1st Quarter Review: Westward Expansion -- Progressive Era
I ABSOLUTELY must know the following facts:
(2B) Write a one sentence description of the defining characteristics of each unit of study:
Westward Expansion
United States population shifted westward with the creation of new
states under the Homestead Act.
Gilded Age
Era where there were some that found great economic success due to
laissez faire policies of the government, but many were struggling to
make ends meet due to the lack of social programs.
Progressive Era
Response to the Gilded Age where individuals and the government
sought to make PROGRESS in many different ways.
(3A)
Analyze how the following events changed the culture of the United States and give a specific example.
United States treatment of the American Indians
American Indians were moved to the reservations and forced to assimilate to American culture.
The growth of political machines
Strong (corrupt) political organizations that expanded party politics. Boss Tweed of Tammany Hall.
Civil service reform
Government response to political machines and the spoils system. Civil service exams for gov’t jobs.
Populist movement
3rd Party movement supported by laborer and farmers. Wanted to increase the money supply and
use silver.
(3B) Use at least three of the following terms to analyze economic issues from 1877-1917. Underline the term.
Industrialization
Big Business
Railroads
Labor Unions
Cattle Boom
Entrepreneur
Free Enterprise
During this era of ​Industrialization​ there were many different ways that an ​entrepreneur​ could make
a living through the ​Free Enterprise​ system. These individuals that created monopolies and business
trusts became known as ​“Big Business”​ and often time workers felt that they were being taken
advantage of. An example would be how during the ​Cattle Boom​ the r​ailroads​ increased the charge
for freight to transport animals. Some argued that this was how capitalism worked -- others believed
that this was people abusing their power. Eventually, frustrated groups of workers began to
collectively organize into ​labor unions.
(3C) Analyze the impact of the Social Gospel on the United States.
It allowed some individuals to look at poverty in moral terms and it influenced Progressive reformers.
(5A)
evaluate the impact of the following Progressive Era reforms:
Action
Effect
Initiative
Citizens propose a law to the legislature by petition.
Referendum
Decision on an issue/proposed law will be the result of a popular vote.
Recall
Election to replace an elected official.
16th Amendment
Income Tax
17th Amendment
Direct Election of Senators
18th Amendment
Prohibition (Eventually repealed by 21st)
19th Amendment
Women’s Suffrage (right to vote)
(6A)
Choose one of the following (and circle it) and analyze the effect it would have on society during the
Progressive Era: ​immigration, Social Darwinism, eugenics, race relations, nativism, the Red Scare, Prohibition,
and the changing role of women
Immigration -- help with adjustment to American culture with settlement houses
Social Darwinism -- social application of the idea of “survival of the fittest” was an argument
against social programs.
Eugenics -- was the science of a “master race” that would fuel ideologies such as Nazism in
Europe.
Race Relations -- would be included in Progressive reforms and the creation of the NAACP
Nativism -- anti-immigrant legislation and rhetoric
Red Scare -- fear of Communist ideology in the United States that would be used to combat
union organization
Prohibition -- ban of alcohol would lead to organized crime in US.
Women -- would eventually lead to the right to vote and increased economic role.
(12A) analyze the impact of the settlement of the Great Plains and the Klondike Gold Rush on the environment.
Changing physical landscape and increased scarcity of resources.
(13A) analyze the causes and effects of changing demographics in the United States including western
expansion and the move from rural to urban centers.
There was an increase in the number of immigrants to the United States -- many seeking free land
from the Homestead Act. Some chose to move to urban centers from rural areas because of the
possibility of getting a job at new factories being built there.
(13B) analyze the causes and effects of changing demographic patterns resulting from legal and illegal
immigration to the United States.
Many immigrants were forced to come to the United States due to push factors in their nations. An
effect of this was nativist legislation that attempted to limit the impact these immigrant groups would
have on American culture.
(15B) Define laissez-faire business practices and describe how the relationship between private business and
government changed during the Progressive Era. (Hint: Anti-trust, Interstate Commerce, and Pure Food and
Drug Acts)
Laissez - faire = hands off business practices that led to monopolies and unfair business practices.
The US government hoped to regulate business more during the Progressive Era and passed laws
regulating business trusts, work conditions, and factory manufacturing codes.
(14A)
identify ways that population growth and distribution would have an effect on the physical environment
Overcrowded areas cause a scarcity of resources and an increase in pollution.
(27A)
explain the effects of scientific discoveries and technological innovations such as:
Electricity
Allowed for more convenience in homes; longer production
hours
Telephone
Faster, easier communication.
Petroleum-based products
(Oil)
Movement of people, goods, and services
Steel
Infrastructure of the country. Railroads, skyscrapers, etc.
(27C) Explain the impact of technological and management innovations and their applications in the workplace
such as assembly line manufacturing and time-study analysis
There was increased efficiency that allowed for a greater output of manufactured goods.
(28A) In what way did the above innovations and discoveries improve the standard of living in the United States
and benefit the free-enterprise system?
Increased production allowed for goods to become more affordable. New manufacturing methods
allowed for new creative ideas to be produced.
These facts will help me on the test:
(2A)
Define the following eras in one sentence:
Westward Expansion
Population of the US moves west.
The “Gilded Age”
Laissez faire policies do not benefit all citizens.
The Progressive Era
Changes in government programs to make life better for all citizens.
(3D)
describe why many immigrants sought a better life in America.
Free enterprise and Homestead Act provided economic opportunities not available in some nations.
Others fled other “push factors” such as war, starvation, and political oppression.
(5B)
evaluate the impact of the following muckrakers and reform leaders:
Upton Sinclair
Wrote The Jungle causing the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act.
Susan B. Anthony
Leading activist for Women’s Suffrage Movement.
Ida B. Wells
Anti-lynching advocate and co-founder of the NAACP
W.E.B. DuBois
Civil rights advocate that fought for integration
(5C)
Contrast the Populist and Progressive third parties and evaluate their impact.
Progressives is a broad term that describes any political group that was seeking change in policy -economic, social, or political. Populism was a group within the Progressive movement that supported
laborers and farmers and hoped to increase the printing of money based on silver and gold.
(6B)
Identify:
Clarence Darrow
Attorney during Scopes Trial arguing for the teaching of evolution.
William J Bryan
Attorney during Scopes Trial arguing against evolution; ran for President
multiple times and never elected; Populist that gave the “Cross of Gold”
speech
Henry Ford
Ford automobiles, credited with creating the modern assembly line and
fair wages ($5 a day)
Glenn Curtiss
“Father of Naval Aviation”
Marcus Garvey
“Back to Africa” movement for African-Americans during the Roaring 20’s
Charles Lindbergh
1st pilot to complete a Transatlantic flight from New York to Paris. Child
was later kidnapped in what was called one of the greatest “Crime of the
Century”
(9B)
describe how organizations promoted civil rights during the Progressive Era.
The creation of the NAACP began to seek changes to hiring practices and laws through litigation.
(14B) identify the purpose for the creation of the National Park System.
President Theodore Roosevelt wanted to maintain lands for the enjoyment of future generations -there was fear of too much industrialization and urbanization.
(26B) Discuss the Americanization movement to assimilate immigrants and American Indians into American
culture.
Progressives wanted to make sure that the culture of the United States was not changed by new
groups. Others wanted to help with the adjustment to American society and help immigrants not be
taken advantage of. Some people fought these actions by promoting nativist legislation sought to
discriminate against immigrant groups.
(19C) Describe the the Teapot Dome scandal and its effect on the views of U.S. citizens concerning trust in the
federal government and its leaders.
Famous example of government corruption during President Harding’s term. This was an example of
some government officials taking advantage of their positions for personal economic gains.
(21B) discuss historical reasons why the constitution has been amended.
Because the constitution needs to reflect changes in society.
(22A) Define Alexis de Tocqueville’s five values crucial to America's success as a constitutional republic: liberty,
egalitarianism, individualism, populism, and laissez-faire.
Liberty - freedoms found in Bill of Rights
Egalitarianism -- equality of all citizens under the law
Individualism -- Each person has the ability and right to make their own decisions, this is reinforced
by Free Enterprise
Populism -- laws reflect the views of the American people
Laissez-faire -- the government is not involved in the daily decisions of business and allows for the
market to determine success or failure.
(23B)
Evaluate various means of achieving equality of political rights, with the 19th amendment.
19th Amendment allowed women an equal voice in politics by granting them the right to vote.
(23B) Evaluate various means of achieving equality of political rights, with the American Indian Citizenship Act
of 1924.
This law allowed American Indians, previously not allowed to vote according to the Constitution, full
citizenship under the law. This STILL did not allow Indians the right to vote -- this is changed in the
1950’s.
(23C) explain how participation in the democratic process (voting) reflects our national ethos, patriotism, and
civic responsibility as well as our progress to build a “more perfect union.”
Voting is a privilege and a responsibility of all citizens that is reflected in the Preamble of the
Constitution.
(24B)
evaluate the contributions of Andrew Carnegie.
Steel magnate that eventually used his great wealth to become a philanthropist.
(15A) describe how the economic impact of the Transcontinental Railroad and the Homestead Act contributed to
the close of the frontier in the late 19th century.
The railroad allowed travel to the west to be more efficient. People were willing to travel to new lands
because the Homestead Act gave away land to people willing to farm it. This population shift
“civilized” land that had previously just been American territory.
(15C) explain how the as the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 affected economic issues.
This limited opportunities for Chinese immigrants and caused tension in western states like
California.
Explain how immigration quotas affected economic issues;
This limited opportunities for immigrants to immigrate and caused tension in urban areas and
competition for jobs.
(15E) describe the emergence of monetary policy in the United States, including the Federal Reserve Act of
1913.
This was the federal government's attempt to regulate inflation and keep a more balanced national
economy by creating the Fed and its regional banks.
Analysis:
Document 1
Declaration of Principles of the Progressive Party
. . . We of the Progressive Party here dedicate ourselves to the fulfillment of the duty laid upon us by our
fathers to maintain that government of the people, by the people and for the people whose foundation they
laid.
It is time to set the public welfare in the first place.
In particular, ​the party declares for direct primaries for nomination of State and National officers . . .
and for the direct election of United States Senators by the people.​ . . .
Effective legislation looking to the prevention of industrial accidents​, occupational diseases, overwork, involuntary unemployment, and other injurious effects incident to modern industry. . . .occupations;women and young persons;
The prohibition of ​child labor​:
Minimum wage​ standards for working women, to provide a living scale in all industrial occupations
The ​prohibition of night work​ for women and the establishment of an eight-hour day for one day’s rest in
seven for all wage-workers. . . .
— Platform of the Progressive Party, August 7, 1912 presidential candidate — Theodore Roosevelt
Document 2
Document 3
According to the Progressive Party platform, what were two election reforms that the party hoped to
achieve?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
According to the Progressive Party platform, what were two labor reforms that the party hoped to
achieve?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
Identify a symbol used by the cartoonist in Document 2 to demonstrate how powerful these trusts
had become.
Monopolists as money bags.
Closed balcony.
Smaller size for Senators.
According to the cartoonist in Document 2, who controls the Senate?
Monopolies
Which group of people is represented by the boys in photograph A? Identify one change that has
occurred in the appearance of the boys in photograph B.
American Indians placed on reservations.
Assimilation -- haircuts, clothing, etc.
State one negative result of the changes the United States government forced on this group of people.
Loss of cultural expression.
1st Quarter Vocabulary:
Eras:
The era of ​Westward Expansion ​was the result of a large number of citizens and immigrants migrating to
the Great Plains to claim free lands available under the Homestead Act. These new farmers would become a new
political force in the United States during the early 20th Century called Populists that became frustrated with a
lack of government control of the railroads and with inflation.
The cities were also growing at a rapid pace during this time period as entrepreneurs looked to take
advantage of the laissez faire policies of the government. These “captains of industry” made great fortunes in
steel, oil, and the railroads. However, the unfavorable conditions faced by workers led the author Mark Twain to
label this era ​the “Gilded Age”​. Critics of the economy felt that these “robber barons” and their policies needed to
be reformed. Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William H. Taft gained the title of “trustbuster” during this
Progressive Era​ that resulted in many economic, political, and social reforms.
Economic Issues
The economy of the United States is a capitalistic system often referred to as ​Free Enterprise​. The guiding
economic principle is based on the ideal that the market will determine success or failure based on supply and
demand. This system will reward original ideas and ​Entrepreneurship​ by allowing people to own and operate
their own businesses. At the start of the twentieth century the United States government followed a ​laissez-faire
policy that was more “hands off” in the regulation of businesses.
At the turn of the century, many of the early “captains of industry” benefitted by creating ​monopolies
where an individual was able to control all aspects of a single industry. These industrialists were able to further
control their fortunes by organizing subordinate companies into business ​trusts​ allowing for vertical integration of
operations. This led to the criticism of some of these industry leaders as “robber barons” or ​“Big Business”​.
As the United States became more industrialized, factory owners began using time-analysis studies to find
ways to make the production of goods more efficient. Henry Ford found a way to mass produce automobiles
along an ​assembly line​ that increased output. Eventually, workers would organize into ​labor unions​ to collectively
bargain for better conditions.
Society and Geography:
The United States saw a great deal of social change during the 20th century. At the start of the 1900’s
there was a great deal of new technology as a result of ​Industrialization​. With the new factories there was an
increase in ​Urbanization​ that was reflected in the growth of cities. Major cities developed in the west alongside
the ​Transcontinental ​Railroad.
With the increase of population to work in the cities there soon became a large number of workers
competing for jobs. Some people adopted the theory of ​Social Darwinism​ . They felt it described that class
structure also followed the idea of “survival of the fittest”. The large increase in immigrants also led to​ nativist
legislation such as the Chinese Exclusion Act that discriminated against foreign born individuals.
During the Progressive Era there was a great deal of social, political, and economic reform. The
Temperance movement eventually had success with the passage of the 18th Amendment that enacted
Prohibition. ​ Another amendment ratified during this era was the 19th amendment that gave women ​suffrage​, or
the right to vote. Other reformers looked for ways to improve daily life in urban settings. Some authors and
artists were able to influence legislation with their work that brought attention to the dark characteristics of
society. Some of these authors, such as Upton Sinclair and Jacob Riis became known as “​muckrakers​”.
Politics:
In 1862 Congress passed the ​Homestead Act​ to help aid with westward expansion. This law promised to
give 160 acres of land to any settler willing to live on the land, farm it, and make an improvement to it for five
years. Although this may have helped settle the western territories, it left Congress with the issue of what they
should do with the American Indians currently living on the Great Plains. The Dawes Act of 1887 ensured that
reservation lands would be owned by individuals and not entire tribes. This was done in the hopes of​ assimilating
American Indians into the dominant culture.
At the turn of the century there began to be new voices calling for change. On the Great Plains a new
political movement known as ​Populism​ was fighting for farmers’ rights, currency reform, and the regulation of the
railroads. In urban centers, the rise of the ​political machines​ had led to a “spoils system” where unqualified
candidates received government positions. This lead to progressive politicians calling for ​civil service​ Reform.
Eventually there was an increase in the role of the individual voters through the practices of ​recall ​(replacing
inept government officials), ​referendum​ (the public vote on ideas written by the legislature), and ​initiative​ (a
legislative vote on ideas presented to them by petition from the people).
Word Bank:
Westward Expansion
Laissez faire
Social Darwinism
Assimilation
Referendum
Labor Unions
Nativism
Gilded Age
Homestead Act
Political Machine
Populism
Entrepreneurship
Urbanization
Industrialization
Progressive Era
Free Enterprise
Transcontinental
Trust
Civil Service Reform
Recall
Big Business
Initiative
Monopoly
Assembly Line
Women’s Suffrage
Prohibition
Muckraker