Experiments in connection with Daly's
hypothesis
on
the
formation
submarine
of
canyons
BY
Ph.H.
Kuenen
CONTENTS.
Page
Introduction
327
Experiments
331
I.
II.
III.
Discussion
343
Summary
350
IV.
I.
For
to
many
considerable
of
frequent
has
been
and
results
of
on
kindly
wrote
for
some
*)
morph.,
2
Bull.
)
1932.
of
me
in
the
and
depth
the
edge
distance
and
of
the
slope
Submarine
Shepakd:
Submarine
H.
H.
C.
Stetson
Soc.
H.
U.S.
Am.
Hess
:
valleys.
are
2
)
are
of
into
the
their
the
published
of
these
made
canyons.
observations
Geogr.
follows:
as
largest
the
gradually
of
few
Hess
continental shelf
canyons
features
investigations
a
they
attention
).
gorges
to
that
that
only
curious
of
slopes
or
even
and
Rev.,
Vol.
the American
They
subareal
cut
canyons.
across
continuously
23,
1933,
coasts.
are
pp.
Zeitschr.
it
to
a
77—89.
f.
Geo-
99—105.
Geology
1936,
in:
the
mouth
echo-sounding
recent
Stetson
in
the
continental
States,
not
and
also.
3
by
owe
out
results
outwards
Siiepard:
pp.
we
charts.
carried
the
United
original
many
of
P.
1936,
)
steepness
P.
IX,
1
shown
the
Bahama's
F.
Bd.
be
off
gorge
descend
interesting
recent
some
deep
a
of
excellent
F.
Geol.
')
in
at
also
characteristics
in
start
most
operations
formations
chief
coasts
Shepard
but
number
a
comparable
They
these
on
dredging
similar
The
To
morphology,
of
These
remained to
the
along
occurrence.
nature
He
It
depths.
centered
submarine
existence
has been known.
especially
surveys,
the
years
rivers
larger
some
INTRODUCTION.
The
and
palaeontology
of
the
Georges
Bank
Canyons.
339—440.
pp.
Navy-Princeton gravity
Hydrogr. Office,
1933.
expedition
to
the
West
Indies
328
of
depth
3000
some
also
are
tional
known
tributary
few
have
are
where
As
eroded
several
there is
the
to
from
quotation
„We
„The
took
scarcely
Recent
geophysical
to
appears
the
be
no
tow
of their
If
it
area,
they
active.
are
The
many
subsidence
')
sea
)
of
Personal
F.
level.
P.
of
Science,
and
have
effectively
found three
be
to
walls
in
place.
compact
are
that
possible
course,
but this
formed,
is
to
communication
they
have
of
the
by
pp.
a
the
huge
at
of
an
from
the
fact,
been
are
to
35°
been
the
too
on
account
continental
of
with
coastal
This
shows,
recently
gorges
subsidence.
gorges,
slope.
the
formed
which
recent
).
during
coast
light
2
under-
by
mechanism that
some
off
latitude
formed
subsidence
have
coasts
picture
sedimentation.
by
many area's
itself
this
to
down the
out
out
possibility
so
of
submarine val-
attention
against
water
subsidence by
from
1936,
of
must
are
or
is still
found,
Moreover,
that
a
recent
impossibility.
Professor
Submerged valleys
83,
draws
this mechanism
flow
blotted
be
in
far that
so
manner
these
obstacles
submerged
that
in
the
for
the surface waters
ever
the
in
sudden alteration in the speed
a
might
banking
history
appear to
Vol.
clay, probably
a
cut
materials
account
the
by
gorges
open after
Silepard:
of
is,
following
Georges Bank.
on
we
canyon
coast
Shepard
formed
gradually
these
from
view,
were
either
the
to
the
precludes
all
It
all,
are
con-
).
Apart
gorge
geological
cases
gradually
there
2
kept
up
The
considered
the
weak
to
made
tropical regions
be
older
In
been
walls
1937:
full of
are
be
can
possibility
the
to
1
been
of
that
argued,
and
slightly
strata.
February
an
sands.
from
spot
temperature,
would
river,
a
have
the
observed
the canyons had been
points
out
could be
subareal
Shepard
that
in
high
a
work
built
point
owing
But in
of
probable."
have
thought
currents
storms.
in
make
A
dentritic
a
gorges
that
hard rock
south
fill
a
glauconitic
the earth.
canyons
Davis
as
of
astronomical
that
as
place after
considered the
rotation
an
acts
investigated
Many attempts
Hess
of
letter
(ïorge
where
river-courses
the
lightly dipping
a
formations which
„seems
leys.
Hudson
which
„lithification
at
from
has
mouth
no
found
Stetson
succeeded in finding
from
and friable
„clays
delta
in
out
is
which
of
Shepard
materials,
other formations which
„The
shelf
hard
cropping
sandstone
„hard
out
While
the
excep-
overdeepened.
system
are
few
extent.
any
the older formations beneath.
„blankets
of
of
only
have
„Pleistocene,
rocks
there
they
instances
but
a
gorges,
nor
opposite
are
where
occur
but
from
Apart
valley
general
In
slope,
tributary
hanging
the
where
of. the
Stetsox
canyons
neither
are
devided.
solidated sediments
continental
few
yet been examined
not
end.
they
sinuous.
hinterland of
no
composed
generally
is
canyons
that
nature
is
the
course
found
more
opinion
the
they
occur
been
many
down
comparatively
are
Although
pattern.
even
which
valleys
eases
there
in
how
accurately
straight,
there
cases
know
to
comparatively
run
The lower reaches have
meters.
detail
sufficient
in
on
620—821.
Veninc
the
Meinesz.
continental
slopes
and
changes
of
329
Shepard.
bij
prepared
chart
a
same.
the
After scale
1.
Fig.
Bank. vertical
Georges
on
canyons
three
of
Model
and
Horiz ntal
330
Por
these
marine
sliding
of
mud
the
during
of greater age,
of the
in
the
the
increased
the
does
is
however,
the
fluenced
the
shifts
1000
as
reaches
of
of
level.
metrical
base
seem
is
its
outward
level
river
of
assumed
level of
between
expect
).
and
the
has
not
the
low
oceans
stages
by
the
of
running
waves.
flats
During
manner
than
that
churned
clear
to
submarine
eroded
the bottom.
solidated
detritus,
resulting
finally
would
If
the
F.
Sc,
)
XXXI,
R.
P.
Vol.
A.
193«,
slopes
Shepakd:
22,
1936,
Daly:
pp.
canyons
The
pp.
Origin
401—420.
are
underlying
are
causes
bathy-
striking
exceptionally
of
shallowing
nowadays.
have
of
submarine
a
out,
mechanism
their
similarity
current
canyons.
have
uncon-
been scraped
and
by
slope.
must
fine,
This
In
gravity
developed
motion,
canyons.
gorges
mud
storm
continental
composed
formed
the
of
by
specific
must
down the
when
age,
caused
on
both
value
its
to
ice
quantity
than
would have
of
deposited
fine
is
as
higher
speed
submarine
they
a
actually
ruts
waters
liquid
sufficient
at
delta's
is
the
large
a
the
and
of
slope.
)
opinion
sediment
formation of the
as
2
Daly
During
with
would
mouths
was
The
gorge.
turbulance
heavy
shelves
deeper
present
for the recent
account
normal waterworn
')
the
deeper and
in
This
given
currents,
of
more
formed
from the
material
an
meters,
storms
much
sea-water.
flow out
their
indication
continental
gorges.
of
One
nature found
the
and
in-
break
no
support to the assumption
by
form
to
range
severe
was
the
or
level.
of
some
no
forward
the
dozens
up
suspension
a
of
tendency
These
exceptionally
have
must
admits,
the
greatly
at this
the
mind,
there is
On the other hand it
originality.
within
brought
was
down
way
brought
several
of
many
his
to
topography
Thus
developing
amount
and
formed
source
find
lend
provided
formation of
level sank
their
the
submarine
part
upper
bulk
times
glacial
objection
parts.
canyons
to
from the
some
himself
the
the
was
the
also
shortly
its
in
chief
in
many
10
both from
gorges
deeper
beds
Shepard
and
The
the
sag
where
moved
Daly
as
ocean
2
1
maximum
glaciation
eroded
were
general
ice age
the
these
During
eustatic shift of
an
than the
of
might
base-level,
explaining
Acad.
slumping
of
the
during
then the
many years,
of
slope
amount
all
simplicity
and silt
to
sub-
by
especially
being
as
which
gorges
indication
no
meters
agents
hypothesis
difficult,
a
This
during
generally
in
meters.
probable.
charts that
The
this
is
either,
the
not
there
One
low
the writer
1000
certain
a
the
the
than
disproved
not
that the erosion carried away
for
they
that
out
place
take
level
sea
regions
for
other
by
practically
base
in
to
explanation
of
geologists
that
upper
general
expect
that
in them.
subareal erosion
several
much
as
opinion
data,
that
at
is
upper
has satisfied
other
in
expected
opinion,
cleaned
water.
In the
in
the
to
periodically
collecting
this
thicker
were
adding
but
sunk
have
level
that
be
assume
eustatic
ice
by
yet been proved
fresh
could
gorges
and prefers to
If
glaciation.
sea
mobile sediments
the
recalculated
may
were
Shepard abandoned
Recently
area
inclined
first
but
earthquakes.
applicability
He
Shepard
reasons
generally
were
flowing
Proc.
Nat.
496—502.
of
submarine
„canyons".
Amor.
Journ.
Science.
Vol.
331
the
along
No
bottom.
is
appeal
has
theory
wide
sinking
ends
and
is
on
could
of
We
fine
should
slight
that
grounds
appear
suspension
generally
In
some
have
the
illustrate the
Several
the
hypothesis
who
Daly
several
experimental
marine gorges
The
slope.
the
hand
help
careful
to
in the
less
be
1.
2.
Will
a
of
parts
type
its
loosing
of
the
probability
Only
a
objections
performing
is
the
aware
consist
slopes
question.
moot
be
to
appears
too
small
experiments
entertained have
than at
offered
against
writer
continental
is still
This
baffled.
scales
the
is
present
explanation
the
admitted
experiments
his
been
being
to
to
met.
more
first.
to
the
are
For
flow
the
motive
basis
down
current
The
theory.
a
of
slope
continue to
force
in
that
there
of
are
several
and
that
following
to
sub-
other
might
elements
neverthe-
questions
can
investigation:
water f
considerable
consequence
the
experiments
scale
under
the
continental
On
experimental
a
appears
down the
statement.
believe
to
irrespective
whole
on
flowing
this
it
whether
disprove
or
admit
him
that
hypothesis,
prove
speculation.
that
suspension
he
suspension
a
led
approached
or
Will this
out
by
to
first
of
reasoning,
form basic
answered
field
the
of
the
discussing
the
shelf
the
at
the
EXPERIMENTS.
consideration
clear
line
is
the
turn
the
After
theory
geology
formed
were
writer
the
objections
witnesed
when
remarks,
beyond
of
the
completely
objection
that
sediment.
gorges,
improbability.
can
only
proof
area
II.
be
the
down
in
admitting
are
stated above this
As
towards
disposed
of
gorges
operation
reject
to
feeling
conclusive
necessary
geologists
favourably
we
insurmountable
hard rock.
further,
cases,
supplied
between
not
So far
in
the
that
sufficiently
not
deposited
of
formation,
are
form
found
satisfactory
slightness
mode of
to
canyon
are
canyons
the
world-
a
lower
is far from
currents
that is
the
no
occurrences.
explain
of
and
a
being
that
careful
theory.
from
firm,
of
for
enough
now
choice
mere
a
quite
current
would result
of,
the
could
one
is, that
theory
glacial
or
position
canyons
Normal
owning
or
the
slumping
seek
swift
or
of
area's where
of
the
to
level.
with
or
be
to
of
forced
specially
us
the
mechanism
a
hypothesis
make
all
sediment
recent
left
present
shape
sea
which
by
the
of
directed
against
are
Daly's
on
below
evidence
time.
of
general
properly
The
to
feature
astronomical
original theory
therefore
are
operate
restricted,
also
the
proposed
level
sinking
recent
We
slopes.
been
ocean
Shepard 's
account
attractive
improbable
highly
yet
of
a
unlikely.
slopes.
Another
to
made
of
with-
depth
mixing
with
clear
water ?
3.
Has
4.
Will
the
on
such
such
a
a
current
mechanism
a
any
current
can
comparatively
erosive
follow
never
a
develop
smooth
power*?
slight
slope.
a
initial
gorge
gorge"?
when
For
starting
if
not
to work
332
5.
Is
the rate of
ment?
than
In
in
Professor
to
and
me
The
in
It
covered
was
coast,
of
the
tank.
shelf
of
clay
along
coast.
the
off
be
with
the shelf
across
moved outwards
the
suspension
possible
was
clear
and
water
the
coloured with
salt,
for
this
to
not
be
in
kept
it
The
mobile
hand,
while
suspension
if
for
made
the
clay
this
which
settle
Part
of
is
covered
just
and
clay,
by
carried
the
first
Concentrated
from
of
in the
down
moved
before
left
the
Dilute
to
flow
suspension
right.
outside
in
the
of
of
Note
the
The
the
covered
several
In
in
the
rock
reasons
the
cleared,
it
with
clay
that
water
could therefore
progress.
The
remained
constant,
being
salt
erosion
clear,
if
it
was
had
sufficiently
not
dilute,
too
ample
giving
started.
properly
2.
Each
pane
of
a
hard
layer
of
the
with
part
flows
the
4, A,
seen
slight
that
current
both
in
in
slowly
lower
line
(Fig.
clay
that
and
some
manner
B)
from
(note
sand
the
at
the
in
absence
a
is
meter broad.
one
The
gypsum.
the
of
surface
tank
is
mixing
of
shelf
opaque
clear
of
gypsum
on
made.
above, flowing
turbulance
of
water
shows
were
glass
head
down
and
the
the
gorge
slower
of
fig.
7
progress
gorge.
clay,
gorge
shelf,
white
experiments
suspension
centrated
by
in
gravity
while
that
suspension.
suspension
was
specific
sediment
by repeated
The
the
shelf
solution of
were
electrolites
troublesome
water.
the
of
a
quickly
experiment
its
milky
by
There
very
of
half
was
stagnant,
Leyden laboratory.
fronted
shore,
muddy water).
which
C.
tank
left:
with
B.
the
On the
flat
substituted
was
Fig.
A.
the
of
moving
flow.
and
thick,
to
In
an
also
was
too
the
suspension.
had
temporary dam
rate
gravity
its
This
from
a
almost
new
during
flow
such
the
flat
initial
piece
a
at
it,
the
precaution
a
behind
mud
cover
suspension
and
behind
that
deposit
not
followed
the
permanganate.
specific
flow,
poured
bottom
to
onto
of
suspension
The
poured
part
steep
a
as
turbulancc
the
of
A
water.
had subsided.
consequence
advantage,
the
could
be
in
bottom,
used.
had
could
time
the
be
water
that
to
The
the
so
sand
top
the
to
tank
edge
an
potassium
consisted
slope
of
the
the
suspension
substitution.
sinking
had
with
half
experiments
some
that
built
or
way towards
at
stage,
a
his
both of Delft
was
slope
and
liter,
prevented
join
to
slope
slope
therefore
poured
under
Thijsse
into the
influence
that
geology
acknowledge
to
continental
a
one
was
Ir.
centimeters of
turbulance
being
reach
to
nature
permission
me
experimental
me
whole
The
sure,
not
about half
was
the
brought
or
be
did
flange,
trickled
water
to
to
suitable
and
then
generally
until the
was
clear
shelf
suspension
rubber
a
experi-
in
questions.
A
gypsum.
was
order
coast
The
pleasure
Either
millimeters
In
steep
taken.
wood
few
prepared,
was
of
layer
a
horizontal
a
the
expected
gave
for
Burgers and
follows.
sides.
glass
kindly
laboratory
great
a
as
Clear water
with
the
rush
with
is
his
Professor
was
with
almost
an
the
to
tank
scale of
be
currents
university
in
hydrodynamical
some
procedure
long
a
Leyden
of
advice.
on
the
by enlarging
swifter
can
experiments
helpful encouragement.
advised
increased
laboratory?
Eschkr
me
gave
the
the
out
carry
flow
other words
of
almost
fig.
7.
without
turbulance.
The
flow
is
entirely
con-
A
B
C
334
experiments
The
a
onto
down
smooth
flow
to
out
creep
and
tank in
the
by
calmly
a
pression
water
this
mm
has
the
cloud itself
highly
face
is
soon
flattens
is
pension
also
same
made
a
deep
down.
of
out
of
fluid
other
the
and
gorge
but
fig.
(see
brought
was
and
an
way
In
the
else
After
the
lower
than
clay
this continued
hour.
slope
or
greatest
By
off
quence
of
movement
')
graphed
One
on
the
their
was
is
the
and
sus-
and
the
(fig. 6, B)
tongue
to
move
the
crystals,
greater
many
strongly
slopes
of
it
in
the
same
two
comparatively
the
the
did it
when
succeed
for
in
sucked
suspension
in
the
upper
milky
reaching
the
distance.
powerful.
more
from
suspension
succeeded
ever
way
amount
short
a
much swifter and
the
large
a
the
suspension
a
in
sucking
gorge
into
some
reached the
edge
Only
manner,
well
first
found that
was
the
had
the
increased.
cutting
one
meeting
A).
shelf,
very
the
of
in
flowing
the
to
water
the
gravity.
draw
in
a
volcano
be
the
only
In
on
with
Java,
gorge
or
followed
purple
very
the
consequence
parallel
for almost
permanganate
could
gorge
remained
suspension
down the
potassium
of
swift
Merapi
smokey
downwards
specific
as
fine
shelf and
beside
moved
tempted
the
a
crystals
times
as
in
gravity
specific
gorge.
off
slopes
3
is treated
be
First
depression,
was
no
settled,
the movements
On
ease.
the
along
had
B,
however,
reaches
throwing
shelf
solving
any
sur-
the
slowly
the
as
also
the
It
beside
down the slope
short
soon
the
slope
Even
anywhere
hardly
margin
the
and
answered in the affirmative.
and
this
2
onto
down the
but
slope.
course.
as
into
poured
sides
flowing
sides.
when
clear,
When
suspension
can
gypsum,
slope,
sinuous
shelf,
it
of
the
on
gorge,
the
few
billowy
sharp
flat
a
is
But
by.
like
studied
were
continental
The current in the
a
that
a
dividing
more
a
motion
question
the
slightly
the
from both
of
modelled out
a
over
suspension
edge
reveals,
the
flows
therefore be
can
fourth
starting
Both had
flowed
end
a
im-
clear
there is
passed
identical,
is
speed
made in
were
gorges
the
flat,
the
questions
and
was
gorge
slope
without
or
flow
of
type
two
third
The
but
flows down the
greater
The first
remains
it
first
the
practically
Although
has
with,
begin
to
it
part
portions
floating
motion.
Evidently
water.
contorted
billowy
solution with
the
manner
be
can
clear
The
with
flat,
edge
bottom
followed
were
upper surface
intricate
noticeably.
and
the
dilute
salt
a
The
its
343).
page
When
continuous
and
when
gradually
A.
fig. 6,
and
inspection
nearly
the
the
The frontal
mixing
the water above the tail is
warped
out
closer
is
bringing
over
along
out
movement.
quickly
surface
in
diluted
not
is
but
flowing,
suspension
more
frontal part
(see
is
poured
motion')
laminary
flow
lower
in
but
passed
between
mixing
turbulent
the
shown
as
clouds,
cumulus
frontal part
is
it
The
case.
then
It
spreading
in
watching
immediately started
suspension
go.
slope,
with
head of
the bottom
over
like
the
not
The
and
described,
considerable distance.
a
cloudy
current
the
which
through
is
to
the
consisted
questions
manner
let
when
down
in
flowing
first two
the
gypsum.
shelf
right
were
that
is,
in
of
slope
thin mist
a
current
the
test
flat
the
over
flowed
swiftly
of the
of
a
to
the
suspension
onto
with
tongues,
slowly
in
the
the
dis-
conse-
the
gorge,
however,
of
movement
the
with
the
glowing
snow
clouds
lawines.
of
photo-
335
A
B
Fig.
A.
Concentrated suspension
outside
B.
the
gorge
is
Concentrated
suspension,
in
of
the
gorge
fig.
running
being
7.
drawn
down
into
weighted
by
3.
the
gorge
of
fig.
7.
Note
how
the
part
it.
roek
solt,
with
strong,
turbulant
motion,
336
A
B
C
D
337
suspension.
the
fine
the
currents
After
a
the
cloud
new
but
into
eddies
fig.
On
and
down
had
suspension
the
on
shelf
the
dark
the
these
streaks
it
show
clearly
how
directed.
were
gorge
settled
with
made and
were
A
-4,
the
also
possible
The
result
spoilt
the
was
fingers.
sometimes
churn
to
the
was
elegance
up
same,
the
of
results.
By
away
of
the
or
moved
The
a
water
the
little
or
In
then
the
laid
have
the
entire
there.
the
length,
Moreover
strongly
more
The
it
along
third
became
the
outer bank
In
7
fig.
the
is
gorge
drawn
scale
to
It
that the upper end of the
will be
Branching
slowly
seen,
emerges
Cloud
of
salt,
the
Detail
with
a
picture
again
at
up
proving
The
a
sus-
brown,
thick.
mm
the
rate
After
water.
had
disappeared
the
curved
flake
to
off
had
current
than
parts
along
the
suspension
movement
tank
its
the
and
lamps
gorge forms
is
(not
by
shown
„a”
the
visible
the
only
a
slope.
very
flow
dives
photograph)
the
on
dark
streaks
into
a
coming
off
cavity
and
„b”).
on
the
way
down
the
(in
gorge
of
4
fig.
A) by
a
clear
solution
erosion.
Note
the
weighted
with
turbulant
salt, flowing
head
and
thinner
down
a
part,
gorge
where
constant.
of
dimensions
shape,
with
4.
permanganate. (At
(two liters)
tank.
dilute
very
down.
potassium
stirred
become
D.
of
Suspension
of
gorge
flowing
crystals
C.
then
started
show
A
gives
of
to
slope and fig. 2,
Fig.
B.
in
with
layers
mixing
%
be
considerable erosion
that
apparent
the
to
up
compare
layers
had
sand
all.
at
built
salt
over
along
successive
by
of
B
by
parts.
ceased
layer,
to
and
two
layer
flows
clay
about
was
4,
pumice
was
Pour
amounts
upper
fig.
gorge.
had
slope
made
was
dashed
rolled
clay
white
layer
then
sediment
fine
or
surface
a
settled.
current
disturb the
to
reexamined
was
place.
the
entire
and
the
of
had
turbulent frontal
clay
first
Each
of
up
power,
flow
a
inner bank.
and
A.
bottom
On
way.
the
middle.
observations
gorge
taken
its
frequently
gradual
the
tank;
brown.
of
and
the
after
the
over
the
manner
top of
of
were
more
concentrations
finished
the
of
again
various
almost
down
series
a
a
down
clay
churning
in
balls
these
was
running
water
finally
of
and
very
minute
experiment
gorge
model
were
eroded
the
carried
the
erosive
the
smooth,
too calm
and
here
was
on
sediments,
all
on
the
at
that
found to
over
flow
up, except
gorge
current
a
with
flow
it
the
by
was
clay
by
slight
this
clay
normal
of
long
were
white
the
the
caused
stir
to
in
distance,
clay
was
clay
and
had any
the
gorge after
clouds
clear
a
the
gypsum,
into
following
a
a
these
the
gorge
current
considerable
pension
of
of
flat
seen
as
of
able
being
a
moved,
On
the
disturbing
the
dense
be
started
chips
the
on
raising
surface
dropped
bottom
of
started
that
the
without
only
in
whether the
without
down
sent
cloud may
current
If
all
practically
up
deposited
bottom
was
gorge
white
were
and
question
the
over
solution
As
it
churning
shelf
decide the
salt
down
the
the
tank.
To
clear
this
repeating
from
flow
shown
in
fig.
4,
C
a
few
moments
later.
along
the
the
front
motion
has
338
A
B
C
head.
turbulant
tank.
the
of
floating,
slightly above.
front the from
the
5.
along
Fig.
Note seen
A,
later.
gorge
a
folowing
liters)
(two
5
fig.
mo ents
few
a
taken
of
gorge
(half)
the
head,
in
the
formed
of
Suspension Detail Rip les
A. B. C.
339
dent
slight
shelf
in
the
hollow
a
of
shelf.
%
pension
from
side.
comparison
In
distance
a
the
on
canyons
em
Even
when
is
depth
about
twice
the model gorge
continental
So
far
in
In order
solution
results
are
by
The
not
be
depth
of
the
water
It
will be
is
speed
is
to
23
As
little
influence
sides
and
become
studying
of
is
the
fig.
flow
perhaps
A
the
the
along
increasing
13
set
amounts
mm
from
the
drawn
2
of
4
each
on
questions
quite
of
extra
a
the
into
scale
of
This
the
of
near
its
the
to
2
to
the
is
con-
depth
filled
had
both
at
lower end.
it
of
our
The
could
speed
is
the
mm
the
slope
the
of
liters
obvious
experiments
answer
passed,
was
gorge
increase
account
13
the
last
of
the
run
motion
down the
of
each
when
increase
before the
this
Taking
ran
of
case
liter
head
second
depth
a
the
the
till
gorge
deepensed
considerably.
of
1
water,
amount
the
is
same
with
speed
the
speed
the
of
salt.
8
fig.
head has
the
taken
was
with
again
the
liter
a
rock
In
the
by
In
of
mm.
greater
after
greater.
that the
the
6V2
experi-
oi'
half
run
amounts
the
liter
series
a
first
developed
1
8
liters
on
speed
question
definite.
experiments
side
and
salt
the
was
following,
fig.
enlarging
by
flat
speed
and
into
to be
sufficiently
the
hollow
sus-
flow.
question
In
solution
experiments
is increased
not
the
than the finished
first
increasing
somewhat
tongue of
because
that
the
the
is
the
on
current
It
appreciable.
8
further
running
the
taking
gorge would have had
have
water
increased
not
was
swifter
the
last
out.
with
case
stronger
seen
By
in
by
carried
each
was
much
brim
the
slighter
and
answered
into the
insight
the
measured.
larger.
mm.
the
in
of
velocity
not
have
measuring
could
siderably
of
the
on
all
dilute.
more
was
The
flow.
solutions.
an
of
depth
seen.
water
nearly
6.
concentrated
more
and
ahove
taken
shown
motion,
a
much
of
em
tap
affirmative.
gain
to
was
average
of
3
to
slopes.
experiments
the
mentioned
ments
The
Slower
our
definitively
of
Head
B.
is
width
the
was
Fig.
A.
there
sufficient
the
was
tank.
therefore
The
solution with
the
rate
of
specific
made
flow
in
was
gravity
a
new
gorge
measured
of
1.06.
on
The
340
made.
were
8
fig.
of
7.
Fig.
exp riments
the
which
in
gorge
The
341
of the
depth
the scale
in
water
made larger
was
of
on
the flat
from time
the experiment
the
broadening
shelf.
also
was
time
to
of
comparative
specific
but
in
it
discussion.
handled
in
The
of
the
this
speed
of
than
conclusively
Another
fine
the
water
layer
the
up
In
in
of
the
clay
the
of
some
the
wind
on
The
bottom
Finally
waves.
10
the
was
I
of
9
fig.
flow’s
shall
that
serious
a
defect,
of
increasing
head.
this
to
return
could
be
point
conveniently
solution.
for
were
the
thus
of
rate
in
meter
one
for
and
9°,
the
5, C).
This
also shows
(half)
next
obtained,
flow
the
middle
with
meter
showing
when
the
an
more
scale
of
sediment,
sufficient
Before
fronted
the
clear
the
made
soon
the
as
began
to
of
proof
the
of flow
speed
and formed
move
erosive
maximum erosion
form
on
power
takes
place
the influence of wind-formed
current of
a
influence
to
is
that
were
laboratory
The
As
the gorge
gorge.
experiments
tank.
observed.
was
the sand in
(fig.
shape
Leyden
shelf.
liters
influence
the
amount
increasing
fact
cm/sec
marks
flow.
8
of
the
of
separately
of
be
to
Thus--
respects except
enlarged.
interesting
some
ripple
of the
average
curves
fig.
is
experiment
exceeded
at
The
show
speed
afterwards.
10
was
measured
an
to
the
maximum
manner
was
6°.
on
until
The
with
slope,
average
the
realised
not
was
the
experiments
gravity
proved
in all
gorge
its side.
along
8.
Fig.
Graph
increased
this
Unluckily
sand
heaping
gradually
was
increased and the
gradually
by
by
a
air
studied
was
slope.
waves
suspension,
at
As
the
thus
can
on
be
a
soon
shore,
formed,
drawn
shelf
as
the
clay
could
the
over
with
a
thin
speed
was
flow
of
stirred
down
342
the
slope
water
flow
in
it
was
the
mixed
tank
occurring
with
became
down
the
clear
more
water
and
of
comparative experiments
(see
the
incoming
muddy
waves.
without
a
to
discussion
9.
show
on
the
page
influence
345).
of
increasing
The
distinct
slope.
Fig.
Graph
by
more
scale
343
III.
An
in
attempt
mind the
be
to
appears
during
storm
of
undertow
would
In
the
noticed in
meantime
the
and
edge
ferent
forces
that
to
There
the
the
does
model
over
suspension
of
the
his
before
it
is lost
not appear
Thijsse
a
to
be
liter
of
distance of
a
in
y2
steepness
tells
laboratory
the
on
experiments
too
natural
on
is too much
dimensions.
depends
It
pension
warm
If
diluted
needed
distance,
3y 2
to
far
of
during
the
water
surface
suspension
a
principally
is
long
the
mixture
heavier.
case
will
ature
sea
stirs
has
up
It
will
probably
a
water.
process
may
the
sediment
may
meet
soon
then
not
a
to
even
second
on
be
its
flow
the
actual
but
he
is
will
with
small
day
expected
deep
that
the
we
also
of
silt
if
it
in
amount
performed
rules
and
velocity
my
of
mixing
a
current
that
be
safely
that
which
the
on
in
is
not
more
at
clear
this
place
specific
slow
more
the
way,
water
level.
the
This
temper-
gravity
and
of
water.
the
experiments,
too
sus-
during
on
cold
the
and
in
suspension
dropping
the
greater
postulated.
cold bottom
first
the
the
remains
the
the turbulance
from
In
become
stage
slope
simple
extent
whether
if
saw
next
a
sea.
no
opinion
thin tongue
a
the
down
presently why
see
below
in
down
to
of
may
influence
as
cannot
down
flow for 10 kilometers before
or
frequently.
place,
at
dif-
capilary
the
have been
is heavier than the
out
water
enormous
the
prove
descent,
level
spread
occur
clear
down the continental slope
the
larger quantity
a
long
as
experiments
doubting
will
amount
of
dilute to begin
keep
of
the
quite
cannot flown
experiments
scale
the
on
is
waves
if
nature.
with
deeper
to
the
for
flow
canyons,
tropics
comparatively
In
the
hours
in the
admitted
mixed
currents,
We
by mixing.
nature
in
be
out
the
over
be
meters,
as
However,
explain
to
flow is insufficient to
is
able
a
and
will
model
coast
consequent
active
doubtless increases with the
small
the
cannot say
consequence
the nature here considered will be able to
of
it
are
con-
when
settle
must
ripples,
suspension
mixing
Mixing
the
the
reason
any
that extensive
me
the
in
up
dilution.
by
as
what
the exact
be
sea
churned
to
and
we
also
suspension
least
at
nature must be
of
the
is:
took
sea
waves
in
nature
nature
could be established.
for
in
of
been
towards
works
it
as
that
studying
would
theory
nature
doubt,
much
There
directed towards the
suspension
more
the
ones
that in
order
same
Mr.
large
If
theory.
As
the
the
the
it
out to
the
dominant part in minute
a
slope
of
in
of
that
and
more
shelf.
proof
as
continental
in
the
playing
used
be
diluted
of
of
level of
offhand
suspension
etc.
lower
have
long
storm
experiment
spot in
remains
a
bearing
questions.
be
Without
out.
size
last
how
A
the
sweep
the
the
answered
nor
blowing
one
points
weak
a
possibility
water
the
to
Daly
as
of
while
theory
five
our
sediments must
was,
than
to
there
can
died down.
water
help
flat,
of fine
cannot be
waves
turbulance and
the
principle
as
larger
of the
edge
of
of the
whirling
would raise
Daly's
assumption
Neither
suspension
view
to
experiments
the
to
mass
What
the
the
epochs.
great
waves.
centration
the
objection
no
a
be made
now
given by
glacial
the
consequence
by
can
answer
DISCUSSION.
the
by
heavily
of
flow
this
laden
344
thus
sediment,
with
motive
As
the
bottom of
than
of
arriving
But
if
fine
if
future
absence
pension
areal erosion and
of
The
and
find.
The
upper
suspension
tend
be
to
develop
middle part
hardly
are
clear
only
a
kind
of
first
would
they
ocean
There
an
is
be
sinuous
tinental
rut in
the
in the
strength
tional
shapes.
It
is
because
then
out
of
less
in
the
Our
next
lines
We
a
of
also
is
2
to
3
of
the
There
1).
The
slope.
land-sliding.
a
given
close
with
km
the results
per
of
river
a
the
flow
position
definite
floor
of
that
course
follow and erode
operate,
could
It is
that
of
there
such
excep-
about
brought
slope.
Possibly
masserated
was
importance
are
con-
inequalities
for
be
is
along
in the
or
down the
system
the
further down.
responsible
Shepard
during
the
by
Irregularities
to
way
materials.
by
in
winding
can
pattern
long
to
note
relatively
few
inshore.
the rate
for
be
level
sea
gorges
channel
the
river.
may
arriving
took the flow of rivers
use
should
chart possesses
to
reached
they
started
dentritic
begin
of soft
begin
not
rocks
drowned
old,
example
concern
of
a
then
investigation
Daly
speed
can
do
a
as
above
deeper
their
as
explaining
manner
how
an
the
now
therefore
those
the
due
in
we
gorges
on
the
more
draw in the
(see fig.
down
started
until
this
mechanism
covering
down
The
should
Shepard's
formed
the suspension
country
obvious
in
even
nature.
the
the
encounter
that
at
of
the recent
branches
two
same
the ruts
many of
we
that
the
amount
gorges
examples,
origin
into
Once
slope
using
rut,
difficulty
before
slope
of
sub-
draw
shelf
tributary
lower
an
valleys
glaciation.
down
older
the
shape
a
sus-
by
large
a
they
They
known
such
just
develop
sometimes encountered because
a
best
suggests
easily
later
a
no
and
the
responsible.
that the
out,
would
extend
met
or
heads
of
flowing
will
sides.
If
proves
both
depressions.
of
rolled
slumping.
submarine
edge
the
starting
gorges,
strongly
also
may
in
suspension
show
Bank,
the
the
from
favour
current
a
initial
erosion
canyons
carried
that
in the lower middle part
and
age
into
The
part.
tributary
pointed
ice
also
in
the
estimated.
explained
effectively
more
the
finally by
or
that
across
be
of
particles
be
cannot
been
at
submarine
by
flanges
coarser
gained
can
slight
eirque-like
this
in
cut
but
is
suspension
doubt,
the
wide
of
have
projections
thin
the
surface
larger
generated
over
they
develop
to
broad,
delta
piracy
Daly
the
own
reaching
on
much
were
lower ends
point
a
area
a
delta-like
the two
bottom;
no
that
Georges
any
the
eroded,
tip,
example
of
Stream
of
the
concentrate in
ends
frequent
more
flow of
tend
their
at
of
found
are
leave
arc
thus
be
between
strong
a
along
will
slope
depressions
current
need
on
submarine gorges
be
prodominated
ration
the
experiments
continental
the
only
they
by
If
should
there
The
sand
and
pebbles
these
its
increasing
even
wide
a
load
they
materials
If
its
the other hand
delta's,
of
over
level.
there
investigation
theory.
out
deposit
base
at
on
the bottom.
therefore
will
rivers
suspension,
a
products,
the
it
slope,
subareal
by
lower ends.
along
but
regenerating
spreads
suspension
the
river
a
formed
flow
only
not
force.
hour
the
as
of
at
the flow.
point
(Daly
There
estimate
an
of
1.
experiments
the
comparison
c.
as
p.
418)
basis
of
to
be
speed
in
appear
of
and
arrived
70
cm/sec.
or
a
calculation.
345
Daly
(p.
says
410) ■
uniform motion in all parts
„Arbitrarily assuming
and
„cross-section,
the
„of
axial
(d),
and
bottom,
of
area
assuming
the
motion
to
velocity
equation relating
liquid
„surface
„the
the
state,
„steady
also
the
slope
the
and
taken
(s)
divided
cross-section
v
v —c
We
the
in
the
of
second
the
of
of
depth
the
to
not
the
the
gorge.
for
the
therefore
flow
the
the
the
Our
for
on
graph
appears
the
out
between these
gorge.
two
nature
The
the
is
stream
of
about
the
be
to
this
that
is
also
soon
As
of
tested
the
the
thus
the
of
the
be
solution
direct
the
But
into
neglected,
the
as
from
a
larger
drawn
hydraulic
formula.
thus
shelf
quickly
as
to
gorge, onwards
in
the
be
can
of
between
solution,
can
velocity
9).
The
gorge
of
area
influence
(fig.
depth
enlarged.
as
the
that
provide
to
examined
so
difference arises
depth
the
velocity
is
s
gorge is
as
solution
well
to
the
as
the
as
it
mean
scale
moment
encumbered.
begins
be
and
accommodate
the
solution
slower
approach
to
noticeable.
the
hydraulic
velocity,
v
is
onto
poured
than
if
q
14
of
The gorge
is
q
flat.
the
width
in
in pro-
velocity
The
mean
less
depth
mean
increased
not
the
the
receives
depth
of
shelf.
of
shows
the
and
to
this
to
be
the
use
good
the
The
speed
for
the
of
I
the
will
in
and
graph
mind
the
smaller
the
calculating
for
following
Bearing
case.
agreement
formula
In the
the
between the
divergence
(p. 339).
scales,
velocity
current is
not make
this
formula
greater,
a
it
in
as
difference
values.
area
smaller
worthy figures.
the
a
to
to
head of the flow.
above
down
shelf,
gorge
begins
of
shelf
ration
determining
clearly
safe
fairly
nature of
In
the
scale
larger
the
increase
explanation
the
pointed
could
increase
the
solution
simple
influence
should
liquid
of
the
But
the
be
now
used.
of
The
fairly
of
the
that remains
experiment.
to
increasingly
factor
the
to
measured
is
it
the
enough
conforms
of
(=
v
and
d,
increased,
experiments
gorge.
the breadth
than
gorge,
portion
large
supply
tank the
solution
smaller
the
starts,
When
of
the
the
amount
the
must
rush
to
off
of
to
depth.
over
liquid
proportion
still
down
enlarged
that
in
the
is
area
of
scale
smaller
For
begins
solution
larger
the
disappears
it
as
both
equal
perimeter)
roughness
the part
mean
out
V
to
gradually
spread
amount
enlarged
scale
depth
flow
a
hydraulic
was
(m,
wetted
experiments
our
measurements
when
tap
the
is
of
the
smaller and
was
set
in
proportionate
experiments,
solution
to
proportion
starts
the
liquid
heavy
the
the
on
for
same
depth
the
density
channel."
that
is
of
depending
the
seen
flow)
nature and
amount
of
slope
already
the
influence
Our
The
quantity
a
the
have
head
same
is
is
c
and
„bed
the
the
d,
m.s.
„
„where
the
reached
with
(v)
mean
by
of the stream's
have
be
to
hydraulic
to
of the
scale
shelf
is
experiments
large
compared
therefore
give
to
the
the
size
most
of
the
trust-
346
To
calculate
depth
of
the
When
using
in
current
out
although
account
so
as
this
sediment
water
the
upper
of
layers
arrive
at
conservative
a
increase
about twice that
the
estimate.
(when
of
gorges
effective
an
it
As
meters
is
left
less
in
the
out
of
erosion
get
we
used
figure
a
of
experi-
Bank),
0.004,
also
course
the process
Georges
of
density
s
25
to
probably
was
velocity,
the
the thickness
of
was
This
of
depth
10
at
shelf.
been estimated
nature
There
the
in nature
slope between
In
water.
to
!
Vnature
v
c
=
exper
as
10
=
Vexper6.5
or
cm/sec
velocities
density
v
na
c
10.000 X
115
u,r<.=:
of 0.01
is
considerably
are
Professor Burgers
millimeters
4000 X
several
to
that
however,
scale
2
of
pointed
brings
velocity
of
value for
the
the
is
minimum
place
settling.
40
in
in
marks
to
consequence
of
stirring
and
meter
this
this
that
of
two
the
is
the
we
shelf
one
')
Sec
V..
Weitere
page
or
that
These
m/sec.
Daly.
by
from
extrapolation
because
inertia.
order
right
the
fric-
He believes,
of
carried
In
these
to
magni-
for
by
out
to the
the
experiments
be
half
only
speed
the
probably
in
come
flow
gorge.
in
the
nature
the
near
the
No
velocity
that
considered
to
extensive
a
no
cm
3
will
of
be
of
For
sediment
sediment
head
ripple
reasonable by
with
each
difference whether
the
then
the
produced
experience
volume.
by
below
erosion
velocity
the
density of
sink
may
consequence of the
effective
to
the
storms,
minimum concentration is
of
makes
the
stop
his
1:7000
quarter
It
3
km/hour
25 meters,
as
which extrapolation
and
the
value
a
of
find that the
0.00014
in
times
and
side
is 4
depth
flow of
the
estimates
of
limit
three
strength
minimum velocity.
2)
to
that
the
found
exceptional
soon
lower
experiments
on
estuaries, etc.)
weight,
less
sediment
up
0.06
bottom.
velocity
the current will
(=
the
Thijsse
the
less,
1 X
experiments
in
was
Our
0.06
at.
results.
flow
the
a
1 X
calculated
me,
similar
purposes,
the
K
complications,
aiming
conservative
close
Estimating
cm/sec.
the
on
to
V
cm/see
cause
indicating
to
following.
current
increased
for
of
c
those
out
satisfactory
very
0.004~:
183
or
in
are
attention
head
the layers
When
water
Mr.
gave
of
we
c
than the forces of
value
a
what
meteorological
therefore be
must
is
:
Assuming
than
kindly
my
for
)
nature
propagation
take
drew
also
Schmidt
that
X
sufficient to
meters
do obtain
we
Afterall
He
W.
i/2
cm/sec
greater
tional forces follow different laws
tude.
X 0.004
i/ 2
for the head of the flow.
km/hour
effective
an
V
V
.
=
in
shelf.
the
on
have
the
use
the
of
The
cm.
not
).
edge
be estimated
can
to
for
y4
1
surface
billowy
of
result,
is
depth
measured and could
not
must
we
the
Daly:
by
at
reaches
help
the
experiments
it
would
namely
following
the
it
is
(1:7.4)
began;
the
in
of
moment
of the
meters
suspended
scale
the
solution
was
account
on
20—50
matter
ment
at
layer with suspended
of
and
linear
liter of
1
the gorge
accuratley
of the
the
solution
is
currents
0.00028
square
required
this
by
centifor
amount
is
348.
Schmidt:
Bemerkungen
Zur
zum
Mechanik
der
Poenvorgang,
Böen.
Meteorol.
Meteorol.
Zeitsehr.
Zeitsehr.
1912,
1911,
p.
p.
355—362.
103—110.
347
in
suspended
the
Returning
the
at
the
have
ments
will
that
further
the
on
1
shelves
Now
remains
velocity
The
data.
fed
the
for
carried
off
surface
for
the
out
of
the
the
bottom.
The
of
the
the
well
twice
the
The
and
have
flow
is
the
a
density
dilution by
to
the
of
Georges Bank,
')
For
the
be
of
the
sedi-
The
period.
now
and the process
has
settled
velocities in nature,
whether
1
be
used
the shelf
1000 km
some
work
three
of the
part of
will
quantitative
will
easterly
of
it
to
as
fig.
the
to
the
as
bottom
2
for
large
which
It
of
lowering
before
formed
gradually
is
not
of
sea
Half
km 3 .
We
has
the
on
a
up
amount
arrive
be
to
the
at
have
may
this
a
been
and
during
the
bottom.
along
eroded
off
assuming
slope
current
were
protective
a
km 3
36
at
this
furrows
set
they
sediment washed
estimated
much
of
is
the
hand
conclusion that
as
available
was
enough
and
m/sec
as
turbulance
of
would have
the
following
bottom,
will
a
at
Georges
Bull.
by
increase
to stir
risen
along
flow
a
take up 6 times
ultimately
eroded
rolled
that
assuming
turbulent and
the
sediment
fig. 5,
be
to
load is
up
the
to
once
sedi-
amount
than
more
process.
from
flow
this
greatly strengthened
velocity
Its
of
against
become
to
has
percentage
part
is
stream
a
nothing
influence in
1
larger
even
other
this
dm
at
case
the
see
much
amount
to
18
an
would take
The
theory.
shelf
fine matter
That
.
as
was
The
smaller
velocity
by
greater
of
that the
,
as
the
power
few
running
slope
expect
even
.
meters.
the
that
On
great
process
3
area
sank
can
started with.
a
down the
estimates
gorges
an
there
age,
times
be
original
lifted
only
to
and
100 km
ineffective
ment, will increase its
it
made
aggraded
sand.
dozen
There
speed
sediment
died
current.
gorge.
carrying
a
gradually
glacial
estimate of
the
gorge has
amount of
6
velocity.
gaining
ice
too
an
up
may
the
have
not
more
waves
fraction of
movement
the
until
be
roughly
Thus
down
gorge
It
the
start
an
of
was
and
three
were
at
constituents
shelf.
running
setting
shelf
the
remains
of
to
it
the
by
small
would
One
were
during
a
the currents
velocity.
day,
suspension
waves
eroded from the most
is
coarser
of
that
There
out
the
during
by
storms
for
can
easterly
rock
pebbles
degradation
lost
of
the
of
covering
force
in
measurements
few
canyons
the
the
again
arrived
theory
current into this
probable,
level,
the
most
that
if
after
quickly
importance
a
amount
bank
only
clean
too
have
of
obtaining
The
of
the
that
).
of
elements.
the
the
thickness;
dilution of
the present
washed
we
test
basis
Georges
to increase
work at
been
of
appears
motive
ample
and
become
not
the
on
it
suspension
sand settles
remaining
of
100 meters
or
question
in
still
running
start
mechanism to
a
1
shelf,
remains
there is
down,
the
to
of
edge
materials
to
of
layer
a
same.
whole.
It
surface
lifted
Bank
Geol.
sand
on
see:
Soc.
the
the
increasing
the
the
course.
but
be
of
the
the
Siiepard,
America,
now
way
also
flow
is
be
1934,
pp.
a
be
is
higher
until the
to
effect
obvious
not
and
sand
rise
Not
down will
45,
the
will
high enough
Tkefetiien
Vol.
first
velocity.
lifted
will
At
mud
why
drawback
ample
Ooiiee:
to
Origin
281—302.
348
restock
of
the
the
on
in
shelf
all.
In
of
tity
been
Let
less
stir
Combining
1
The
rivers.
from
is
erosional
Each of
the
to
Finally
rivers
by
weight
1.50
in
in
supposed
towards
the
relation
is
velocity
was
stirred
the
It
the
believed
used.
On
cross-section
a
flow off
on
the
in
the
the
shelf.
all.
fine
sediments
of
years
lowered
which
during
had
compared
3
less.
ones
annually
40
meters,
oftener.
performed
km
/100
was
(about
even
that
to
carry away
carries
there
decended
1
to
Pro-
gorge.
rapidly
possibly
or
suf-
years
when
age,
sinking
were
year,
5
every
eroded the
ice
level
be
an
by
of sediment
This
amount
km 3
*/s
of sedi-
the
ratio
is
aided
0.40
m/sec
the
case
of the
steeper
the
in
the
submarine
down
slope
The
initial
sediment
coarser
less
In
1:600
m/sec.
when
and
30.
and
1
to
in
1
start
storms,
more
of sediment
part
even
the
water
velocity
cases
gorges
which
the
carried.
estimate
the
1
to
average
sediment and
much
the
by
fine
In
as
Durance
severe
relatively
only
based.
was
from
sediment
the
1:3500 at
during
was
of
much
as
the
was
being
ratio
1:2000,
average
contain
that
sediment held in suspension
The
Grande),
velocities
be
the
of
base
current.
Rio
such,
way
of
first
waters
however,
flows
the
to
of
depth
the
same
order
ratio
the flow is
shelf,
the
depth
the
not
was
of
1
to
2
60.000
duration
the
of
cm
in
depth
the
then
of
measured,
the
As
in
the
from
when
nature
2
m
flow
but
1
liter
of
would be
17 km
3
of
In
it
would
suspension
100
m.
The
suspension
.
current
gorge.
photographs
is
more
than
would
have
be
week.
It
settled
shelf.
of
is
(Po,
calculation
be
the
in
once
the amount of
down and
to
of
Mississippi
there
hard
flows
more, the slower
ones
greater,
experiments
was
to
rivers,
to
quan-
when
again,
edge
200.000
flow that
a
next
the
the
than 50.000 years
find that
we
the
were
larger
flows.
the
density
water
end,
to
flows
there would have
found less
age
were
more
the
may
rivers
probably
our
is
there
cause
compare
the
transportation
materials
is
can
density
on
up
which
on
of
up
according
Mexico.
larger
parts
gorge.
stirred
been 7000
settled
10.000
ice
flow almost every
swifter
of
by
Some
m/sec.
300
the
one
and
dozens
the
was
much
a
that
so
reached
were
10.000 flows had
the
Gulf
to
and
considering
the
by
If
quarter
work
our
gorge,
reasonable,
ment
there
already
effective
an
storms
the
of
As
could have
gorge,
had
successive
results
second
and
year)
per
was
it
suspension
sediment
abundant
cm
that
suspended
the
end
gorge.
sediment
the
before
each
two
our
was
during
there
of
some
predecessor.
occasional
ficient mud
still
that
its
the
there cannot have been
were
bably
hand
therefore
than
up
there
exceptional
down
the
sediment
down the
ran
available,
very
continue for
to
5.000.
say
obvious
level,
there
of
able
reaching
millimeters of
and
were
died down and
assume
is
will be
before
2y 2
as
drawn
was
other
flow
traverse
began
meters
flows,
the
us
ocean
flow
consequence
had
It
to
18
to
much
as
sediment
On
waves
has
the
estimate
our
it
time
Each
and the
current
kilometers
the
is
obvious
again
In
fact
water.
that
long
the
If
after
before
flow
this
the
the
did
lasted
not
a
storm
dropped
suspension
last
few
the
had
all
much
longer
days,
half
mud
than
the
off
flowed
the
the
agitation
sediment
settled
349
again
the
on
assumed
The
x
/
km
spread
2
this
)
erode
to
The
valley
size
the
bottom
shape
the
only
the
cut
out
hardly
Vio
the
It must
of
therefore
the utmost
carried
loose
and
were
each
the
flow
was
flow
density
shows
1
exceeds
the
chart
best
that
(the
brought
explained
old
as
Shepard's
thousands
much
in
of
the
the
are
The
current
to
the
are
estimates
degree
of
sidered.
the
fact
be
introduced
for
accuracy
On
the
other
the
contradiction
performed,
hypothesis
It
canyons
has
may
is
hand the
estimates
is
certainly
arise
he
to
help
the
been
shelf
for
is
narrow
if
made,
fear
size
that
loose
and
to
the
much
the
surely
several
feel
claim
canyon
of
its
results
and
the
the
some
where
and
submarine
of
the
the
any
con-
The
flat
no
work
density
that
appeal
unconsidered.
energy
that
of
but
well
may
for
entirely
available
the
under
applied
once
intended
reasonable
however,
ten
performed
accurate,
even
would
allay
during
few
a
wide-open shape
be
is
reader
means
left
quite
to
account
no
made
in
crumbling
the
only
fairly
the
figures,
between
admitted,
where
by
are
few
a
preferred.
be
theory
had
lead
encountered
unable to
to
is
the
from erosion
have
not
explain
part
which
resulting
element
quantitative
that
the
of
It
arbitrary.
in
are
found
were
direct
also,
to
assumption
to
is
hypothesis
In
that
seen
„underslumped"
words
could
therefore
this
repeated
gorges.
slopes
gorges
other
creep
theory
can
if
calculations
foregoing
elements had
But
the
in
assumed
theories
weak.
very
suspension
this
must be
Both
canyons.
In
period.
a
slope
water.
layers.
that
and
or
the
the
been
Stetson 1
undercut
a
trans-
the bottom.
by
be
may
had
in
flow.
when
the
out
shielded the
levels,
Weathering
gravity
when
but
current
off
has
slumping
slopes
materials
facilitate the
slump
to
as
consideration
the
the
the
the
floor.
sea
bottom,
for
dredging
have
holds
sea
the
solid rock
clean
the
massive
very
glacial
years.
influence of
materials
in
off
of
that
By
not
hypothesis
own
short
so
slides.
could
They
lowered
enormously
land
off
this
con-
creep,
the
of
%
sediment in
cm
and
on
This
90
waiting
and
in
scars
out
although supported
show,
to
As
them
least
weak
so
operate
some
occurring
where
to
of
walls)
These would crack
layers.
and be broken up.
except
the
is
sides.
opened
absent
our
erosion
vertical
enormously
few
normal
(in
only
were
slumping.
worn
would
a
rock
evidence
bank
second
a
current
Weathering
are
at
lay
ratio
high
of
ceased
Georges
and
This
of
that
not
were
to scrape
solid
rush
a
per
in
as
the
there
have
valley
the process
slopes
slope
currents
of
harder
the
meters
just
by
almost
must
It shows
the
only
show
river
a
that
If
downwards.
cut
current
the
words
other
n
two
or
touched
process
in
the bottom.
had
6
has
Shepard
since
in
the
I
-
shows
was
would
been
explains
Each flow
also
have
down
slid
heap along
portation
if
at
by
m
one
cross-section).
some
task
Ys
of
gorges
part
importance.
by
away
previously
of
5000
cm.
they
current
this
of
speed
a
the
the
case,
while the
tinuously
agents fullfilling
20
of
°f
gorges
ever
at
bottom
very
to
the
stead of
disappear
to
„wetted"
area
thickness
a
days
and
about
It
assumed
the
over
few
a
calculation
is
in
10.000 flows
reason
sediment
out
represents
during
water
has
is
this
,
(50
of
For
of
amount
3
km
100
shelf.
above.
to
be
current
canyons.
Californian
supply
of
sus-
350
pension
these
hardly
can
canyons
question
This
If
of
the
be
eroding
that
the
had
clay
because
explain
found
Stetson.
by
In
as
it
been
the
of great
to
used
„be
to
„out
for
the
to
great
sea
Various
of
of
It
be
may
these
a
and
is
are
there
with
the Georges
ones.
flows
no
of
most
therefore
already
in
finer
surprising
the
ice-age.
Hudson
the
with
the
not
during
clay
gorge,
from Stetson's
quoted
letter,
geology:
for
currents
cutting
gorges,
mechanism which
important
very
sediment
down the
Continental
it
can
and
Slope
us
SUMMARY
familiar with the
in
number of
a
have
hypotheses
of
the
ice
water
the
age
and
shape
various
properties
he
shown
publications
these
wonderful
has
features
that
mud
stirred
flowed
This
proved
that
diluted
by
mixing,
the
flat and follow
in
depressions
will
begin
and
that
to
the
roughly
Rough
canyons,
that of
ripple
with
the
that the
larger rivers,
(effective)
root
estimations,
At
the
density
the
of
the
stage
the
two
amount
to
of
the
flow
down
flow
at
the
of
gradually
the
being
without
that
slope,
of
density
sea
and
experiments.
in
concentrate
velocity
are
low
shelves
slopes,
slope
a
will
a
the
shallowing
by
for-
there
which
During
continental
the
explain
to
substantiated
root
the
current
10—20
and
slight
cm/sec
probably
depth.
the
data
of
one
of
nature should be
encreasing
end
the
sand
the
in
the
on
be
a
the
on
velocity
lower
and
of
Daly.
rut down
a
in
with
based
but
such
marks
varies
speed
show
sediment.
this
form
that
up
can
will
suspension
hypothesis
by
down
theory
much
a
only
suggested
was
forward to
brought
The
canyons.
is
ensuing,
gorges.
been
These
At
less
sank
slopes
currents
those of
probably
were
pleistocene
earth-science
to
submarine
dense
eroding
also
its
although
basins."
and
gorges
objections,
grave
levels
the
flows?
floor.
mation
no
the
materials,
density
especially
oceanographical
use
distributing
glacial
away.
of
have
we
ocean
importance
Are
gorges.
by
continental
consolidated
canyons
sentence
cannot
we
Shepard has made
submarine
large
out
time being
that
show
there
some
IV.
of
the
older, smothered
occurrence
that
me
of
carried
importance
if
„Even
„seems
to
crediting
stage
in
conclusion another
is
eroding
cleaned
slightly
ocean-level
deposited
This may
for
glacial
already
was
only
or
reopening
last
power,
material
for
merely
submarine canyons,
most
the
During
they
unanswered for
reason
every
and
adequate
forthcoming
scattered
formation of
Bank-type,
left
is
proof
loosly
to
appears
were
denied.
not,
further
formed
been
and
be
must
is
importance
have
older
as
it
proceeds
three
times
sediment
has
the
Georges
and catches
has
suspension
the
somewhat
gained
velocity
caught
up
it
6
than
up
more
times
started
the
Bank
less
the
with.
average
of
351
most
three
much
as
weeks.
several
having
it
picked
assumptions
velocities,
strength
evidence
be
of
shelf
and
the
sides
is
currents
of
the
gorge
in
two
discharge
relatively
a
each
years,
sea
its
The
Mississippi.
by
figures
made
may
he, they
arrive
to
and
water
any
an
continental
large
consequence
before
the
or
was
of
current
show that
preposterous
no
reasonable relations between
at
sediment
and
size
of
the
for
gorges
been
at
as
narrow,
hardly
of
some
the
Californian
sediment
enough
to
canyons,
set
the
up
remaining
of
the
except
forming
some
of
lies
in
the
the
necessity
continental
Shepard's
smothered
Older,
as
case,
Stetson
important
dredging
gorges
may
of
assuming
But
slopes.
results,
have
all
points
been
to
cleaned
part
in
points
the
out,
the
mechanism
sedimentation
on
and
must
beyond
have
the
slope.
March
An 8-mm film
1937.
illustrating
obtained at
at
uncertainty
rocks
mechanism.
Groningen,
Geologie
is
have
to
conclusion.
this
played
be
to
available
same
In
can
hours
to
currents.
chief
The
by
the
appears
necessary
out
these
rough
have
amounts
Where
the
carries
rivers.
major
5
every
Bank.
Georges
small
the
muddy
one
or
up.
However
there
down
many
the
of
carried
most
the
Mississippi
lasted
average
materials
of
occurred,
the
as
current
slumped
that
have
sediment
the
of
reached
must
The
times
percentage
and
flows
10.000
eroding
its
rivers
larger
Some
Leyden.
the
price
the
of
experiments,
8
guilders
of about 20 meters
from
the
length,
Rijksmuseum
van