WATER AND SANITATION
IN AFRICA: TRENDS,
CHALLENGES AND
OPPORTUNITIES
Ousman Gajigo
African Development Bank
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
• Discuss Trends in Access to Improved
Water and Sanitation in Africa.
• Macroeconomic and other socioeconomic correlates.
• Implications for PPPs in Water and
Sanitation Sector in Africa
– Some evidence on the region’s
experience to date.
ACCESS TO IMPROVED
WATER SOURCES
REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN ACCESS TO
IMPROVED WATER SOURCE
% Access to Improved Water Source
2000
83
55
58 61
86 88
2005
81
85
90
2010
88 89 89
94
90 93
82
87
91
RURAL-URBAN DIFFERENCE
• Significant differences in access between
urban and rural areas.
• Significant difference in the kinds of
improved water sources available.
URBAN-RURAL DIFFERENCE
Households with Access to Piped
Water into Residence/Yard/Plot
Households using Wells, Boreholes,
Hand-pumps, Rainwater
60%
50%
1990-2000
2000-2010
1990-2000
49%
49%
40%
40%
43%
40%
2000-2010
30%
30%
20%
50%
19%
21%
16%
20%
7%
10%
10%
0%
0%
Urban Areas
Rural Areas
Urban Areas
Rural Areas
60
URBAN-RURAL INEQUALITY IN ACCESS
TO IMPROVE WATER SOURCES
Somalia
Ethiopia
Niger
Congo, Rep.
Gabon
Congo, Dem.
Sierra
Rep.Leone
Togo
Mozambique
40
Djibouti
Cameroon
ZambiaCentral African Republic
Madagascar
Guinea-Bissau
Senegal
Morocco
Mali
Tanzania
Nigeria
Kenya
Chad
20
Angola
Liberia Zimbabwe
Uganda
Swaziland
Guinea
Cote d'Ivoire
Burkina
Faso
0
South Africa
Lesotho
Benin
Sudan
Malawi
RwandaBurundi
Ghana
Namibia
Gambia Botswana
AlgeriaCape
Verde
Mauritania
Sao Tome and
Mauritius
Egypt
Principe
Comoros
20
40
60
80
% access to improved water source in 2010
100
3
LACK OF CORRELATION BETWEEN GDP GROWTH
AND ACCESS TO IMPROVED WATER SOURCES
Guinea-Bissau
Niger
2
Mali
Liberia
Seychelles
-1
0
1
Mauritania
Chad
Sierra Leone
Angola
Djibouti
Burkina Faso
Ethiopia
Cameroon
Uganda
Central African Republic
Benin
Cape Verde
Togo
Ghana
Senegal
Swaziland
Sao
Mozambique
Tome and Principe
Guinea
Gambia
Malawi
EgyptMorocco
South Africa Tunisia
Gabon
Congo,
Namibia
Botswana
Rep.Mauritius
Madagascar
Zambia
Comoros
Lesotho
Nigeria
Kenya
BurundiCongo, Dem. Rep.
Tanzania
Algeria
Sudan
Rwanda
0
2
4
6
% real gdp per capita growth 2000-2010
8
6
LACK OF CORRELATION BETWEEN GDP GROWTH
AND ACCESS TO IMPROVED WATER SOURCES
4
Ethiopia
0
2
Mali
Swaziland
Malawi
Burkina Faso
Guinea-Bissau
Mauritania
Uganda
Madagascar
Ghana
Liberia
Sierra Leone
Cameroon
Niger Guinea
Zambia
Kenya
Chad Namibia
Benin Mozambique
Angola Togo
Nigeria
Senegal
Djibouti
Gambia
Central
South
Africa
African
Morocco
Republic
Cape Verde
Cote d'Ivoire
Comoros
Egypt
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Gabon
Congo,
Rep.
Botswana
Burundi
Mauritius
Tanzania
Rwanda
Lesotho
Sudan
-2
Algeria
Eritrea
-10
-5
0
5
% real gdp per capita growth 1990-1999
10
POSSIBLE EXPLANATION FOR LACK
OF CORRELATION WITH GDP GROWTH
• High Population Growth
• Possible lack of inclusiveness in the
recent GDP growth in Africa.
– Largely Commodity price-driven GDP
Growth.
POPULATION GROWTH AND ACCESS
TO IMPROVED WATER SOURCES
80
100
South Africa
SaoCape
TomeVerde
and PrincipeDjibouti
Gabon
Ghana
Morocco
Algeria
Malawi
Zimbabwe
Cote d'Ivoire
Lesotho
Cameroon
Burkina Faso
Rwanda
40
60
40
Egypt
Botswana
Comoros
Namibia
South Africa
Sao
Tome and Principe
Gambia
DjiboutiCape
Verde
Gabon
Ghana
MoroccoAlgeria
Malawi
Zimbabwe
Cote d'Ivoire
Lesotho
Cameroon
Guinea BeninLiberia
Senegal
Burundi
Swaziland
Congo, Rep.Uganda
Central African Republic
Guinea-Bissau
Mali
Zambia
Togo
Kenya
Nigeria
Sudan
Sierra Leone
Tanzania
Chad
Angola
Mauritania Niger
Mozambique
Madagascar
Ethiopia Congo, Dem. Rep.
Gambia
Burkina Faso
Guinea Benin
Liberia
Senegal
Uganda
Swaziland Burundi
Congo,
Rep.
Central African Republic
Rwanda
Guinea-Bissau
Mali
Zambia
Togo
Kenya
Nigeria
Sudan
Sierra Leone
Tanzania
Chad
Mauritania Angola
Niger
Mozambique
Madagascar
Congo,
Dem.
Rep.
Ethiopia
20
Somalia
20
Somalia
Mauritius
Comoros
Namibia
80
Egypt
Botswana
Urban Population Growth and
Access
60
Mauritius
% access to improved water source 2010
100
Total Population Growth and
Access
1
1.5
2
2.5
% population growth 1990-2010
3
3.5
0
2
4
6
% urban population growth 2000-2010
8
ACCESS TO IMPROVED
SANITATION FACILITIES
% With Access to Improved Sanitation
Facilities
REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN ACCESS TO
IMPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2000
2005
2010
62
56 60
28 29 31
82
87 89
75 77 79
53
29
34 38
62
69
RURAL-URBAN DIFFERENCE IN ACCESS
TO SANITATION
Access to Flush Toilets
30%
25%
25%
26%
1990-2000
70%
1990-2000
60%
2000-2010
20%
Access to Traditional Latrines
50%
50%
2000-2010
47%
43%
45%
40%
15%
30%
10%
20%
5%
1%
3%
0%
10%
0%
Urban
Rural
Urban
Rural
LACK OF CORRELATION BETWEEN
GDP GROWTH AND ACCESS TO
IMPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES
Access to Sanitation and GDP
Growth in Preceding Decade
0
Ethiopia
5
10
15
Ethiopia
Angola
0
Central African Republic
Burkina Faso
LiberiaCongo, Dem. Rep.
Benin
Guinea-Bissau
Ghana
Cape Verde
Niger
Comoros
Chad
Guinea
Mozambique
Madagascar
Mauritania
Sao Tome and Principe
Mali
Botswana
Sierra Leone
Rwanda
Senegal
Kenya
Namibia
Uganda
Malawi
Tanzania
Morocco
Gambia Swaziland EgyptTunisia
South Africa
Lesotho
Burundi CameroonAlgeria
Togo
Libya Zambia
Mauritius
Sudan
Gabon
Nigeria
Congo, Rep.
Guinea-Bissau
AngolaCentral African Republic Cape Verde
Benin
Burkina Faso
Niger
Ghana
Comoros
Namibia Mozambique
Botswana
Senegal
Rwanda Tunisia
Guinea
Sierra Leone
Chad
Morocco
Madagascar
Egypt Uganda
Mali Malawi
KenyaCote d'Ivoire
Swaziland
Gambia
Zambia South
Algeria
Africa Lesotho
Burundi
Gabon
Tanzania
Mauritania
Mauritius
Cameroon
Sudan
Nigeria
Congo, Rep.
Togo
-5
Djibouti
Eritrea
Djibouti
-10
-5
0
5
10
% growth in access to improved sanitation 2000-2010
Access to Sanitation and GDP
Growth in the Same Decade
2
4
6
% real gdp per capita growth 2000-2010
8
-5
0
5
% real gdp per capita growth 1990-1999
10
Sanitation Access and Urban
Population Growth
100
Sanitation Access and
Population Growth
Libya
Algeria
Egypt
Seychelles
Egypt
Libya
Tunisia
South Africa
Morocco
80
South Africa
Morocco
Burundi
Senegal
Zambia
2
2.5
% population growth 1990-2010
3
3.5
Burundi
Malawi
Rwand
Burkina Faso
Guinea-Bissau
Central
African Republic Sudan
40
Uganda
Lesotho Sao Tome and Principe
Sudan Mauritania
Cote d'Ivoire
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Somalia
Mali
Ethiopia
Guinea-Bissau
Congo,
Mozambique
Rep.
Guinea
Liberia
Burkina Faso
Madagascar
Ghana
Sierra Leone
Togo
Benin
Chad
Tanzania
Niger
1.5
Cameroon
Namibia
Zimbabwe
Somalia
Mauritania
Comoros
Zimbabwe
Comoros
Central African Gabon
Republic
Namibia
Kenya
Nigeria
Gambia
Swaziland Djibouti
60
Angola
Malawi
Djibouti
Cameroon
Zambia
Angola
Botswana
Cape Verde
Senegal
Gambia
Botswana
Cape
Verde
Swaziland
Rwanda
1
Algeria
Mauritius
Mauritius
Mozambique
Cote d'Ivoire
Nigeria
Niger
Uganda Mali
Gabon
Kenya
Guinea Lesotho
SaoEthiopia
Tome Chad
and Principe
Liberia
Togo
Benin
Sierra Leone Congo, Dem. Rep.
Madagascar
Congo, Rep.
Tanzania
Ghana
20
in 2010
% access to improved sanitation facilities in urban areas100
60
80
20
40
0
POPULATION GROWTH, URBANIZATION
AND SANITATION ACCESS
0
2
4
6
% Urban population growth 1990-2010
8
GROWTH IN URBAN AREAS AND GROWTH
IN ACCESS
3
Central African
Mauritania
Republic
Tanzania
Benin
Niger
Liberia
-1
0
1
2
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ethiopia
Cape
Comoros
Verde
Ghana
Madagascar
Somalia
Chad
Angola
Sao Tome and Principe
Botswana
Kenya
Burundi
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Seychelles
Congo,
Gambia
Dem. Rep.
Uganda Mozambique
Mali
Swaziland
South Africa
Egypt
Tunisia
Morocco
Mauritius
Libya
Equatorial Guinea
Togo
Malawi
Algeria
Zimbabwe
ZambiaCote d'Ivoire
Congo,
Namibia
Rep.
Cameroon
Nigeria
Eritrea
Djibouti
Sudan
Gabon
Lesotho
0
2
4
6
% urban population growth 2000-2010
Burkina Faso
Rwanda
8
Egypt
80
Mauritius
South Africa
60
Morocco
Gambia
Angola
Average
Botswana
Cape Verde
Swaziland
Rwanda
Senegal
Malawi
Cameroon Djibouti
Zambia
Burundi
Zimbabwe
Somalia
Comoros
Central
Uganda
African RepublicGabon
Kenya
Namibia
Nigeria
MauritaniaSudan
Lesotho
Sao Tome and Princip
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Cote d'Ivoire
Mali
Ethiopia
Guinea-Bissau
Mozambique
Congo,
Liberia
Guinea
Rep.
Burkina Faso
Madagascar
Ghana
ChadSierra Leone
Togo
Benin
NigerTanzania
0
High Correlation between
income and Access Rates.
Algeria
40
Access to Sanitation lagging
behind Access to Improved
Water.
Average
20
% access to improved sanitation 2010
High Correlation between
the two Sectors.
100
WATER AND SANITATION
20
40
60
80
% access to improved water source 2010
100
IMPLICATIONS FOR PPPS IN THE
WATER AND SANITATION SECTOR
• Service/management contract
– Relatively common in WSS in Africa.
– Can lead to Improvements in quality of services.
– Increase in access not guaranteed.
• Lease/Concession
–Less common in Africa in WSS in Africa
– Can lead to Improvements in quality of services.
– Increase in access likely.
TYPES OF PPP ARRANGEMENT AND
ACCESS TO IMPROVED WATER SOURCES
%
% Access to Improved Water Source
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
64
2005
82
85
2005
2010
68
2010
Service/Management Contracts
Concessions
TYPES OF PPP ARRANGEMENT AND ACCESS TO
IMPROVED WATER SOURCES
100
90
% Access to Improved Sanitation Facilities
80
70
%
60
50
40
32
33
2005
2010
44
46
2005
2010
30
20
10
0
Service/Management Contracts
Concessions
High rate of
cancellations in
previous PPPs.
40
Benin
Angola
30
Cameroon
Gabon
Equatorial Guinea
Liberia
Burkina Faso
Gambia
Malawi
Sierra Leone
Madagascar
Sudan
Senegal
20
Mali
Lesotho
Mozambique
Nigeria
Cape Verde
10
Limited Capacity for
countries with low
access rates.
Chad
Central African Republ
Eritrea
Guinea
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Guinea-Bissau
Niger
Zimbabwe
Burundi
Cote d'Ivoire
Togo
Mauritania
Congo, Rep.
Namibia
Botswana
South Africa
Mauritius
0
Doing Business Ranking 2011
-Countries with
favorable
investment climate
already have high
access rates.
50
CHALLENGES FOR PPP:
IMPLICATIONS FOR MDG TARGETS
3
Tanzania
Swaziland
Uganda
Ethiopia
Kenya
Zambia
Ghana
Rwanda
4
5
6
Country Risk Rating 2011 (the lower the better)
7
THANK YOU