@SSXBSWYA
YYA ( . > /-/,%, > #&&#'- A )1 & B.,'#(.#)(
."),3 ( --#-. )/, /(,-.(#(! ) ."#(! ( &,(#(!
*,)---#('#&/.#)(A/#VZ> "(A
SQRR?TT@ZWRBZXTA
YZA /-/,%, > ,)#-. > ( . A 1&0 .#*- .) -.#'/&.
#(.,#(-# ').#0.#)( #( -./(.- .",)/!" /.)()'3B-/**),.#0
&--,))' ."#(! ,#0 ,)' & B.,'#(.#)( ."),3A
#&",ASQRR?TT@ZXYBZYSA
ZQA #-"A(,!)!3('#&/.#)(@,'#&-./(.-
#(.,(&&3 ').#0. .) &,(D ,$) $ "* $)
+*%$ASQQS?X@RVTBRWQA
ZRA #-"&,>(-)(>/&&A&0&(&#(#,(,)&&!) ##(@ ( #(()0.#0 **,)" .) '#& /.#)( ( ."
.,#(#(!
)
*"3-##(
SQQX?YS@TZQBTZWA
#(0-.#!.),-A
#
$A
ZSA ( . A (.,/-.##&#.3 ) *,) --#)(& .#0#.#- (
)'*.(3B- .,#(#(!A " +*%$A SQQV?TZ@RRXVB
RRXXA
ZTA "#. > ,/**( A "5+"* ($$ $ "
+*%$4 @ --)#.#)( ), ." ./3 ) #& /.#)(?
SQQXA
ZUA ,,3 > .",- > .0(- > . &A '#--#)(- *,)--- ), #0
3, '#& )/,-- . (!&#-" -"))&-@ 0#1A A
SQQW?TTS@RQQVBRQQZA
344
344
Motivation in medical students
Discussion
chapter 11
ZVA &' > )"(-)( > #- > ./.- > )-(/' A
'#--#)( #(.,0#1 ,*),.-@ )(.(. (&3-#- ) #(.,0#1,
)''(.-AARZZU?WZ@WTBWVA
ZWA 0#- > 0#- > > . &A " - ), %()1&!
.,(-&.#)(@ "),.(#(! ." $)/,(3 ,)' 0#( .) .A A
SQQT?TSX@TTA
ZXA !", > 0 A & B----'(.> -& B#,.#)( ( ." -& B
,!/&.#(! *,) --#)(&A "$" (*%&) $ "*
)(ASQQW?UUZ@TUBTYA
ZYA # > )-.(, > 3( A 2.,#(-# ,1,- ( #(.,#(-#
').#0.#)( #( /.#)(@ )(-#, )( !#(A ,- %
+*%$")(ASQQR?XR@RBSXA
ZZA &#!"AE)."#(!#-/.1".#-().AF#&&#'"%-*,?."
.R>(
A"+*%$ASQQT?TX@RYUBRYVA
RQQA !", A .F- ,)%. -#(@ ,."#(%#(! )/, '.*"),- ),
,-," #( "&." *,) --#)(- /.#)(A #& /.#)(>
SQRQ?UU@TRJTZA
Motivation in medical students
345
345
346
346
Motivation in medical students
%")
Motivation in medical students
347
347
Summary
%") $##
"#-."-#-#-)/.&&-*.-) ').#0.#)() '#&-./(.-("-
-.,)(! - #( & B.,'#(.#)( "),3 KL ) ').#0.#)(A . )0,-
# ,(. .)*#- ,(!#(! ,)' ,0#1 ) ." ,&0(. &#.,./,> ,-,"
-./#- .) (-1, -*# # ,-," +/-.#)(- 1", !*- 1, )/( #(
." &#.,./, /* .) **&#.#)(- ) ." *,#(#*&- ) #( '#&
/.#)(A
!$" 4 "#- #(.,)/.#)( "*., #(.,)/- ." )(*. ) ').#0.#)(> # ,(. #(#.#)(- ) ').#0.#)( ( ." "#-.),3 ) 0&)*'(.) ').#0.#)(."),#-A
.#-/---').#0.#)(--.&-
1&& - 3('# (.#.3 1"#" ( '(#*/&. .) -.#'/&. -./(.
&,(#(! ( *, ),'(A . !#0- .#& )/(. ) & B
.,'#(.#)( "),3 KL ) ').#0.#)( - ."#- 1- )/( .) **&#& #( '#& /.#)(A . ."( !#0- ." 2*&(.#)( ), ."
#'*),.( ) ,,3#(! )/. ,-," )( ').#0.#)( ) '#& -./(.->
.")/.&#() ."#-."-#->((-1#.".",-,"+/-.#)(-,--
#(."#-."-#-A
!$" 5 ).#0.#)( ."),#-.- "0 ( &13- -.,--#(! )( ."
#'*),.( ) ').#0.#)( #( /.#)( ( #.- )/.)'-A . )&&)1- .".
').#0.#)( -")/& ( #'*),.(. .,'#((. ) /,,#/&/'
0&)*'(.A).,'#(")1."').#0.#)(#'(-#)() &,(#(!"-
!/#/,,#/&/'0&)*'(.-#('#&/.#)(>#(."#-"*.,>."
."),#- ) ').#0.#)( ( ." '$), 0&)*'(.& , ),'- #( '#&
/.#)(1,,0#1A$),0&)*'(.-#(/(,-.(#(!." #&
) ').#0.#)( ,&. .) /.#)( "0 ( .". ').#0.#)( ,#0-
&,(#(! ( #( &/(- '# *, ),'(> .". !(, # ,(-
348
348
Motivation in medical students
Summary
2#-. #( ').#0.#)(& '"(#-'-> .". .", #- ." -"# . ) )/- ,)'
+/(.#.3 .) +/&#.3 ) ').#0.#)( ( #.- .,'#((.-> ( ")1 ."3
-.#'/&. '# ').#0.#)(A $), 0&)*'(.- #( '#& /,,#/&
"0 ( ." #(.,)/.#)( ) -.(,#4> ,!/&. ( &#(->
*,)&'B-> &,(,B(.,> #(.!,. ."#(!> )/.)'B- (
)''/(#.3B-/.#)(**,)"-A
.1- )/(.".').#0.#)("-
((/(,0&/)'*)((.#('#&/,,#/&,0&)*'(.A& B
.,'#(.#)( "),3 KL 1- )/( .) ,&0(. ( **&#& #(
'#&/.#)((,)''(.#)(-1,!#0()(")1(
/- .) -.,/./, ,,(!'(.- #( ." /,,#/&/' .) )*.#'&&3 ("(
-./(.-F #(.,#(-# ').#0.#)( .) &,(A ("(#(! -./(. /.)()'3>
.%#(! +/. .#'> ( !#0#(! #'*),.( .) **,)*,#. (
.#0&3*,)0# %.)-./(.-)(."#,&,(#(!(*,)0##(!
').#)(&-/**),..)."-./(.-1,#-/---)(,..#)(-.".
)/&.%(.)-.#'/&.#(.,#(-#').#0.#)(')(!-./(.-A
!$"6
(."#-"*.,&&."2#-.#(!'#&&#.,./,)(').#0.#)(
,-," #( '#& -./(.- 1- ,0#1 #( ),, .) .- )/.
#'*),.(.,-,"+/-.#)(-A
.1- )/(.".,-,")(').#0.#)(#(
'#&/.#)(#--,>-*#&&3#()'*,#-)(1#.".".#(!(,&
/.#)(A ).#0.#)( )/& 0#1 - ( #(*((. 0,#&> #AA #.
#( &/(-)/.)'-#(/.#)(>(').#0.#)((&-)0#1-
*((.0,#&#('#&/.#)(>#AA#.#-#( &/(3 .),-#(
." &,(#(! (0#,)('(.A ", -' .) -)' ,-," )(
)/.)'-) ').#0.#)(-/"-&,(#(!>'#*, ),'(>")#) '##( - ,,> ")# ) -*#&.3 ( )(.#(/.#)( ) '#&
-./3A ")/!" ').#0.#)( " *)-#.#0 . )( &,(#(!> ." . )(
'# *, ),'( )/& (). -/-.(.#. 0,3 1&& /- ) )(.,#.),3 #(#(!- ,)' # ,(. -./#-A ).#0.#)( - *((.
0,#& **,- .) . 3 !> !(,> ."(##.3> -)#))()'#
-../-> *,-)(&#.3> 3, ) '#& /,,#/&/' ( .", ( *,
Motivation in medical students
349
349
Summary
-/**),.> && ) 1"#" ((). '(#*/&. 3 '#& /.),-A
).#0.#)(#-&-) .3 .),-.".(#( &/(>')(!1"#"
,> /.)()'3> )'*.( ( ,&.(--> 1"#" "0 ( -,#
- ." -# *-3")&)!#& (- #'*),.(. ), #(.,#(-# ').#0.#)(
),#(! .) A -," )( .),- #( &/(#(! ').#0.#)( 1- *,#)/- &#..& ( 1 #(.# # ."#- !* #( ." &#.,./, ( &-)
#(.# # -)' ,-," +/-.#)(- ), ."#- ."-#- -/" - G)-
').#0.#)( . '# *, ),'(D ". , ." '"(#-'-
#(0)&0#(."#-DHK"*.,-V(XL>G)1-")/&').#0.#)(-./#
#( '#& /.#)(DH K"*., WL> G) 1 "0 0&#.> ,&#&
#(-.,/'(.- ), '-/,#(! ').#0.#)( -*#&&3 #( '#& -./(.-DH>
G".,." .),-.".( .').#0.#)(DHK"*.,YLA
!$" 7 .,(!." ) ).#0.#)(
), #& "))& KL
+/-.#)((#,'-/,-."-.,(!.") ').#0.#)() '#&-./(.-.)
(.,> -,# # ( *,-#-. #( '#& -"))&A "#- "*., -,#- -./3 1"#" (&34- ." 0&##.3 ( ,&##&#.3 ) '-/,'(. ) ."
-.,(!.") ').#0.#)(/-#(!."+/-.#)((#,A0#(1- )/(
), ." )(-.,/. 0&##.3 ) +/-.#)((#, .",)/!" 2*&),.),3
.), (&3-#- 1"#" -")1 TB .), -.,/./,A " .", -/-&-
1,@ #&&#(!(-- .) -,# #> #(-- .) -.,. ( ,-#-.(> 1#."
,&##&#.#- K,)("F- &*"-L ) QAXQ> QAWX> QAVVA " ,&##&#.3 ) ."
/&& -),- 1- QAXZA )(/,,(. 0&##.3 1- .,'#( 3
)'*,#(!."-),-) ."-/-&-1#."."-),-)(..,B%()1(>
0&#. ( ,&#& +/-.#)((#, )( ').#0.#)( && '#
).#0.#)( & KL ( ." 2"/-.#)( -/-& ) -&" /,()/.
(0(.),3B./(./,03K
BLA#!(# #(.*)-#.#0),,&.#)(-1#."
-/-&- ) #(.,#(-# ( #(.# # ').#0.#)(> *..,( ) ,-#(!),,&.#)(- ,)'."#(.,#(-#.)."2.,#(-#').#0.#)((
-#!(# #(. (!.#0 ),,&.#)( 1#." ').#0.#)(> 1, )/(A "
)(&/-#)( 1- .". +/-.#)((#, #- 0&# ( ,&#&
350
350
Motivation in medical students
Summary
+/-.#)((#, ),'-/,'(.) -.,(!.") ').#0.#)(*,.#/&,&3 ),
'#&-"))&A
!$"8"#-"*.,-,#--./3.".1--#!(-)(."
)'#( **,)" .) ').#0.#)( ,#0 ,)' ." ,0#1 ) ."
&#.,./,#("*.,-S(TA"#-**,)"#-/- /&#(-./3#(! .-) ').#0.#)( #( #(#0#/& -./(.-A /&#.3 ( +/(.#.3 ) ').#0.#)(
-),- ) '#& -./(.- 1, )&&. ( !,)/* #(.) # ,(.
&/-.,- ),#(! .) )'#(.#)( ) ."#, #(.,#(-# ( )(.,)&&
').#0.#)(-),-A"(." .-) ."-# ,(.').#0.#)(&*,) #&-
)(-./3-.,.!3(")/,->'#*, ),'((2"/-.#)( ,)'
-./3 1, -./#A 0#( 1- )/( ), )/, ').#0.#)(& *,) #&->
('&3 #!" (.,#(-# #!" )(.,)&& K
L ').#0.#)(> #!" (.,#(-#
)1 )(.,)&& K
L ').#0.#)(> )1 (.,#(-# #!" )(.,)&& K
L
').#0.#)( ( )1 (.,#(-# )1 )(.,)&& K
L ').#0.#)(> ')(!
'#& -./(.-A *,) #& 1- )/( .) --)#. 1#." ." ')-.
-#,& &,(#(! *,) #& 1#." "#!" * -.,.!3> &)1 -/, -.,.!3>
!)) ( &)1 2"/-.#)( ,)' -./3A ( *,) #&- 1,
--)#. 1#." ." &-. -#,& &,(#(! *,) #&- 1#." &)1 *
-.,.!3>"#!" -/, -.,.!3> &)1 ("#!"2"/-.#)( ,)'-./3A
*,) #&1-&-) )/(.)--)#.1#.""#!"*-.,.!3>!))
( &)1 2"/-.#)(> /. #. 1- &-) --)#. 1#." "#!" -/, -.,.!3A"/-0#(1- )/( ),)/,"3*)."--A
!$" 9 ., ,0#1#(! ." &#.,./, )( ').#0.#)( ."),#-> #. 1-
)(&/.".').#0.#)("-()(-#,#(!(,&.",)/!"#.",
+/&#..#0 ), +/(.#..#0 **,)"A "#- "*., 2*&),- (
**,)" .) ').#0.#)( #( '#& /.#)(> 1"#" #- )'#(.#)(
!#0#(!#'*),.(.)).">+/&#.3(+/(.#.3) ').#0.#)(A"#-.3*) )'#(.#)((!#0,#-.) )/,').#0.#)(&*,) #&-@#!"/.)()')/-
#!" )(.,)&& KL ').#0.#)(> #!" /.)()')/- )1 )(.,)&&
Motivation in medical students
351
351
Summary
KL').#0.#)(>)1/.)()')/-#!")(.,)&&KL').#0.#)(
()1/.)()')/-)1)(.,)&&KL').#0.#)(A"0&##.3>."
#'*),.((."#'*&#.#)(-) ."#-**,)"(*,) #&-#(,-,"
( *,.# 1, #-/--A . 1- )(&/ .". ( **,)" .)
').#0.#)()'#(#(!.".1)#'(-#)(-) +/&#.3(+/(.#.3#-/- /&
#( ,.#(! /(,-.(#(! ) ').#0.#)(& *,)--- #( &/(#(! &,(#(!
( '# *, ),'( #( '#& /.#)( 1#."#( #(#0#/&
-./(.-A /" ( **,)" ( "&* /.),- #( # ,(.#& '(.),#(!
(')(#.),#(!) '#&-./(.-),#(!.)."#,-*# #(-A
!$" : "#- "*., -,#- -./3 .". 0&/.- ').#0.#)( - !,)/* 0,#& ( 2*&),- ,&.#)(-"#*- 1#." &,(#(! ( '#
*, ),'(A .,/./,& +/.#)( ')&&#(!> &-- )'')(&3 /-
**,)"#('#&/.#)(>"-(/-.)-./3."-,&.#)(-"#*-
- )( *,#),# "3*)."-- 1"#" 1, )(-.,/. )( ." ."),.#&
)/(.#)(- ) A &.#0 /.)()')/- ).#0.#)( K/.)()')/-
).#0.#)( J )(.,)&& ).#0.#)(L 1- )/( .) *)-#.#0&3 . !))
'# *, ),'( .",)/!" *.#'& ./3 .,.!3 K* .,.!3 J
/, .,.!3L("#!",-./3 ),.-'#.),0,#&-A )/(
.". ." *,)*)- ')& 1),% 1&& #( -/B!,)/*- ('&3 '&- (
'&- ( -./(.- '#.. .",)/!" 1#!". &)..,3 -&.#)( (
.")-'#...",)/!"+/&#..#0-&.#)(*,)/,>.")/!"."-#4
) ),,&.#)(- .1( # ,(. 0,#&- 1, # ,(. ), ." -/B
!,)/*-A #!(# #(. *)-#.#0 .- ) &.#0 /.)()')/- ).#0.#)(
KL )( )) ./3 .,.!3 KL ( )) ./3 .,.!3 )( -& B
-./3 ")/,- 1, )/( #( && ." )/, -/B!,)/*-A #!(# #(. *)-#.#0
.) ))./3.,.!3)(1- )/(#(&&-/B!,)/*-2*.
'&-A& B-./3")/,--")1-#!(# #(.*)-#.#0 .-)()(&3#(
." '&- !,)/* ( +/&#..#0 -&.#)( !,)/*> ( () -#!(# #(.
*)-#.#0 . #( ." )0,&& ')&A -' .) "0 ( #(#,.
*)-#.#0 . )( .",)/!" #.- *)-#.#0 . )( > ,.", ."(
352
352
Motivation in medical students
Summary
"0#(! #,. . #( && 2*. ." '&- !,)/*A ( ." +/&#..#0
-&.#)( !,)/*> -' .) "0 ( #(#,. *)-#.#0 . )( &-) .",)/!" #.- *)-#.#0 . )( -& B-./3 ")/,-A ( ." '&- !,)/*>
-' .) "0 ( #(#,. *)-#.#0 . )( )(&3 .",)/!" #.-
*)-#.#0 . )( -& B-./3 ")/,-A . 1- )(&/ .". ').#0.#)(
*)-#.#0&3 .- '# *, ),'( .",)/!" * -.,.!3 .)1,-
-./3('),-./3")/,-A
!$" ; "#- "*., -,#- -./3 1"#" 1- -#!( .) -./3
-)') ." .),-> )/(#("*.,T>1"#"(#( &/(').#0.#)(-
*((. 0,#&A " . ) .),- &#% !> !(, (
/.#)(&%!,)/()(."-.,(!.") ').#0.#)( ),'#&-"))&
1, 0&/.A . 1- )/( .". './,#.3 '), ."( ! #( &/(- ."
-.,(!." ) ').#0.#)( #( '#& -"))&A ./,#.3> !(, (
/.#)(& %!,)/( 1, & .) )/(. ), XAZ[ ) ." 0,#(
)/( #( ." -.,(!." ) ').#0.#)( ), '#& -"))&A 0( .,
)/(.#(! ), ." # ,( .1( '&-F ( '&-F -.,(!." ) ').#0.#)( /- ) ." # ,( #( ."#, './,.#)(> #-.#(. -'&&
. ) !(, )( -.,(!." ) ').#0.#)( 1- )/(A -'&& -#!(# #(.
. ) /.#)(& %!,)/( ) ." -./(.- 1- &-) )/(A "/->
0#( ),').#0.#)(#(!*((.0,#&#('#&/.#)(
1- )/(>/.)(&3-)' .),-.".)/&().'(#*/&.#('#&
/.#)(1,-./#A
!$" < "#- "*., 1- */&#-" - ( !/# ), '#&
/.),-A"-,#-) !/#-)/./.#)(&."),#->.".."#-
"*., 1#&& *,. ) > #- #' .) ,. !,., /(,-.(#(! ) **&#.#)( ) /.#)(& ."),#- #( '#& /.#)(A ( ."#- !/# .#& )/(. ) && ,- ) '#& /.#)( #- !#0(> ('&3
*,*,#(! ), ( (.,#(! '#& -"))&> /,,#/&/' -.,/./, (
&--,))'."#(!>----'(.-(2'#(.#)(->-& B#,.&,(#(!>
Motivation in medical students
353
353
Summary
&#(#&.,#(#(!>'#&-./(.--.",-(,-,",->)(.#(/#(!
*,) --#)(& 0&)*'(.> ."#(! ( -.,--> *,--#)( ( /,(B)/.
')(!'#&-./(.-(,-#(.->1"#"(( #. ,)'**&#.#)(
) ."*,#(#*&-) A
!$" 43 -#(! ." *,#(#*&- ) > .1&0 .#*- "0 (
,)''( #( ."#- "*., .) ("( #(.,#(-# ').#0.#)( #( '#&
-./(.-A"-,@G
(.# 3((/,./,1".-./(.-((1(.>
0 -./(.-F #(.,(& -..- !/# ."#, "0#)/,> ()/,! .#0
*,.##*.#)(> ()/,! -./(.- .) *. '), ,-*)(-##&#.3 ), ."#,
&,(#(!> ,)0# -.,/./, !/#(> ,)0# )*.#'& "&&(!-> #0
*)-#.#0()(-.,/.#0 %>#0').#)(&-/**),.>%()1&!
-./(.-F 2*,--#)(- ) (!.#0 .> )''/(#. 0&/ #(
/(#(.,-.#(! .#0#.#-> #0 ")#-> #,. 1#." (> '3> )/& #(-.
) '/-.> (> -")/&HA "- .#*- "0 ( ,#0 ,)' ."
/(,-.(#(! ) ." )(*. ) -./(. ').#0.#)( ), &,(#(! ( ."
**&#.#)(- ) & B.,'#(.#)( "),3 ) ').#0.#)( #( '#&
/.#)(A"#-"*.,-,#-")1.)(!!#(/.)()'3B-/**),.#0
."#(! #( '#& /.#)(A . -,0- - "(-B)( !/# ), '#&
.",-.)-.#'/&.#(.,#(-#').#0.#)(')(!."#,-./(.-A
!$"44"#-"*.,#-!(,&#-/--#)("*.,)/..")0,&&
#(#(!-#(."."-#->."#,#(.,*,..#)(-(#'*&#.#)(-A
.#(&/-
.#& #-/--#)( )( ." -.,(!."- ( &#'#..#)(- ) ."#- ."-#-A
. &-)
*,)0#- *,-*.#0- )( # ,(. -*.- ) '#& /.#)( (
').#0.#)( 1"#" "0 ( 0&)* ,)' ." ,-," ( ,0#1
#(#(!- ) ."#- ."-#-> ('&3 ).#0.#)( ( ,(#(!> (, (
).#0.#)(> ----'(.- ( ).#0.#)(> ).#0.#)( ( & B!/&.
&,(#(!> ).#0.#)( - -&.#)( ,#.,#)(> ).#0.#)( ( )(.#(/
#&/.#)(KL()(.#(/,) --#)(&0&)*'(.KL
().#0.#)() #&",-,
(."&-.-.#)() ."#-"*.,>."
354
354
Motivation in medical students
Summary
#(#(!-) ."#-."-#-"0(/-.)0&)* /,.",,-,"!(
(+/-.#)(-1"#",#(.(.)*/,-/(-./#)0,."(2.
13,-A
Motivation in medical students
355
355
356
356
Motivation in medical students
&$$
Motivation in medical students
357
357
Samenvatting
&$$
#.*,) -",# .!.)0,-./(.(("/(').#0.##(((".)'#(
0( !(-%/()*&##(!A ( #. *,) -",# . 1),. ( )0,4#".
!!0( 0( '-. ,&0(. &#.,.//, ( 1),. )(,4)%
-",0( )0, ').#0.# 0( !(-%/( -./(.(A & B
.,'#(.#)( "),3 KL &#!. .( !,)(-&! ( #. )(,4)%A ( #.
*,) -",# .1),.4."),#!,/#%.(#()(,4)%.)!*-.)'
*,#(#*- "#,0( #( ". '#-" )(,1#$- . )(,4)%(A
#$%4
(&##(!A#.")) -./%#(.,)/,.".)(*.').#0.#>
0,-"#&&( #(#.#- ( !-"#(#- 0( )(.1#%%&#(! 0(
').#0.# ."),#7(A (,4#$- 1),. ').#0.# 4#( &- ( -.#&
(.#.#.A (,4#$- #- ').#0.# ( 3('#-" (.#.#. ( %( 1),(
8(0&) )' ". &,( 0( -./(.( . -.#'/&,( )' *,-..#- .
0,.,(A
(#.")) -./%#-(!.#&&,-",#$0#(!0(& .,'#(.#)( "),# KL )*!()'(A . &(! 0( ". 0,,#".(
0( )(,4)% (, ').#0.# 0( !(-%/( -./(.( 1),.
.)!&#".A #. ")) -./% #(#!. '. ( #(.,)/.# )* )(,4)%-0,!(
#
#(
#.
*,) -",# .
4#$(
1,%.
A
#$%5.(-"**,-'.".(".-!#').#0.#&!!(
-.- (,/% )* ". &(! )' (". . -.( ( ". -*.
').#0.# #( ". )(,1#$-A ).#0.# 0( -./(.( #(. . 1),(
4#( &- ( &(!,#$% .,'#((. 0( ". -/- 0(
/,,#/&/'",0),'#(!(A
(
#.
")) -./%
1),(
!,).
/,,#/&/'",0),'#(!( #( ". '#-" )(,1#$- )(, &)*
!()'( '. 0,! ) ').#0.# &- #'(-# 0( ". &,*,)- #(
)0,1!#(! #- !()'(A &(!,#$% )(.1#%%&#(!( 4#$( 0#(#(!(
358
358
Motivation in medical students
Samenvatting
. ').#0.# &,( -.#'/&,. ( '#-" *,-..#- 8(0&).>
.,./--(!-&".(0,-"#&&(4#$(#('"(#-'()'').#0.#
. -.#'/&,(> . , ( 0,-"/#0#(! #- !1-. 0( (". 0)), %1(.#.#.(,%1&#.#.0(').#0.#(.,'#((.(,0(>(
") 4 '#-" ').#0.# %/((( -.#'/&,(A &(!,#$%
)(.1#%%&#(!(#('#-"/,,#/&4#$(#(0),#(!0(*,)&'B
!-.//,
)(,1#$->
-./(.
(.,&>
!8(.!,,
)(,1#$-')/&->)/.)'B-()''/(#.3B-)(,1#$-A#.
&#.,.//, &#$%. . (". 0)), ').#0.# "#,#( !( !,). ,)& " .
!-*&A & B.,'#(.#)( "),3 KL &#$%. ,&0(. (
.)*-, . 4#$( #( ". '#-" )(,1#$-A (0&#(!( 4#$( !!0(
") %( 1),( !,/#%. #( ". )(.1,* 0( ". /,,#/&/'> 4)
. ". #(.,#(-#% ').#0.# )' . &,( )*.#'& -.#'/&,.A .
&(! 0( /.)()'# 0( -./(.> ". ('( 0( 0)&)( .#$>
". !0( 0( .#0 ( *--( % )* ". &,*,)- (
').#)(& )(,-./(#(! 4#$( !()' &- )(,. '.,!&( #
%/(((1),(!()'()'#(.,#(-#%').#0.#.-.#'/&,(A
#$% 6 ( #. ")) -./% #- '#-" &#.,.//, !,0#1 )*
)(,4)%(,').#0.##('#-"-./(.('.&-)&)'"#,/#.
&(!,#$%)(,4)%-0,!(.-.#&&,(A.(.&,.#%&("#,)0,
#- *,%.> 4%, #( 0,!&#$%#(! '. */&#.#- #( ". &!'(
)(,1#$-)'#(A ).#0.# %( 1),( !4#( &- ( )( "(%&#$%
0,#&> . 1#& 4!!( . ').#0.# *,-..# 8(0&).I*&.A
).#0.# %( ))% 1),( !4#( &- ( "(%&#$% 0,#&> . 1#&
4!!( . '. 0( ').#0.# %( &/./,( )), ./--(%)'-. 0(
.),( #( &,)'!0#(!A , #- ( *,%. (.& -./#- (, #(0&)0(').#0.#)*'#-"*,-..#->&,(>%/40((
'#-",,#6,>%/40(-*#&#-'(0)),.4..#(!0('#-"
-./#A )1& ').#0.# ( *)-#.# . " . )* &,(> 4#$( ,
.!(-.,#$#! 0#(#(!( .( (4#( 0( ". . )* '#-"
Motivation in medical students
359
359
Samenvatting
*,-..#-A).#0.#&-( "(%&#$%0,#&1),.8(0&))),
& .#$>
!-&".>
.(##.#.>
-)#&B)()'#-"
-../->
*,-))(&#$%"#-%(',%(> ". $, #( -./# ( )(. ( *,
-/**),.A #. 4#$( .),(> 1, )*&##(! !( #(0&) )* %(
/#.) ((A )*&##(! %( 1& #(0&) /#.) (( )* (, .),(>
4)&-'.0(/.)()'#>)'*.(.#(0,)(("#A#.4#$(
4)!('*-3")&)!#-"-#-") .((,(0)),1,(0)),
#(.,#(-#% ').#0.#> 4)&- # -",0( 4#$( #( A , #- (
*,%. (.& -./#- (, ". . 0( ').#0.# )* )/.)'
*,'.,-4)&-#$0)),&'#-"*,-..#-A
(#.*,) -",# .
1),. "#, (". ( -.A (,4)%-0,!( #( #. *,) -",# .
4#$( P . ').#0.# #(0&) )* '#-" *,-..#-D . 4#$( '"(#-'( # "#,( .( !,)(-&! &#!!(DP K)) -./%%( V ( XL>
P) %( ').#0.# #( ". '#-" )(,1#$- 1),( -./,DG
K)) -./% WL> P( 1 !0&#, ( .,)/1, #(-.,/'(.(
)' ').#0.# 0( '#-" -./(.( . '.(DP> P&% .),(
%/(((').#0.#8(0&)(DPK")) -./%YLA
#$% 7 E.,(!." ) ).#0.#)( ), #& "))&F KL
0,!(&#$-. '. '. K-.,%.L 0( ').#0.# 0( '#-"
-./(.( )' '. )*&##(! . !#(((> )' *,-))(&#$% ) ,- .
,(!( ( )' . 0)&",(A ( #. ")) -./% 1),. 0&##.#. (
.,)/1,"# 0( 4 0,!(&#$-. KL )(,4)".A . "/&*
0( ( 2*&),.#0 .),(&3- #- )(-.,/.0&##.#. 0( 0,!(&#$-.
(!.))(A
0,!(&#$-.
-..
/#.
,#
.),(I-/-"&(@ #&&#(!(-- .) -,# # K 1#& )' *,-))(&#$%
) ,- . ,(!( 0)), -./#L> #(-- .) -.,. K0,&(!( )' -./# . !( 0)&!(L> ( ,-#-.( K)),4..#(!-0,')!(L '.
.,)/1,"( K,)("O- &*"L 0( Q>XQ> Q>WX> Q>VVA .,)/1,"# 0( 0)&&#! -),- #- Q>XZA )(/,,(.
0&##.#. #- *& )), 0,!&#$%#(! 0( -),- 0( -/-"&(
360
360
Motivation in medical students
Samenvatting
'. -),- )* ( !,()'',> !0&#, ( .,)/1,
0,!(&#$-. )0, ').#0.#> 4)!(' '# ).#0.#)( &
KL ( 2"/-.#)( K/#.*/..#(!L -/-"& 0( -&" /,()/.
(0(.),3B./(./,03K
BLA#!(# #(.*)-#.#0),,&.#-4#$(
(!.))('.-/-"&(0(#(.,#(-#%(E#(.# #F').#0.#A
,'.').#0.#0(#(.,#(-#%(,2.,#(-#%0,-"/# .>('(
),,&.#- A ( -#!(# #(. (!.#0 ),,&.# #- '. ').#0.#
(!.))(A )(&/-# #- . 0,!(&#$-. ( 0&# (
.,)/1, 0,!(&#$-. #- 0)), ". '.( 0( ').#0.# #( ". '#-"
)(,1#$-A
#$%8-./###(#.")) -./%#--",0(>#-!-,)*
-./#-I."),#7(/#.&#.,.//,>#-",0(4#$(#(")) -./%S(
TA ( 4 -./# 1),( .( 0( ').#0.# #$ #(#0#/&
'#-" -./(.( -./,A ),- )* %1&#.#. ( %1(.#.#. 0(
').#0.# 4#$( 0,4'& ( #( 0,-"#&&( &/-.,- )(,!,". )*
-#- 0( ( )'#(.# 0( -),- 0)), #(.,#(-#% ').#0.# ( 0)),
2.,#(-#%
K)(.,)&&L
').#0.#A
4
-./#
&0,
0#,
').#0.#*,) #&()*>('&#$%-.,%#(.,#(-#%').#0.##()'#(.#
'.-.,%2.,#(-#%').#0.#K#!"
(.,#(-#>#!")(.,)&&K
LL>
-.,% #(.,#(-#% ').#0.# '. !,#(! 2.,#(-#% ').#0.# K#!"
(.,#(-#>)1)(.,)&&K
LL>!,#(!#(.,#(-#%').#0.#'.-.,%
2.,#(-#% ').#0.# K)1 (.,#(-#> #!" )(.,)&& K
L ( !,#(!
#(.,#(-#% ').#0.# '. !,#(! 2.,#(-#% ').#0.# K)1 (.,#(-#>
)1 )(.,)&& K
LLA ,0)&!(- 4#$( 4 0,-"#&&( ').#0.#
*,) #&(-./,#(,&.#.).-./#B-.,.!#KE*),-/, -./3
-.,.!3FL ( 4& -./#B/,(> '#-" *,-..#- ( E2"/-.#)(F
K/#.*/..#(!I0,')#"# )), -./#LA . *,) #& #-
!--)#, '. ". '-. 1(-&#$% *,) #&> ('&#$% '. ( -.,%
F*-./3-.,.!3F(1#(#!E-/, -.,.!3F>")!KE!,*)#(.
0,!F>!'#&#$ ,L((!,#(!E2"/-.#)(F)),)*&##(!A
Motivation in medical students
361
361
Samenvatting
( *,) #&( 4#$( !--)#, '. '#(-. 1(-&#$%
&,*,) #&( '. ( 41%% E* -./3 -.,.!3F> ( -.,% E-/, -.,.!3F>&!((")!-),)*E2"/-.#)(F-"&A.
*,) #& #- ))% !--)#, '. E* -.,.!3F> ")! ( !,#(!
0,')#"#> ". #- "., ))% !--)#, '. ( -.,% E-/, -.,.!3FA
#$% 9 ).#0.# ."),#7( # #( &#.,.//, -",0( 4#$(>
%/((( 1),( )(,0,& #( ( %1&#..#0 ) ( %1(.#..#0
(,#(!A
(#.")) -./%1),.".&(!0(#()(,%((
1),. ')!&#$%"# !72*&),, )' %1(.#.#. ( %1&#.#. 0( ').#0.# 0( '#-" -./(.( . )'#(,(A #. &#. .). 0#,
').#0.# *,) #&(@ !,). /.)()'# ( -.,% 2.,#(-#% ').#0.#
KE#!"/.)()'>#!")(.,)&&FKLL>!,)./.)()'#(!,#(!
2.,#(-#%').#0.#KE#!"/.)()'>)1)(.,)&&FKLL>!,#(!
/.)()'# ( -.,% 2.,#(-#% ').#0.# KE)1 /.)()'> #!"
)(.,)&&F KLL ( !,#(! /.)()'# ( !,#(! 2.,#(-#%
').#0.# KE)1 /.)()'> )1 )(.,)&&F KLLA 0&##.#.> ".
&(! ( #'*&#.#- 0( 4 #(&#(! #( 4 *,) #&( 4#$(
#-/--#,A )(&/, %( 1),( . ". )'#(,( 0( .1 #'(-#- 0( %1&#.#. ( %1(.#.#. (/..#! #- 0)), ". #(4#". 0(
').#0.#)(& *,)--(> # .( !,)(-&! &#!!( ( &,B (
'#-" *,-..#- 0( #(#0#/& -./(.( #( ". '#-"
)(,1#$-A (4#". #( ').#0.#*,) #&( )* -#- 0( %1&#.#. (
%1(.#.#. %( )(.( "&*( '. ')(#.),#(! 0( #(#0#/&
-./(. ( )' !&##(! . -.''( )* -*# #% ") .(A
#$% : ( #. ")) -./% 1),. ( -./# -",0( 1,#(
').#0.#&-!,)*-0,#&1),.!,&.,(&,B('#-"
*,-..#-A #,0)), 1),. .,/./,& +/.#)( )&#(! KL
'.") !,/#%.A #. #- ( '#(, ,+/(. !,/#%. '.") #(
362
362
Motivation in medical students
Samenvatting
)(,4)%0('#-")(,1#$-A.4'.")#-".')!&#$%)'
( -./# . )( (, ,&.#- )* -#- 0( *,#),# "3*)."-(> #
!-, 4#$( )* ."),.#-" !,)(-&!( 0( A &.#0
/.)()' ).#0.# K/.)()' ).#0.# J 2.,#(-#% ').#0.#
KE)(.,)&& ).#0.#)(FLL " . ( *)-#.#0 #(0&) )* '#-"
*,-..#-AE*.#'&./3.,.!3FKE*-./3.,.!3J/, -./3
.,.!3FL ( ( !,)., -./#B#(-*((#(! 4#$( "#,#( &(!,#$%
0,#&(A #- ( !) '.") 0)), (&3- 0( -/!,)*(>
4)&-'((((0,)/1(>-./(.(.)!&.(0#!1)!(&).#(!(#
.)!&.( 4#$( )), '#& 0( ( %1&#..#0 -&.# *,)/,A !,)).. 0( ),,&.#- ./--( 0,-"#&&( 0,#&( 0,-"#&.
0)), -/!,)*(A #!(# #(. *)-#.#0 .( 0( E&.#0
/.)()' ).#0.#)(F KL )* E)) ./3 .,.!3F KL> ( )*
4& -./#B/,(4#$((!.))(#(&&-/!,)*(A(-#!(# #(.*)-#.# . 0( )) ./3 .,.!3 )* ". #- (!.))( #( &&
-/!,)*( '. /#.4)(,#(! 0( # 0( '(((A &&( #( -/!,)* '((( ( -/!,)* 0( %1&#..#0 -&.# #- , (
-#!(# #(. *)-#.# . 0( ". (.& 4& -./#B/,( )* ". !0)((> ( !( -#!(# #(. *)-#.# . #( ". )0,&& ')&A .
/#.4)(,#(! 0( -/!,)* '(((> " . )), ". *)-#.#0
.)*(#(#,.*)-#.# .)*".>#(*&.-0((
#,. .A ( %1&#..#0 -&.# !,)* " . ( #(#,.
*)-#.# .)*".))%')),".*)-#.#0 .)*".(.&
4& -./#B/,(A ( -/!,)* '((( " . ( #(#,. *)-#.# .)*".&&()),".*)-#.#0 .)*".(.&4& -./#B
/,(A #. 4 -./# %( !)(&/, 1),( . ').#0.# E*
.,.!3F -.#'/&,. ( ". (.& 4& -./#B/,( ). .)('( (
,'(*)-#.# ." .)*'#-"*,-..#-A
#$% ; #. ")) -./% -",#$ . ( )(,4)% . #- )*!4. )'
( (.& .),( . %/((( -./,(> # ,, #( ")) -./% T
Motivation in medical students
363
363
Samenvatting
0,'& 4#$( ( # #(0&) %/((( /#.) (( )* ').#0.#A ( 4
-./##-". .0( .),(4)&-& .#$>!-&".()*&##(!-(#0/
)* -.,%. 0( ').#0.# 0)), '#-" )*&##(! )(,4)".A
./,#.#. &#$%. ', ( & .#$ ( . . "( )* ').#0.#A
./,#.#.> !-&". ( )*&##(! 4#$( 0,(.1)),&#$% 0)), X>Z[ 0( 0,#(.# #( -.,%. 0( ').#0.# 0)), '#-" )*&##(!A ),,.#0)),".0,-"#&#('./,#.#../--($)(!(-('#-$-&#$%.,
(%&#(0,-"#&.4#$(#(').#0.#./--($)(!(-('#-$-A0(-#-
( %&#(> )" -#!(# #(. . 0( ,, )*&##(!( (!.))(A
4 -./# .))(. ( . ').#0.# ( "(%&#$% 0,#& %( 4#$(>
#8(0&)%(1),()), .),(>1,)*&##(!!(#(0&)
)*%(/#.) ((A
#$% < #. ")) -./% #- &- ( !/# !*/&#,A #.
")) -./%#-)(,&0((,%-0(!/#->1,#((".
1),. !-")(%( ( /.#0 ."),#7(> # )), )(.( (
)(,1#$-%/(#!(#(".'#-")'#(.)!*-.%/(((1),(.(
")0 0( )(,1#$-#(()0.#-A ( 4 !/# 1),( !#(-&(
0( .)!&#". #( ,&.# .). #0,- -*.( 0( ". '#-"
)(,1#$->#'.4."),#"/(0)),&%/((()(A.!.)'
-*.(> 4)&- 0)),,##(! 0)), ( .)&.#(! 0( (%)'(
-./(.(>/,,#/&/')*)/1>%&--#%&)(,1#$->.).-#(!(2'(->
E-& B#,.F&,(>%&#(#-")(,1#$->'#-"-./(.(#(,)&0(
)(.()(,4)%,>)(.#(/*,) --#)(&)(.1#%%&#(!>."#(!(
-.,-->*,--#(/,(B)/.)(,'#-"-./(.(A
#$%43
(#.")) -./%4#$(.1& .#*-)*!()'(>#!-,
4#$( )* )' #(.,#(-#% ').#0.# 0( '#-" -./(.( .
-.#'/&,(A 4 4#$(@ #(.# #, ( %)-., 1. -./(.( 1#&&( (
()#!"(> &. -./(.( "/( #!(.#0#.#.(4)0&0( #(((/#.
*&(>
364
-.#'/&,
.#0
&('>
')#!
-./(.(
(
364
Motivation in medical students
Samenvatting
0,(.1)),&#$%"#.('(0)),"/(#!(&,*,)->#-.,/.//,
#(!&##(!(>,!4),!0)),/#.!()(,1#$->! *)-#.#0
()(-.,/.#0 %>! ').#)(&-./(>)(,%(/#.#(!(0(
(!.#0#.#.> 0,'& ())4% 0( )!(-"#$(&#$% )(#(.,--(.
.#0#.#.(>#%/4-(>-.//,'..,'(&-%/(((>')!((4)/
%/(((#(*&.-0(E$').FA4.#*-4#$()(.&((".)(*.0(
').#0.# #( ,&.# .). &,( ( .)*--#(!( 0( & B
.,'#(.#)("),3#(".'#-")(,1#$-A#.")) -./%! ..#*-
., )(,-./(#(! 0( /.)()'# 0( -./(. #( ". '#-"
)(,1#$-A#.")) -./%#(.&-("(-B)(!#-0)),)(.()'
#(.,#(-#%').#0.#0(-./(.(.-.#'/&,(A
#$% 44 #. #- ( -&/#.( ")) -./% '. ( #-/--# )0, &!'( 0#(#(!( #( #. *,) -",# .> #(.,*,..#- ( #'*&#.#-A
(". 1),. -. ( -.,% */(.( ( *,%#(!( 0( #.
*,) -",# .A ,(-. 1),( 0#(#(!( /#. &#.,.//, ( ".
)(,4)%/#.#.*,) -",# .!,/#%.)'.%)'(.).(#/1#(4#".(
.((4#(0( .),(#(,)&-*&(#$').#0.#0(-./(.(
#( ". '#-" )(,1#$- ( ") '#-" )(,1#$- ').#0.# %(
8(0&)(A (". 1),. -. ( ').#0.# ( &,(> !(, (
').#0.#> .).-#(! ( ').#0.#> ').#0.# ( 4& ,!/&,( &,(>
').#0.# &- ( -&.#,#.,#/'> ').#0.# ( 0,0)&!)*&##(! (
*,) --#)(& )(.1#%%&#(!> ( ').#0.# 0( )(.( #( ". '#-"
)(,1#$-A ( ". &.-. & 0( #. ")) -./% 1),.> !-, )* 0#(#(!( 0( #. *,) -",# .> ( 0)),-.& !( 0)), (
)(,4)%-!(0)),%)'(*,$,A
Motivation in medical students
365
365
366
366
Motivation in medical students
'$#
Motivation in medical students
367
367
Acknowledgements
'$#
", , '(3 %()1&!'(.- / ), ." -/-- /& )'*&.#)( ) ."#-."-#-@
#,-. ( ),')-. 1)/& &#% .) ."(% '3 *,)').,-> ,) , && .(
.(,) ,,,)#-.> ),-.#'/&.#(!'3#(.,#(-#').#0.#)( ),
."#- ."-#- 3 !#0#(! ' /.)()'3> % )( '3 )'*.( (
,&.(--.",)/!"').#)(&-/**),.A
&&*,)0#'1#.".")**),./(#.3.)1),%(-"#(#(."#- #&A
!0 ' -* ( ,)' .) 0&)* '3 )1( ,-," #-> &13-
!(.&3 ),,.#(! ' # -.,. .) -.,3A "0 " '(3 #(.,-.#(!
#-/--#)(-> -*#&&3 )0, & B.,'#(.#)( ."),3> /,#(! 1"#" "0 &. #(.&&./&&3 -.#'/&. .) &))% *, #(.) #--/- ,)/(
-./(.-F ( .",-F ').#0.#)(-A ,#.#(! ." !/# )( #(
'#& /.#)( 1#." && 1- *,.#/&,&3 ,1,#(! 2*,#( ),
' ( !). ." )**),./(#.3 .) &,( 0,3."#(! ,)' ")1 .) -.,.
."#(%#(! )/. */..#(! .)!.", !/# .) '%#(! 1)(, /& #(#-"
*,)/.A && ()/,! ' .) #' ), !)&- .". 1)/& )*.#'&&3
"&&(! ' ( &13- &#0 .". " ." *#&#.3 .) )
-)'."#(!# ,&&31(..)A"&*'#(/#&#(!'3#(.,(.#)(&
(.1),%-A
, "- ( ,)& ')& ), &,-"#* +/&#.#- ( -.#&& "0 .)
&,(&).) ."#(!- ,)'", ),'3 /./,,)&#('#&/.#)(A"
"- 0#-#)( ( ( #(-*#, *)*& .) ) .., ."( ."3 &#0
."'-&0- *& ) A " !0 ' &). ) /.)()'3 #( '3 1),%> ."/-
("(#(! '3 #(.,#(-# ').#0.#)(A " &-) !0 ' &). ) ').#)(&
368
368
Motivation in medical students
Acknowledgements
-/**),. 1"#" ' '3 #(.!,.#)( #(.) ." /." /&./, -#,A "
*,)0#'1#.")**),./(#.#-.)/#&"#!",&0&-%#&&-A
&))% ),1,
.) 1),%#(! 1#." ", #( ' '-.,' ( "&* ", .,(- ),' ",
0#-#)( ),."*,.'(.#(.),&#.3(-/---.),3A
1)/&&#%.)."(%,) ,,(((>(#0,-#.3) &")/-#>(>
), )"#(! ' #( 1,#.#(! 0#(B- *,-*.#0 ,.#&-A ,(
,0#1'3, .-.)*,)0#'1#.",#.#& %0(/,#(!",
0.#)(-A
"0(&.)-",*('31,#.#(!-%#&&-1#."",-/**),.A
" 1- &13- ()/,!#(! ( -/**),.#0 1".", #. 1- #( '#
1,#.#(! ), )(/.#(! 1),%-")*- )( ').#0.#)(A " &-) ./!". ' .)
"0 &( *,-*.#0 )( ." .)*# ) -./(. ').#0.#)( ,)' ",
&)(!2*,#((2*,.#-#(."#- #&A
1)/& &#% .) ."(% ,) , - 0( , &/.(> (#0,-#.3 ) -.,#".> ),*,)0##(!',#.#& %)(-)') '3,.#&-(
-.#'/&.#(!'.)."#(%#(*.")/.'3)(*.-) -./(.').#0.#)(
3 -%#(! ." ,#!". +/-.#)(-A - "- &-) *,)0# ' 1#." #( ),'&
'(.),#(! -/**),. 3 -",#(! "#- #(-#!".- )/. ." '# 1),& ) '#&/.#)(A
1)/& &#% .) ."(% ,) , ,.( (-.(%#-.> (#0,-#.3 ) (.>
&!#/'> ), !/##(! ' #( '3 ."#(%#(! ( ,-," ( (&3--
'.")-A ,.( "- ( -)/, ) #(-*#,.#)( .",)/!" ."
'."))&)!#& ,#!)/, #( "#- ,-,"A *&3 ." ,)& ) ( 2*,.
)(-/&.(.1"(0,
1(..)#-/--#'*),.(.,-,"#-A
1)/&&#%.)'(.#)(-*#&."(%- ),,) ,#",3(>(#0,-#.3
) )"-.,>>>)() ." )/(,-) >1")"&*-(1
**,)" .)1,- "(&#(! '3 ,-," . 1"( 1- -./% #( '3
,-,"A-*,"#-*,#)/-.#' ),#-/--#(!'3,-,">!0'
Motivation in medical students
369
369
Acknowledgements
"#- #(*/.- /,#(! ." )( ,( #( &!#/' 1"( " ..( '3
*)-., ---#)(A 1- -#&3 **,)"& )( B'#& 1"( 1(.
2*,.0#A3,.#&-)("0(*)-.)(1-#.A
1)/& &#% .) ."(% ,) , ) ,3 #&&#'-> (#0,-#.3 ) )"-.,>
> > /&.3 )( > ), !,#(! .) )B/."), /# VZ )(
**&#.#)(-) #('#&/.#)(1#."&&('A) *,)0#
/- 1#." ,#.#& )''(.- ,)' ." 0#1 ) ( "&* .) -",*(
-)')(*.-#(."**,A
1)/&&#%.)."(%,) ,&,.",*#,>(#0,-#.3) -.,#".>
),*,)0##(! %)('3,.#&-G&##.30#(H(G0#1) ').#0.#)(,-,"#('#&/.#)(HA
1)/& &#% .) ."(% ,) , ( ,'/(.> (#0,-#.3 ) .,".> ),
*,)0##(!')(-.,/.#0 %)('3-.,/./,&+/.#)(')& ),
#(0-.#!.#(! ." ,&.#)(-"#* .1( ').#0.#)( ( '#
*, ),'(A
1)/& &#% .) ."(% , /!( /-.,-> .,".> ), &13- #(!
0#&& .) (-1, '3 +/-.#)(- )( ." *,)/,-> ,/&-> ."-#->
*,)').#)( ( -) )(> 1#." *.#(> ( -%#(! # #/&. ( #'*),.(.
+/-.#)(-/,#(!E-,"#(*,)!,--F'.#(!-A*&3.",)&) (
#( ),'& '(.), ), 'A &-) &,(. .) &))% . -#(.# # &#.,./, '),
,#.#&&3 ,)' /!( /,#(! )/, )&&),.#)( )( E0&)*'(. ) ').#0.#)( ."),#-F ,.#&A "(% 3)/ /!( ), !,#(! .) '3
G*,(# HA
1)/& &#% .) ."(% ,- - ,/#.1!( ( , /& -.,-> /&#/-
(.,>.,".> ),&(#(!."#,2*,.#-)(#)-..#-.#&'.")-
),'3,-,"-./#-A
370
370
Motivation in medical students
Acknowledgements
1)/&&#%.)."(%,-
()->''-.,' ),"&*#(!'1#."
. )&&.#)( ,)' ." -./(. '#(#-.,.#)( ( ", #(-#!".- )(
-./(. *, ),'( ( %!,)/( /,#(! '3 ,-," -./3
'*&)3#(!-.,/./,&+/.#)(')&#(!(&3--A
#(% --#(% ( .#' &&&# ,)' .,". ( ',) &%1(3
(,&(-.,") ,)'''-.,'"&*'#(!..#(!.
,)' ." ,-*.#0 -./(. '#(#-.,.#)(- ), '3 ,-," -./#-A
,> 1)/& &-) &#% .) ."(% -',& 0( ,')(. ,)' '
'-.,' ),*,)0##(!'#(-.,.#0-/**),..&&.#'-A
,#((0(-*,(>>1")1-1),%#(!-$/(#),.",#(
.,".> "&* ' #( '3 ,0#1 ) ,-," )( ').#0.#)( #( '#&
/.#)( *,. ,)' #(! !)) ,#(A ."(% ,#(( ), .".A "&).) /(.#'-(&)(!".-)0,()."#(!-(-)'."#(!-A
1)/& &#% .) ."(% ,) , )/#- %%,'(-> .,".> ), &13-
()/,!#(! ' #( '3 1),% ( -",#(! ." ."-- ) "#- -./(.- 1#."
' ),#(-*#,.#)(A&-),0#1'3E1&0.#*-F,.#&(*,)0#
/- /& % ),#'*,)0#(!."**,A
1)/& &#% .) ."(% ")'- #%> > .,".> ), -",#(! (
#(.,-. #( ( "&*#(! ' 1#." , .#(! ,-*)(- #( /." .) (
,.#&#(#-")(..(&-),0#1#(!'3G1&0.#*-H,.#&A
1)/&&#%.)."(%,#()&.,->>.,".> ),#(!-/"
!)) ,#( ( ()/,!#(! ' .",)/!")/. '3 " 3 &#0#(! #( '3
1),% ( &-) "&*#(! ' #(.!,. #(.) ." /." /&./,A "(% 3)/
,#( ),!,#(!.)'3G*,(# HA
371
Motivation in medical students
371
Acknowledgements
1)/&&#%.)."(%,)&#(#$-,->(0&#()&>> ,)'
.,". ), ,0#1#(! '3 G1&0 .#*-H **,? ,- (! ))&> ,-
,$) #$((B#$,-> ,- #--. 0( ,/!!(> $)/%$ 0( ( ,)%>
>,#()&.,->> ,)'.,". ),,0#1#(!'3G,0#1) ').#0.#)(,-,"#('#&/.#)(H**,(,)&#(#$-,- ),
,0#1#(!'3G**,)".)').#0.#)(H**,(*,)0##(!)(-.,/.#0
%A
1)/&&#%.)."(%,-)(#0(#,>.,".> ),
"&*#(!'#(-#!(#(!!))&#.,./,-,"(,)#-),))'>
.,#(,3##(> ),"&*#(!'-#!('3&.,)(#-/,03-A
1)/&&-)&#%.)."(%-)') '3)&&!/-#(''-.,'1#."
1")' " #(-*#,#(! ,-," ( ).", #-/--#)(-@ ,) , "&> ,) , 3# ,('> ,) , ,.$( %'(> "&./-
0( /#$%> > ,) , #(% '> ,- #( .(1#$%> , -%#
,'(>,.,,)(%(,-,!,."0(#$A
1)/& &#% .) ."(% ." )/(.#)( ) 0('(. ) (.,(.#)(&
#&/.#)((-,"K
L>-*#&&3,) ,#&&/,#%>
)B#,.), ) > ), -.#'/&.#(! '3 #(.,-. #( '#& /.#)(
,-,"(*,)0##(!'1#."(#(.,(.#)(&*&. ),'.))-)A
1)/& &#% .) ."(% '3 '#& /.#)( '(.),-> ,) 0#(-" /*
K> /,!#& -.,)(.,)&)!3L ( ,) #,'& ! K>
",'&)!3L> ,)'A#&)&&!;AA)-*#.&>/'#>
(#>
),()/,!#(!'3#(.,-.#('#&/.#)(,-,"(!#0#(!'
)**),./(#.#-.),,3)/. /&.3.,#(#(!-#('#&/.#)(A
1)/&&#%.)."(%'3*,(.-?'3 .",>1")./!".'.),'#!
( '3 ').",> 1") #- '3 ,)& ')&A 1)/& &-) &#% .) ."(% '3 #(B
&1- 1") "0 !#0( ' /(10,#(! -/**),. #( /#&#(! '3 ,,? '3
.",#(B&1>1")#-&13-*,)/) '('3')'#(B&1>1")&13-
372
372
Motivation in medical students
Acknowledgements
"-.#'.)#-/--'31),%("-(*.#(.&#-.(,(-)/,
) ').#)(&-/**),..",)/!"&&."/*-()1(-/,#(!'3."-#-A
"#-."-#-1)/&()."0(*)--#&1#.")/.."-/**),.) '3&)0#(!
"/-(> (#,/"> 1") &13- */-"- ' .) ) '3 -. ( #- '3
("),> '3 -. ,#.# ( '3 -. ,#( ( '3 1)(, /& &, -)(>
,3'(>1"),&&3/(,-.(-.".'31),%#-#'*),.(. ),'A"
*,-)(1")%*.'-(/,#(!."".#3-) '3."-#-)'*&.#)(
1- '3 ."( .)BB),( -)(> )"(A "(0, 1- -.,-- ), (3
,-)(>-'&&')0'(. ,)')"(#(-#'1)/&,'#('.".
"0#!!,("**#,."#(!-.)&))% ),1,.)A
"#!!-. /& #&&'(.
"0,#0 ,)''3."-#-#-.",',%#('3
-)(>,3'(F--"))&,*),.@
"(%3)/>,3'(A
Motivation in medical students
373
373
374
374
Motivation in medical students
%""%%$
Motivation in medical students
375
375
Curriculum vitae
%""%%$
-"'#/-/,%,1-),(#(/'#>
(#)(RY.",/,3RZXVA"
)'*&. ", !,/. ( *)-.B!,/. '##( . )%'(3 #&%
/(##*& #& )&&!> #)(> /'#> (#A -"'# -.,. ."#(!
'#&> *"3-#& .",*3> )/*.#)(& .",*3 ( (/,-#(! -./(.-
/,#(! ", *)-.B!,/.#)( #( /'( "3-#)&)!3A /,#(! ."#- .#' -"
1- &-) #(0)&0 #( '(3 '/&.#B#-#*&#(,3 ,-," *,)$.- -./3#(!
*"3-#)&)!#& -*.- ) 3)! .,#(#(! #( !,#.,# *)*&> . ) ..#&
( %#(-.".# -.#'/&.#)( )( *,B.,' ( /&&B.,' ()(.->
*-3")-)'.# #&&(--- #( /&.- .A ( )'*&. #--,..#)( )(
)'*,#-)( ) *"3-#)&)!#&> *-3")').), ( *-3")&)!#& *,'.,-
.1("#&,(1#."&,(#(!#-#&#.#-()(.,)&-A .,)'*&.#(!
", *)-.B!,/.#)(> -"'# $)#( ." #& )&&! ; )-*#.& - ./,, #( "3-#)&)!3A /,#(! ", .(/, .",> -"
*, ),' '(3 -(#), .", ,-*)(-##&#.#- &#% #(! ( 2'#(,
( ----'(. 0&)*'(. . ." /(#0,-#.3 &0& *,. ,)' ",
,!/&,."#(!(."#(!)),#(.#)(,-*)(-##&#.#-A
/,#(! ."#- .#'> -" 0&)* ( #(.,-. #( ." ."#(!B&,(#(!
*,)-- ( -.,. )#(! ,-," #( '#& /.#)(A " .))%
.,#(#(! ),."#-.",)/!",.# #.)/,-( &&)1-"#*K)(/.
3."#(.,(.#)(&&3&#'
B)/(.#)() 0('(.#(
(.,(.#)(& #& /.#)( ( -,"> "#&&*"#> L #(
'#& /.#)( ), S 3,-A " )'*&. .1) ,-," *,)$.- #(
'#& /.#)(A ( #.#)(> -" 1- /&.3 )( ." #(-.#./.#)(&
#& /.#)( (#. ( ,,# )/. .", .,#(#(!- . /(#0,-#.3
&0&A
376
376
Motivation in medical students
Curriculum vitae
/,#(!."#-.#'-"')0.)".",&(-1#."", '#&3A,-"
-/, " *)-#.#)( #( '#& /.#)( #( .,". ( !(
", ."-#- )( ').#0.#)( ) '#& -./(.-A " -,0 - /&.3 )(
.,". -./(. .", .,#(#(! *,)!,'' ), W." 3, '#&
-./(.-A " "- ( 1, ." K-#- 1&# #.# (,1#$-L
,.# #. 3 .,".A " "- )(/. 1),%-")*- )( G)1 .)
("( #(.,#(-# ').#0.#)( #( '#& -./(.-DH (). )(&3 ), '#&
/&.3 #( " .",&(-> /. &-) ), #(.,(.#)(& '#& /&.3
/,#(! SQRR #( #((A " "- )B/."), ( !/# )(
G)1(--#-.)/,/(,-.(#(!) ."#(!B&,(#(!*,)---#(
'#&/.#)(DH1#."",*,)').,,) ,&&.(.(,) ,
) ,3 #&&#'-> (#0,-#.3 ) )"-.,> A -"'# "- -/-- /&&3
/#&. *,) #& ) ( 2*,. )( ').#0.#)( ,-," .",)/!" ", #(B*."
/(,-.(#(! ( (&3-- ) (). )(&3", )1(,-,"1),%>/.&-)
."."),.#&/(,*#((#(!-) ').#0.#)(A""-1),%",#(),,
.) .,(- , ", /(,-.(#(! ) ').#0.#)( .) ." 1),& ) '#&
/.#)( .",)/!" ", ,-," */&#.#)(- ( ", )(*./& (
**&#.#)(B),#(.**,-A
-"'# /,,(.&3 &#0- 1#." ", "/-(> (#,/"> ( -)(-> ,3'(
( )"(> #( '-.,' ( 1),%- - ." -," ' ,>
-,"#(#&/.#)(>
(-.#./.) -,"(,#(#(!>'
'-.,'A
Motivation in medical students
377
377