UNDESINSTITUT
ÜR RISIKOBEWERTUNG
Nanoparticles in Daily Use:
A Safe Alternative for (Unsafe)
Chemicals?
Richard Palavinskas
BfR, Department 8, Contaminants
Beuth Hochschule für Technik, Fachbereich II
University of Gdansk, Faculty for Chemistry,
[email protected]
Window
Metallic Nanoparticles
As particle size decreases, electromagnetic radiation
interacts with free electrons to absorb, reflect, or
transmit different colors of light.
Larger
Smaller
Gold
Silver
Color of lustrous
macro samples
Color transmitted
through stained
glass windows
Gold and Silver Nanoparticles
Gold and Silver nanoparticles of varying sizes and shape
Gold and silver nanoparticles of varying sizes and shapes.
From left to right:
80 nm silver, 20 nm silver , 40 nm gold, 12 nm gold, 200 nm, 120 nm silver
, and 60 nm silver.
Understanding Melting Point: macro vs. nano
At the macro scale
At the Nanoscale
The majority
of the atoms
are…
…almost all on the
inside of the object
…split between the
inside and the surface
of the object
Changing an
object’s
size…
…has a very small
effect on the
percentage of atoms
on the surface
…has a big effect on
the percentage of
atoms on the surface
The melting
point…
…doesn’t depend on
size
… is lower for smaller
particles
Properties of Nanomaterials
Nanomaterials compared with Materials of other Size may have:
• Different physikal Properties
(Conductivity, Color, Tranparency, Density)
• Different chemical Properties
(Reactivity, catalytic Properties, Solubility, Structure)
• Different biological Properties
(Membranemobility, Diffusion Properties, Pulmonary movement rate)
Nano-Particals may have a Different Hazard Potential Compared with the
same Material having a different size.
Nanotechnology in food
Market analysis 2006-2012
Nanotechnology: up to 2015 a global market of 1 Trillion US $ and
about 2 Mio new jobs (Roco & Bainbridge, 2001)
USA
Japan
Quelle: Cientifica, 2006
China
Asian countries are expected to be the largest market for nano food products (Kaiser Consultant Report, 2004)
Consumer Products with “nano claim”: Product Inventories ― Trends
Increase of consumer products
with “nano claim”
Woodrow Wilson
Database:
Focus: USA, Asia
based on public
data
Source:
http://www.nanotechproject.org/inventories/consumer/analysis_draft
Consumer Products with “nano claim”: Product Inventories ― Trends
Most commonly used
nanomaterials in consumer
products
Source:
http://www.nanotechproject.org/inventories/consumer/analysis_draft
Woodrow
Wilson
Database:
Focus: USA,
Asia
based on
public data
Consumer Products with “nano claim”: Product Inventories ―
Trends
Woodrow
Wilson
Database:
Focus:
USA, Asia
based on
public data
Source:
http://www.nanotechproject.org/inventories/consumer/analysis_draft
Consumer Products with “nano claim”: Product Inventories ―
Trends
Woodrow
Wilson
Database:
Focus: USA,
Asia
based on
public data
August 2009: 1091 products in inventory (March 2006, 212)
Source:
http://www.nanotechproject.org/inventories/consumer/analysis_draft
Consumer Products
Major Nano materials
Silver
10%
Carbon
Zinc
5%
7%
7%
55%
16%
Nanoparticles are used in:
Overview from the European Data colected by the Authorities
BfR
Scientific facility of the Federal Ministery of Nutrition,
Agriculture and Consumers Protection
Independ for the cummunication of the own results
Duties and Working Fields:
•
Evaluation of health risks of:
Foodstufs, Commodities, Tissues, Pesticides and
Packing Materials
•
Communication about Health Risks
Consultation of the Federal Government about the
mentioned Fields
Why Nanoparticles at the BfR?
Nanoparticles might be used in:
•
Articles of Daily Use
•
Materials in Contact with Foods
•
Cosmetics
•
Biozides and Pesticides
•
Foods and Food Additives
•
Other Products such as Cleaning Chemicals
Consultation of the Federal Government and other Authorities in this Field
Nanotechnology in the BfR: Working Fields
BfR-Activities Nano-Technology – Risk Investigation and
Risk Assessment
Targets for the works about Nano-Technologie in the BfR:
• Collection of Data about Exposition and Toxicologigal Effects
of Nanomaterials
• Identification of Gaps in Investigations
• Development of Determination Methods for Nanopartikels
• Development of a Strategy relevant for Testing and
Assessment
Elements of Health Risk Assessment
Hazard
Identification
Hazard
Characterisation
Risk
Charakterisation
Exposure
Assessment
Toxicologic Data for Nanomaterials
Hazards
Data from animal experiments about SiO2, TiO2, ZnO und CNT from inhalation
toxicology (inflamation, carcinogenic potential)
Reports from China about Lungtoxicity:
Bad malformation of lungs at male workers exposed to surface covering
materials containing Nanoparticels
Data from in-vitro Experiments about penetration of ZnO und TiO2 after
dermatic Applikation (no health Risk)
Some few data from animal experiments concerning toxicisity of Nanomateriels
after oral application Nanosilver, TiO2 ,,Au, Cu, Si, Zn FE and Se are avalable
All overall just very few data about Nanoparticles
Toxicity of Nanomaterials after Oral Intake
Gold
4, 10, 28, 58, nm
Copper
Cu-Ions
23,5 nm
17 µm
Zinc
58 nm
250-1000 nm
Selenium 20-60 nm
Zinc,
Iron,
Silicium
Titanium
Dioxid
300 nm, 100 nm
10 -20 nm
40 - 50 nm
90 – 110 nm
21 nm
mice
Intestinal uptake
Distribution
Hillyer and
Albrecht, 2001
mice
acute toxicity
liver, kidney, spleen injury
Blood diagnostics
Chen et al., 2006
mice
Blood diagnostics
Blood coagulation
histopathology
Wang et al., 2006
mice
acute toxicity
liver injury
bioavailability
Distribution
Effect on Se-Enzymes
Zhang et al., 2007
mice
acute toxicity
Cha and Muyung,
2007
mice
Genotoxicity
(DNA deletion, Comet,
Trouillier et al.,
micronuclei, strand
2009
breaks, oxidative damage)
Sense about
Nanotechnology
Representative Opinion Poil about Nanotechnology
n = 1.000
Ratio Between Benefit and Risk
Benefit >> Risk
Benefit > Risk
Risk > Benefit
Risk >>
Benefit
http://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/238/wahrnehmung_der_nanotechnologie_in_der_bevoelkerung.pdf
Representative Opinion Poil about Nanotechnology
n = 1.000
Ratio Between Benefit and Risk
46
20
0%
20%
Benefit >> Risk
40%
Benefit > Risk
24
60%
80%
Risk > Benefit
9
100%
Risk >>
Benefit
http://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/238/wahrnehmung_der_nanotechnologie_in_der_bevoelkerung.pdf
Consumers Opinion
Would you buy those Goods if they Contain Nano-Particles?
Surface treatment
And Cleaning
Clothes
yes
no
Cosmetics
Foodstuffs
Consumers Opinion
Would you buy those Goods if they Contain Nano-Particles?
Surface treatment
And Cleaning
14
86
Clothes
75
25
yes
no
Cosmetics
36
Foodstuffs
64
20
0%
80
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
What about your Feeling Concerning Nanotechnology?
bad
good
What about your Feeling Concerning Nanotechnology?
70
7
0%
Very
good
20%
40%
good
21
60%
bad
80%
1
100%
Very bad
What about your Feeling Concerning Nanotechnology?
Do you Believe the Government is Protecting the Community from
Environmental and Technical Risks.
Fully true
Maybe
true
Maybe not
true
Not true at all
What about your Feeling Concerning Nanotechnology?
Do you Believe the Government is Protecting the Community from
Environmental and Technical Risks.
3
0%
Fully true
31
20%
45
40%
Maybe
true
60%
Maybe not
true
20
80%
100%
Not true at all
NM in Products: Overview on most significant Knowledge
Gaps
Nanotechnology in the Area of Food Packaging – Examples
Market share: ~10 %
Nanoclay for biodegradable plastics
Source: Q. Chaudhry, CSL
better exploitation of
RFID tags
for quality
control
Ag as antimicrobial
> 100
Products in
the area of
FCM *
resources
guarantee of quality and
freshness in the area of
food and feed
„intelligent“ and possibly
„active“ packaging
Nanoclay as
O2 barrier
Nanoclay as
CO2
barrier
* Source:
www.nanotechproject.org/inventories/consumer
/
Nanoparticles in Foodstuffs
• TiO2
• SiO2
• Can be used in chocolade, yoghurt, tomato sauce,
sugar,
UNDESINSTITUT
ÜR RISIKOBEWERTUNG
Thanks a Lot for
Patience
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