Table of Contents
Georgia
Performance
Standard
Letter to the Student . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Letter to the Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Georgia Correlation Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Pretest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Chapter 1
Early America. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Lesson 1
European Settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
SSUSH1.a–d
Lesson 2
Economy and Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
SSUSH2.a–d
Lesson 3
Causes of the American Revolution . . . . . . . . 48
SSUSH3.a–c
Lesson 4
The American Revolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
SSUSH4.a–d
Lesson 5
The United States Constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
SSUSH5.a–e
Chapter 1 EOCT Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Chapter 2
Expansion, Reform, and Tension. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Lesson 6
American Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
SSUSH6.a–e
Lesson 7
Economic Growth and Reform . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
SSUSH7.a–e
Lesson 8
Growing Divisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
SSUSH8.a–e
Lesson 9
The Civil War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
SSUSH9.a–f
Lesson 10
Reconstruction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
SSUSH10.a–e
Lesson 11
Big Business and Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
SSUSH11.a–d
Chapter 2 EOCT Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
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Chapter 3
Prosperity, War, and Depression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Lesson 12
Impact of Industrial Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
SSUSH12.a–d
Lesson 13
The Progressive Era. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
SSUSH13.a–e
Lesson 14
American Imperialism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
SSUSH14.a–c
Lesson 15
World War I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
SSUSH15.a–d
Lesson 16
Developments After the War . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
SSUSH16.a–d
Lesson 17
The Great Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
SSUSH17.a–c
Lesson 18
The New Deal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
SSUSH18.a–e
Lesson 19
World War II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
SSUSH19.a–e
Chapter 3 EOCT Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Chapter 4
Postwar America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Lesson 20
The Cold War. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
SSUSH20.a–d
Lesson 21
Economic Growth 1945–1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
SSUSH21.a–d
Lesson 22
The Civil Rights Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
SSUSH22.a–e
Lesson 23
Political Developments 1945–1970 . . . . . . . . 150
SSUSH23.a–d
Lesson 24
Social Movements of the 1960s . . . . . . . . . . 154
SSUSH24.a–f
Lesson 25
National Politics Since 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
SSUSH25.a–g
Chapter 4 EOCT Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Posttest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
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1
European Settlements
SSUSH1.a, SSUSH1.b, SSUSH1.c, SSUSH1.d
The Founding of Jamestown, Virginia
In December 1606, three small ships left the English coastline. Carrying 105 men and boys,
the Susan Constant, the Godspeed, and the Discovery sailed more than four months across
the Atlantic Ocean. The voyage was financed by a group of private investors known as the
Virginia Company of London. The investors hoped to establish a colony, convert Native
Americans to Christianity, and return a considerable profit in gold.
In May of 1607 the colonists chose a marshy location some forty miles up the James River
(named for King James I) as the site for their new colony. They believed it to be a suitable
area where they could trade with Native Americans, yet have a good vantage point for
guarding against an attack by the Spanish. They named their settlement Jamestown.
Many in the group had military experience. Yet, life in the Virginia marsh caused great
hardship. Illness, lack of food and fresh spring water, skirmishes with Native Americans, the
misguided hunt for gold, and discontent among the settlers took its toll on the settlement.
By January 1608, only thirty-eight of the original settlers remained alive.
In 1609, the Virginia Company of London became a joint-stock company. This allowed
it to sell shares in the settlement to the public. The British crown granted shareholders
substantial control over the colony. More settlers arrived in Jamestown hoping to find their
fortunes. From 1609 to 1610, the “starving time,” the colony almost perished.
For almost two years, the people who lived and worked in Jamestown functioned under the
leadership of Captain John Smith. During that time, he forged a friendship with Powhatan,
the powerful chief of the Powhatan empire. He also gained the friendship of Powhatan’s
favored daughter, Pocahontas. The natives offered supplies needed by the colony. Soon,
however, hostilities resumed. By winter’s end, the sixty settlers who remained alive
contemplated abandoning the struggling settlement.
In 1614, Pocahontas married John Rolfe, an English tobacco grower. The marriage
established a sense of good will, at least temporarily, between the colonists and the
Powhatan. Yet, expansion onto Powhatan lands to grow highly profitable tobacco brought
renewed conflict. The economy of Virginia quickly grew dependent on tobacco, which
continued even after tobacco prices began to fall.
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Lesson 1: European Settlements
Jamestown Becomes a Self-Ruling Colony
In 1619, the Virginia Company of London allowed Jamestown to establish its own
government with the right to create colonial laws. Residents of settlements along the James
River elected representatives, each called a burgess, to the House of Burgesses. It met for
the first time in the Jamestown Church on July 30, 1619. The Virginia House of Burgesses
was the first representative government in America. Although the governor was appointed
by the Virginia Company of London, fifteen of the twenty-two members were elected by the
colony. Elected members had to be over seventeen years of age and own property. All laws
passed by the House of Burgesses required the approval of the governor and the Virginia
Company of London. Nonetheless, the House of Burgesses became an elected body,
representative of the colonists and acting on their behalf.
In 1619, a Dutch ship presented twenty Africans to Jamestown, selling them as indentured
servants. Others followed. By the 1630s, some Africans were enslaved while others
remained indentured servants. By 1640, blacks in Jamestown were not allowed to carry a
gun. In 1692, blacks no longer could own horses or cattle. By the early 1700s, enslaved
Africans and indentured servants composed half of Virginia’s labor force.
The people of Jamestown faced many difficulties throughout the 1600s. James I rescinded
Jamestown’s charter and took control of the colony in 1624, making it the first royal
colony in America. Even so, the House of Burgesses continued to meet, though no longer
as an official governing body. In 1639, the colony’s governor reestablished the House of
Burgesses. In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon, a wealthy Virginia planter, led Virginians in raids
against Native Americans living in western Virginia. This was against the orders of Sir William
Berkeley, the colony’s governor. When Berkeley criticized the raids, Bacon and his followers
stormed Jamestown and set it on fire, driving the governor into exile. Bacon’s sudden death
from illness, along with the presence of British troops, restored order to Jamestown. Yet,
the incident showed that settlers would resist orders to restrict their movement westward.
In 1699, colonists moved the House of Burgesses from Jamestown (which had become an
inconvenient location) to Williamsburg.
New England Settlement
In 1620, some 102 individuals, including about fifty Pilgrims seeking religious freedom,
set sail from England to America. Some of the Pilgrims were Separatists who wanted to
establish their own church, independent of the constraints of the Anglican Church, the
official Church of England. The Virginia Company had agreed to allow the Pilgrims to settle
in Virginia in return for half of all future profits. Caught in a storm off Cape Cod, the colonists
dropped anchor where they could, eventually settling in Plymouth, near Cape Cod Bay.
Because they were outside the jurisdiction of any chartered area, they believed they had the
right to establish laws for themselves. Thus, forty-one men signed the Mayflower Compact.
This governing document first pledged loyalty to King James I of England.
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Georgia EOCT Coach, GPS Edition, United States History, High School
The Mayflower Compact set forth the group’s intention to form “a civil Body Politick, for
our better Ordering and Preservation. . . .” The men also elected the colony’s first governor,
John Carver, and later, William Bradford. The Plymouth Colony continued to be governed
by the principles established by the Mayflower Compact, until it was absorbed into the
Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691.
In 1629, a group of non-Separatist Puritans formed their own joint-stock company, the
Massachusetts Bay Company, and secured a charter from King Charles I for land north of
the Plymouth Colony. Puritan leader John Winthrop saw the Massachusetts Bay Company
as an opportunity for a new Puritan settlement in America. Winthrop and about 1,000
Puritans set sail for America with charter in hand to found the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Winthrop hoped to make the new colony a model Puritan settlement. The charter allowed for
a civil government, called the General Court, which had the power to levy taxes and elect
the governor and his assistants.
Originally made up of “freemen” (stockholders), the General Court later replaced stock
ownership with church membership as the condition for being a freeman. When the
number of freemen became too large, the General Court eventually became a two-house
representative body, with two to three deputies representing each town in Massachusetts.
This system was similar in structure to Parliament, Britain’s legislative body. However, in
1684, the Massachusetts Bay Colony lost its charter when Massachusetts openly violated
the Navigation Acts, passed by England in 1660, 1663, and 1673, all meant to impose trade
restrictions on the colonies.
The Puritans came to America to establish religious freedom, yet they had little tolerance for
those who did not share their beliefs. By the mid–1600s, the Puritan ideal was under
pressure to change. In 1662, church ministers agreed to the “Half-Way Covenant.” With
this, children of church members were admitted as “half-way” members, allowing them to
be baptized into the church but denying them the right to vote or take communion. A fear
of witchcraft pervaded New England during the late 1600s. The hysteria over witchcraft
reached a climax in the Puritan village of Salem. In 1692, dozens of men, women, and
children were accused of witchcraft and placed in the Salem jail. Before the hysteria ended
some ten months later, nineteen people were found guilty of practicing witchcraft during the
Salem Witch Trials and were hanged.
Just as in Virginia, New England settlers depended on Native Americans for trade and
for learning ways to adapt to the new land. Yet, Europeans brought great change, loss of
land and home, and illness in the form of smallpox to Native Americans. Conflict between
European settlers and Native Americans was inevitable. In 1675, the Wampanoag people
hoped to clear their homeland of European settlers. Led by Metacomet, known to the
settlers as King Philip, they waged war on the expanding settlements in Southern New
England. Settlers found allies in the expanding Mohawks to the west, who attacked the
Wampanoag. A New England Indian fighting on the side of the settlers killed Metacomet
in 1676, effectively ending King Philip’s War. This paved the way for further expansion of
colonial settlements in New England.
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Lesson 1: European Settlements
The Mid-Atlantic Colonies
In 1624, the Dutch West India Company, formed by a group of Dutch merchants, established
trading posts along the Hudson River. In 1626, the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam was
founded after purchasing Manhattan Island from the Manhattan people (part of the Lenape)
for beads and other goods. It quickly became a major trading port. The Dutch governor Peter
Stuyvesant turned the colony over to England in 1664. It was renamed New York after the Duke
of York, the brother of King Charles II.
In 1636, Thomas Hooker led a
small congregation to Connecticut,
where the land seemed far more
suitable for farming than the rocky
soil of Massachusetts. Here they
established a series of laws called the
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
to govern the new colony. In the 1630s,
the colony of Rhode Island began with
the banishment of Roger Williams,
Anne Hutchinson, and other religious
dissidents from Massachusetts. It soon
became a refuge for individuals who
believed in the separation of church
and government. In 1681, William Penn
secured a large tract of land from King
Charles II and founded Pennsylvania.
Penn was a member of the Quakers,
a group of people who practiced
tolerance toward others, pacifism,
religious equality for women, and who
did not have an established church
ministry. The Quakers often were
persecuted for their way of life. In 1683,
Pennsylvania established a legislative
assembly. Delaware, which formed
from a section of Pennsylvania, created
its own legislature in 1703.
English Colonies ca. 1650
New
Hampshire
Mohawk
Oneida
Onondaga
Cayuga
CONN.
New Haven
PLYMOUTH
NEW
YORK
Seneca
Erie
Boston Salem
Plymouth
MASS.
Rhode Island
PENNSYLVANIA Lenape New York
Philadelphia
NEW
MARYLAND
JERSEY
Delaware Bay
St. Mary’s
DELAWARE
VIRGINIA
Powhatan
Shawnee
Jamestown
Chesapeake Bay
Norfolk
Atlantic
Ocean
Tuscarora
CAROLINAS
Cherokee
Santee
Cape Hatteras
Key
Cape Fear
Before 1660
Yamasee
Charlestown
Charlesfort
1660–1700
1700–1760
Settlement of Quebec
To the north of New England lay settlements like Quebec, founded by the French explorer
Samuel de Champlain, in 1608. Settlers in “New France” encouraged Native Americans to
embrace Catholicism and become allies against the expansion of English settlements. They
built up an important fur trade with the Native Americans. The French explored the Great
Lakes region and traveled down the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico. They named the
area Louisiana to honor King Louis XIV.
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The Settlers of Jamestown, Virginia
Study the illustration of Jamestown’s beginnings. What details in the woodcut give an indication of
the challenges faced by the settlers?
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Lesson Practice
DIRECTIONS
Circle the letter next to the best answer for each question.
1.
Which statement BEST explains the
growth of representative government in
Massachusetts Bay Colony?
Religion played a major role in the American colonies,
though religious tolerance was not a characteristic common
to all the colonies. Each colony was expected to manage its
affairs, while returning a profit to its investors.
A. The Puritans wanted to establish order
within their societies.
B. England encouraged self-rule among
the colonies.
C. Religious tolerance depended on the
growth of elected legislatures.
D. Each newly chartered colony
patterned itself on other colonies.
2.
The Mayflower Compact served to
establish
3.
A. the home of Puritan leaders
A. religious freedom throughout the
colonies
B. home of the governor of Virginia
C. the Parliament in Virginia
B. the possibility of self-government
D. an elected governing body in Virginia
C. trade agreements with England and
France
D. a covenant between Separatists and
non-Separatists
What was the House of Burgesses?
4.
Which phrase BEST describes the
American colonies?
A. religious purpose
The Pilgrims landed outside the jurisdiction
of any chartered area.
B. peace and stability
C. successful from the start
D. social equality
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