PUČKO OTVORENO UČILIŠTE NOVSKA
Trg dr. Franje Tuđmana 3
Novska
SKRIPTA
PREDMET : ENGLESKI JEZIK
PROGRAM: KUHARI I KONOBARI
( ZA INTERNU UPOTREBU UČILIŠTA )
AUTORICA SKRIPTE : Kornelija Hafner Balgač
1
ORDERING FOOD IN A RESTAURANT
Take a look at this Menu
Starters
Chicken Soup
£2.50
Salad
£3.25
Sandwiches - Main Course
Ham and cheese
£3.50
Tuna
£3.00
Vegetarian
£4.00
Grilled Cheese
£2.50
Piece of Pizza
£2.50
Cheeseburger
£4.50
Hamburger deluxe
£5.00
Spaghetti
£5.50
Drinks
Coffee
£1.25
Tea
£1.25
Soft Drinks - Coke, Sprite, Root Beer, etc. £1.75
Read this dialogue
Waiter: Hello, Can I help you?
Kim: Yes, I'd like to have some lunch.
Waiter: Would you like a starter?
Kim: Yes, I'd like a bowl of chicken soup, please.
Waiter: And what would you like for a main course?
Kim: I'd like a grilled cheese sandwich.
Waiter: Would you like anything to drink?
Kim: Yes, I'd like a glass of Coke, please.
Waiter... After Kim has her lunch.: Can I bring you anything else?
Kim: No thank you. Just the bill.
Waiter: Certainly.
Kim:I don't have my glasses. How much is the lunch?
Waiter: That's £6.75.
Kim: Here you are. Thank you very much.
Waiter: You're welcome. Have a good day.
Kim: Thank you, the same to you.
2
MENU
Study the examples below and compose your own menu for dinner.
Ask your friends:
what’s on the menu today/ what was on the menu yesterday.
3
SERVING THE CLIENT
CONVERSATIONS :
1) In a Restaurant
Waiter: Good evening, sir... madam. Shall I take your coats?
Mr Brown: Thank you. Where shall we sit, Jane?
W: Oh, would you like to sit over here, sir? Near the window!
Mr B: Ah, yes... Could we see the menu?
W: Yes, certainly. Here it is.
Mr B: What would you like for a starter?
Mrs B: Mm....I think I'll have the prawn salad. I'm very fond of prawns. What about
you?
Mr B: I'm not sure. I can't decide.
Mrs B: Oh, I'd have the trout, if I were you. You always say that you like trout, and you
haven't had it for a long time.
W: Are you ready to order, sir?
Mr B: Yes... a prawn coctail for my wife and the trout for me.
W: And the main course, sir?
Mr B: Veal for my wife. I can't decide between the veal and the chicken. What do you
recommend?
W: Oh, if I were you, I'd have the veal.
Mr B: OK! I'll take it. And two mixed salads, please.
W: Any vegetables, sir?
Mr B: Yes. Some cauliflower, some tomatoes and some boiled potatoes, please.
W: Anything to follow?
Mr B: Yes, we'd like a bottle of dry white wine.
W: May I suggest something?
Mr B: Of course.
W: Why don't you try a bottle of English wine? You'll be surprised... it's very good.
4
2) Today's Special
(in a restaurant)
Waiter: Good afternoon, how can I help you today?
Jennifer: I'd like a table for one, please.
Waiter: Right this way. (walks to table) Here you are.
Jennifer: Thank you. Can I have a menu?
Waiter: (hands a menu) Here you are. My name's Alan and I'm your waiter today.
Would you like to hear today's specials?
Jennifer: Certainly.
Waiter: Well, we have a wonderful mushroom soup to start off with. Today's main
course is fish and chips.
Jennifer: Fish and chips? Is the fish fresh?
Waiter: Certainly, madam. Fresh off the docks this morning.
Jennifer: Alright, I'd like the fish and chips.
Waiter: Would you like to have a starter?
Jennifer: hmmm, I'm not sure.
Waiter: Our salads are excellent, madam.
Jennifer: I'd like a green salad.
Waiter: Very good. Would you like something to drink?
Jennifer: Oh, I'd like some mineral water, please.
Waiter: OK. So that's a green salad, fish and chips and mineral water.
Jennifer: Yes, that's right.
Waiter: Thank you and enjoy your lunch.
Jennifer: Thank you.
5
BASIC RULES FOR TABLE SETTING
1. Napkin
2. Salad fork
3. Dinner fork
4. Dessert fork
5. Bread-and-butter plate,
with spreader
6. Dinner plate
7. Dinner knife
8. Teaspoon
9. Teaspoon
10. Soup spoon
11. Cocktail fork
12. Water glass
13. Red-wine glass
14. White-wine glass
15. Coffee cup and saucer*
* For an informal meal, include the coffee cup and saucer with the table setting.
Otherwise, bring them to the table with the dessert.
6
ESSENTIAL ENGLISH FOR KITCHEN STAFF
Most food services and drinking places workers spend most of their time on their feetpreparing meals, serving diners, or transporting dishes and supplies throughout the
establishment. Upper body strength often is needed to lift heavy items, such as trays of
dishes, platters of food, or cooking pots. Work during peak dining hours can be very
hectic and stressful.
Employees who have direct contact with customers, such as waiters and waitresses or
hosts and hostesses, should have a neat appearance and maintain a professional and
pleasant manner. Professional hospitality is required from the moment guests enter the
restaurant until the time they leave. Sustaining a proper demeanor during busy times or
over the course of a long shift may be difficult.
Kitchen staff also needs to be able to work as a team and to communicate with
each other. Timing is critical to preparing more complex dishes. Coordinating
orders to ensure that an entire table's meals are ready at the same time is
essential, particularly in a large restaurant during busy dining periods.
Kitchen staff includes:
Chefs
Cooks
Food preparation workers
Dishwashers
Speaking about what you are doing
Examples:
I'm preparing the fillets, can you get the salad ready?
I'm washing those dishes right now.
Tim's boiling the broth and slicing the bread.
Speaking about what you can do / need to do / have to do
Examples:
I have to finish these orders first.
I can refill the ketchup jars.
We need to order more eggs.
7
Speaking about quantities
Examples:
How many bottles of beer should we order?
There's a little rice left in that container.
There are a few bananas on the counter.
Speaking about what you have done and what is ready
Examples:
Have you finished the soup yet?
I've already prepared the vegetables.
Frank has just taken the potatoes out of the oven.
Giving / following instructions
Examples:
Turn the oven up to 450 degrees.
Slice the turkey breast with this knife.
Do not microwave the bacon!
8
KITCHENWARE, CROCKERY AND CUTLERY
9
KITCHEN UTENSILS
10
FOOD
NAMES OF FOOD
11
MEAT
FLOUR
12
VEGETABLES
13
FRUITS
NUTS
14
CHEESE
15
HERBS
16
DRINKS
We usually say:
A cup of
A glass of
tea, coffee, cocoa, hot chocolate
juice, mineral water, soda water, coke, lemonade, beer, wine, whisky,
champagne
METHODS OF COOKING AND PREPARING FOOD
17
RECIPES
Christmas Pudding
Ingredients:
225g (8oz) plain flour
1 tspn cinnamon
1/2 tspn grated nutmeg
1/2 tspn ground all spice (mixed spice)
150g (60oz) candied peel, chopped finely
50g (2 oz) blanched almonds, chopped
225g (8 oz) soft dark brown sugar
225g (8 oz) shredded suet
4 eggs
220ml (6fl. oz) milk
100ml (4fl. oz) brandy (or use milk in non-alcoholic version)
Pinch of salt
Begin the day before you plan to steam the pudding. Sift the flour, spices and salt into a
large mixing bowl. Stir in the breadcrumbs, dried fruits, peel, almonds and sugar. Then
add the suet and mix well. Beat together the eggs, milk and brandy separately and then
add to the main mixture and ensure that all the ingredients are thoroughly mixed.
Usually at this time the family gathers around to stir the pudding and make a secret
wish. The mixture should have a sloppy consistency and should be covered and left
overnight. When you are ready to steam the pudding, pack the mixture into a lightly
greased basin and cover with a non-stick baking paper and then enclose the entire basin
in foil and tie with string. Traditionally unbleached calico or muslin was used. Place the
pudding on a steam rack or upturned saucer in a saucepan of simmering water for five
hours to steam. The water should come half way up the basin. Remember to top up the
water in the saucepan as needed during the steaming process. Once the cooking time is
over allow the pudding to cool completely. When this is done remove the foil and the
nonstick baking paper and replace with fresh ones. The pudding should then be stored
in a cool dry place to mature until Christmas day.
18
Roast leg of lamb
Ingredients:
1 k (2 lbs) leg of lamb; 1 carrot, cut finely
1 onion, cut finely; 1 parsnip, cut finely
6 garlic cloves, 3 cut in half, 3 minced
seasonings, bay leaves, salt and pepper to taste
1 l (4 cups) sour milk or buttermilk
30 g (2 tablespoons) fat
Soak meat in sour milk or buttermilk for 4 hours. Blot dry, rub with minced garlic, poke 6 small
holes in meat and insert the remaining garlic halves into the meat. Place seasoned meat into
greased baking pan, sprinkle meat with pepper and powdered bay leaves, add aromatic
vegetables and bake in preheated oven at 350F/180C, basting with pan juices. Bake for about 1
hour. Serve hot with potatoes and dill pickles.
19
INDICATING TIME
All events are usually connected with certain dates, seasons and daytimes. On every
special occasion we should be able to provide our clients with necessary information
about our working hours as well as other events taking place at our restaurant or café.
E.g. The café opens at 9 o’clock each morning and closes at 7 o’clock in the evening. We
do not usually work on Sundays and the café is never open on the first Christmas day.
So to be ready to give our clients all the necessary information we should revise the
names of weekdays, holidays, months as well as ordinal and cardinal numbers. We will
also have a look and remember how to indicate what time it is.
Look at the tables below. Remember the usage of prepositions.
The clock
20
analogue
digital
normal use
timetables, TV, etc.
6:00
It's 6 o'clock.
6:05
It's 5 past 6.
It's six oh five.
6:15
past and the
It's quarter past
previous hour
6.
(here: 6)
It's six fifteen.
6:30
It's half past 6.
It's six thirty.
6:35
It's 25 to 7.
It's six thirty-five.
6:45
It's quarter to
seven.
6:55
It's 5 to 7.
7:00
It's 7o'clock.
to and the
following hour
(here: 7)
It's six forty-five.
It's six fifty-five.
21
Tips:
1) In English there is no 24-hour-system (sometimes it is used on TV and in timetables). 15.00 is
3 o'clock (p.m.) (on TV: fifteenhundred). That's why you use a.m. (Latin: ante meridiem) and
p.m. (post meridiem) in situations where it's necessary to point out that you want to say "in the
morning" or "in the evening". In other situations (or when it's clear that school starts in the
morning and the party in the evening) it's left out.
The calendar
January (Jan)
February (Feb)
March (Mar)
Months
April (Apr)
July
October (Oct)
May
August (Aug)
November (Nov)
June
September (Sept) December (Dec)
Days of the week
Monday (Mon)
Tuesday (Tue) (Tues)
Wednesday (Wed)
Thursday (Thur) (Thurs)
Friday (Fri)
Saturday (Sat)
Sunday (Sun)
Note: The months and the days of the week begin with a capital letter.
PREPOSITIONS
22
COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE
NOUNS
THERE IS/ARE
When we describe places where we find things we use There is. …/ There are ….. like in
the example below:
NOTE! * When we use some, we are not interested in the exact number.
I have ten fingers (NOT I have some fingers).
I have some friends in Great Britain.
* We use any in questions and negatives.
Are there any photographs?
There aren’t any people.
23
NUMBERS IN ENGLISH
Cardinal numbers
0
oh, zero, nil, love, nought *
1
one
2
two
3
three
4
four
5
five
6
six
7
seven
8
eight
9
nine
10
ten
11
eleven
12
twelve
13
thirteen
14
fourteen
15
fifteen
16
sixteen
17
seventeen
18
eighteen
19
nineteen
20
twenty
21
twenty-one
30
thirty
40
forty
50
fifty
60
sixty
70
seventy
80
eighty
90
ninety
100
a/one hundred
1,000
a/one thousand
10,000
ten thousand
100,000
a/one hundred thousand
1,000,000
a/one million
1,000,000,000 a/one billion
Ordinal numbers
--1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
21st
30th
first
second
third
fourth
fifth
sixth
seventh
eighth
ninth
tenth
eleventh
twelfth
thirteenth
fourteenth
fifteenth
sixteenth
seventeenth
eighteenth
nineteenth
twentieth
twenty-first
thirtieth
24
PERSONAL PRONOUNS,POSSESSIVE DETERMINES,POSSESSIVE
PRONOUNS
Personal pronouns
as object
as subject
(accusative and
(nominative)
dative)
I
me
you
you
he
him
she
her
it
it
we
us
you
you
they
them
1
2
We have some
The books are for
books.
us.
Possessive determiners Possessive pronouns
my
your
his
her
its
our
your
their
3
mine
yours
his
hers
its
ours
yours
theirs
4
These are our books.
The books are ours.
NOUNS -SUMMARY
singular + -s
singular
a car
a cassette
a lamp
a hat
a cup
plural
two cars
two cassettes
two lamps
two hats
two cups
Add -es after sibilants:
singular
a box
a sandwich
a suitcase
a rose
a garage
plural
two boxes
two sandwiches
two suitcases
two roses
two garages
25
Substitute y after consonant with -ies:
singular plural
a city
two cities
a lady
two ladies
Add -s after vowel + y:
singular plural
a boy
two boys
a day
two days
There are two forms of the plural of the word penny:
pennies -> You refer to the coins.
pence -> You refer to the price (how much sth. is).
Nouns on -f or -fe:
add -s
substitute with -ves
singular
plural
singular
plural
a roof
two roofs
a thief
two thieves
a cliff
two cliffs
a wife
two wives
a sheriff two sheriffs a shelf
two shelves
There are two forms possible:
scarf - scarfs/scarves
hoof - hoofs/hooves
Add -s for words ending in -ff.
Always use a dictionary if you are not sure.
Nouns on -o form the plural by adding -s or -es.
add -s
singular
plural
a disco
two discos
a piano
two pianos
a photo
two photos
substitute with -ves
singular
plural
a tomato
two tomatoes
a potato
two potatoes
a hero
two heroes
Some nouns can have two plural forms:
buffalo - buffalos/buffaloes
mosquito - mosquitos/mosquitoes
tornado - tornados/tornadoes
There is no rule when to use -s or -es. We often add -s with technical words.
26
Irregular plural forms:
singular
a man
a woman
a child
a mouse
a tooth
a goose
a foot
an ox
plural
two men
two women
two
children
two mice
two teeth
two geese
two feet
two oxen
Comparison of adjectives
There are three forms of comparison:
- positive
- comparative
- superlative
A - Comparison with -er/-est
clean - cleaner - (the) cleanest
We use -er/-est with the following adjectives:
1) adjectives with one syllable
clean
new
cheap
cleaner cleanest
newer newest
cheaper cheapest
2) adjectives with two syllables and the following endings:
2 - 1) adjectives with two syllables, ending in -y
dirty
easy
happy
pretty
dirtier
easier
happier
prettier
dirtiest
easiest
happiest
prettiest
2 - 2) adjectives with two syllables, ending in -er
clever
cleverer cleverest
2 - 3) adjectives with two syllables, ending in -le
simple simpler simplest
27
2 - 4) adjectives with two syllables, ending in -ow
narrow
narrower narrowest
Spelling of the adjectives using the endings -er/-est
large
big
sad
dirty
larger
bigger
sadder
dirtier
largest
biggest
saddest
dirtiest
shy
shyer
shyest
leave out the silent -e
Double the consonant after short vowel
Change -y to -i (consonant before -y)
Here -y is not changed to -i.
(although consonant before -y)
B - Comparison with more - most
difficult - more difficult - (the) most difficult
all adjectives with more than one syllable (except some adjectives with two syllables - see
2 - 1 to 2 - 4)
C - Irregular adjectives
good
bad
much
many
little
little
better
worse
more
more
less
smaller
best
worst
most
uncountable nouns
most
countable nouns
least
smallest
D - Special adjectives
Some ajdectives have two possible forms of comparison.
common
likely
pleasant
polite
simple
stupid
subtle
sure
commoner / more common
likelier / more likely
pleasanter / more pleasant
politer / more polite
simpler / more simple
stupider / more stupid
subtler / more subtle
surer / more sure
commonest / most common
likeliest / most likely
pleasantest / most pleasant
politest / most polite
simplest / most simple
stupidest / most stupid
subtlest
surest / most sure
28
Difference in meaning with adjectives:
farther
far
further
later
late latter
x
older
old
elder
nearer
near
x
farthest distance
distance or
furthest
time
latest
x
last
oldest
people and things
eldest
people (family)
nearest distance
next
order
VERB TO BE
Positive
I
am
from Seattle.
He
She
It
is
from Toronto.
We
You
They
are
from Japan.
Negative
I
am not (I'm not)
from Seattle.
He
She
It
is not (isn't)
from Toronto.
We
You
They
are not (aren't)
from Japan.
Questions
Where
am
I
from?
Where
is
he
she
it
from
Where
are
we
you
they
from?
29
Simple Present - Use
The Simple Present is frequently used in English. It is also called Present Simple. Have a
look at the following examples:
1) repeated actions (every day, always, often, sometimes or never)
My friend often draws nice posters.
I never drink milk.
2) things in general
The sun rises in the East.
3) fixed arrangements, scheduled events (e.g. timetable)
The plane flies to London every Monday.
4) actions in the present - one follows after the other (first - then, after that)
First I get up, then I have breakfast.
5) instructions
Open your books at page 34.
6) after special verbs, which are normally not used with the Present Progressive
(These verbs express states, possessions, feelings etc.)
be, believe, belong, hate, hear, like, love, mean, prefer, remain, realize, see, seem,
smell, think, understand, want, wish
I understand English.
He doesn't like fish.
Simple Present - Diagram
We use the Simple Present when we talk about something which happens repeatedely.
We use the Simple Present to describe a series of actions in the present.
30
Simple Present - Signal words
These words tell you what tense you have to use. For the Simple Present these are
adverbs of frequency:
always
often
usually
sometimes
seldom
never
Other phrases of time can occur, like:
every day
every week
every year
on Mondays
after school
Form of the Simple Present
We use the infinitive of the verb. In the 3rd person Singular (he, she, it - or a name) we
put an -s at the end of the infinitive.
infinitive - 3rd person Singular (he, she, it) infinitive + -s
Affirmative sentences:
I/we/you/they play football.
He/she/it plays football.
NOTE: he, she, it - Do not forget the -s.
Negative sentences:
We use the auxiliary do.
I/we/you/they do not play football.
He/she/it does not play football.
NOTE: We often use short forms in negative sentences in the Simple Present:
I/we/you/they don't play football.
He/she/it doesn't play football.
Questions:
Do I/we/you/they play football?
Does he/she/it play football?
Simple Present - Spelling
Be careful with some words when using the 3rd person singular.
31
1) verbs ending in a sibilant [s] [z] [ʃ] [ʒ] [ʧ] [ʤ] or verbs ending in -o preceded by a
consonant
We add -es to the infinitive.
Examples:
I watch - he watches
I pass - he passes
I go - he goes
I do - he does
2) verbs ending in -y
verbs ending in 'y' preceded by a vowel (a, e, i, o, u): Add -s.
Example:
I play - he plays
verbs ending in 'y' preceded by a consonant: Change 'y' to 'i' and add 'es'.
Example:
I hurry - he hurries
Special verbs in the Simple Present
1) have as a full verb
negative sentence
affirmative sentence
question
I, we, you, they:
I have a book.
I do not have a book.
Do I have a book?
he, she, it:
He has a book.
He does not have a book. Does he have a book?
2) be as a full verb
affirmative sentence
negative sentence
question
I am from Britain. I am not from Britain. Am I from Britain?
he, she, it:
He is from Britain. He is not from Britain. Is he from Britain?
we, you, they:
We are from Britain. We are not from Britain. Are we from Britain?
We often use the short forms with this verb.
3) do as a full verb
negative sentence
affirmative sentence
question
I, we, you, they:
I do an exercise.
I do not do an exercise.
Do I do an exercise?
he, she, it:
He does an exercise. He does not do an exercise. Does he do an exercise?
32
4) modal auxiliaries can, could, may, must, need, will etc.
affirmative sentence negative sentence
question
every time regardless the subject (I, he, she, it, we, you, they):
I can play tennis.
I cannot play tennis. Can I play tennis?
NOTE:
We can subtitute don't (can't) for do not (cannot).
Modals have the same form every time regardless the subject. We do not add an -s to the
infinitive.
Long forms and short forms in the Simple Present
We often use short forms of the auxiliaries. The Simple Present is formed with a full
verb. Short forms are only used in negative phrases.
affirmative
long form
short form
I, we, you, they: I read
he, she, it:
he reads
negative (do not)
long form
short form
I, we, you, they: I, we, you, they:
I do not read
I don't read
he, she, it:
he, she, it:
he does not read he doesn't read
Simple Past - Use
The Simple Past is used to talk about actions or situations in the past. It is also called
Past Simple.
Have a look at the following examples:
1) action finished in the past (single or repeated)
I visited Berlin last week.
Andrew watched TV yesterday.
2) series of completed actions in the past
First I got up, then I had breakfast.
3) together with the Past Progressive/Continuous - The Simple Past interrupted an
action which was in progress in the past.
They were playing cards when the telephone rang.
1st action: Past Progressive were playing
2nd action: Simple Past rang
33
Simple Past - Diagram
We use the Simple Past when we talk about something which started and finished in the
past.
We use the Simple Past to describe a series of actions in the past.
We use the Simple Past (red) together with the Past Progressive (grey). The action in the
Simple Past interrupted the action in the Past Progressive (the one which was in
progress).
Signal words
yesterday, last week, a month ago, in 2002
Form
- with regular verbs: infinitive + -ed
- with irregular verbs: 2nd column of the table of the irregular verbs
Affirmative sentences:
Use the same form of the verb every time regardless the subject.
regular verbs
I played football.
irregular verbs
I went to the supermarket.
34
Negative sentences:
Use the auxiliary did (Simple Past of do) every time regardless the subject.
regular verbs
I did not play football.
irregular verbs
I did not go to the supermarket.
NOTE: Short forms in negative sentences in the Simple Past are used quite often.
regular verbs
I didn't play football.
irregular verbs
I didn't go to the supermarket.
Questions:
Use the auxiliary did (Simple Past of do) every time regardless the subject.
regular verbs
Did you play football?
irregular verbs
Did I go to the
supermarket?
Simple Past - Spelling
You have to know all forms of the irregular verbs very well. For the Simple Past you
need the form of the verb which can be found in the 2nd column of the table of the
irregular verbs.
go - went - gone
Add -ed with regular verbs.
regular verbs
infinitive + -ed
Sometimes the are exceptions in spelling when adding -ed.
1) consonant after short, stressed vowel at the end of the word
Double the consonant.
stop – stopped
swap - swapped
If the consonant is not stressed, we do not double it:
benefit - benefited (Here we stress the first 'e', not the 'i'.) In British English we double
one -l at the end of the word:
travel - travelled
2) one -e at the end of the word
Add only -d.
love – loved
save – saved
35
3) verbs ending in -y
verbs ending in 'y' preceded by a vowel (a, e, i, o, u): Add -ed.
Example:
I play - he played
verbs ending in 'y' preceded by a consonant: Change 'y' to 'i' Then add -ed.
Example:
I hurry - he hurried
Special verbs in the Simple Past
Many frequently used verbs are irregular. You find these words in the appendix of a
dictionary or in your English book. You must learn these words by heart.
1) have as a full verb
affirmative sentence negative sentence
question
every time regardless the subject (I, he, she, it, we, you, they):
I had a book.
I did not have a book. Did I have a book?
2) be as a full verb
affirmative sentence negative sentence
question
I, he, she, it:
I was in Rome.
I was not in Rome.
Was I in Rome?
we, you, they:
We were in Rome. We were not in Rome. Were we in Rome?
3) do as a full verb
affirmative sentence
negative sentence
question
every time regardless the subject (I, he, she, it, we, you, they):
I did an exercise.
I did not do an exercise. Did I do an exercise?
Pronunciation of the ending -ed in the Simple Past
In the Simple Past we add -ed to regular verbs. Be careful pronuncing the verbs:
1) verbs ending in -ed preceded by a voiceless consonant [p, k, f, ʃ, ʧ, s, θ]
-> speak [t].
The -e is silent. Example: I stop - I stopped [stɒpt]
2) verbs ending in -ed preceded by a voiced consonant [b, g, v, ʒ, ʤ, z, ð, l, m, n] or a
vowel
-> speak [d].
The -e is silent. Example: I clean - I cleaned [kli:nd]
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3) verbs ending in -ed preceded by [t] or [d]
-> speak [ɪd].
The -e changes to [ɪ]. Example: I visit - I visited [vɪzɪtɪd]
Future tenses-contrasted
1) Use
Present
Progressive
planned action
in the near
future
going to-future
planned action
in the future;
logical
consequence
(sth. is going to
happen)
will-future
prediction,
assumption;
spontaneous
action
Future
Progressive
Simple Present
action will
future action is
definitely
fixed (e.g.
happen (it
timetable)
usually happens)
There is often very little difference between the future tenses. It often depends where you live (in
Britain or the USA) and when you use the sentence (in spoken or written communication).
In newsapapers we often use the will-future, when the going to-future is used in oral
communication.
newspaper:
The headmaster will close the old gym.
oral:
The headmaster is going to close the old gym.
We can substitute the going to-future with the Present Progressive when using an
expression of time.
She is going to see Frank at the airport at 8.30.
She is seeing Frank at the airport at 8.30.
2) Signal words
There are no unambiguous signal words for the future tenses. That's why watch the actions
carefully and then define the tense.
3) Form
Present
Progressive
going to-future
to be (am, are, to be (am, are,
is) + infinitive + - is) + going to +
ing
infinitive
will-future
will + infinitive
Future
Progressive
will + be +
infinitive + -ing
Simple Present
infinitive
3rd person
singular (he, she,
it) infinitive + -s
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4) Examples
Present
Progressive
I am going to a
party tonight.
Present
Progressive
Future
Simple Present
Progressive
4-1 Affirmative sentences
They will be
We are going to
He will carry
playing football The train leaves
fly to Leeds in
this bag for you. on Sunday
at 6.45.
summer.
afternoon.
going to-future
will-future
going to-future
will-future
Future
Progressive
Simple Present
4-2 Negative sentences
They will not be
We are not going
I am not going to
He will not carry playing football The train does
to fly to Leeds in
a party tonight.
this bag for you. on Sunday
not leave at 6.45.
summer.
afternoon.
Present
Progressive
going to-future
will-future
Future
Progressive
Simple Present
4-3 Questions
Am I going to a
party tonight?
Will they be
Are we going to
Will he carry
playing football Does the train
fly to Leeds in
this bag for you? on Sunday
leave at 6.45?
summer?
afternoon.
5) Spelling
Present
going to-future
Progressive
sitting (double
consonant after
short vowel)
writing (leave
nothing special
out one -e at the
end)
lying (change -ie
to -y)
will-future
Future
Progressive
sitting (double
consonant after
short vowel)
writing (leave
out one -e at the
end)
lying (change -ie
to -y)
Simple Present
watches (-es
after sibilant)
goes (-es after -o)
hurries (-y to -ie
after consonant)
Present Progressive/Continuous - Use
The Present Progressive is used when we talk about something which is happening now.
It is also called Present Continuous. Have a look at the following examples:
1) actions happening at the moment of speaking (now, at the moment)
Peter is reading a book now.
She’s listening to the radio.
2) fixed plan in the near future
She is going to Basel on Saturday.
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3) temporary actions
His father is working in Rome this month.
Note:
We do use verbs which express states and are normally not used with the Present
Progressive. Watch the difference in meaning.
They love being together. (They are not together now.)
They are loving being together. (They are together now.)
4) actions happening around the moment of speaking (longer actions)
My friend is preparing for his exams.
5) trends
More and more people are using their computers to listen to music.
6) repeated actions which are irritating to the speaker (with always, constantly,
forever)
Andrew is always coming in late. (I don't like it.)
Simple Present:
Andrew always comes late. (Here I don't give a comment.)
Present Progressive - Diagram
We use the Present Progressive when we talk about something which is happening at the
moment of speaking.
Present Progressive - Signal words
Signal words tell you what tense you have to use. In the Present Progressive these words
are used in situations which happen at the time of speaking.
now
at the moment
Look!
Listen!
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Form of the Present Progressive/Continuous
We use a form of to be (am, are or is), the infinitive of the verb and the ending –ing.
to be (am, are, is) + infinitive + -ing
Affirmative sentences:
I am playing volleyball.
He/she/it is playing volleyball.
We/you/they are playing volleyball.
NOTE: Use am with I - is with he, she, it - and with all other pronouns are.
We often use short forms in affirmative sentences in the Present Progressive.
Negative sentences:
I am not playing volleyball.
He/she/it is not playing volleyball.
We/you/they are not playing volleyball.
NOTE: We often use short forms in negative sentences in the Present Progressive.
Questions:
In the Present Progressive we put the auxiliary (am, are or is) before the subject
(Auxiliary - Subject - Verb - Rest).
Am I playing volleyball?
Is he/she/it playing volleyball?
Are we/you/they playing volleyball?
Present Progressive - Spelling
Be careful with some words when adding -ing to the infinitive.
1) consonant after a short, stressed vowel at the end of the word
Double the consonant.
sit – he is sitting
put - he is putting
If the consonant is not stressed, we do not double it:
benefit - benefiting (Here we stress the first 'e', not the 'i'.)
In British English we double one -l at the end of the word:
travel - travelling
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2) one -e at the end of the word
Leave out the -e.
write – he is writing
take – he is taking
BUT:
double –e: add -ing
see – he is seeing
3) verbs ending in -ie
Change 'ie' to 'y'.
lie - he is lying
4) verbs ending in -c
Change 'c' to 'ck'.
picnic - he is picnicking
Special verbs in the Present Progressive
There are verbs which are normally not used in the Present Progressive, like:
be, believe, belong, hate, hear, like, love, mean, prefer, remain, realize, see, seem, smell,
think, understand, want, wish
We sometimes use these words in the Present Progressive in the following situations:
He's seeing his father tomorrow. (fixed date)
The group is seeing the sights of Paris. (see in connection with tourists)
They are having a great time in London. (have as an activity verb)
What's the matter with you? What are you thinking? - (to be worried about sth.)
If you are not sure with these verbs, use a good dictionary.
affirmative sentence
I am having a bath.
he, she, it:
He is having a bath.
we, you, they:
We are having a bath.
1) have as a full verb
negative sentence
I am not having a bath.
question
Am I having a bath?
He is not having a bath.
Is he having a bath?
We are not having a bath. Are we having a bath?
1) do as a full verb
affirmative sentence
negative sentence
question
I am doing an exercise.
I am not doing an exercise. Am I doing an exercise?
he, she, it:
He is doing an exercise.
He is not doing an exercise. Is he doing an exercise?
we, you, they:
We are not doing an
We are doing an exercise.
Are we doing an exercise?
exercise.
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We often use the short forms with these verbs.
Long forms and short forms in the Present Progressive
We often use short forms of the auxiliaries. The Present Progressive is formed with the
auxiliary to be (am, are, is), so short forms are very frequent.
affirmative
long form
short form
I am reading I'm reading
he, she, it:
he, she, it:
he is reading he's reading
we, you, they: we, you, they:
we are reading we're reading
negative (not after to be)
long form
short form
I am not reading I'm not reading
he, she, it:
he, she, it:
he isn't reading
he is not reading or
he's not reading
we, you, they:
we, you, they:
we aren't reading
we are not
or
reading
we're not reading
Past Progressive/Continuous - Use
The Past Progressive is used when we talk about something which was happening at a
special time in the past. It is also called Past Continuous. Have a look at the following
examples:
1) action was in progress at special time in the past
Peter was reading a book yesterday evening.
She was listening to the radio.
2) two actions were happening at the same time (the actions do not influence each
other)
Anne was writing a letter while Steve was reading the New York Times.
3) together with the Simple Past
While we were sitting at the breakfast table, the telephone rang.
Note:
Past Progressive: were sitting at the table
Simple Past: the telephone rang.
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The action in the Simple Past interrupted the action in the Past Progressive.
4) repeated actions irritating the speaker (with always, constantly, forever)
Andrew was always coming in late. (I don't like it.)
Simple Past:
Andrew always came late. (Here I don't give a comment.)
Past Progressive - Diagram
We use the Past Progressive when we talk about something which was happening
around a period of time in the past.
We use the Past Progressive (blue) together with the Simple Past (pink). The Past
Progressive is used for the action in the past which was in progress when a new action
(Simple Past) happened.
Two actions which were in progress in the past do not influence each other.
Past Progressive/Continuous - Signal words
Signal words tell you what tense you have to use. In the Past Progressive we often use a
period of time. A typical signal word is while. The Past Progressive is frequently used in
sentences together with the Simple Past.
while (In this part of the sentence we usually use Past Progressive.)
While we were watching TV, Andy was surfing the internet.
when (In this part of the sentence we usually use Simple Past. The Past Progressive is
used in the other part of the sentence.)
The ladies were talking when the accident happened.
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Form of the Past Progressive/Continuous
We use a form of to be (was or were), the infinitive of the verb and the ending –ing.
to be (was, were) + infinitive + -ing
Affirmative sentences:
I/he/she/it was playing football.
We/you/they were playing football.
NOTE: Use was with I, he, she, it and were with all other pronouns.
In affirmative sentences we do not use short forms in the Past Progressive.
Negative sentences:
I/he/she/it was not playing football.
We/you/they were not playing football.
We use short forms in the Past Progressive in negative sentences:
I/he/she/it wasn't playing football.
We/you/they weren't playing football.
Questions:
In the Past Progressive we put the auxiliary (was or were) before the subject
(Auxiliary - Subject - Verb - Rest).
Was I/he/she/it playing football?
Were we/you/they playing football?
Past Progressive - Spelling
Be careful with some words when adding -ing to the infinitive.
1) consonant after a short, stressed vowel at the end of the word
Double the consonant.
sit – he was sitting
put - he was putting
If the consonant is not stressed, we do not double it:
benefit - benefiting (Here we stress the first 'e', not the 'i'.)
In British English we double one -l at the end of the word:
travel - travelling
2) one -e at the end of the word
Leave out the -e.
write – he was writing
take – he was taking
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BUT:
double –e: add -ing
see – he was seeing
3) verbs ending in -ie
Change 'ie' to 'y'.
lie - he was lying
4) verbs ending in -c
Change 'c' to 'ck'.
picnic - he was picnicking
Special verbs in the Past Progressive
affirmative sentence
I was having a bath.
he, she, it:
He was having a bath.
we, you, they:
You were having a bath.
affirmative sentence
I was doing an exercise.
he, she, it:
He was doing an exercise.
we, you, they:
We were doing an exercise.
1) have as a full verb
negative sentence
I was not having a bath.
question
Was I having a bath?
He was not having a bath. Was he having a bath?
We were not having a bath. Were we having a bath?
2) do as a full verb
negative sentence
I was not doing an exercise.
question
Was I doing an exercise?
He was not doing an exercise. Was he doing an exercise?
We were not doing an exercise. Were we doing an exercise?
We often use the short forms with these verbs.
Long forms and short forms in the Past Progressive
We use short forms of the auxiliaries. The Past Progressive is formed with the auxiliary
to be (was, were), so short forms are only possible in negative sentences.
affirmative
long form
short form
I was reading
he, she, it:
he was reading can't be formed
we, you, they:
we were reading
negative (not after to be)
long form
short form
I was not reading I wasn't reading
he, she, it:
he, she, it:
45
he was not reading he wasn't reading
we, you, they:
we, you, they:
we were not
we weren't reading
reading
Present Perfect - Use
The Present Perfect is not easy to understand for ESL learners. It is a combination of
past and present. An actions in the past has something to do with the present.
1) Result of an action in the past is important in the present (It is not important when
this action happened. When we use a specific time in the past - e.g. yesterday - then
we use the Simple Past.)
I have cleaned my room. (It is clean now.)
Has Peggy ever been to Tokyo? (Has Peggy been there or not?)
2) Recently completed actions
He has just played handball. (It is over now.)
3) Actions beginning in the past and still continuing - mostly with since (point of time)
or for (period of time)
We have lived in Canada since 1986. (We still live there.)
4) together with lately, recently, yet
I have been to London recently. (no specific point of time)
He has not written the e-mail yet. (He has not done it.)
Present Perfect - Diagram
We use the Present Perfect for actions in the past which have a connection to the
present. The time when these actions happened is not important.
We use the Present Perfect for recently completed actions.
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We use the Present Perfect for actions beginning in the past and still continuing.
Present Perfect - Signal words
These words tell you what tense you have to use. For the Present Perfect the following
words are used frequently:
just
yet
never
already
ever
so far
up to now
recently
since
for
Form of the Present Perfect
We form the Present Perfect with have and the past participle
(regular verbs: infinitive + -ed; irregular verbs: 3rd column of the table of the irregular
verbs)
have/has + past participle
has: 3rd person singular (he, she, it)
have: all other forms
past participle:
- regular verbs: infinitive + -ed
- irregular verbs: 3rd column of the table of the irregular verbs
Affirmative sentences
regular verbs
I/we/you/they have played football.
He/she/it has played football.
irregular verbs
I/we/you/they have gone to the supermarket.
He/she/it has gone to the supermarket.
NOTE: We use has in the 3rd person singular (he, she, it).
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Negative sentences
regular verbs
I/we/you/they have not played
football.
He/she/it has not played football.
irregular verbs
I/we/you/they have not gone to the supermarket.
He/she/it has not gone to the supermarket.
NOTE: We use has in the 3rd person singular (he, she, it).
Questions
regular verbs
Have I/we/you/they playedfootball?
Has he/she/it played football?
irregular verbs
Have I/we/you/they gone to the supermarket?
Has he/she/it gone to the supermarket?
NOTE: We use has in the 3rd person singular (he, she, it).
Present Perfect - Spelling
You have to know all forms of the irregular verbs very well. For the Present Perfect you
need the form of the verb which can be found in the 3rd column of the table of the
irregular verbs.
go - went - gone
Add -ed with regular verbs.
regular verbs
infinitive + -ed
Sometimes the are exceptions in spelling when adding -ed.
1) consonant after a short, stressed vowel at the end of the word
Double the consonant.
stop – stopped
swap - swapped
We do not double the consonant if it is not stressed:
benefit - benefited (Here we stress the first 'e', not the 'i'.)
In Britsh English we double one -l at the end of the word:
travel - travelled
2) one -e at the end of the word
Leave out the -e. Add -d.
love – loved
save – saved
48
3) verbs ending in -y
verbs ending in 'y' preceded by a vowel (a, e, i, o, u):Add -ed.
play - played
Change 'y' to 'i' after a consonant. Then add -ed.
worry - worried
irregular verbs
3rd column of the table of the irregular
verbs
Special verbs in the Present Perfect
1) have as a full verb
negative sentence
affirmative sentence
question
I, we, you, they:
I have had a book.
I have not had a book. Have I had a book?
he, she, it:
He has had a book.
He has not had a book. Has he had a book?
affirmative sentence
I, we, you, they:
I have been to Britain.
he, she, it:
He has been to Britain.
affirmative sentence
I, we, you, they:
I have done an exercise.
he, she, it:
He has done an exercise.
2) be as a full verb
negative sentence
question
I have not been to Britain. Have I been to Britain?
He has not been to Britain. Has he been to Britain?
3) do as a full verb
negative sentence
question
I have not done an exercise. Have I done an exercise?
He has not done an exercise. Has he done an exercise?
NOTE:
We sometimes use short forms for have (has) with affirmative or negative sentences.
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Long forms and short forms in the Present Perfect
We often use short forms of the auxiliaries. The Present Perfect is formed with the
auxiliary have. So short forms are used frequently with the Present Perfect.
affirmative
long form
short form
I, we, you, they: I, we, you, they:
I have gone
I've gone
he, she, it:
he, she, it:
he has gone
he's gone
negative (have not)
long form
short form
I, we, you,
I, we, you,
they:
they:
I haven't gone
I have not
or
gone
I've not gone
he, she, it:
he, she, it:
he hasn't gone
he has not
or
gone
he's not gone
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IRREGULAR VERBS
51
ENGLISH MEMO
52