A benchmark study of husbandry, transport, lairage and sla
improve skin quality of ratites;
Volume 2 Emus
A report for the
Rural Industries Research and Development Corporat
by
Dr. Philip C. Glatz
October, 2000
RIRDC Publication No
RIRDC Project No SAR-22A
INTRODUCTION
In October 1999 RIRDC, New Animal Products Program provided funds for a project to develop benchmarks to improve skin quality o
documentation for use in the Ostrich and Emu industry. The documents will be useful in skin QA programs to support industry’s comm
benchmark covers the farming, transport, lairage, slaughter, curing, tanning and skin marketing sectors of the industry.
In Australia nearly half the farm gate value of ostriches is in the skins. However, 58% of bird skins being processed are being downgr
on farm, during transport, in the lairage, during processing and tanning. In the Emu Industry 95% of skins are being downgraded with 3
Development by the Ratite Industry of documentation that recommends best practices will raise the standards in Industry and improve
Documentation to reduce skin damage covers best practice methods in all areas of the production chain to maintain skin quality of ratit
producing ratite skins will give confidence to skin buyers that they are purchasing a quality product.
The project was coordinated by Phil Glatz (Senior Research Scientist, South Australian Research and Development Institute) with supp
Industries Officer, Primary Industry and Resources SA), Belinda Rodda (Technical Officer, South Australian Research and Developme
Galloway (IC Media) and Ian Dinning (Lecturer, Media, University of South Australia).
A Ratite Industry Committee comprising John Atkins (skin marketing), Trevor Jones (tanning), Wayne Hamood (ostrich farming), Rob
farming), Bert Rayner (skin marketing), Ross Haebich (emu and ostrich transport) and Kevin Barry (ostrich transport) worked with the
Other people in Industry were involved in reviewing the audit documentation. These included Dr. Doug Black, Dr. John Dingle, Chris
Thompson, John Snowden and Peter O’Malley.
The approach used in this skin quality benchmarking was modelled on a current RIRDC project on broiler welfare audits coordinated b
acknowledged.
• The project used the seven principles of the ‘HACCP-based quality assurance systems approach to: i) identify potential risks that contr
risks iii) establish appropriate targets for the risk area iv) establish a monitoring system v) establish contingencies to be used in associa
vi) establish a verification program and vii) develop documentation that accurately depicts risk, critical limits and corrective action.
• The documentation is supported by a short CD Rom demonstrating events that lead to poor skin condition in emus and ostriches and
problem.
The documentation provided for ratites examines the breeder, hatchery, rearing, growing, transport, lairage, slaughter, curing, tanning a
skin damage may be limited to a few key areas of the production chain. However, it was considered that all factors that might effect the
produced/bird and quality of hide be examined. Emphasis has been given to ensuring that there are high levels of bio-security and trace
production chain. Each section of the document should be considered as stand-alone document. This has resulted in some repetition.
The documentation is set out as follows for each sector using the HACCP protocol:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Audit questions and implications relating to the breeder, hatchery, rearing, growing, transport, lairage, curing and tanning sectors
Record keeping check lists.
List of targets to be achieved
Audit Score Sheets for monitoring, evaluation and verification. Critical issues are indicated with shading
Fact sheets that provide more detail on the questions and the implications.
CD Rom script highlighting the key issues in each sector.
It is considered that the documents will fulfil the aim of demonstrating the standards required to achieve high quality skins.
Implementing the Audit in the Ratite Industries
Audits can be either informal or formal. An informal audit could be conducted by the grower or a skin marketer and can be used to ide
auditor usually conducts a formal audit. These could be persons appointed by peak bodies such as the Australian Ostrich Association o
Before an audit a farmer, transporter, abattoir or tanner would be informed in advance of audit so that their documentation can be made
current records, diaries and recording sheets as well as visually inspecting birds, facilities and skins as well as taking measurements.
The auditor will go through each of the audit questions and decide whether it is relevant to their enterprise. In filling in the audit score
critical issues and one point to non-critical issues if there is compliance. Depending on the approach taken by the auditor non-complian
enterprises failing the audit. In most cases however, a score will be provided to the enterprise and area of the enterprise, which needs to
improvement is the overall score achieved on each subsequent audit will an indicator of the improvement in practices aimed to achieve
It is expected that each person working in the production chain will read the documentation so that there is an understanding of the que
quality, records and evidence needed and targets to be reached. It is recommended that each sector conduct their own trial audit, keep a
identify problems and fix them.
Contents
Section 1- Emu Breeder … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ...… … … … … … … …
Water Supply … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Feed System and Diet … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Environment and Bio-security … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..… … …
Selection and Housing… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Routine Husbandry Procedures … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Behaviour (Aggression and Frustration) … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Egg Management … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .…
Farm Staff … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Record Keeping Check-list … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Bio-security – Farm Standards … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Bio-security – Personnel Standards .… … … … … … … … … … .… … … … … … … … …
Bio-security – Operational Standards .… … … … … … … … .… … … … … … … … … … …
Bio-security – Serious Disease Outbreak Procedures ...… … … … … … … … … … … …
Traceability … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Breeder Targets … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Breeder Audit Score Sheet … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Breeder Bio-security Audit Score Sheet ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Section 2 - Emu Hatchery … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Facilities and Hygiene … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Egg Management … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Chick Management … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Transport of Day-old Chicks … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .
Hatchery Staff … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Record Keeping Check-list … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Bio-security – Hatchery Standards … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Bio-security – Personnel Standards ...… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Bio-security – Operational Standards ...… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Bio-security – Serious Disease Outbreak Procedures ...… … … … … … … … … … … …
Traceability … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Hatchery Targets … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Contents continued… … … … ..
Hatchery Audit Score Sheet … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Hatchery Bio-security Audit Score Sheet … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Section 3 Emu Brooding … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Water Supply … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Shed Conditions … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Chick Arrival and Placement … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Routine Practices … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Bird Behaviour (aggression and frustration) … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Routine Husbandry Procedures … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Daily Procedures … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Farm Staff … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Record Keeping Check-list … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Bio-security – Farm Standards ...… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Bio-security – Personnel Standards ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..… … … …
Bio-security – Operational Standards ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..
Bio-security – Serious Disease Outbreak Procedures ...… … … … … … … … … … … … .
Traceability … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Brooding Targets … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .…
Brooding Audit Score Sheet … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .…
Brooding Bio-security Audit Score Sheet … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Section 4 Emu Rearing (6-16 weeks) … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ...… … …
Water Supply … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Rearing Conditions … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Bird Placement … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Routine Practices … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Bird Behaviour (Aggression and Frustration) … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Routine Husbandry Procedures … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Daily Procedures … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Equipment and Housing … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Contents continued… … … … ..
Farm Staff … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Record Keeping Check-list … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Bio-security – Farm Standards ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Bio-security – Personnel Standards ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..… … … …
Bio-security – Operational Standards ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..
Bio-security – Serious Disease Outbreak Procedures ..… … … … … … … … … … … … .…
Traceability … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Rearing Targets … … … … … … ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .…
Rearing Audit Score Sheet … … … … … … … … … ...… … … … … … … … … … … … … .…
Rearing Bio-security Audit Score Sheet ...… … … ...… … … … … … … … … … … … … .…
Section 5 Emu Finishing (16 weeks – 14 months) … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Water Supply … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Finishing Conditions … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .… … … … … … … …
Finisher Placement … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .
Routine Practices … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Bird Behaviour (Aggression and Frustration) … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Routine Husbandry Procedures … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Daily Procedures … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Equipment and Housing … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Farm Staff … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Record Keeping Check-list … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Bio-security – Farm Standards ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Bio-security – Personnel Standards ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..… … … …
Bio-security – Operational Standards ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..
Bio-security – Serious Disease Outbreak Procedures ..… … … … … … … … … … … … .…
Traceability … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Finisher Targets … … … … … … ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .…
Finisher Audit Score Sheet … … … … … … … … … ...… … … … … … … … … … ...… … .…
Finisher Bio-security Audit Score Sheet … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Contents continued… … … … ..
Section 6 On-Farm Emu Yarding … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .… …
Yarding … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .…
Staff … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .… … .
Record Keeping Check-list … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Bio-security – Farm Standards … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Bio-security – Personnel Standards ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..… … … …
Bio-security – Operational Standards ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..… … … …
Bio-security – Serious Disease Outbreak Procedures ..… … … … … … … … … … … … .
Traceability … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Yarding Targets … … … … … … ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .…
Yarding Audit Score Sheet … … … … … … … … … … … ..… … … … … … … … ...… … .…
Yarding Bio-security Audit Score Sheet … … … … … … ..… … … … … … … … ...… … .…
Section 7
Emu Transport … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Transport … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ...… … … … … … … …
Staff … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ...… … … … … … …
Record Keeping Checklist … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .… … …
Bio-security - Truck Standards … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Bio-security - Personnel Standard… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Bio-security - Operational Standards … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Bio-security - Serious Disease Outbreak Procedures … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Traceability ...… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Transport Targets … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Transport Audit Score Sheet … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Transport Bio-security Audit Score Sheet … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Section 8 Unloading Emus … … … … … … … … … … … … ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Unloading … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Staff … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Record Keeping Checklist … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Bio-security - Standards … … … … … … … … … … ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Audit Contents continued… … … … ..
Bio-security - Personnel Standard… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Bio-security - Operational Standards … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Bio-security - Serious Disease Outbreak Procedures … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Traceability … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Unloading EmusTargets … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Unloading Emus Audit Score Sheet … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Unloading Emus Bio-security Audit Score Sheet … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Section 9 Emu Lairage … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Lairage … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Staff … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Record Keeping Checklist ...… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .… … …
Bio-security – Standards ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … ...… … … … … … … … …
Bio-security - Personnel Standard… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Bio-security - Operational Standards … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Bio-security - Serious Disease Outbreak Procedures … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Traceability ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Emu Lairage Targets … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .
Emu Lairage Audit Score Sheet … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Emu Lairage Bio-security Audit Score Sheet … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Section 10 Emu Slaughter … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Movement of Birds to Knocking Box … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Slaughter … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ...… … … … … … … … … … … … … .… …
Staff … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Record Keeping Checklist ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .… … … …
Emu Slaughter Targets … … … … … … … … … … ..… … … … … … … … … … .… … … …
Emu Slaughter Audit Score Sheet … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Section 11 Emu Feather Plucking and Skinning… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Emu Feather Plucking and Skinning… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Skinning Procedure … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .… … … … … …
Contents continued… … … … ..
Staff … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Record Keeping Checklist … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..… .… … … .… … … …
Emu Feather Plucking and Skinning Targets … … … … … … … … …
.. .… … … … … … …
Emu Feather Plucking and Skinning Audit Score Sheet… … … … … … … … … … … …
Section 12 Handling Emu Green Skins… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Brining and Pickling Skins… … … … … … … … … ...… … … … … … … … … … … … …
Fat Removal … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Draining … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ...… … … … … … … … … … … … …
Storing … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Cooling … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Transporting … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Traceability … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..… … … … … … … … … … … …
Staff … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Record Keeping Checklist … … … … … … … … … … … … ..… … … … … … … .… … … …
Handling Emu Green Skins Targets … … … … … … … … … … ..… … … … … … … … …
Handling Emu Green Skins Audit Score Sheet… … … … … … ...… … … … … … … … …
Section 13 Skin Selection … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..… … … … … … … … … … … …
Traceability … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .… … … … … … … .… … … …
Green Skin Selection … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ...… … … … … … … … … …
Skin Selection Targets … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..… … … … … … … …
Skin Selection Audit Score Sheet … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..… … … …
Section 14 Tanning … … … ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Tanning … … … … … ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Tanned Skin Grading ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Marketing ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .… … …
Traceability … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Staff … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … .…
Record Keeping Checklist ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Tanning Targets ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Tanning Audit Score Sheet ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Fact Sheet Contents
1. Emu Fertile Egg Management… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .… … … … …
1.1 Egg collection ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
1.2 Egg transport … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..… … .… … … …
1.3 Egg packaging … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..… … … … … …
1.4 Egg cleaning… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .… .… … … … …
1.5 Egg storing … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..… … .… … … …
1.6 Fumigation ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .… … … … … … … … … … …
1.7 Testing for defects … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..… … … … …
2. Emu Incubation
2.1 Breeding season … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..… … …
2.2 Natural incubation… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..… … … …
2.3 Artificial incubation … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
.. … … …
2.4 Hatchery … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..… … …
2.4.1 Hygiene … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ...… … … ..… …
2.4.2 Room conditions … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..… … … … … …
2.4.3 Medicine … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..… … … ..… …
2.4.4 Maintenance … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..… … … ...… …
2.4.5 Temperature … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..… .… ...…
2.4.6 Humidity … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .… … … ..… … ..
2.4.7 Air circulation … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .… … … … .… .…
2.5 Pre-warming .… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .… … … … … …
2.6 Egg setting … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .
2.7 Egg turning … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
2.8 Egg candling .… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
2.9 Malpositions … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
2.10 Egg weight loss … … … … … … .… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
2.11 Hatching process .… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
2.12 Hatching help .… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..… … … … …
2.13 Pipping … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .… …
2.14 Hatching problems … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..… … .… …
2.15 Leg deformities .… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Fact Sheet Contents continued
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
Holding area ..… … … … … … … .… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Biosecurity ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .… … … … … … … … …
Traceability ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .… … … … … … … … …
Record Keeping ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
3. Emu Chicks … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
3.1 Chick selection … … … ..… … … … … … … .… … .… … … … … … … … … … … … …
3.2 Sexing … … … … … .… ..… … … … … … … … .… … … … … … … … … … … … … …
3.3 Chicks ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … .… … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
3.4 Declawing … … … … … … ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
3.5 Rodent control … … … … … ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
3.6 Biosecurity … … … … … … … … … … … .… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
4. Emu Rearing ...… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
4.1 Nutrition … … … … … … … … … … ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
4.2 Feed efficiency … … … … … … … … ...… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
4.3 Paddocks … … … … … … … … … … … ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
4.4 Bird handling and weighing … … … ...… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
4.5 Water … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .… … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
4.6 Rodent and pest control … … … … … … … … … .… … … … … … … … … … … … …
5. Emu Breeders … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
5.1 Breeder selection and genetics … ...… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
5.2 Agression and mating … … … ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
5.3 Nutrition … … .… … … … … … .… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
5.4 Nest .… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
6. Emu Handling … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
6.1 Young chicks … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ...… … … … … … …
6.2 Older chicks … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
6.3 Adult birds ...… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
6.4 Aggressive birds … … … … … … … ...… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Fact Sheet Contents continued
7. Emu Transport … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
7.1 Yarding ...… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
7.2 Loading ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
7.3 Drivers … … … … .… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
7.4 Code of Practice ...… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
8. Emu Health … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
9. Emu Lairage ...… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
9.1 Offloading ...… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
9.2 Lairage pens ...… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
9.3 Lairage humidity ...… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
9.4 Lairage Handling ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
10. Emu Processing … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
10.1 Stunning .… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
10.2 Skinning ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
11. Emu Skin Curing … … … … … … … … … … .… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
11.1 Skin Storage … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
11.2 Skin preservation … … … .… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
11.3 Skin quality … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
12. Emu Tanning … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .…
12.1 Chemicals .… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
13. Emu Skin Grading … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
13.1 Hide grades … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
13.2 Leather production .… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
14. Staff and Training… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ...… … … … … … … … … …
CD Rom Script Contents
Introduction … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ...… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Summary … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Breeder … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Hatchery … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Rearing and Growing … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Behaviours ...… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Transport … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Processing … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ...… … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Section 1
Emu Breeder
Water supply
Feed system and diet
Environment and bio-security
Selection and housing
Routine husbandry procedures
Behaviour (aggression and frustration)
Egg management
Farm staff
Record keeping check-list
Bio-security – Farm Standards
Bio-security – Personnel Standards
Bio-security – Operational Standards
Bio-security – Serious Disease Outbreak Procedures
Traceability
Breeder Targets
Audit Score Sheet
Biosecurity Score Sheet
BREEDERS
Water Supply (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Was water available to birds at alldrinkers?
Was water availability to all drinkers checked daily?
Was water pressure checked daily?
If using surface water was it sanitized before reaching the birds?
If using bore water, was it tested for pH and salts annually?
Was water supply tested for microbial contamination at least annually?
Was water supply fit to drink?
Were water tanks and water lines sanitized?
Were tanks and water lines flushed out regularly?
Were water filters checked/changed?
Do you have a back-up water supply?
Do you keep water cool in summer?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Reduced water intake reduces fo
and reproductive performance
Reduced water intake reduces fo
and reproductive performance
Reduced water intake reduces fo
and reproductive performance
Reduced water intake reduces fo
and reproductive performance
Poor quality water, reduced wate
growth, skin area and reproduct
Contaminated water, bird health
reduces food intake, growth, skin
performance
Poor quality water, reduced wate
growth, skin area and reproduct
Poor quality water, reduced wate
growth, skin area and reproduct
Dirty water, poor quality water, r
food intake, growth, skin area an
Clogged filters, reduces water av
intake reduces food intake, grow
performance
Bird mortality if water not avail
Hot water reduces water intake, f
area of hides and reproductive p
BREEDERS
Feed System and Diet (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Are the feeders the correct types for breeders?
Could all birds feed at the same time?
Was all residual mouldy feed removed regularly?
Were diets fed that provided sufficient minerals and vitamins to reduce
hatching problems, stunted chicks and potential skin problems?
Were the birds held in breeding paddocks of 0.25 - 4.0 hectares
containing suitable forage of improved pastures?
Did you use a pasture improvement program?
Were calcium levels in diet 1.6% - 2.5%?
Did you anticipate the increased requirements for Ca and P, amino
acids, vitamins and energy of layers before first egg?
During the maintenance period did you feed a diet with 9.17 ME
MJ/kg, 11.8% - 14.0% protein, 0.5% - 0.7% lysine, 1.25% Calcium
and 0.49% available Phosphorus?
Were females provided a free choice supplement of coarse shellgrit in
a separate container?
Did you have separate sex feeding?
Do you have a strategy for separate sex feeding to avoid overweight
males, excess Ca and suppression of Zinc and sperm production?
Do you keep males in adjacent paddocks on maintenance diets?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Inappropriate feeders reduces fee
reproductive performance
Birds lower in peck order, reduc
area
Mouldy feed reduces feed intake
performance
Mineral and vitamin deficiency,
hide area and reproductive perfo
High stocking density and poor
intake, growth, hide area and rep
Good pasture improves growth,
area and reproductive performan
Low calcium reduces food intake
performance
Improves reproductive performance
Reduces feeding costs
Improves reproductive performa
Improves reproductive performa
Separate sex feeding avoids over
suppression of Zinc and sperm p
Reduces aggression, improves re
males and females
BREEDERS
Environment & Bio-security (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Has a flock health program been implemented?
Do you have written emergency procedures?
Do you follow a rodent (rat and mouse) control program?
Do you have biosecurity procedures for visitors and staff to maintain
quarantine?
Was shelter provided to the birds?
Was the egg laying arears kept clean and sanitized?
Was the bedding dry in the shelter?
Were there wet areas around the drinkers?
Was there adequate shade for all the birds?
Were the breeding paddock fences at least 1.5m in height?
Were the paddocks well drained?
Was a 1.8m passage provided between fences to prevent males
fighting?
Do you follow recommendations on ratio of males to females?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Maintains health and reproducti
Reduces potential for flock mor
Reduces feed wastage
Reduces potential for disease out
Reduces sunburn, keeps birds co
conditions
Reduces potential for external pa
transfer
Reduces odour problems
Increases water wastage
Reduce sun burn on skins
Reduces potential for breeders es
Improves forage growth, reduces
Reduces aggression
Improves reproductive performa
BREEDERS
Selection and Housing (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Were breeders selection based on their longer body conformation to
maximize skin size?
Are accurate records kept on primary traits that affect the suitability of
breeder birds?
Is inbreeding avoided?
Are genetically deficient birds not used for breeding?
Did you avoid using aggressive birds in your breeding program?
Was fertility testing practiced in males?
Did you use imported bloodlines to make use of hybrid vigor?
Were males and females kept in separate pens two months before
mating to stimulate birds to come on heat?
Do you use the pen system for breeders?
Do you use the camp system for breeders?
Was the male paired with 1 or 2 females?
Were pairs exchanged if birds did not mate?
Do you allow males into female pen a few hours every second day to
mate after females have eaten their daily ration?
Were birds with filoplumes culled
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Improves return on skins
Improves reproductive performa
progeny
Improves reproductive performa
Improves reproductive performa
Improves reproductive performa
Improves reproductive performa
Improves reproductive performa
Improves reproductive performa
Enables easy recognition of ine
Farm capital costs reduced, impr
performance, growth and return
Optimal pairing improves repro
and return on skins
Improves reproductive performa
Improves reproductive performa
Improves returns on skins
BREEDERS
Routine Husbandry Procedures (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Were birds checked at least once daily?
Did bird behaviour appear normal and did the birds “look” healthy?
Was the availability of water to all drinkers checked daily?
Was feed available at all times?
Did you feed daily?
Was a veterinarian adviser called to advise onhealth problems?
Have you followed any advice that was given?
Have unthrifty birds been culled?
Were dead birds removed as soon as possible?
Were bird’s euthanased using accepted practices?
Were dead birds disposed of according to recommendations?
Were mortalities within targets?
If mortalities were greater than target specifications were reasons
determined?
Were birds vaccinated according to vaccination schedule?
Did you routinely check the need for and if necessary treat for
internal parasites?
Was stocking density within target limits?
Was body weight determined by the girth method?
Was breeder weight within target limits?
Was egg production according to targets?
Were eggs collected from nests daily?
Do you have strategies to reduce male/male and male/female
aggression?
Did you notice any blood stained eggs?
Do you follow recommendations on the ratio of males to females?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Frequent checking allows proble
Bird problems can be addressed
Improves water intake, food inta
reproductive performance
Improves food intake, growth, s
performance
Improves food intake, growth, sk
performance
Prompt attendance to bird health
skin area and reproductive perfo
Resolves bird problems sooner
Improves total performance of f
Removes potential for disease tr
Improves bird welfare
Removes potential for disease tr
Action can be taken to improve
Provides knowledge for resolvin
Reduces disease problems
Reduces potential skin defects in
slaughtered
Improves food intake, growth, sk
performance
Body weight important indicator
adequacy of diet
Body weight important indicator
adequacy of diet
Egg production important indica
Improves hatchability of eggsan
Improves reproductive performa
Indicator of egg laying problems
Improves reproductive performa
BREEDERS
Behaviour (Aggression and Frustration) (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Was there any evidence of kicking?
Indicator of aggression and defe
reduction in reproductive perform
Indicator of frustration leading t
performance and skin damage c
Indicator of boredom and can lea
Was there any evidence of pacing?
Was there any evidence of persistent pecking at the environment
(stereotype pecking)?
Did you notice any outside disturbance causing flock to panic and run
to other side of paddock?
Was there any evidence of running down the fence lines?
Was there any evidence of feather pecking?
BREEDERS
Implic
Outside disturbances need to be
Potential for skin damage on bre
Indicator of boredom, stereotype
aggression reducing reproductiv
Egg Management (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Were eggs collected daily from nests?
Were dirty eggs separated immediately?
Were eggs disinfected according to company protocols?
Were eggs cooled to 16 – 18 o C within 4 hours of laying?
Were eggs stored at 16 – 18 o C?
Were eggs stored at 70 – 75 % relative humidity?
Were transport arrangements considered appropriate to maintain
temperature and humidity?
Were eggs collected as soon as possible after being laid and marked
with their origin?
When transporting eggs were they individually wrapped in tissues or
soft cloth and placed with air cell up?
When eggs were transported were they maintained at 18oC?
Do you avoid cleaning eggs with cloth or sanding paper?
Were eggs sanitized and cleaned with detergent sanitizers and rinsed
immediately?
Was washing water free of bacteria?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Improves hatchability
Reduces contamination of clean
Improves hatchability
Improves hatchability
Improves hatchability
Improves hatchability
Improves hatchability
Improves hatchability and trace
Decreases breakages
Improves hatchability
Improves egg hygiene
Improves egg hygiene
Prevents bacterial infection emb
BREEDERS
Egg Management
Continued (critical questions are shaded)
-
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Was the sanitizer and rinsing water above egg temperature?
Were the washing solution 250-ppm quaternary ammonium, 10-PPM
EDTA and sodium carbonate added to raise pH to 8?
Were eggs washed in water temperatures 40-44oC, being at least
3-10 oC greater than egg temperature?
Were eggs left to air dry?
Were standard fumigation procedures used before setting?
Were eggs stored for a maximum of 7 days in an upright position at
15-20 oC at 75-80% relative humidity?
Were eggs with defects not set ie. (chalky texture, matt finish, hairline
cracks, stale and contaminated, floating air cells, blood and meat spots
and double yolks)?
Were eggs at least 600g used for setting?
Were eggs turned four times daily while being stored?
Did the operators have clean hands before making contact with eggs?
Were eggs preheated to 25 oC for a minimum period of 12h before
setting?
Were the eggs subject to antibiotic dipping?
BREEDER
Implic
Prevents bacterial infection emb
Prevents bacterial infection emb
Prevents bacterial infection emb
Prevents bacterial infection emb
Prevents bacterial infection emb
Improves hatchability
Improves overall hatchability %
Improves hatchability
Improves hatchability
Reduces bacterial contamination
Ensures all eggs hatch over clos
Improves hatchability and reduc
eggs
Farm Staff (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Were emergencies responded to immediately?
Do staff have strategies to protect themselves from aggressive males?
Were staff absences covered?
If you employ staff:
- Do you have a staff induction procedure?
- Have new staff been properly inducted?
- Do you have written instructions (protocols) for staff?
- Have staff been provided with the protocols?
- Have your staff been trained?
- Do you encourage staff to participate in training courses?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Reduces impact on breeder perfo
Improve staff confidence and pe
Minimises staff problems and im
All staff aware of job requireme
Improves staff performance
Improves staff performance
Improves staff performance
Improves staff performance and
Improves staff performance and
BREEDERS
Record Keeping Check-List (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Monitoring of male reproductive
assessment of current performan
maintained in breeding flock
Monitoring of male reproductive
assessment of current performan
maintained in breeding flock
Assists in day to day manageme
Do you maintain records of:
- individual cock age, fertility, egg hatchability, filoplume score,
behaviour and body weight?
- individual female age, body weight, egg production, egg weight,
egg quality, behaviour and filoplume score
- daily farm records on performance, temperature, egg collection,
storage and chick weights
- pedigree records on all breeding birds
- diet specification and feeding protocols
- flock health program, nest hygiene maintained
- farm log of rodent control, sanitation program, maintaining and
checking water quality, daily husbandry
- staff training
Assists in breeding program eva
Assists in evaluation of dietary p
Maintains flock health and egg
Assists in day to day manageme
Assist in further developing farm
BREEDERS Bio-security – Farm Standards (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Does your farm have a perimeter fence?
Do you have a lockable front gate to farm and biosecurity signage?
Do you have a concrete high-pressure wash area on the farm?
Do you have a parking area for visitor’s vehicles?
Do you have a change area for visitors away from the birds near
carpark?
Are visitors provided a change of clothing and clean boots or
overboots?
Do you have a footbath at entrance tobird areas?
Do you dispose of dead birds by burning, in pits or by mulching
Do you maintain rodent bait stations on farm?
Do you use treated mains water?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Fence defines the biosecure area
Visitors prevented from entering
Ensures that vehicles and equipm
Prevent vehicles from entering t
Prevents spread of disease to bird
Prevents spread of disease to bird
Prevents spread of disease via fo
Correct disposal minimises pote
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease
BREEDERS- Bio-security – Farm Standards
Continued (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Do you chlorinate bore, river or dam water if mains not available?
Do you have a bin to dispose of overboots?
Do you have dogs and cats on farm site?
Do you keep other avian species on the farm
Do you have other domestic stock on your farm?
Implic
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease to oth
Can spread disease around the fa
Can spread disease around the fa
Disease can be spread
BREEDERS Bio-security – Personnel Standards (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do you, employees or staff residing on farm have contact with other
poultry or processing plant?
Do repair and maintenance people comply with above?
Do you get staff, repair, maintenance and delivery people to sign a
quarantine declaration?
Are trucks washed before and after leaving farm?
Did you complete a self assessment biosecurity audit?
Do you have a visitor’s diary?
Do you restrict access to farm by neighbours, friends and sales
representatives who have had exposure to poultry
Do you have a two-boot system?
Yes
No
Implic
N/A
Can spread disease
Can spread disease
Prevent spread of disease from o
Prevent spread of disease from o
Provides an awareness of curren
areas requiring improvement
Enables tracing of potential bios
Prevent spread of disease from o
Prevents spread of disease from
BREEDERS Bio-security – Operational Standards (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do you check rodent bait stations weekly and maintain a log?
Do visitors park vehicles outside farm in car park?
Do visitors come from clean areas; i.e. home, younger or healthy
farm?
Do all visitors sign visitors quarantine declaration?
In an emergency did visitors from a “dirty’ farm shower and change
clothing?
Did visitors wear protective clothing?
Did delivery drivers wear overboots and dispose them on site?
Were tools taken onto farm clean and free of dust and organic matter?
Were stock vehicles washed and disinfected?
Was loading of birds from youngest to oldest or all young birds or all
old birds?
Was all dam or bore water chlorinated to 1-2 PPM?
Was holding time for chlorinated water 2 hours?
Did you carry out frequent chlorine testing and log results?
Did you or your staff avoid wearing farm clothing off farm?
Did you or your staff avoid wearing street clothing on site?
Did you and your staff have separate shed boots and paddock boots?
Is all bird weighing carried out by own farm weighing frames and
scales?
Are feed spills cleaned up as they occur?
Is grass around farm site kept cut?
Are all bird sheds washed and disinfected?
Is all litter removed from farm before new batch of birds introduced?
Are all sheds and paddocks locked when personnel not on farm?
Were dead bird composters kept away from sheds and fences?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Makes visitors aware of biosecur
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
and from farm to farm
Prevents spread of disease from
Produces more effective kill of d
Ensures effective kill of disease
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Using an outsiders farm scales c
to farm
Feed spills attract other birds an
disease
Long grass attracts rodents and
kills
Prevents spread of disease to new
Prevents spread of disease to new
Prevent entry of persons who co
organisms
Prevents spread of disease
BREEDERS Bio-security – Serious Disease Outbreak Procedures (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Do you keep all sheds and paddocks locked?
Implic
Prevent entry of persons who cou
properties.
Prevent entry of persons who co
properties
Prevent entry of persons who co
properties
Prevents transfer of disease from
Do you prevent any visitors and service personnel from entering the
farm?
For any emergency visitors do you request head to toe shower before
and after visit?
Do you ensure all vehicles, which need to enter farm, are washed and
disinfected at wash pad before entering and leaving farm?
Do you ensure all vehicles, which entered farm, are washed inside and
treated with aerosol including washable mats and vinyl?
Do you ensure vehicles entering farm are washed and disinfected at
wash pad?
Did you leave all birds and litter on farm until disease status clarified?
Prevents transfer of disease from
Prevents transfer of disease from
Prevents transfer of disease from
BREEDERS Traceability (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Are you able to identify all individual breeders by tags or electronic
identification systems?
Are you able to identify the individual dam and sire responsible for
producing each fertile egg?
Do you identify all fertile eggs produced?
Can you trace the identity of the bird from the breeders to slaughter?
Can you trace the identity of each skin back to the farm?
Do you keep a readily accessible hard copy of all bird’s identity?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Ensures traceability of breeder p
biosecurity
Assists in biosecurity and traces
Assists in biosecurity and traces
Assists in biosecurity and traces
Assists in biosecurity and traces
Assists in bio-security and traces
Breeder Targets
(List of targets industry should be aiming to achieve)
Parameter
Genetic background
Breeding policy
Age of breeders
Egg production
Egg hatchability
Fertility
Filoplume
Behaviour
Body weight
Environment
Pasture
Shelter
Diet
Records
Health
Husbandry
Hygiene
Water quality
Staff
Egg cleaning
Egg quality
Egg weight
Egg collection
Egg transport
Egg storage
Egg fumigation
Farm layout
Biosecurity
Protocols
Skin thickness
Age of slaughter
Follicle number
Predict Age
Target
No filoplumes, minimal aggression, records of progeny performance, 80% survivability to 3 mon
Cull aggressive birds
5-8 years
60 eggs/hen
80% of eggs set
90% of eggs set
Zero incidence
Cull birds with abnormal behaviour
130 kg progeny with minimal fat
Dry sandy environment
Dryland lucerne or equivalent
Feed and water under shelter, provision for egg laying in shelter
Maintenance diet during off season; high quality layer diet during the season
Egg production, egg weight, feed intake, body weight, hatchability, survivability, skin quality
Veterinary checks as required
Daily observation
Strict egg hygiene in breeder paddocks
Maximum acceptable concentrations for chlorides = 200 mg/l, for nitrates = 45 PPM and for sulp
Trained staff who adopt TLC
Recommended for all eggs
Reject eggs which are thin, cracked, chalky, stale, floating air cells, meat spots, blood spots and d
1200-1300 g for setting
Daily
Minimize bumps, maintain eggs in cool temperature
Minimum of one week; maximum of two weeks; turn eggs daily, cool out of direct sunlight
All eggs fumigated
Keep all age groups separate, maximize distances between each sector
Critical to follow biosecurity check
Written protocols for all farm activities
Maximise to levels recommended by marketers
Seek advice from marketers
Seek advice from marketers
Use subjective methods to confirm batch dates
BREEDER AUDIT SCORE SHEET
Score 5 points if YES, 0 points if NO for critical questions (shaded) and 1 point if YES and 0 points if NO for
(you may fail audit if any critical issues do not meet expectations)
Question
Yes
No
Points
Question
Yes
No
Points
Quest
Water available
Separate sex feeding
Vaccination progr
Cool water in summer
Fencing suitable
Deworming progr
Feed available
Passage between paddocks
Flock health prog
Adequate Ca
Shelters for birds
Selection against filoplumes
Bedding dry
Minimal bird peck
environment
Minimal feather p
Select against aggression
Adequate shade
Flock panic minim
Records on traits
Stocking density correct
Eggs collected daily
Emergency procedures
No birds running
lines
Egg production n
No blood stained eggs
Vermin and insect control
Dirty eggs separated
Biosecurity procedures
Stored eggs turned three
times a day
Complete set of production
records
Complete set of progeny
performance
(eg. weight of chickens)
Aggressive birds culled
Selection for body
conformation
Body weight breeders normal
Minimal bird paci
Inbreeding avoided
Safe transport eg
Deficient birds culled
Eggs not cleaned
Water quality suitable
Fertility testing males
Water quality checked
Use imported lines
Back up water supply
Pairs exchanged if necessary
Eggs sanitised ab
temp
Eggs left to air dr
after cleaning
Eggs at least 600
Mouldy feed removed
Correct ratio male/female
Back up feed supply
Birds checked twice/day
Emergencies resp
immediately
Staff trained
Birds fed daily
Behaviour normal
Staff inducted
Correct diet for breeders
Health problems resolved
Written protocols
Free choice Ca layers
Unthrifty birds culled
Total
Total
Date… … … … .
Points this audit… … … …
Methods to reduc
aggression
Minimal bird kicki
Egg stored correc
Total
Points last audit… … … …
BREEDER BIOSECURITY AUDIT SCORE SHEET
Score 5 points if YES, 0 points if NO for critical questions (shaded) and 1 point if YES and 0 points if NO for
(you may fail audit if any critical issues do not meet expectations)
Question
Yes
No
Points
Question
Yes
No
Points
Quest
Farm Standards
Personnel standards
Visitors sign decla
Vehicle Wash area
Staff avoid contact with other
bird species & abattoirs
Repair and maintenance staff
comply with above
Vehicles washed before/after
entry to farm
Restricted access to persons
having contact with stock
Two boot system
Clean tools taken
Feed spills cleane
Treated mains water
Staff and any visitors sign
quarantine declaration
Visitors diary
No other bird species
Operational standards
Perimeter fence
Visitors from clean areas
Bio-security Signage
Shower in for visitors from
dirty farm
Lockable front gate
Protective clothing for visitors
Visitor car park
Over boots disposed on site
All bird litter remo
farm before new
All sheds and pad
locked
Serious Disease
(answer these o
outbreak)
All sheds and pad
locked
No visitors enter
Lockable sheds and paddocks
Stock vehicles washed
No other bird species
Bird loading oldest to youngest
Chlorinated farm water
Chlorinated water
Bin for over boots
Separate shed and paddock
boots
Sheds washed and disinfected
Change area
Provide change of clothes
Footbaths
Approved dead bird disposal
Rodent bait stations
No dogs and cats
No other stock
Total
Date… … … … .
Chlorine testing
No farm clothing
No street clothing
farm
Bird weighing wit
Grass kept cut
Emergency visito
toe shower
Any vehicles ente
and disinfected in
Birds and litter sta
until disease conf
Traceability
Identity for all bre
Dead bird disposal and
composters away from live
stock
Check rodent bait weekly
Trace identity of a
Visitors car park
Accessible record
Total
Total
Points this audit… … … ..
Trace identity of a
Points last audit… … … .
Section 2
Emu Hatchery
Facilities and hygiene
Egg management
Chick management
Transport of day-old chicks
Staff
Record keeping check-list
Bio-security – Hatchery Standards
Bio-security – Personnel Standards
Bio-security – Operational Standards
Bio-security – Serious Disease Outbreak Procedures
Traceability
Hatchery Targets
Hatchery Audit Score Sheet
Biosecurity Audit Score Sheet
HATCHERY
Facilities and Hygiene (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do you have written biosecurity procedures for:
- staff & equipment?
- procedures for sanitizing hatchery equipment and facilities?
- procedures for staff hygiene practices?
- procedures for visitors?
- procedures for pest control?
- procedures for farm vehicles?
- procedures for disposal of egg and chick debris?
Do you have back-up power supply?
Were back-up systems tested since the last batch of eggs?
Do the control systems meet target specifications for temperature,
humidity and ventilation?
Are these controlling systems fitted with alarms?
Were all areas cleaned and sanitized according to protocols?
Was regular microbiological monitoring conducted?
Were the alarms checked daily?
Were eggs sanitized before transport to the hatchery?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Minimises transfer of disease an
Minimises transfer of disease an
Minimises transfer of disease an
Minimises transfer of disease an
Minimises transfer of disease an
Minimises transfer of disease an
Minimises transfer of disease an
Prevents financial loss from faile
problems
Prevents financial loss from faile
problems
Maximises hatchability of chick
Prevents financial loss from faile
problems
Minimises transfer of disease an
hatchability
Establishes source of bacterial co
Prevents financial loss from faile
problems
Reduces embryo deaths, improve
embryonic infections
HATCHERY
Egg Management (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Was the temperature and humidity in the hatchers within target limits
at all times?
Was there a routine egg residue diagnosis?
Were eggs kept in the cool room for less than 10 days?
Was the cool room kept at 12-18 oC?
Was the cool room humidity maintained at 70-75%?
Were eggs moved into the setters according to recommendations?
Was the setter within target limits for temperature and humidity?
Was quality (egg weight, cleanliness, grading) of eggs delivered
acceptable?
Were all eggs labeled?
Were dirty eggs cleaned?
Was effective operation of egg tilting checked at least 4 times?
Was the temperature and humidity of the cool rooms, setters and
hatchers checked at least twice daily?
Were non-fertile eggs and eggs with dead embryos removed?
Were chickens pipping 24 hours before expected hatch date?
Were any eggs less than 24 hours old placed in the incubator?
In smaller incubators, were eggs placed in incubator in horizontal
position for the first 2-3 weeks?
In smaller incubators were eggs turned vertically after 2-3 weeks in
horizontal position?
Were eggs turned 180o three times daily in the first 3 days?
Were eggs turned using the horizontal rolling method?
Was there adequate heat distribution, ideal humidity and ventilation
(45L/h for 1000 egg incubator) and CO2 levels below 0.5%?
Were eggs moved to warmer areas of the incubator if inadequate
heating?
Is 20% of the air exchanged every hour?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Maximises hatchability
Establishes source of bacterial c
Maximises hatchability
Prevents excess water loss, max
Prevents excess water loss, max
Maximises hatchability
Maximises hatchability
Reduces contamination, improv
Enables tracing of source of infe
Reduces contamination, improv
Improves hatchability, reduces e
Maximises hatchability
Reduces potential for eggs explo
embryos
Indication that pre-warming pro
Reduces hatchability
Improves hatchability
Improves hatchability
Improves hatchability
Improves hatchability
Improves hatchability
Improves hatchability
Improves hatchability
HATCHERY
Egg Management
Continued (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Are you capable of maintaining incubation facilities at 15-20oC?
Does your humidity exceed 45% in the incubation room?
Do you have bio-security guidelines to minimize number of people
entering facility?
Are floors and walls of incubation facility of the type of construction
to allow daily cleaning?
HATCHERY
Implic
Reduces power cost of running i
Difficulty in maintaining incub
Minimises transfer of disease an
Minimises transfer of disease an
Chick Management (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Were chicks removed from hatchers after a total incubation time of 49
days?
Was the hatchability according to targets for the breed?
Was the culling rate of chicks within acceptable limits?
Did chicks “appear” and “sound” normal after hatching?
If chicks were de-clawed was this done according to
recommendations?
Were vaccinations according to documented protocols?
Were chicks maintained at a temperature of 30-32oC from hatching to
the holding area?
Were chicks kept in delivery boxes in the holding area for less than 8
hours?
Was the temperature and humidity in the holding area within set limits
at all times?
Was the space allowance 25cm2 or more/chick in the delivery boxes?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Indicator prewarming of eggs, in
successful
Potential problems need to be re
High culling rate indicates possi
deficiencies, and dietary deficie
Listless chicks might be overhea
If declawing practised guideline
be followed
Proper handling and administra
for vaccination to be successful
Avoids chilling of chickens
Chicks perform better if not held
Avoid over chilling or heating o
Overcrowding can lead to overh
containers
HATCHERY
Transport of Day-old Chicks (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Was the duration of transport less than 16 hours?
Was temperature monitored during transport?
Was the temperature of the truck 28-32oC at loading?
Was the truck cleaned/sanitized before entering the farm?
Were truck wheels cleaned/sanitized between farms?
Were truck door seals checked in the last week?
Was the transport vehicle environmentally controlled?
HATCHERY
Implic
Chickens less stressed if transpo
Avoids overheating or chilling o
Avoids chilling of chickens
Minimises disease transfer and
Minimises disease transfer and
Maintains optimum transport tem
Maintains optimum transport tem
Staff (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Was a member of staff on-call 24 hours a day?
Were staff absences covered?
Do you have written instructions (protocols) for staff?
Were any alarms responded to immediately?
Do you have written emergency procedures?
Do you have a staff induction procedure?
Have staff been provided with the protocols?
Has your staff been trained?
Do you encourage staff to participate in training courses?
Were staff handling emus competent in emu handling and care?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Enables rapid response to any in
Potential problems may not be a
Improves efficiency of operation
hatchability
Reduces hatchability problems
Improves staff performance
All staff aware of job requireme
Improves staff performance
Improves staff performance and
Improves staff performance and
Minimises injuries to chicks
HATCHERY
Record Keeping Check-list (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do you have records of:
- temperature and humidity of storage rooms, setters, hatchers,
incubators and chick holding area?
- age of eggs on arrival?
- age of flock for batch of eggs?
- age of eggs at setting?
- time of first hatching?
- hatchability?
- culling rate?
- response times to alarm call outs?
Do you have evidence of:
- written procedures for sanitizing hatchery equipment and
facilities?
- written procedures for staff hygiene practices?
- written procedures for visitors?
- written procedures for pest control?
- written procedures for egg and chick delivery vehicles?
- written procedures for egg and chick management?
- written procedures for handling and vaccinating chicks?
- written procedures for responding to alarms?
- checking operation of egg titling equipment?
- operation and control of back-up systems?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Records enable comparison betw
problem areas if there are hatch
Older eggs have poorer hatchabi
Older flocks have poorer hatcha
Storage time influences hatchab
Indicator of effectiveness of prew
Overall indicator of breeder perf
Overall indicator of breeder perf
Indicator of hatchery manageme
performance
Minimises transfer of disease an
hatchability
Minimises transfer of disease an
hatchability
Minimises transfer of disease an
hatchability
Minimises transfer of disease an
hatchability
Minimises transfer of disease an
hatchability, improves chick via
Minimises transfer of disease an
hatchability, improves chick via
Minimises stress on chicks and
techniques
Improves staff performance and
Improves hatchability
Removes threat of poor hatchabi
HATCHERY
Record Keeping Check-list Continued (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do you have evidence of:
- bio-security for visitors and vehicles?
- microbiological monitoring program?
- condition of eggs on arrival?
- warming eggs over a period before setting?
- separate setting of dirty eggs?
- moving eggs to hatchers before pipping?
- dead in shell and egg residue diagnosis?
- removing chicks within 12 hours of first hatching
- humane method of euthanasia?
- de-clawing according to recommendations?
- vaccinating according to recommendations?
- space allowance in delivery boxes?
- sanitizing transport vehicles?
- sanitizing vehicle wheels between farms?
- weekly checking of vehicle door seals?
- duration of transport?
- temperature of chicks during transport?
- condition of chicks on arrival?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Minimises transfer of disease an
hatchability
Indicator of potential threat to em
Indicator of a potential problem
Indicator of whether all chicks h
Embryos from dirty eggs can be
incubation
Will reduce dead in shell
Can provide explanation for poo
Indicator that all chicks hatched
Indicator that staff are trained
Indicator that staff trained in pro
recommendations
Indicator that staff trained in pro
recommendations
Indicator that chick husbandry s
Indicator that staff trained in pro
recommendations
Indicator that staff trained in pro
recommendations
Indicator that staff trained in pro
recommendations
Can provide indication of any p
getting of to sound start
Can provide indication of any p
getting of to sound start
Can provide indication of any p
getting of to sound start
Hatchery – Biosecurity - Hatchery Standards (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Does your hatchery have a perimeter fence?
Do you have a lockable front gate to hatchery and biosecurity signage?
Do you have a concrete high-pressure wash area near the hatchery?
Do you have a parking area for visitor’s vehicles?
Do you have a change area for visitors away from the hatchery near
carpark?
Are visitors provided a change of clothing and clean boots or
overboots?
Do you have a footbath at entrance to hatchery?
Do you dispose of dead birds by burning in pits or by mulching?
Are all the doors to hatchery lockable?
Are you able to prevent entry of other birds into hatchery?
Do you maintain rodent bait stations in hatchery?
Do you use treated mains water?
Do you chlorinate bore, river or dam water if mains not available?
Do you have a bin to dispose of overboots?
Do you have dogs and cats on hatchery site?
Do you keep other avian species near the hatchery?
Do you have other domestic stock near the hatchery?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Fence defines the biosecure area
Visitors prevented from entering
Ensures that vehicles and equipm
Prevent vehicles from parking to
Prevents spread of disease to chi
Prevents spread of disease to chi
Prevents spread of disease via fo
Correct disposal minimises pote
Prevents spread of disease by un
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease to oth
Can spread disease
Can spread disease
Can spread disease
HATCHERY Bio-security – Personnel Standards (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
Implic
N/A
Do you, employees or staff residing on farm have contact with other
poultry or processing plant?
Do repair and maintenance people comply with above?
Do you get staff, repair, maintenance and delivery people to sign a
quarantine declaration?
Are vehicles washed before and after leaving site?
Did you complete a self-assessment biosecurity audit?
Can spread disease
Can spread disease
Prevent spread of disease from o
Prevent spread of disease from o
Provides an awareness of curren
areas requiring improvement
Enables tracing of potential bios
Prevent spread of disease from o
Do you have a visitor’s diary?
Do you restrict access to hatchery by neighbours, friends and sales
representatives who have had exposure to poultry
Do you have a two-boot system?
Prevents spread of disease from
HATCHERY Bio-security – Operational Standards (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do you check rodent bait stations weekly and maintain a log?
Do visitors park vehicles outside farm in car park?
Do visitors come from clean areas; i.e. home, younger or healthy
farm?
Do all visitors sign visitors quarantine declaration?
In an emergency did visitors from a “dirty’ farm shower and change
clothing?
Did visitors wear protective clothing?
Did delivery drivers wear overboots and dispose them on site?
Were tools taken into hatchery clean and free of dust and organic
matter?
Were vehicles washed and disinfected?
Was loading of birds from youngest to oldest or all young birds or all
old birds?
Was all dam or bore water chlorinated to 1-2 PPM?
Was holding time for chlorinated water 2 hours?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Prevents spread of disease to and
Prevents spread of disease to and
Prevents spread of disease to and
Makes visitors aware of biosecur
Prevents spread of disease to and
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
and from farm to farm
Prevents spread of disease from
Produces more effective kill of d
HATCHERY Bio-security – Operational Standards
Question
Continued (critical questions are shaded)
Yes
No
N/A
Did you carry out frequent chlorine testing and log results?
Did you or your staff wear hatchery clothing off farm?
Did you or your staff wear street clothing in hatchery?
Did you and your staff have separate hatchery boots and paddocks
boots?
Is all chick weighing carried out by own farm scales?
Are feed spills in chick holding room cleaned up as they occur?
Is grass around hatchery site kept cut?
Implic
Ensures effective kill of disease
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease from
Using an outsiders farm scales c
Feed spills attract birds and rode
Long grass attracts rodents and d
and bacterial kills
Prevents spread of disease to new
Prevents spread of disease to new
Is hatchery washed and disinfected?
Is all litter removed from holding room removed before new batch of
chicks introduced?
Is hatchery locked when personnel not on farm?
Prevent entry of persons who co
organisms
Prevents spread of disease
Were dead chicks birds disposed away from hatchery?
HATCHERY Bio-security – Serious Disease Outbreak Procedures (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do you keep hatchery locked?
Do you prevent any visitors and service personnel from entering the
hatchery?
For any emergency visitors do you request head to toe shower before
and after visit?
Do you ensure all vehicles which need to enter hatchery site are
washed and disinfected at wash pad before entering and leaving site?
Do you ensure all vehicles, which enter site, are washed inside and
treated with aerosol including washable mats and vinyl?
Did you leave all chicks and litter in hatchery until disease status
clarified?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Prevent entry of persons who cou
properties.
Prevent entry of persons who co
properties
Prevent entry of persons who co
properties
Prevents transfer of disease from
Prevents transfer of disease from
Prevents transfer of disease from
HATCHERY Traceability (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Are you able to identify the individual dam and sire responsible for
producing each fertile egg?
Do you identify all fertile eggs produced?
Can you trace the identity of the bird from the hatchery to slaughter?
Can you trace the identity of each skin back to the hatch bird?
Do you keep a readily accessible hard copy of all hatched bird’s
identity?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Assists in biosecurity and traces
Assists in biosecurity and traces
Assists in biosecurity and traces
Assists in biosecurity and traces
Assists in bio-security and traces
Hatchery Targets
(List of targets industry should be aiming to achieve)
Parameter
Staff, visitor biosecurity
Sanitize equipment, vehicles
Pest and fly control
Disposal hatchery debris
Back up power
Back ups tested
Incubation temperature
Incubation ventilation
Incubation humidity
Microbe monitoring
Eggs sanitized
Egg residue testing
Eggs storage
Cool room conditions
Cool room RH
Hatcher conditions
Egg quality
Eggs labeling
Weighing fertile eggs
Non fertile
Dead embryos
Age eggs set
Pipping time
Egg tilting
Incubator room conditions
Incubator room hygiene
Take off time chicks
Egg candling
Target
All staff, visitors should have had no contact with other farm birds 24h before entering farm. Show
All equipment used in hatchery and any vehicles entering hatchery site should be sanitized
Rodent and insect bait stations should be placed and checked weekly
After each hatch all hatchery debris should be removed
Essential to have back up power to incubation complex to run all equipment
Weekly checking of back up power system is recommended
36.40C monitored with thermohydrograph
Check manufacturers recommendations and monitor regularly
25-35% (wet bulb 23-24 0C; dry bulb 20-200C)
Recommended that swab of hatchery debris be sent to laboratory for microbiological testing
It is recommended that all eggs be sanitized with egg washing/sanitizing solution; no dirty eggs to
Recommended that swab of egg shell debris be dent to laboratory for microbiological testing
Store eggs with air cell up for a maximum of 7 days (preferably 2-4 days) in an upright position
15 to 20°C
70 to 80%
Reduce temperature by 0.5-1.00C from day 35
Do not set eggs less than 1100g, dirty eggs, thin and chalky eggs, misshapen eggs should not be se
Label with dam, sire, date laid, paddock, farm identity
Weigh eggs during incubation at 1, 2 and 4 weeks of age; remove eggs from incubation that have n
Remove non fertiles at 14 days
Remove dead embryos after first incubation egg weight check at 7 days
Keep record of storage time of eggs when set; set all eggs within 4 days of storage
All chicks should be pipping 12h before expected hatch date
All eggs should be turned 4h in automatic machines and turning stopped when moved to hatcher
Facilities should be capable of being maintained at 15 to 20°C and outside fresh air, exchange shou
similar should supply additional air movement within the room. Humidity should not exceed 45%
Incubators should be washed with Virkon S and fumigated with 1-teaspoon potassium permangan
fans off then one hour with fans on. The room and incubator can be fogged with disinfectant on a
recommendations
Chicks should be taken off as soon as they are dry
Eggs should be candled at 7 and 14 days to remove infertile
Hatchery Targets
(List of targets industry should be aiming to achieve)
Parameter
Hatchability
Cull rate chicks
Chicks holding density
Time chicks at hatchery
Holding room temp
Staff on call
Staff absences
Written protocols
Alarms response
Emergency procedures
Staff trained
Records of incubator
conditions
Incubation records
Transport of chicks
Transport vehicle sanitation
Staff hygiene
Vaccination
Declawing procedure
Staff induction
Target
80% of eggs set
Maximum of 3% of chicks hatched
Maximum of 20 kg of bird/m2
Maximum of 8 h in hatcher and 7 days in holding room
Maximum of 320C at bird level reducing gradually to 300C after 7 days
Staff on call at all times
Back up staff available at all times
Written protocols available on all procedures associated with hatchery
Response to alarm call out within 30 minutes
Have written protocols for emergency procedures
Staff trained to obtain equivalent to Level 2 in poultry production National Competency Standard
Run thermo-hydrographs to record incubation temperature, humidity.Measurement of ventilation b
Keep records of age of breeders, dam, sire, storage time, eggs set, hatched, dead, infertile, fertile, h
For chicks to arrive in best condition transport time should be less than 16 h maintained at 28-30
Transport vehicle for chicks should be thoroughly sanitized before and after transport
Staff to shower in and out daily; wear clean clothing daily in incubation complex
If required vaccination for fowl pox, clostridia and e- coli if recommended by veterinary advisor
If approved in the Code of Practice use a hot blade de-beaking machine to remove the distal phala
New staff should be given written instructions of work program and work alongside experienced s
HATCHERY AUDIT SCORE SHEET
Score 5 points if YES, 0 points if NO for critical questions (shaded) and 1 point if YES and 0 points if NO for
(you may fail audit if any critical issues do not meet expectations)
Question
Yes
No
Points
Question
Staff, visitor biosecurity
Cool room RH 70-75%
Sanitize equipment, vehicles
Pest control
Egg quality tested before
setting
Egg tilting checked
Disposal hatchery debris
Non fertiles removed
Back up power
Dead embryos removed
Correct incubation
temperature
Correct incubation ventilation
No eggs <24h old set
Correct incubation humidity
Eggs sanitized
Correct hatcher conditions
Eggs labeled
0
Eggs turned 180 every 4
hours first 3 days
Records of hatchery
performance
Back ups tested
Yes
No
Quest
Points
Declawing accord
protocol
Vaccination acco
protocols
Alarms responde
immediately
Protocol for emer
procedures
Transport of chick
Temperature mon
transport
Transport vehicle
No eggs pipping 24h before
expected
Eggs set in position
appropriate to incubator type
Incubator facilities maintained
15-20 0C, RH 45%
Walls, floor of incubator room
cleaned weekly
Chicks removed from hatcher
at 42 days
Chicks removed from hatcher
as soon as dry
Hatchability met target
Correct transport
temperatures for
Correct staff hygi
Staff inducted
Staff on call 24h
Staff absences co
Written protocols
Cull rate chicks met target
Staff trained
Egg residue testing
Correct space for chicks held
at hatchery
Chicks normal at hatch
Records of incuba
conditions
Records of respo
call outs
Eggs stored <10days
Chicks held at hatchery < 8h
Microbe monitoring
0
Cool room 12-18 C
Correct holding room
temperature for chicks
Total
Total
Date… … … … .
Points this audit… … … ..
Total
Points last audit… … … .
HATCHERY BIOSECURITY AUDIT SCORE SHEET
Score 5 points if YES, 0 points if NO for critical questions (shaded) and 1 point if YES and 0 points if NO for non
Question
Yes
No
(you may fail audit if any critical issues do not meet expectations)
Points
Question
Yes
No
Points
Quest
Farm Standards
Personnel standards
Vehicle Wash area
Staff avoid contact with other
bird species & abattoirs
Repair and maintenance staff
comply with above
Vehicles washed before/after
entry to farm
Restricted access to persons
having contact with stock
Two boot system
Change area
Provide change of clothes
Footbaths
Approved dead bird disposal
Rodent bait stations
Treated mains water
Staff and any visitors sign
quarantine declaration
Visitors diary
No other bird species
Operational standards
Perimeter fence
Visitors from clean areas
Bio-security Signage
Lockable front gate
Shower in for visitors from
dirty farm
Protective clothing for visitors
Visitor car park
Over boots disposed on site
Lockable hatchery
Stock vehicles washed
No other bird species
Chlorinated water
Chlorinated farm water
Separate hatchery and
paddock boots
Hatchery washed and
disinfected
Dead chick disposal and
composters away from other
live stock
Check rodent bait weekly
Bin for over boots
No dogs and cats
No other stock
Visitors car park
Clean tools taken
hatchery
Chlorine testing
No hatchery cloth
site
No street clothing
hatchery
Chick weighing w
hatchery scales
Feed spills cleane
area
Grass kept cut ar
hatchery
All bird litter remo
hatchery before n
Hatchery kept loc
Serious Disease
(answer these o
outbreak)
Hatchery locked
No visitors enter
Emergency visito
toe shower
Any vehicles ente
washed and disin
and out
Birds and litter sta
until disease conf
Traceability
Identity for all chi
Trace identity of a
Trace identity of a
Accessible record
Visitors sign declaration
Total
Date… … … … .
Total
Points this audit… … … ..
Total
Points last audit… … … .
Section 3
Emu Brooding (0-5 weeks)
Water supply
Shed conditions
Chick arrival and placement
Routine practices
Bird behaviour (aggression and frustration)
Routine husbandry procedures
Daily procedures
Farm staff
Record keeping check-list
Bio-security – Farm Standards
Bio-security – Personnel Standards
Bio-security – Operational Standards
Bio-security – Serious Disease Outbreak Procedures
Traceability
Brooding targets
Brooding audit score sheet
Brooding biosecurity score sheet
BROODING Water Supply (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Was water available to birds at alldrinkers?
Was water availability to all drinkers checked daily?
Was water pressure checked daily?
If using surface water was it sanitized before reaching the birds?
If using bore water, was it tested for pH and salts annually?
Was water supply tested for microbial contamination at least annually?
Was water supply potable, i.e. is it fit to drink?
Were water tanks and water lines sanitized?
Were tanks and water lines flushed out regularly?
Were water filters checked/changed?
Do you have a back-up water supply?
Do you keep water cool in summer?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Reduced water intake reduces fo
and reproductive performance
Reduced water intake reduces fo
and reproductive performance
Reduced water intake reduces fo
and reproductive performance
Poor quality water reduces water
growth, skin area and reproducti
Poor quality water, reduced wate
growth, skin area and reproducti
Contaminated water, bird health
reduces food intake, growth, skin
performance
Poor quality water, reduced wate
growth, skin area and reproducti
Poor quality water, reduced wate
growth, skin area and reproducti
Dirty water, poor quality water, r
food intake, growth, skin area an
Clogged filters, reduces water av
intake reduces food intake, grow
performance
Bird mortality if water not avail
Hot water reduces water intake, f
area of hides and reproductive p
BROODING Shed Conditions (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Are the feeder’s correct types for birds?
Implic
Inappropriate feeders, reduces fe
and reproductive performance
Birds lower in peck order have r
hide area
Mouldy feed reduces feed intake
performance
Minimises transfer of diseases a
Ensures adequate absorption of m
Moist litter can chill birds and c
Important to maintain optimum
Maintains power supply to essen
Ensure that early warning provid
essential equipment
Reduces potential for flock mort
Reduces feed wastage
Reduces potential for exotic dise
Reduces the potential for disease
Minimises transfer of disease an
Minimises panic in flock
Could all the birds feed at the same time?
Was all residual mouldy feed removed regularly?
Was the shed cleaned and sanitized according to recommendations?
Was the bedding in the shed at the recommended depth?
Was the litter dry for placement?
Were shed temperature and ventilation control systems operational?
Do you have a back up power supply?
Have alarm systems been tested since the last batch of birds?
Do you have written emergency procedures?
Did you have and follow a rodent (rat & mouse) control program?
Did you have and follow a policy to exclude wild birds from the shed?
Did you have and follow a beetle control program?
Did you have biosecurity procedures for visitors and staff ?
Are you able to minimize the outside noise and lights to reduce
flightiness in the birds?
BROODING Chick Arrival and Placement (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Were chicks placed gently at placement and close to the water lines?
Were “dead on arrivals” within acceptable limits?
Was the appearance/behaviour/sound of birds on arrival normal?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Rough handling can stress bird.
can set back early performance
Indicator of poor transport condi
all flock could have early set bac
Listless, inactive birds may have
BROODING Routine Practices (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do you have a disease prevention program involving vaccination, ecto
and endo parasite monitoring and disease monitoring?
Do you avoid brooding chicks where they may become infected with
parasites?
Do you pick up young chickens by sliding your hands between the
back legs and lifting it under the abdomen?
Is the location of your farm such that there is a minimum of stress to
birds by low flying planes, helicopters, hot air balloons and minimum
presence of other animals such as horses and cattle?
Do you examine birds for external parasites (louses, mites, and ticks)
which can cause skin problems?
Do you use the permanent shedding or transportable shedding system
for finisher chicks?
In extensive rearing were chicks less than 14 days of age when reared
with foster parents?
In extensive rearing, were foster parents provided chicks that were
younger than those already adopted to aid the adoption process?
In extensive rearing, were there no more than 25-30 chicks reared with
foster parents?
Is fencing at least 1.2m high to enclose 4-month-old chicks?
In semi intensive rearing, were there no more than 100 chicks per adult
pair with housing provided at night?
Did chicks peck in the excreta of foster parents to establish immunity?
Is there evidence that excreta of foster parents is contaminated with
internal parasites?
In semi intensive rearing were chicks from 0-7 days of age kept at
26oC?
In semi intensive rearing, were chicks moved onto lucerne pasture
from 3 days of age?
In semi intensive rearing were any chicks trampled or suffer skin
damage when let out in the morning to forage?
Was the stocking density of chickens in brooding area sufficient to
avoid birds causing skin damage to others?
In semi intensive brooding was foraging area free of wire pieces or
sticks to prevent compaction?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Maintains performance of birds
Improves growth and performan
Correct handling minimises stre
Outside influences can panic bir
from birds running into fences a
smothering
Treatment of birds for external p
quality
Birds housed in sheds perform b
Chicks less than 14 days of age a
than older birds
Young chicks adapt more readily
chicks present.
Groups of chicks greater than 30
smaller numbers when fostered
Fence height critical factor in pr
Large groups of chicks do not pe
numbers
Immunity of chicks can be impr
provided adults are not infested
Performance of chicks can be re
with worms
Maintenance of optimum tempe
performance.
Rapid adaptation of chicks to luc
performance
Permanent damage can be cause
large group of birds let out to pa
High stocking density increases
damage to skin and skin abrasio
Birds will consume non food ite
and reduce performance
BROODING Routine Practices
Continued (critical questions are shaded)
Yes
Question
o
In intensive brooding was building sterile and chicks provided 30-32C
under heaters and 26oC on outer edges of heater?
In intensive rearing, was floor coated with rubberized agent to prevent
chicks eating bedding and causing impaction?
Are chickens housed in groups of up to 40 for the first 5 weeks of life
with a shed density of 2 chicks/m2 and an outside run of 4 chicks/m2?
Was a rough floor provided to give firm footing to birds?
Was there bacterial contamination from excreta and urine on cement
floors?
Was there daily cleaning carried out in brooding area?
Were birds prevented from boredom while brooding?
Were chicks given access to feed and water from day 1?
Was chopped lucerne, rape, lettuce, cabbage or other vegetable matter
provided to chicks to stimulate eating?
Were live insects provided to chicks to stimulate eating?
Was the chick dung soft and urine watery?
Was the colour of the belly creamy yellow rather than blue green?
Were chicks weighed regularly to monitor progress?
Was boredom prevented in brooding area to reduce intake of sand and
feather picking?
During the period 1-5 weeks of age do you feed a diet with 12.23ME
MJ/kg, 21.5% protein, 1.12% lysine, 1.15%Calcium and 0.64%
available Phosphorus?
No
N/A
Implic
A sanitised environment and op
conditions improves bird perform
Birds will consume non food ite
and reduce performance
Critical to house birds at correct
Important that birds don’t slip an
causing skin damage
Bacteria are a source of infection
performance
Maintaining a sanitised environ
potential disease and infection p
Boredom can lead to feather pec
causing skin damage
Chicks that drink soon after hatc
better
Chicks that eat soon after hatch
better
Chicks that are stimulated to eat
grow and perform better
Urine and faecal appearance is a
bird
Belly colour is a strong indicato
Birds not achieving standard we
managed better.
Boredom can lead to feather pec
causing skin damage
Feeding correct diets can lead to
BROODING Routine Practices
Continued (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Have you overfed Ca in the diet leading to depressed uptake of zinc
and manganese (deformed leg syndrome)?
Were there any limb deformities, enlarged joints and thickening of
skin of the feet and legs that resulted from zinc deficiency?
Have you noticed any lameness because of selenium deficiency?
Was chelated zinc (20ppm) and manganese provided as a supplement
according to recommendations in the starter diet?
Were electrolytes added to the water for starter chickens to ensure
correct ratio of Na:K?
Were acidification substances added to starter feed to supplement
natural gastric acids?
Were amylase, protease and cellulase enzymes added to diets to aid
digestion of starch, protein and fibre in starter diets?
Were Vitamin A, D, E and B complex added to starter diets to ensure
immunity and protect against infections?
Do you avoid reusing litter?
Do you avoid using bark as litter to prevent skin abrasions?
Do you ensure that litter does not become compacted and cause
blisters?
Do you avoid over heating of birds increasing sitting time and
potential for skin lesions?
Do you ensure there are no sharp objects in the environment to cause
abrasions (corrugated iron, loose wire, unsanded posts)
Do you separate aggressive birds?
Do you provide adequate shade to prevent sunburn and damage to the
skin?
Do you avoid overcrowding at feeders and drinkers to reduce potential
for conflicts?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Dietary Ca levels need to be mo
problems
Dietary zinc levels need to be m
and skin problems.
Dietary selenium levels need to
lameness in birds.
Supplementing diets with Zinc
deformities
Electrolytes can minimise stress
Improves digestibility of diets
Improves digestibility of diets; m
behaviour
Immunity in chicks enables bird
and performance
Potential transfer of worms and
Skin of birds abraded by splinter
Birds resting on hard litter may
Birds sitting for long periods can
damaging hide
Sharp objects in the environmen
have contact with these objects
Aggression amongst birds can u
skin damage and bruising
Sun burn causes skin damage an
If all birds cannot feed at the sam
will increase lowering growth an
BROODING Bird Behaviour (aggression and frustration) (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Was there any evidence of kicking?
Was there any evidence of pacing?
Was there any evidence of persistent pecking at the environment
(stereotype pecking)?
Did you notice any outside disturbance causing flock to panic?
Was there any evidence of feather pecking?
Do you provide an enriched environment in brooder area for chicks to
distract them from aggressive behaviour?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Kicking causes skin damage and
Birds that are pacing are frustrat
aggressive. Birds running close
more likely to have skin damage
Persistent pecking at the environ
stereotype behaviour and an indi
likely to be involved in more ag
Disturbance near on or near farm
prevent birds panicking and dam
environment.
Feather pecking can be either an
boredom behaviour leading to ba
burnt during the rearing or finis
Ample foraging material, soft ob
distract birds from engaging in a
BROODING Routine Husbandry Procedures (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Were appropriate methods to restrain birds practiced to avoid skin
damage?
Were there any abrasive objects in brooder area that could cause skin
damage?
Were strategies adopted to restrict kicking between birds and reduce
skin damage?
When moving the chicks from one area to another did you avoid
shouting or running?
Were birds checked at least once a day?
Was the availability of water to all drinkers checked daily?
Was feed available at all times?
Did bird behaviour appear normal?
In the first few days, did chick’s huddle indicating that they were cold?
Did chicks appear slow and listless in the first few days indicating that
they were hot?
Was a veterinarian called to advise on health problems?
Did you follow the advice which was given?
Have unthrifty birds been culled?
Were dead birds removed daily?
Were bird’s euthanased by accepted procedures?
Were dead birds disposed of according to recommendations?
Were mortalities within targets?
If mortalities were greater than target specifications, were reasons
determined?
Were brooder temperatures maintained within the specified limits?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Incorrect methods of restraint ca
potential for skin damage
Lesions and scratches on skin fr
cause of hide damage
Aggressive birds kicking each ot
reduce skin damage from kickin
Shouting at ostriches will cause
ostrich chicks run into sharp obj
Frequent checking allows bird p
promptly
Improves water intake, food inta
Improves food intake, growth an
Abnormal behaviour indicator o
Chilling birds can reduce future
Overheating birds can reduce fu
Prompt attendance to bird health
and skin area
Resolves bird problems sooner
Improves total performance of fl
Removes potential for disease tr
Improves bird welfare
Removes potential for disease tr
Action needs to be taken if mort
Provides knowledge for resolvin
Optimum temperature improves
BROODING
Daily Procedures (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Was stocking density within limits?
Was litter dry and friable?
Were there any lame birds?
Were the birds freely mobile during inspection?
Were there any signs of panting?
Did the birds “look” healthy?
Did feathers “look” clean?
Is there enough feed available?
Were birds inspected a minimum of once a day?
Were environmental controllers and settings checked daily?
Were minimum temperatures less than recommendations?
Were maximum temperatures higher than recommendations?
Were mortalities within target specification?
Was water flow and availability checked daily?
Was there a smell of ammonia in the shed?
Were there wet areas around the drinkers?
Were the drinkers checked daily?
Were prescribed minimum ventilation rates according to
specifications?
Was there an excessive dust-haze visible in the shed?
Were the sheds and shed surrounds tidy?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Improves bird growth and perfor
Reduces odour problems
Lame birds is an indicator of die
Mobility of birds is good indicat
Panting indicates birds may be h
Cause for unhealthy birds need p
Dirty feathers especially around
problems or poor health
To maximise growth feed needs
Frequent checking allows bird p
promptly
Ensures ideal conditions are ma
Cold temperatures can chill bird
Overheating birds can reduce bi
Action needs to be taken if mort
Improves water intake, food inta
Ammonia can cause eye problem
infections and reduce performan
Causes water wastage
Lack of water reduces food intak
Adequate ventilation is required
for birds
Excessive dust problems can cau
birds
Untidy surrounds can be a harbo
disease problems
BROODING Farm Staff (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Were staff absences covered?
If you employ staff:
- Do you have a staff induction procedure?
- Have new staff been properly inducted?
- Do you have written instructions (protocols) for staff?
- Have your staff been trained?
- Do you encourage staff to participate in training courses?
Were emergencies responded to immediately?
Implic
Minimises staff problems and im
All staff aware of job requireme
Improves staff performance
Improves staff performance
Improves staff performance
Improves staff performance and
Reduces potential for problems g
BROODING Record Keeping Check-list (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do you have records of:
- daily mortalities/culls?
- daily temperature (max/min)?
- daily water availability/usage?
- staff absences and replacements?
- daily feed availability?
- body weight?
- stocking density?
Do you have evidence of:
- operation and control of back-up systems?
- successful exclusion of wild birds?
- implementing rodent control procedures?
- implementing beetle control?
- frequency of daily inspection?
- staff absences and replacements?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Increase in mortality indicator o
Temperature variations can prov
performance or problems in bird
Drop in water intake indicative
Minimises problems between sta
improves farm performance.
Variations in feed availability c
performance or problems in bird
Flocks not meeting target weigh
High stocking rates can lead to p
Maintains power to essential equ
Reduces potential for exotic dise
Reduces potential for disease tra
Reduces potential for disease tra
Indicator of staff attending to hu
Minimises staff problems and im
BROODING Record Keeping Check-list
Continued (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Indicator of attention to birds as
environmental conditions chang
Information can provide an und
problems in particular compacti
High ammonia problems reduce
Provides important information
Prompt attention to problem can
Indicator of whether staff are tra
Indicator of whether staff are tra
Can improve staff performance
Do you have evidence of:
- ventilation adjustments?
- litter quality?
- smell of ammonia?
- normality or otherwise of birds?
- advising manager of health problems?
- staff training procedures?
- staff attending training courses?
- written instructions for shed operations, bird care and
emergency procedures?
- proper disposal of dead birds?
Was the transport of birds supervised by a competent person?
Reduces potential transfer of dis
Birds arriving or leaving farm n
experienced personnel
Lack of care can lead to reduced
Birds could be stressed if held to
Was care shown by the transporter?
Is there a contingency for an emergency pick-up?
BROODER Bio-security – Farm Standards (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Does your brooder area have a perimeter fence?
Do you have a lockable gate to brooder site and biosecurity signage?
Do you have a concrete high-pressure wash area on the site?
Do you have a parking area for visitor’s vehicles?
Do you have a change area for visitors away from the birds near
carpark?
Are visitors provided a change of clothing and clean boots or
overboots?
Do you have a footbath at entrance to brooder area?
Do you dispose of dead birds by burning, in pits or by mulching
Are all the doors to sheds lockable
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Fence defines the biosecure area
Visitors prevented from entering
Ensures that vehicles and equipm
Prevent vehicles from entering t
Prevents spread of disease to bir
Prevents spread of disease to bir
Prevents spread of disease via fo
Correct disposal minimises pote
Prevents spread of disease by un
BROODER Bio-security – Farm Standards Continued (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Are you able to prevent entry of other birds into shed areas?
Do you maintain rodent bait stations around brooder area?
Do you use treated mains water?
Do you chlorinate bore, river or dam water if mains not available?
Do you have a bin to dispose of overboots?
Do you have dogs and cats on brooder site?
Do you keep other avian species on the farm?
Do you have other domestic stock on your farm?
Implic
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease to oth
Can spread disease around the fa
Can spread disease around the fa
Disease can be spread
BROODER Bio-security – Personnel Standards (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do you, employees or staff residing on farm have contact with other
poultry or processing plant?
Do repair and maintenance people comply with above?
Do you get staff, repair, maintenance and delivery people to sign a
quarantine declaration?
Are trucks washed before and after leaving the site?
Did you complete a self assessment biosecurity audit?
Do you have a visitor’s diary?
Do you restrict access to site by neighbours, friends and sales
representatives who have had exposure to poultry?
Do you have a two-boot system?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Can spread disease
Can spread disease
Prevent spread of disease from o
Prevent spread of disease from o
Provides an awareness of curren
areas requiring improvement
Enables tracing of potential bios
Prevent spread of disease from o
Prevents spread of disease from
BROODER Bio-security – Operational Standards (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do you check rodent bait stations weekly and maintain a log?
Do visitors park vehicles outside site in car park?
Do visitors come from clean areas; i.e. home, younger or healthy
farm?
Do all visitors sign visitors quarantine declaration?
In an emergency did visitors from a “dirty’ farm shower and change
clothing?
Did visitors wear protective clothing?
Did delivery drivers wear overboots and dispose them on site?
Were tools taken onto site clean and free of dust and organic matter?
Were stock vehicles washed and disinfected?
Was loading of birds from youngest to oldest or all young birds or all
old birds?
Was all dam or bore water chlorinated to 1-2 PPM?
Was holding time for chlorinated water 2 hours?
Did you carry out frequent chlorine testing and log results?
Did you or your staff wear farm clothing off farm?
Did you or your staff wear street clothing on site?
Did you and your staff have separate brooder boots and paddock
boots?
Is all bird weighing carried out by own farm weighing frames and
scales?
Are feed spills cleaned up as they occur?
Is grass around brooder site kept cut?
Are all brooder sheds washed and disinfected?
Is all litter removed from farm before new batch of birds introduced?
Are all brooder sheds and paddocks locked when personnel not on
farm?
Were dead bird composters kept away from sheds and fences?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Makes visitors aware of biosecur
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
and from farm to farm
Prevents spread of disease from
Produces more effective kill of d
Ensures effective kill of disease
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Using an outsiders farm scales c
to farm
Feed spills attract other birds an
disease
Long grass attracts rodents and
kills
Prevents spread of disease to new
Prevents spread of disease to new
Prevent entry of persons who co
organisms
Prevents spread of disease
BROODER Bio-security – Serious Disease Outbreak Procedures (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Do you keep brooder sheds?
Implic
Prevent entry of persons who cou
properties.
Prevent entry of persons who co
properties
Prevent entry of persons who co
properties
Prevents transfer of disease from
Do you prevent any visitors and service personnel from entering the
site?
For any emergency visitors do you request head to toe shower before
and after visit?
Do you ensure all vehicles, which need to enter site, are washed and
disinfected at wash pad before entering and leaving farm?
Do you ensure all vehicles which entered farm are washed inside and
treated with aerosol including washable mats and vinyl?
Do you ensure vehicles not entering farm washed and disinfected at
wash pad?
Did you leave all birds and litter on site until disease status clarified?
Prevents transfer of disease from
Prevents transfer of disease from
Prevents transfer of disease from
BROODER Traceability (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Are you able to identify all individual brooder birds by tags or
electronic identification systems?
Are you able to identify the individual dam and sire responsible for
producing each chick?
Can you trace the identity of the bird from the brooder to slaughter?
Can you trace the identity of each skin back to the farm?
Do you keep a readily accessible hard copy of all bird’s identity?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Ensures traceability of breeder p
biosecurity
Assists in biosecurity and traces
Assists in biosecurity and traces
Assists in biosecurity and traces
Assists in bio-security and traces
Brooding Targets
(List of targets industry should be aiming to achieve)
Parameter
Water quality
Water availability
Feed availability
Cool water
Mouldy feed
Shed sanitized
Bedding
Brooding temperature
Rearing ventilation
Backup power
Alarm System
Emergency procedures
Rodent control
Wild birds
Beetle control
Outside noise
Chick handling
Chick behaviour
Disease prevention
Parasite control
Outside stressors
Shedding
Foster parents
Suitable fencing
Stocking rate
Chick immunity
Chick trampling
Consumable objects
Bedding consumption
Footing for chicks
Chick boredom
Chick dung
Colour of chick belly
Bird weighing
Target
Maximum acceptable concentration for chlorides=200 mg/L; for nitrates=45 PPM; and sulphates=
Water available at all times
Feed available at all times
Water kept below 30 0C at all times
Mouldy feed removed immediately
Sheds sanitized thoroughly after each batch
Bedding dry and soft at all times
320C at bird level reducing by 10c/week under thermostat control
Adequate ventilation using environmental controllers to ensure ammonia cannot be smelt and oth
Essential to have back up power for electrical equipment (water pumps, heaters, fans)
Alarm system to indicate low/high temperature and power failures
Protocols to enables emergencies to be dealt with promptly
Bait stations to minimize rats and mice; protection to chicks from foxes and preying birds
Minimize access of wild birds to brooder area
Protocols to prevent beetles from transferring disease between batches of chicks
Minimize outside noises to prevent chicks panicking and clamoring over each other and causing
Handle chicks with TLC and condition birds to husbandry procedures
Frequent observation to ensure birds are normal; regularly stir feed to encourage food consumptio
Seek veterinary advice to prevent diseases
Seek veterinary advice to minimize parasites
Minimize the effect of external stressors on bird welfare (e.g. car lights, noise)
Establish brooder shedding that is secure, adequate insulation and enables control of internal env
Utilize foster parents with good skills of caring for chicks
Establish fencing in chick runs to minimize damage to skin and protection from predators
3 chicks/m2
Seek veterinary advice for methods to establish chick immunity
Minimize factors that may result in chick trampling such as high stocking density, narrow doorw
Remove all objects that may cause compaction
Eliminate potential for consumption of bedding by providing adequate foraging material
Maintain slip proof flooring and chick runs to prevent chicks slipping to prevent leg problems an
Enrich the environment with adequate forage material to reduce boredom and development of chi
Observe chick dung to ensure it is not sloppy or contains blood
Health of chicks may be a problem if the belly is not creamy yellow in colour
Weigh chicks weekly to ensure they are meeting weight targets
Brooding Targets continued… … .
(List of targets industry should be aiming to achieve)
Parameter
Vegetable matter
Diets fed
Zinc and Selenium levels
Electrolytes
Enzymes
Litter reuse
Bark litter
Litter compaction
Shaded sandy areas
Sharp objects
Regrown claws
Aggressive birds
Overcrowding at feeders
and drinkers
Kicking
Pacing
Stereotype picking
Enriched environment
Restraining birds
Shouting at birds
Bird checking
Veterinary
Unthrifty birds
Dead birds
Dead bird disposal
Lame birds
Bird mobility
Ammonia
Wet areas
Dust haze
Shed and shed surrounds
Staff induction
Written protocols
Trained staff
Target
Provide vegetable matter to stimulate chick feeding
Provide recommended starter diets that have adequate protein, energy and other essential nutrient
Check Zn and Se levels in feed to ensure deficiencies do not lead to leg weakness
Seek veterinary advice to determine whether electrolytes should be provided to chicks
Seek nutritional advice to determine if enzymes should be fed to assist chicks to digest fibre and n
Avoid reusing litter between batches to minimize disease transfer
Avoid using bark litter that could cause scratches on skin
Prevent litter compaction by turning over litter-soft litter avoids the potential of skin lesions and a
Provide shaded sandy areas in chick runs to prevent sun burn and allow chicks to dust bathe
Remove all sharp objects from the environment to prevent scratches on skin
Retrim regrown claws if declawing procedure not effective
Remove aggressive chicks to minimize potential of skin abrasions from fighting and clawing
Provide enough feeders for all chicks to feed at once to prevent clamoring and clawing of birds w
Remove chicks that show evidence of persistent kicking
Minimize pacing in chick runs to prevent skin abrasion along fence lines by enriching environm
Stereotype picking is a frustration behaviour. Minimize persistent pecking by enriching the envir
Enriching the environment provides variety to birds and minimizes potential skin damage from
Ensures that birds are restrained appropriately to avoid stress and panic behaviours that could lead
Avoid shouting at chicks to keep them calm
Check birds hourly in the first 8 hours after placement and 4 times daily thereafter
Ensure vet is on call at all times to get rapid attention to bird health problems
Cull unthrifty bird as soon as possible. Do not keep birds on the slight hope they will recover
Remove dead birds immediately
Dispose of dead birds either by burning, deep pitting and composting to prevent transfer of diseas
Cull lame birds
Observe birds for mobility. Birds with poor mobility may need culling
If ammonia can be smelt it is a problem. Impacts on bird production and health
Wet areas particularly in shed can result in ammonia and production of other noxious gases (e.g.
Dust hazes in sheds indicates dust is a problem which can impact on bird health and staff OHS
Shed and shed surrounds should be kept tidy to minimize vermin
All staff should be given an induction procedure to ensure they are aware of all the procedures fo
All staff should be given written protocols on how they are expected to undertake a task
Trained staff are better able to undertake the tasks they are responsible for
Brooding Targets continued… ..
(List of targets industry should be aiming to achieve)
Parameter
Training courses
Emergency response
Bird performance
Farm log
Transport birds to brooder
Contingencies
Target
Staff trained to obtain equivalent to Level 2 in poultry production National Competency Standard
Responses to emergencies should be as rapid as possible to minimize problems
Body weight, feed intake, efficiency and skin quality of birds should be monitored
It essential to maintain a farm log of all activities for reference
Transport of the chicks from hatchery should be carried out in a manner which ensures all birds a
calm, not heat or cold stressed and with no skin damage
Contingencies should be in place so that all problems can be responded to professionally and com
BROODING AUDIT SCORE SHEET
Score 5 points if YES, 0 points if NO for critical questions (shaded) and 1 point if YES and 0 points if NO for
(you may fail audit if any critical issues do not meet expectations)
Question
Yes
No
Points
Question
Yes
No
Points
Quest
Water quality suitable
Reusing litter avoided
Minimal outside n
Water available
Bark litter avoided
Cool water in summer
Litter not compacted
Chicks handled g
correctly
Behaviour norma
Feed available
Parasite control
Mouldy feed removed
Shaded sandy areas in
paddocks
Alarm System
Shed sanitized
Emergency procedures
Colour of belly cr
Bedding dry
Rodent control
Birds weighed reg
No sharp objects in the
environment
Optimum temperature
Exclude wild birds
Enzymes added t
Beetle control
Vegetable matter
stimulate eating
Zinc and Selenium
sufficient
Electrolytes adde
Correct ventilation
Chick dung soft
Transport of birds to farm
supervised
Care shown by transporter
Backup power
Correct stocking rate
Vitamin levels ad
Disease prevention
Chicks<14days when reared
with foster parents
Maximum of 25-30 chicks for
foster pair
Suitable fencing
Correct diets fed
Immunity established
No evidence of p
Avoid overcrowding at feeders
Minimal outside stressors
Behaviour normal
Foraging area free of
consumable objects
Bedding consumption
prevented
Firm footing for chicks
No evidence of st
picking
Enriched environm
No chick trampling
Vet on call
Emergencies responded to
immediately
Records of bird performance
Total
Aggressive birds
No evidence of ki
Boredom prevented
Methods to manu
birds
No shouting at or
birds
Birds checked twi
Total
Total
Date… … … … . Points this audit… … … ..
Points last audit… … … .
Date of
BROODING AUDIT SCORE SHEET CONTINUED… … … …
Score 5 points if YES, 0 points if NO for critical questions (shaded) and 1 point if YES and 0 points if NO for
(you may fail audit if any critical issues do not meet expectations)
Question
Yes
No
Points
Question
Yes
No
Points
Quest
Unthrifty birds culled
No wet areas around drinkers
Training courses
Dead birds removed
No dust haze in shed
Contingencies for
Dead birds disposed correctly
Shed and shed surrounds tidy
Records of tempe
No lame birds
Staff inducted
Farm log of all ac
Birds freely mobile
Written protocols
No ammonia smell
Trained staff
Total
Total
Date… … … … . Points this audit… … … ..
Total
Points last audit… … … .
Date of
BROODER BIOSECURITY AUDIT SCORE SHEET
Score 5 points if YES, 0 points if NO for critical questions (shaded) and 1 point if YES and 0 points if NO for
(you may fail audit if any critical issues do not meet expectations)
Question
Yes
No
Points
Question
Yes
No
Points
Quest
Farm Standards
Personnel standards
Visitors sign decla
Vehicle Wash area
Staff avoid contact with other
bird species & abattoirs
Repair and maintenance staff
comply with above
Vehicles washed before/after
entry on farm
Restricted access to persons
having contact with stock
Two boot system
Clean tools taken
Feed spills cleane
Treated mains water
Staff and any visitor sign
quarantine declaration
Visitors diary
No other bird species
Operational standards
Perimeter fence
Visitors from clean areas
Bio-security Signage
Shower in for visitors from
dirty farm
Lockable front gate
Protective clothing for visitors
Visitor car park
Over boots disposed on site
All bird litter remo
farm before new
All brooder sheds
paddocks kept loc
Serious Disease
(answer these o
outbreak)
All sheds and pad
locked
No visitors enter
Lockable sheds and paddocks
Stock vehicles washed
No other bird species
Bird loading oldest to youngest
Chlorinated farm water
Chlorinated water
Bin for over boots
Separate brooder shed and
paddock boots
Sheds washed and disinfected
Change area
Provide change of clothes
Footbaths
Approved dead bird disposal
Rodent bait stations
No dogs and cats
No other stock
Total
Date… … … … .
Chlorine testing
No farm clothing
No street clothing
farm
Bird weighing wit
Grass kept cut
Emergency visito
toe shower
Any vehicles ente
and disinfected in
Birds and litter sta
until disease conf
Traceability
Identity for all chi
Dead bird disposal and
composters away from live
stock
Check rodent bait weekly
Trace identity of a
Visitors car park
Accessible record
Total
Total
Points this audit… … … ..
Trace identity of a
Points last audit… … … .
Section 4
Emu Rearing (4-16 weeks)
Water supply
Rearing conditions
Bird placement
Routine practices
Bird behaviour (aggression and frustration)
Routine husbandry procedures
Daily procedures
Equipment and housing
Farm staff
Record keeping check-list
Bio-security – Farm Standards
Bio-security – Personnel Standards
Bio-security – Operational Standards
Bio-security – Serious Disease Outbreak Procedures
Traceability
Rearing targets
Rearing audit score sheet
Rearing biosecurity score sheet
REARING Water Supply (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Was water available to birds at alldrinkers?
Was water availability to all drinkers checked daily?
Was water pressure checked daily?
If using surface water was it sanitized before reaching the birds?
If using bore water, was it tested for pH and salts annually?
Was water supply tested for microbial contamination at least annually?
Was water supply potable, i.e. is it fit to drink?
Were water tanks and water lines sanitized?
Were tanks and water lines flushed out regularly?
Were water filters checked/changed?
Do you keep water cool in summer?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Reduced water intake reduces fo
and reproductive performance
Reduced water intake reduces fo
and reproductive performance
Reduced water intake reduces fo
and reproductive performance
Reduced water intake reduces fo
and reproductive performance
Poor quality water, reduced wate
growth, skin area and reproducti
Contaminated water, bird health
reduces food intake, growth, skin
performance
Poor quality water, reduced wate
growth, skin area and reproducti
Poor quality water, reduced wate
growth, skin area and reproducti
Dirty water, poor quality water, r
food intake, growth, skin area an
Clogged filters, reduces water av
intake reduces food intake, grow
performance
Hot water reduces water intake, f
area of hides and reproductive p
REARING Conditions (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Are the feeder’s correct types for birds?
Implic
Inappropriate feeders, reduces fe
reproductive performance
Birds lower in peck order, reduc
Mouldy feed reduces feed intake
performance
Minimises transfer of diseases a
Ensures adequate absorption of m
Moist litter can chill birds and c
Maintains power supply to essen
Ensure that early warning provid
essential equipment
Reduces potential for flock mort
Reduces feed wastage
Reduces potential for exotic dise
Could all the birds feed at the same time?
Was all residual mouldy feed removed regularly?
Were shelters cleaned and sanitized according to recommendations?
Was the bedding in the shed adequate?
Was the litter dry in shelter
Do you have a back up power supply?
Have alarm systems been tested since the last batch of birds?
Do you have written emergency procedures?
Did you have and follow a rodent (rat & mouse) control program?
Did you have and follow a policy to exclude wild birds from paddocks
and shelter?
Did you have and follow a beetle control program?
Did you have biosecurity procedures for visitors and staff to maintain
quarantine?
Are you able to minimize the outside noise and lights to reduce
flightiness in the birds?
Reduces the potential for disease
Minimises transfer of disease an
Minimises panic in flock
REARING Bird Placement (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Were birds in good condition on arrival?
Was the transport of birds to the farm supervised?
Did the transporter show due care in transporting the birds?
Were the birds stressed after arrival at rearing paddocks?
Was the appearance/behaviour/sound of birds normal?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Rough handling can stress bird
Minimises potential problems
Reduces stress during transport
Indicator of poor transport condi
all flock could have early set bac
Listless, inactive birds may have
REARING Routine Practices (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do you have a disease prevention program involving vaccination, ecto
and endo parasite monitoring and disease monitoring?
Do you avoid rearing birds on paddocks, which have previously
housed adults infected with parasites?
Do you handle the birds according to recommendations?
Is the location of your farm such that there is a minimum of stress to
birds by low flying planes, helicopters, hot air balloons and minimum
presence of other animals such as horses and cattle?
Do you examine birds for external parasites (louses, mites, and ticks)
which can cause skin problems?
Do you use appropriate shelters and paddocks for rearing birds?
Is fencing at least 1.5m high to enclose birds?
In dry country was stocking rate (6 –16weeks) 85 birds/hectare and in
irrigation/high rainfall zone 125 birds/hectare?
Was the stocking density of birds in paddocks sufficient to avoid birds
causing skin damage to others?
Was foraging area free of wire pieces or sticks to prevent compaction?
Was there bacterial contamination from excreta and urine on any
cement areas in shelters?
Was there regular cleaning carried out in shelter?
Were birds prevented from boredom while being reared?
Were all birds given free access to feed and water at all times?
Was the bird dung soft and urine watery?
Were birds weighed regularly to monitor progress?
Was boredom prevented to reduce intake of sand and feather picking?
During the rearing period 4-16 weeks of age do you feed a diet with
10.77ME MJ/kg, 20.1% protien, 0.99% lysine, 0.96% Calcium and
0.46% available Phosphorus?
Do you use the chest circumference of 10 emus to predict both the
live weight and skin surface area and when to change diets?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Maintains performance of birds
Improves growth and performan
Correct handling minimises stre
Outside influences can panic bir
from birds running into fences a
smothering
Treatment of birds for external p
quality
Birds held under ideal condition
Fence height critical factor in pr
High stocking rates can reduce g
High stocking density increases
damage to skin and skin abrasio
Birds will consume non food ite
and reduce performance
Bacteria are a source of infection
performance
Maintaining a sanitised environ
potential disease and infection p
Boredom can lead to feather pec
causing skin damage
Birds grow better
Urine and faecal appearance is a
Birds not achieving standard we
managed better.
Boredom can lead to feather pec
causing skin damage
Feeding correct diets can lead to
Methods to predict body weight
are growing at maximum rate
REARING Routine Practices Continued (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Have you overfed Ca in the diet leading to depressed uptake of zinc
and manganese (deformed leg syndrome)?
Were there any limb deformities, enlarged joints and thickening of
skin of the feet and legs that resulted from zinc deficiency?
Have you noticed any lameness because of selenium deficiency?
Was chelated zinc (20ppm) and manganese provided as a supplement
according to recommendations in rearing diets?
Were electrolytes added to the water when required to ensure correct
ratio of Na:K?
Were acidification substances added to rearing feed to supplement
natural gastric acids?
Were amylase, protease and cellulase enzymes added to diets to aid
digestion of starch, protein and fibre in rearing diets?
Were Vitamin A, D, E and B complex added to rearing diets to ensure
immunity and protect against infections?
Do you have a separate area for handling birds?
Do you remove all contaminated litter from shelters?
Do you avoid using bark as bedding in shelter to prevent skin
abrasions?
Do you ensure that litter does not become compacted?
Do you provide shaded sandy areas in paddocks so that birds can lie
on cooler ground to avoid any blisters and abrasions to the breast?
Do you ensure there are no sharp objects in the environment to cause
abrasions (corrugated iron, loose wire, unsanded posts) ?
Do you retrim regrown claws to reduce skin abrasions from fighting?
Do you separate aggressive birds?
Were strategies adopted to restrict trampling and reduce skin damage?
Do you provide adequate shade to prevent sunburn and damage to the
skin?
Do you avoid overcrowding at feeders and drinkers to reduce potential
for conflicts?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Dietary Ca levels need to be mo
problems
Dietary zinc levels need to be m
and skin problems.
Dietary selenium levels need to
lameness in birds.
Supplementing diets with Zinc
deformities
Minimises stress on birds
Improves digestibility of diets
Improves digestibility of diets; m
behaviour
Immunity in chicks enables bird
and performance
Avoids all birds in group being
reduce potential for skin damage
Potential transfer of worms and
Skin of birds abraded by splinter
Birds resting on hard litter may
Birds resting on hot ground can
to skin damage
Sharp objects in the environmen
have contact with these objects
Excessive long claws can cause
during aggressive interactions
Aggression amongst birds can u
skin damage and bruising
Permanent damage can be cause
Sun burn causes skin damage an
If all birds cannot feed at the sam
will increase lowering growth an
REARING Bird Behaviour (aggression and frustration) (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Was there any evidence of kicking?
Was there any evidence of pacing and running down the fence lines?
Was there any evidence of persistent pecking at the environment
(stereotype pecking)?
Did you notice any outside disturbance causing flock to panic and run
to other side of paddock?
Was there any evidence of feather pecking?
Do you provide an enriched environment in paddocks for growers to
distract them from aggressive behaviour?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Kicking causes skin damage and
Birds that are pacing are frustrat
aggressive. Birds running close
skin damage from running into
Persistent pecking at the fence li
stereotype behaviour and an indi
likely to be involved in more ag
Disturbance near on or near farm
prevent birds panicking and dam
fences.
Feather pecking can be either an
boredom behaviour leading to ba
burnt
Sandy areas, ample foraging ma
environment distract birds from
REARING Routine Husbandry Procedures (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Was shelter provided to juvenile birds (6 – 16 weks) to protect against
extreme heat and cold?
Were appropriate methods to restrain birds practiced to avoid skin
damage?
Were there any abrasive objects on trees and fences that could cause
skin damage?
Were strategies adopted to restrict kicking between birds and reduce
skin damage?
In bird’s 6-16 weeks of age, were stocking rates 50 birds/hectare in the
dry country and 100 birds/hectare in the irrigation/high rainfall areas?
When moving the ostriches from one paddock too the other did you
avoid shouting or running?
Were birds checked at least once a day?
Was the availability of water to all drinkers checked daily?
Was feed available at all times?
Did bird behaviour appear normal?
Was a veterinarian called to advise on health problems?
Did you follow the advice which was given?
Have unthrifty birds been culled?
Were dead birds removed daily?
Were bird’s euthanased by accepted procedures?
Were dead birds disposed of according to recommendations?
Were mortalities within targets?
If mortalities were greater than target specifications, were reasons
determined?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Reduces sunburn, keeps birds co
conditions
Incorrect methods of restraint ca
potential for skin damage
Lesions and scratches on skin fr
cause of hide damage
Aggressive birds kicking each ot
reduce skin damage from kickin
Correct stocking density maxim
Shouting at ostriches will cause
ostriches run into fences or sharp
Frequent checking allows bird p
promptly
Improves water intake, food inta
Improves food intake, growth an
Abnormal behaviour indicator o
Prompt attendance to bird health
and skin area
Resolves bird problems sooner
Improves total performance of fl
Removes potential for disease tr
Improves bird welfare
Removes potential for disease tr
Action needs to be taken if mort
Provides knowledge for resolvin
REARING Daily Procedures (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Was stocking density within limits?
Was shelter bedding dry and friable?
Were there any lame birds?
Were the birds freely mobile during inspection?
Were there any signs of panting?
Did the birds “look” healthy?
Did feathers “look” clean?
Implic
Improves bird growth and perfor
Reduces odour problems
Lame birds is an indicator of die
Mobility of birds is good indicat
Panting indicates birds may be h
Cause for unhealthy birds need p
Dirty feathers especially around
problems or poor health
To maximise growth feed needs
Frequent checking allows bird p
promptly
Action needs to be taken if mort
Improves water intake, food inta
Ammonia can cause eye problem
infections and reduce performan
Is there enough feed available?
Were birds inspected a minimum of once a day?
Were mortalities within target specification?
Was water flow and availability checked daily?
Was there a smell of ammonia in the shelters?
REARING Equipment and Housing (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Were there wet areas around the drinkers?
Were the drinkers checked daily?
Was there an excessive dust-haze visible in the shelter?
Was litter dry and friable?
Were the shelter surrounds tidy?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Causes water wastage
Lack of water reduces food intak
Excessive dust problems can cau
birds
Moist litter can chill birds and c
Untidy surrounds can be a harbo
disease problems
REARING Farm Staff (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Were staff absences covered?
If you employ staff:
- Do you have a staff induction procedure?
- Have new staff been properly inducted?
- Do you have written instructions (protocols) for staff?
- Have your staff been trained?
- Do you encourage staff to participate in training courses?
Were emergencies responded to immediately?
Implic
Minimises staff problems and im
All staff aware of job requireme
Improves staff performance
Improves staff performance
Improves staff performance
Improves staff performance and
Reduces potential for problems g
REARING Record Keeping Check-list (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do you have records of:
- daily mortalities/culls?
- daily water availability/usage?
- staff absences and replacements?
- daily feed availability?
- body weight?
- stocking density?
Do you have evidence of:
- operation and control of back-up systems?
- successful exclusion of wild birds from the shelter and
paddocks?
- implementing rodent control procedures?
- implementing beetle control?
- frequency of daily inspection?
- staff absences and replacements?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Increase in mortality indicator o
Drop in water intake indicative
Minimises problems between sta
improves farm performance.
Variations in feed availability c
performance or problems in bird
Flocks not meeting target weigh
High stocking rates can lead to p
Maintains power to essential equ
Reduces potential for exotic dise
Reduces potential for disease tra
Reduces potential for disease tra
Indicator of staff attending to hu
Minimises staff problems and im
REARING Record Keeping Check-list
Continued (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Do you have evidence of:
- litter quality in shelter?
Implic
Information can provide an und
problems in particular compacti
High ammonia can cause bird w
Provides important information
Prompt attention to problem can
Indicator of whether staff are tra
Indicator of whether staff are tra
Can improve staff performance
- smell of ammonia?
- normality or otherwise of birds?
- advising manager of health problems?
- staff training procedures?
- staff attending training courses?
- written instructions for bird care and
emergency procedures?
- proper disposal of dead birds?
Was the transport of birds around farm and off farm supervised by a
competent person?
Was care shown by the transport crew?
Is there a contingency for an emergency pick-up?
Reduces potential transfer of dis
Birds arriving or leaving farm n
experienced personnel
Lack of care can lead to reduced
Birds could be stressed if held to
REARING Bio-security – Farm Standards (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Does your farm have a perimeter fence?
Do you have a lockable front gate to farm and biosecurity signage?
Do you have a concrete high-pressure wash area on the farm?
Do you have a parking area for visitor’s vehicles?
Do you have a change area for visitors away from the birds near
carpark?
Are visitors provided a change of clothing and clean boots or
overboots?
Do you have a footbath at entrance to sheds?
Do you dispose of dead birds by burning, in pits or by mulching ?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Fence defines the biosecure area
Visitors prevented from entering
Ensures that vehicles and equipm
Prevent vehicles from entering t
Prevents spread of disease to bir
Prevents spread of disease to bir
Prevents spread of disease via fo
Correct disposal minimises pote
REARING Bio-security – Farm Standards
Continued (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Are all the doors to sheds lockable ?
Are you able to prevent entry of other birds into shed areas?
Do you maintain rodent bait stations on farm?
Do you use treated mains water?
Do you chlorinate bore, river or dam water if mains not available?
Do you have a bin to dispose of overboots?
Do you have dogs and cats on farm site?
Do you keep other avian species on the farm ?
Do you have other domestic stock on your farm?
Implic
Prevents spread of disease by un
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease to oth
Can spread disease around the fa
Can spread disease around the fa
Disease can be spread
REARING Bio-security – Personnel Standards (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do you, employees or staff residing on farm have contact with other
poultry or processing plant?
Do repair and maintenance people comply with above?
Do you get staff, repair, maintenance and delivery people to sign a
quarantine declaration?
Are trucks washed before and after leaving farm?
Did you complete a self assessment biosecurity audit?
Do you have a visitor’s diary?
Do you restrict access to farm by neighbours, friends and sales
representatives who have had exposure to poultry ?
Do you have a two-boot system?
Yes
No
Implic
N/A
Can spread disease
Can spread disease
Prevent spread of disease from o
Prevent spread of disease from o
Provides an awareness of curren
areas requiring improvement
Enables tracing of potential bioPrevent spread of disease from o
Prevents spread of disease from
REARING Bio-security – Operational Standards (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do you check rodent bait stations weekly and maintain a log?
Do visitors park vehicles outside farm in car park?
Do visitors come from clean areas; i.e. home, younger or healthy
farm?
Do all visitors sign visitors quarantine declaration?
In an emergency did visitors from a “dirty’ farm shower and change
clothing?
Did visitors wear protective clothing?
Did delivery drivers wear overboots and dispose them on site?
Were tools taken onto farm clean and free of dust and organic matter?
Were stock vehicles washed and disinfected?
Was loading of birds from youngest to oldest or all young birds or all
old birds?
Was all dam or bore water chlorinated to 1-2 PPM?
Was holding time for chlorinated water 2 hours?
Did you carry out frequent chlorine testing and log results?
Did you or your staff wear farm clothing off farm?
Did you or your staff wear street clothing on site?
Did you and your staff have separate shed boots and paddock boots?
Is all bird weighing carried out by own farm weighing frames and
scales?
Are feed spills cleaned up as they occur?
Is grass around farm site kept cut?
Are all bird sheds washed and disinfected?
Is all litter removed from farm before new batch of birds introduced?
Are all sheds and paddocks locked when personnel not on farm?
Were dead bird composters kept away from sheds and fences?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Makes visitors aware of biosecur
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
and from farm to farm
Prevents spread of disease from
Produces more effective kill of d
Ensures effective kill of disease
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Using an outsiders farm scales c
to farm
Feed spills attract other birds an
disease
Long grass attracts rodents and
kills
Prevents spread of disease to new
Prevents spread of disease to new
Prevent entry of persons who co
organisms
Prevents spread of disease
REARING Bio-security – Serious Disease Outbreak Procedure (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Do you keep all shed and paddocks locked?
Implic
Prevent entry of persons who cou
properties.
Prevent entry of persons who co
properties
Prevent entry of persons who co
properties
Prevents transfer of disease from
Do you prevent any visitors and service personnel from entering the
farm?
For any emergency visitors do you request head to toe shower before
and after visit?
Do you ensure all vehicles, which need to enter farm, are washed and
disinfected at wash pad before entering and leaving farm?
Do you ensure all vehicles, which entered farm, are washed inside and
treated with aerosol including washable mats and vinyl?
Do you ensure vehicles not entering farm were washed and disinfected
at wash pad?
Did you leave all birds and litter on farm until disease status clarified?
Prevents transfer of disease from
Prevents transfer of disease from
Prevents transfer of disease from
REARING Traceability (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Are you able to identify all rearing birds by tags or electronic
identification systems?
Are you able to identify the individual dam and sire responsible for
producing each bird?
Can you trace the identity of the bird from rearing to slaughter?
Can you trace the identity of each skin back to the farm?
Do you keep a readily accessible hard copy of all bird’s identity?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Ensures traceability of breeder p
biosecurity
Assists in biosecurity and traces
Assists in biosecurity and traces
Assists in biosecurity and traces
Assists in bio-security and traces
Rearing Targets
(List of targets industry should be aiming to achieve)
Parameter
Water quality
Water availability
Feed availability
Cool water
Mouldy feed
Shelters sanitized
Bedding
Alarm System
Emergency procedures
Rodent control
Wild birds
Beetle control
Outside noise
Bird handling
Bird behaviour
Disease prevention
Parasite control
Outside stressors
Shelter
Suitable fencing
Stocking rate
Bird immunity
Bird trampling
Consumable objects
Bedding consumption
Footing for birds
Bird boredom
Chick dung
Bird weighing
Foraging material
Diets fed
Zinc and Selenium levels
Electrolytes
Enzymes
Target
Maximum acceptable concentration for chlorides=200 mg/L; for nitrates=45 PPM; and sulphates=
Water available at all times
Feed available at all times
Water kept below 30 0C at all times
Mouldy feed removed immediately
Shelters sanitized thoroughly after each batch
Bedding dry and soft at all times
Alarm system to indicate low/high temperature and power failures
Protocols to enables emergencies to be dealt with promptly
Bait stations to minimize rats and mice; protection to birds from foxes and preying birds
Minimize access of wild birds to rearing area
Protocols to prevent beetles from transferring disease between batches of birds
Minimize outside noises to prevent birds panicking and clawing each other and causing skin dam
Handle birds with TLC and condition birds to husbandry procedures
Frequent observation to ensure birds are normal; regularly stir feed to encourage food consumptio
Seek veterinary advice to prevent diseases
Seek veterinary advice to minimize parasites
Minimize the effect of external stressors on bird welfare (e.g. car lights, noise)
Establish shelters that are secure and provide adequate protection of birds during extreme weather
Establish fencing in paddocks that minimize damage to skin and protection from predators
85 birds/ha
Seek veterinary advice for methods to establish chick immunity
Minimize factors that may result in bird trampling such as high stocking density, narrow doorwa
Remove all objects that may cause compaction
Eliminate potential for consumption of bedding by providing adequate foraging material
Maintain slip proof footing to prevent birds slipping to prevent leg problems and damage to the s
Enrich the environment with adequate forage material to reduce boredom and development of bir
Observe chick dung to ensure it is not sloppy or contains blood
Weigh birds fortnightly to ensure they are meeting weight targets
Provide sufficient forage to encourage feeding
Provide recommended rearing diets that have adequate protein, energy and other essential nutrien
Check Zn and Se levels in feed to ensure deficiencies do not lead to leg weakness
Seek veterinary advice to determine whether electrolytes should be provided to birds
Seek nutritional advice to determine if enzymes should be fed to assist chicks to digest fibre and n
Rearing Targets continued… … .
(List of targets industry should be aiming to achieve)
Parameter
Shelter bedding reuse
Bark litter
Litter compaction
Shaded sandy areas
Sharp objects
Regrown claws
Aggressive birds
Overcrowding at feeders
Kicking
Pacing
Stereotype picking
Enriched environment
Restraining birds
Shouting at birds
Bird checking
Veterinary
Unthrifty birds
Dead birds
Dead bird disposal
Lame birds
Bird mobility
Ammonia
Wet areas
Dust haze
Yard and shelter surrounds
Staff induction
Written protocols
Trained staff
Training courses
Emergency response
Bird performance
Farm log
Transport birds
Contingencies
Target
Avoid reusing bedding between batches to minimize disease transfer
Avoid using bark litter that could cause scratches on skin
Prevent litter compaction by turning over bedding-soft bedding avoids the potential of skin lesion
Provide shaded sandy areas in chick runs to prevent sun burn and allow birds to dust bathe
Remove all sharp objects from the environment to prevent scratches on skin
Retrim regrown claws if declawing procedure not effective
Remove aggressive birds to minimize potential of skin abrasions from fighting and clawing
Provide enough feeders for all chicks to feed at once to prevent clamoring and clawing of birds w
Remove birds that show evidence of persistent kicking
Minimize pacing along fence lines to prevent skin abrasion by enriching environment
Stereotype picking is a frustration behaviour. Minimize persistent pecking at environment by enr
Enriching the environment to provide variety for birds to reduce potential skin damage from aggr
Ensures that birds are restrained appropriately to avoid stress and panic behaviours that could lead
Avid shouting at birds
Check birds daily
Ensure vet is on call at all times to get rapid attention to bird health problems
Cull unthrifty birds as soon as possible. Do not keep birds on the slight hope they will recover
Remove dead birds immediately
Dispose of dead birds either by burning, deep pitting and composting to prevent transfer of diseas
Cull lame birds
Observe birds for mobility. Birds with poor mobility may need culling
If ammonia can be smelt in shelter it is a problem. Impacts on bird production and health
Wet areas particularly in shelter can result in ammonia and production of other noxious gases (e.g
Dust hazes in shelters indicates dust is a problem which can impact on bird health and staff OHS
Yard and shelter surrounds should be kept tidy to minimize vermin
All staff should be given induction procedure to ensure they are aware of all the procedures they
All staff should be given written protocols on how they are expected to undertake a task
Trained staff are better able to undertake the tasks they are responsible for
Staff trained to obtain equivalent to Level 2 in poultry production National Competency Standard
Responses to emergencies should be as rapid as possible to minimize problems
Body weight, feed intake, efficiency and skin quality of birds should be monitored
It essential to maintain a farm log of all activities for reference
Transport of the birds from rearing area should be carried out in a manner which ensures all bird
condition, calm, not heat or cold stressed and with no skin damage
Contingencies should be in place so that all problems can be responded to professionally and com
REARING AUDIT SCORE SHEET
Score 5 points if YES, 0 points if NO for critical questions (shaded) and 1 point if YES and 0 points if NO for
(you may fail audit if any critical issues do not meet expectations)
Question
Yes
No
Points
Question
Yes
No
Points
Quest
Water quality suitable
Minimal outside noise
Reusing bedding
Water available
Bark bedding avo
Cool water in summer
Birds handled gently and
correctly
Behaviour normal
Feed available
Parasite control
Mouldy feed removed
Minimal outside stressors
Disease prevention
Maximum of 75 birds /ha
Shaded sandy ar
paddocks
No sharp objects
environment
Regrown claws tr
Suitable fencing
Immunity established
No evidence of k
Correct stocking rate
No evidence of p
Aggressive birds separated
Foraging area free of
consumable objects
Bedding consumption
prevented
Firm footing for birds
Avoid overcrowding at feeders
Boredom prevented
Records of bird performance
Soft dung
Transport of birds to farm
supervised
Care shown by transporter
Birds weighed regularly
Methods to manu
birds
No shouting at or
birds
Birds checked tw
No bird trampling
Litter not compac
No evidence of s
picking
Enriched environ
Behaviour norma
Shelters sanitized
Forage material to stimulate
eating
Correct diets fed
Bedding dry
Ca not overfed
Unthrifty birds cul
Alarm System
Dead birds remov
Emergency procedures
Zinc and Selenium levels
sufficient
Electrolytes added to water
Rodent control
Vitamin levels adequate
No lame birds
Exclude wild birds
Enzymes added to diet
Birds freely mobi
Beetle control
Separate area for bird
handling
Total
Total
Date… … … … . Points this audit… … … ..
Vet on call
Dead birds dispos
Total
Points last audit… … … .
Date of
REARING SCORE SHEET CONTINUED
Score 5 points if YES, 0 points if NO for critical questions (shaded) and 1 point if YES and 0 points if NO for
Question
Yes
No
Points
Question
Yes
No
Points
Quest
No ammonia smell
Staff inducted
No wet areas around drinkers
Written protocols
Emergencies resp
immediately
Farm log of all ac
No dust haze in shelters
Trained staff
Contingencies for
Shelter surrounds tidy
Training courses for staff
Total
Total
Date… … … … .
Points this audit… … … ..
Total
Points last audit… … … …
REARING BIOSECURITY AUDIT SCORE SHEET
Score 5 points if YES, 0 points if NO for critical questions (shaded) and 1 point if YES and 0 points if NO for
(you may fail audit if any critical issues do not meet expectations)
Question
Yes
No
Points
Question
Yes
No
Points
Quest
Farm Standards
Personnel standards
Visitors sign decla
Vehicle Wash area
Staff avoid contact with other
bird species & abattoirs
Repair and maintenance staff
comply with above
Vehicles washed before/after
entry to farm
Restricted access to persons
having contact with stock
Two boot system
Clean tools taken
Feed spills cleane
Treated mains water
Staff and any visitor sign
quarantine declaration
Visitors diary
No other bird species
Operational standards
Perimeter fence
Visitors from clean areas
Bio-security Signage
Shower in for visitors from
dirty farm
Lockable front gate
Protective clothing for visitors
Visitor car park
Over boots disposed on site
All bird litter remo
farm before new
All brooder sheds
paddocks kept loc
Serious Disease
(answer these o
outbreak)
All sheds and pad
locked
No visitors enter
Lockable shelters and
paddocks
No other bird species
Stock vehicles washed
Chlorinated farm water
Chlorinated water
Bin for over boots
Separate brooder shed and
paddock boots
Sheds washed and disinfected
Change area
Provide change of clothes
Footbaths
Approved dead bird disposal
Rodent bait stations
No dogs and cats
No other stock
Total
Date… … … … .
Chlorine testing
No farm clothing
No street clothing
farm
Bird weighing wit
Grass kept cut
Emergency visito
toe shower
Any vehicles ente
and disinfected in
Birds and litter sta
until disease conf
Traceability
Bird loading oldest to youngest
Identity for all bird
Dead bird disposal and
composters away from live
stock
Check rodent bait weekly
Trace identity of a
Visitors car park
Accessible record
Total
Total
Points this audit… … … ..
Trace identity of a
Points last audit… … … .
Section 5
Emu Finishing (16 weeks-14 month
Water supply
Finishing conditions
Finishing placement
Routine practices
Bird behaviour (aggression and frustration)
Routine husbandry procedures
Daily procedures
Equipment and housing
Farm staff
Record keeping check-list
Bio-security – Farm Standards
Bio-security – Personnel Standards
Bio-security – Operational Standards
Bio-security – Serious Disease Outbreak Procedures
Traceability
Finisher targets
Finishing audit score sheet
Finisher biosecurity score sheet
FINISHER Water Supply (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Was water available to birds at alldrinkers?
Was water availability to all drinkers checked daily?
Was water pressure checked daily?
If using surface water was it sanitized before reaching the birds?
If using bore water, was it tested for pH and salts annually?
Was water supply tested for microbial contamination at least annually?
Was water supply potable, i.e. is it fit to drink?
Were water tanks and water lines sanitized?
Were tanks and water lines flushed out regularly?
Were water filters checked/changed?
Do you have a back-up water supply?
Do you keep water cool in summer?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Reduced water intake reduces fo
and reproductive performance
Reduced water intake reduces fo
and reproductive performance
Reduced water intake reduces fo
and reproductive performance
Reduced water intake reduces fo
and reproductive performance
Poor quality water, reduced wate
growth, skin area and reproducti
Contaminated water, bird health
reduces food intake, growth, skin
performance
Poor quality water, reduced wate
growth, skin area and reproduct
Poor quality water, reduced wate
growth, skin area and reproducti
Dirty water, poor quality water, r
food intake, growth, skin area an
Clogged filters, reduces water av
intake reduces food intake, grow
performance
Bird mortality if water not avail
Hot water reduces water intake, f
area of hides and reproductive p
FINISHER Conditions (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Are the feeder’s correct types for birds?
Implic
Inappropriate feeders, reduces fe
reproductive performance
Birds lower in peck order, reduc
Mouldy feed reduces feed intake
performance
Minimises transfer of diseases a
Ensures adequate absorption of m
Moist litter can chill birds and c
Ensure that early warning provid
essential equipment
Reduces potential for flock mort
Reduces feed wastage
Reduces potential for exotic dise
Could all the birds feed at the same time?
Was all residual mouldy feed removed regularly?
Were shelters cleaned and sanitized according to recommendations?
Was the bedding in the shed adequate?
Was the litter dry in shelter
Have alarm systems been tested since the last batch of birds?
Do you have written emergency procedures?
Did you have and follow a rodent (rat & mouse) control program?
Did you have and follow a policy to minimise presence of wild birds
from in paddocks?
Did you have and follow a beetle control program?
Did you have biosecurity procedures for visitors and staff to maintain
quarantine?
Are you able to minimize the outside noise and lights to reduce
flightiness in the birds?
Reduces the potential for disease
Minimises transfer of disease an
Minimises panic in flock
FINISHER Placement (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Were birds in good condition on arrival?
Was the transport of birds to the farm supervised?
Did the transporter show due care in transporting the birds?
Were the birds stressed after arrival at finisher paddocks?
Was the appearance/behaviour/sound of birds normal?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Rough handling can stress bird.
Inappropriate transport causes st
Minimises stress on birds
Indicator of poor transport condi
all flock could have early set bac
Listless, inactive birds may have
FINISHER Routine Practices (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do you have a disease prevention program involving vaccination, ecto
and endo parasite monitoring and disease monitoring?
Do you avoid finisher birds on paddocks, which have previously
housed adults infected with parasites?
Do you handle the birds according to recommendations?
Is the location of your farm such that there is a minimum of stress to
birds by low flying planes, helicopters, hot air balloons and minimum
presence of other animals such as horses and cattle?
Do you examine birds for external parasites (louses, mites, and ticks)
which can cause skin problems?
Do you use appropriate shelters and paddocks for finisher birds?
Is fencing at least 2m high to enclose birds?
In dry country was stocking rate (16 weeks- 14 months) 85
birds/hectare and in irrigation/high rainfall zone 125 birds/hectare?
Was the stocking density of birds in paddocks sufficient to avoid birds
causing skin damage to others?
Was foraging area free of wire pieces or sticks to prevent compaction?
Was there bacterial contamination from excreta and urine?
Was there regular cleaning carried out in shelter?
Were birds prevented from boredom while being finished?
Were all birds given free access to feed and water at all times?
Was the bird dung soft and urine watery?
Were birds weighed regularly to monitor progress?
Was boredom prevented to reduce intake of sand and feather picking?
During the period 16 weeks-14 months of age do you feed a diet with
9.67ME MJ/kg, 13.9% protien, 0.62% lysine, 1.14% Calcium and
0.48% available Phosphorus?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Maintains performance of birds
Improves growth and performan
Correct handling minimises stre
Outside influences can panic bir
from birds running into fences a
birds
Treatment of birds for external p
quality
Birds held under ideal condition
Fence height critical factor in pr
High stocking rates can reduce g
High stocking density increases
damage to skin and skin abrasio
Birds will consume non food ite
and reduce performance
Bacteria are a source of infection
performance
Maintaining a sanitised environ
potential disease and infection p
Boredom can lead to feather pec
causing skin damage
Birds grow better
Urine and faecal appearance is a
bird
Birds not achieving standard we
managed better.
Boredom can lead to feather pec
causing skin damage
Feeding correct diets leads to op
FINISHER Routine Practices
Continued (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do you use the chest circumference of 10 ostriches to predict both the
live weight and skin surface area and when to change diets?
Have you overfed Ca in the diet leading to depressed uptake of zinc
and manganese (deformed leg syndrome)?
Were there any limb deformities, enlarged joints and thickening of
skin of the feet and legs that resulted from zinc deficiency?
Have you noticed any lameness because of selenium deficiency?
Was chelated zinc (20ppm) and manganese provided as a supplement
according to recommendations in finisher diets?
Were electrolytes added to the water when required to ensure correct
ratio of Na:K?
Were acidification substances added to finisher feed to supplement
natural gastric acids?
Were amylase, protease and cellulase enzymes added to diets to aid
digestion of starch, protein and fibre in finisher diets?
Were Vitamin A, D, E and B complex added to finisher diets to ensure
immunity and protect against infections?
Do you have a separate area for handling birds?
Do you remove all contaminated litter from shelters?
Do you avoid using bark as bedding in shelter to prevent skin
abrasions?
Do you ensure that litter does not become compacted?
Do you provide shaded sandy areas in paddocks so that birds can lie
on cooler ground to avoid any blisters and abrasions to the breast?
Do you ensure there are no sharp objects in the environment to cause
abrasions (corrugated iron, loose wire, unsanded posts) ?
Do you retrim regrown claws to reduce skin abrasions from fighting?
Do you separate aggressive birds?
Do you provide adequate shade to prevent sunburn and skin damage?
Do you avoid overcrowding at feeders and drinkers to reduce potential
for conflicts?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Methods to predict body weight
are growing at maximum rate
Dietary Ca levels need to be mo
problems
Dietary zinc levels need to be m
and skin problems.
Dietary selenium levels need to
lameness in birds.
Supplementing diets with Zinc
deformities
Minimises stress on birds
Improves digestibility of diets
Improves digestibility of diets; m
behaviour
Immunity in chicks enables bird
and performance
Avoids all birds in group being
reduce potential for skin damage
Potential transfer of worms and
Skin of birds abraded by splinter
Birds resting on hard litter may
Birds resting on hot ground can
to skin damage
Sharp objects in the environmen
have contact with these objects
Excessive long claws can cause
during aggressive interactions
Aggression amongst birds can u
skin damage and bruising
Sun burn causes skin damage an
If all birds cannot feed at the sam
will increase lowering growth an
FINISHER Bird Behaviour (aggression and frustration) (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Was there any evidence of kicking?
Was there any evidence of pacing and running down the fence lines?
Was there any evidence of persistent pecking at the environment
(stereotype pecking)?
Did you notice any outside disturbance causing flock to panic and run
to other side of paddock?
Was there any evidence of feather pecking?
Do you provide an enriched environment in paddocks for growers to
distract them from aggressive behaviour?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Kicking causes skin damage and
Birds that are pacing are frustrat
aggressive. Birds running close
skin damage from running into
Persistent pecking at the fence li
stereotype behaviour and an indi
and likely to be involved in mor
Disturbances on or near farm ne
birds panicking and damaging s
Feather pecking can be either an
boredom behaviour leading to ba
sunburnt
Sandy areas, ample foraging ma
environment distract birds from
FINISHER Routine Husbandry Procedures (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Was shelter provided to juvenile birds (16weeks-14 months) to protect
against extreme heat and cold?
Were appropriate methods to restrain birds practiced to avoid skin
damage?
Were there any abrasive objects on trees and fences that could cause
skin damage?
Were strategies adopted to restrict kicking between birds and reduce
skin damage?
Were strategies adopted to restrict trampling and reduce skin damage?
In bird’s 4 months of age, were stocking rates 50 birds/hectare in the
dry country and 100 birds/hectare in the irrigation/high rainfall areas?
When moving the ostriches from one paddock too the other did you
avoid shouting or running?
Were birds checked at least once a day?
Was the availability of water to all drinkers checked daily?
Was feed available at all times?
Did bird behaviour appear normal?
Was a veterinarian called to advise on health problems?
Did you follow the advice which was given?
Have unthrifty birds been culled?
Were dead birds removed daily?
Were bird’s euthanased by accepted procedures?
Were dead birds disposed of according to recommendations?
Were mortalities within targets?
If mortalities were greater than target specifications, were reasons
determined?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Reduces sunburn, keeps birds co
conditions
Incorrect methods of restraint ca
potential for skin damage
Lesions and scratches on skin fr
hide damage
Aggressive birds kicking each ot
reduce skin damage
Permanent damage can be cause
Correct stocking density maxim
Shouting at ostriches will cause
ostriches run into fences or sharp
Frequent checking allows bird p
promptly
Improves water intake, food inta
Improves food intake, growth an
Abnormal behaviour indicator o
Prompt attendance to bird health
and skin area
Resolves bird problems sooner
Improves total performance of fl
Removes potential for disease tr
Improves bird welfare
Removes potential for disease tr
Action needs to be taken if mort
Provides knowledge for resolvin
FINISHER Daily Procedures (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Was stocking density within limits?
Was shelter bedding dry and friable?
Were there any lame birds?
Were the birds freely mobile during inspection?
Were there any signs of panting?
Did the birds “look” healthy?
Did feathers “look” clean?
Implic
Improves bird growth and perfor
Reduces odour problems
Lame birds is an indicator of die
Mobility of birds is good indicat
Panting indicates birds may be h
Cause for unhealthy birds need p
Dirty feathers especially around
problems or poor health
To maximise growth feed needs
Frequent checking allows bird p
promptly
Action needs to be taken if mort
Improves water intake, food inta
Ammonia can cause eye problem
infections and reduce performan
Is there enough feed available?
Were birds inspected a minimum of once a day?
Were mortalities within target specification?
Was water flow and availability checked daily?
Was there a smell of ammonia in the shelters?
FINISHER Equipment and Housing (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Were there wet areas around the drinkers?
Were the drinkers checked daily?
Was there an excessive dust-haze visible in the shelter?
Was litter dry and friable?
Were the shelter surrounds tidy?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Causes water wastage
Lack of water reduces food intak
Excessive dust problems can cau
birds
Moist litter can chill birds and c
Untidy surrounds can be a harbo
disease problems
FINISHER Farm Staff (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Were staff absences covered?
If you employ staff:
- Do you have a staff induction procedure?
- Have new staff been properly inducted?
- Do you have written instructions (protocols) for staff?
- Have your staff been trained?
- Do you encourage staff to participate in training courses?
Were emergencies responded to immediately?
Implic
Minimises staff problems and im
All staff aware of job requireme
Improves staff performance
Improves staff performance
Improves staff performance
Improves staff performance and
Reduces potential for problems g
FINISHER Record Keeping Check-list (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do you have records of:
- daily mortalities/culls?
- daily water availability/usage?
- staff absences and replacements?
- daily feed availability?
- body weight?
- stocking density?
Do you have evidence of:
- operation and control of back-up systems?
- minimising wild birds in shelter and paddocks?
- implementing rodent control procedures?
- implementing beetle control?
- frequency of daily inspection?
- staff absences and replacements?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Increase in mortality indicator o
Drop in water intake indicative
Minimises problems between sta
improves farm performance.
Variations in feed availability c
performance or problems in bird
Flocks not meeting target weigh
High stocking rates can lead to p
Maintains power to essential equ
Reduces potential for exotic dise
Reduces potential for disease tra
Reduces potential for disease tra
Indicator of staff attending to hu
Minimises staff problems and im
FINISHER Record Keeping Check-list
Continued (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do you have evidence of:
- litter quality in shelter?
- smell of ammonia?
- normality or otherwise of birds?
- advising manager of health problems?
- staff training procedures?
- staff attending training courses?
- written instructions for bird care and
emergency procedures?
- proper disposal of dead birds?
Was the transport of birds around farm and off farm supervised by a
competent person?
Was care shown by the transport crew?
Is there a contingency for an emergency pick-up?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Information can provide an und
problems in particular compacti
High ammonia problems is a bir
problem
Provides important information
Prompt attention to problem can
Indicator of whether staff are tra
Indicator of whether staff are tra
Can improve staff performance
Reduces potential transfer of dis
Birds arriving or leaving farm o
handled by experienced personn
Lack of care can lead to reduced
Birds could be stressed if held to
FINISHER Bio-security – Farm Standards (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Does your farm have a perimeter fence?
Do you have a lockable front gate to farm and biosecurity signage?
Do you have a concrete high-pressure wash area on the farm?
Do you have a parking area for visitor’s vehicles?
Do you have a change area for visitors away from the birds near
carpark?
Are visitors provided a change of clothing and clean boots or
overboots?
Do you have a footbath at entrance to sheds?
Do you dispose of dead birds by burning, in pits or by mulching
Are all the doors to sheds lockable
Do you maintain rodent bait stations on farm?
Do you use treated mains water?
Do you chlorinate bore, river or dam water if mains not available?
Do you have a bin to dispose of overboots?
Do you have dogs and cats on farm site?
Do you keep other avian species on the farm
Do you have other domestic stock on your farm?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Fence defines the biosecure area
Visitors prevented from entering
Ensures that vehicles and equipm
Prevent vehicles from entering t
Prevents spread of disease to bir
Prevents spread of disease to bir
Prevents spread of disease via fo
Correct disposal minimises pote
Prevents spread of disease by un
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease to oth
Can spread disease around the fa
Can spread disease around the fa
Disease can be spread
FINISHER Bio-security – Personnel Standards (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
Implic
N/A
Do you, employees or staff residing on farm have contact with other
poultry or processing plant?
Do repair and maintenance people comply with above?
Do you get staff, repair, maintenance and delivery people to sign a
quarantine declaration?
Are trucks washed before and after leaving farm?
Did you complete a self assessment biosecurity audit?
Can spread disease
Can spread disease
Prevent spread of disease from o
Prevent spread of disease from o
Provides an awareness of curren
areas requiring improvement
Enables tracing of potential bios
Prevent spread of disease from o
Do you have a visitor’s diary?
Do you restrict access to farm by neighbours, friends and sales
representatives who have had exposure to poultry
Do you have a two-boot system?
Prevents spread of disease from
FINISHER Bio-security – Operational Standards (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do you check rodent bait stations weekly and maintain a log?
Do visitors park vehicles outside farm in car park?
Do visitors come from clean areas; i.e. home, younger or healthy
farm?
Do all visitors sign visitors quarantine declaration?
In an emergency did visitors from a “dirty’ farm shower and change
clothing?
Did visitors wear protective clothing?
Did delivery drivers wear overboots and dispose them on site?
Were tools taken onto farm clean and free of dust and organic matter?
Were stock vehicles washed and disinfected?
Was loading of birds from youngest to oldest or all young birds or all
old birds?
Was all dam or bore water chlorinated to 1-2 PPM?
Was holding time for chlorinated water 2 hours?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Makes visitors aware of biosecur
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
and from farm to farm
Prevents spread of disease from
Produces more effective kill of d
FINISHER Bio-security – Operational Standards
Question
Continued (critical questions are shaded)
Yes
No
Implic
N/A
Did you carry out frequent chlorine testing and log results?
Did you or your staff wear farm clothing off farm?
Did you or your staff wear street clothing on site?
Did you and your staff have separate shed boots and paddock boots?
Is all bird weighing carried out by own farm weighing frames and
scales?
Are feed spills cleaned up as they occur?
Ensures effective kill of disease
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Using an outsiders farm scales c
to farm
Feed spills attract other birds an
disease
Long grass attracts rodents and
kills
Prevents spread of disease to new
Prevent entry of persons who co
organisms
Prevents spread of disease
Is grass around farm site kept cut?
Are all bird sheds washed and disinfected?
Are all sheds and paddocks locked when personnel not on farm?
Were dead bird composters kept away from birds?
FINISHER Bio-security – Serious Disease Outbreak Procedures (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do you keep all shed and paddocks locked?
Do you prevent any visitors and service personnel from entering the
farm?
For any emergency visitors do you request head to toe shower before
and after visit?
Do you ensure all vehicles, which need to enter farm, are washed and
disinfected at wash pad before entering and leaving farm?
Do you ensure all vehicles which entered farm are washed inside and
treated with aerosol including washable mats and vinyl?
Do you ensure vehicles not entering farm were washed and disinfected
at wash pad?
Did you leave all birds and litter on farm until disease status clarified?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Prevent entry of persons who cou
properties.
Prevent entry of persons who co
properties
Prevent entry of persons who co
properties
Prevents transfer of disease from
Prevents transfer of disease from
Prevents transfer of disease from
Prevents transfer of disease from
FINISHER Traceability (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Are you able to identify all finisher birds by tags or electronic
identification systems?
Are you able to identify the individual dam and sire responsible for
producing each bird?
Can you trace the identity of the bird from finisher to slaughter?
Can you trace the identity of each skin back to the farm?
Do you keep a readily accessible hard copy of all bird’s identity?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Ensures traceability of breeder p
biosecurity
Assists in biosecurity and traces
Assists in biosecurity and traces
Assists in biosecurity and traces
Assists in bio-security and traces
FinisherTargets
(List of targets industry should be aiming to achieve)
Parameter
Water quality
Water availability
Feed availability
Cool water
Mouldy feed
Shelters sanitized
Bedding
Emergency procedures
Rodent control
Wild birds
Beetle control
Outside noise
Bird handling
Bird behaviour
Disease prevention
Parasite control
Outside stressors
Shelter
Suitable fencing
Stocking rate
Bird trampling
Consumable objects
Bedding consumption
Bird boredom
Dung
Bird weighing
Foraging material
Diets fed
Zinc and Selenium levels
Electrolytes
Enzymes
Target
Maximum acceptable concentration for chlorides=200 mg/L; for nitrates=45 PPM; and sulphates=
Water available at all times
Feed available at all times
Water kept below 30 0C at all times
Mouldy feed removed immediately
Shelters sanitized thoroughly after each batch
Bedding dry and soft at all times
Protocols to enables emergencies to be dealt with promptly
Bait stations to minimize rats and mice
Minimize access of wild birds to finisher area
Protocols to prevent beetles from transferring disease between batches of birds
Minimize outside noises to prevent birds panicking and clawing each other and causing skin dam
Handle birds with TLC and condition birds to husbandry procedures
Frequent observation to ensure birds are normal; feed regularly to encourage consumption
Seek veterinary advice to prevent diseases
Seek veterinary advice to minimize parasites
Minimize the effect of external stressors on bird welfare (e.g. car lights, noise)
Establish shelters that are secure and provide adequate protection of birds during extreme weather
Establish fencing in paddocks that minimize damage to skin and protection from predators
85 birds/ha
Minimize factors that may result in bird trampling such as high stocking density, narrow doorwa
Remove all objects that may cause compaction
Eliminate potential for consumption of bedding by providing adequate foraging material
Enrich the environment with adequate forage material to reduce boredom and development of bir
Observe dung to ensure it is not sloppy or contains blood
Weigh birds fortnightly to ensure they are meeting weight targets
Provide sufficient forage to encourage feeding
Provide recommended finisher diets that have adequate protein, energy and other essential nutrien
Check Zn and Se levels in feed to ensure no deficiencies
Seek veterinary advice to determine whether electrolytes should be provided to birds
Seek nutritional advice to determine if enzymes should be fed to assist bird to digest fibre and non
FinisherTargets continued… … .
(List of targets industry should be aiming to achieve)
Parameter
Shelter bedding reuse
Bark litter
Litter compaction
Shaded sandy areas
Sharp objects
Regrown claws
Aggressive birds
Overcrowding at feeders
Kicking
Pacing
Stereotype picking
Enriched environment
Restraining birds
Shouting at birds
Bird checking
Veterinary
Unthrifty birds
Dead birds
Dead bird disposal
Lame birds
Bird mobility
Ammonia
Wet areas
Dust haze
Paddock surrounds
Staff induction
Written protocols
Trained staff
Training courses
Emergency response
Bird performance
Farm log
Transport birds
Contingencies
Target
Avoid reusing bedding between batches to minimize disease transfer
Avoid using bark litter that could cause scratches on skin
Prevent litter compaction by turning over bedding-soft bedding avoids the potential of skin lesion
Provide shaded sandy areas in paddocks to prevent sun burn and allow birds to dust bathe
Remove all sharp objects from the environment to prevent scratches on skin
Retrim regrown claws if declawing procedure not effective
Remove aggressive birds to minimize potential of skin abrasions from fighting and clawing
Provide enough feeders for all chicks to feed at once to prevent clamouring and clawing of birds w
Remove birds that show evidence of persistent kicking
Minimize pacing along fence lines to prevent skin abrasion by enriching environment
Stereotype picking is a frustration behaviour. Minimize persistent pecking at environment by enr
Enriching the environment to provide variety to environment minimizes potential skin damage fr
Ensures that birds are restrained appropriately to avoid stress and panic behaviours that could lead
Avoid shouting at birds
Check birds daily
Ensure vet is on call at all times to get rapid attention to bird health problems
Cull unthrifty birds as soon as possible. Do not keep birds on the slight hope they will recover
Remove dead birds immediately
Dispose of dead birds either by burning, deep pitting and composting to prevent transfer of diseas
Cull lame birds
Observe birds for mobility. Birds with poor mobility may need culling
If ammonia can be smelt in shelter it is a problem. Impacts on bird production and health
Wet areas can result in ammonia and production of other noxious gases (e.g. Hydrogen sulphide)
Dust hazes in shelters indicates dust is a problem which can impact on bird health and staff OHS
Paddoc surrounds should be kept tidy to minimize vermin
All staff should be given induction procedure to ensure they are aware of all the procedures they
All staff should be given written protocols on how they are expected to undertake a task
Trained staff are better able to undertake the tasks they are responsible for
Staff trained to obtain equivalent to Level 2 in poultry production National Competency Standard
Responses to emergencies should be as rapid as possible to minimize problems
Body weight, feed intake, efficiency and skin quality of birds should be monitored
It essential to maintain a farm log of all activities for reference
Transport of the birds from finisher area should be carried out in a manner which ensures all bird
calm, not heat or cold stressed and with no skin damage
Contingencies should be in place so that all problems can be responded to professionally and com
FINISHER AUDIT SCORE SHEET
Score 5 points if YES, 0 points if NO for critical questions (shaded) and 1 point if YES and 0 points if NO for
(you may fail audit if any critical issues do not meet expectations)
Question
Yes
No
Points
Question
Yes
No
Points
Quest
Water quality suitable
Contingencies for emergency
Water available
Vet on call
Cool water in summer
Unthrifty birds culled
Feed available
Dead birds removed
Forage material t
eating
Foraging area fre
consumable obje
Bedding consump
prevented
Firm footing for b
Mouldy feed removed
Dead birds disposed correctly
No wet areas aro
Disease prevention
No lame birds
No dust haze in s
Suitable fencing
Birds freely mobile
Shelter surrounds
Correct stocking rate
No ammonia smell
No bird trampling
Minimal outside stressors
Separate area for
handling
Reusing bedding
Aggressive birds separated
Maximum of 75 birds /ha
Bark bedding avo
Avoid overcrowding at feeders
Behaviour normal
Litter not compac
Shelters sanitized
No evidence of kicking
Bedding dry
No evidence of pacing
Emergency procedures
Rodent control
No evidence of stereotype
picking
Enriched environment
Shaded sandy ar
paddocks
No sharp objects
environment
Regrown claws tr
Minimisewild birds
Boredom prevented
Parasite control
Birds weighed regularly
Beetle control
Correct diets fed
Minimal outside noise
Ca not overfed
Birds handled gently and
correctly
Behaviour normal
Zinc and Selenium levels
sufficient
Enzymes added to diet
Written protocols
Transport of birds around farm
supervised
Care shown by transporter
Vitamin levels adequate
Training courses
Electrolytes added to water
Farm log of all ac
Total
Total
Total
Date… … … … .
Points this audit… … … ..
Methods to manu
birds
No shouting at or
birds
Birds checked on
Emergencies resp
immediately
Staff inducted
Trained staff
Points last audit… … … .
FINISHER BIOSECURITY AUDIT SCORE SHEET
Score 5 points if YES, 0 points if NO for critical questions (shaded) and 1 point if YES and 0 points if NO for
(you may fail audit if any critical issues do not meet expectations)
Question
Yes
No
Points
Question
Yes No Points
Questio
Farm Standards
Personnel standards
Visitors sign declara
Vehicle Wash area
Staff avoid contact with other
bird species & abattoirs
Repair and maintenance staff
comply with above
Vehicles washed before/after
entry to farm
Restricted access to persons
having contact with stock
Two boot system
Clean tools taken o
Feed spills cleaned
Treated mains water
Staff and any visitor sign
quarantine declaration
Visitors diary
No other bird species
Operational standards
Perimeter fence
Visitors from clean areas
Bio-security Signage
Shower in for visitors from
dirty farm
Lockable front gate
Protective clothing for visitors
Visitor car park
Over boots disposed on site
All bird litter remov
farm before new ba
All brooder sheds a
paddocks kept lock
Serious Disease P
(answer these onl
outbreak)
All sheds and padd
locked
No visitors enter fa
Lockable shelters and
paddocks
No other bird species
Stock vehicles washed
Chlorinated farm water
Chlorinated water
Bin for over boots
Separate brooder shed and
paddock boots
Sheds washed and disinfected
Change area
Provide change of clothes
Footbaths
Approved dead bird disposal
Rodent bait stations
No dogs and cats
No other stock
Total
Date… … … … .
Bird loading oldest to youngest
Chlorine testing
No farm clothing wo
No street clothing w
farm
Bird weighing with f
Grass kept cut
Emergency visitors
toe shower
Any vehicles enteri
and disinfected insi
Birds and litter stay
until disease confirm
Traceability
Identity for all birds
Dead bird disposal and
composters away from live
stock
Check rodent bait weekly
Trace identity of all
Visitors car park
Accessible records
Total
Total
Points this audit… … … ..
Trace identity of all
Points last audit… … … .
Section 6
On-Farm Emu Yarding
Yarding
Staff
Record keeping check list
Bio-security – Farm Standards
Bio-security – Personnel Standards
Bio-security – Operational Standards
Bio-security – Serious Disease Outbreak Procedures
Traceability
Yarding targets
Yarding audit score sheet
Yarding Biosecurity audit score sheet
YARDING (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Was water available to birds at alldrinkers?
Was water availability to all drinkers checked daily?
Do you keep water cool in summer?
Was water supply potable, i.e. is it fit to drink?
Was all residual mouldy feed removed regularly?
Was feed available at all times?
Were yards cleaned and sanitized according to recommendations?
Was the yard bedding in the shed adequate?
Do you separate aggressive birds?
Do you provide adequate shade to prevent sunburn and damage to the
skin?
Do you avoid overcrowding at feeders and drinkers to reduce potential
for conflicts?
Were strategies adopted to restrict trampling and reduce skin damage?
Is fencing at least 2m high to enclose birds?
Was the stocking density of birds in yards sufficient to avoid birds
causing skin damage to others?
Are portable yards used to hold emus in the finisher paddocks?
Does the yard have firm footing for the birds?
Are birds conditioned to use yards at least monthly 6 months prior to
transport to abattoir?
Are birds conditioned to have regular contact with farm staff?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Reduced water intake reduces fo
reproductive performance
Reduced water intake reduces fo
reproductive performance
Hot water reduces water intake, f
area of hides, reproductive perfo
Poor quality water, Reduced wat
growth, skin area, reproductive
Mouldy feed reduces feed intake
performance
Improves food intake, growth an
Minimises transfer of diseases a
Ensures adequate absorption of m
Aggression amongst birds can u
skin damage and bruising
Sun burn causes skin damage an
If all birds cannot feed at the sam
will increase lowering growth an
Permanent damage can be cause
Yarding height critical factor in
High stocking density increases
damage to skin and skin abrasio
Portable yards in paddocks is the
yarding and reduces the potentia
Birds must maintain footing in y
other birds
If birds are supplied feed and wa
regular basis they will move into
avoiding the stress of being her
Development of good human bir
no difficulty for staff in yarding
YARDING
Continued (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do you handle the birds according to recommendations?
Was the transport of birds to the farm supervised?
Are straw bales used as cheap effective temporary method for
constructing yards to minimize rubbing or scarring to the ostriches?
Is there a cover over the yards and misters available to calm the birds
and protect the emu during periods of heat and rain spells?
Is the raceway to the handling facility covered to darken the entrance
and prevent the bird from escaping?
Do you avoid using ring lock fencing?
Are the handling facilities floor, walls and roof free of sharp objects
capable of injuring birds?
Do you use conveyer belt rubber or tyres around the yards and gates
leading to the drafting pen?
Do you have written emergency procedures?
Did you have and follow a rodent (rat & mouse) control program?
Did you have and follow a beetle control program?
Are you able to minimize the outside noise and lights to reduce
flightiness in the birds?
Was there a smell of ammonia in the yards?
Were there any lame birds?
Were the birds freely mobile during inspection?
Have unthrifty birds been culled?
Were dead birds removed?
Were bird’s euthanased by accepted procedures?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Correct handling minimises stre
Holding yards are one of the ma
emus. Critical to construct yards
bales are cheap and effective pro
into yard.
Skin damage occurs when emus
fences. Shade protects against su
If raceways are covered emus ar
raceway more freely and under l
skin damage
More abrasions are caused with
Sharp objects in the handling fa
damage to skins.
Belt rubber or tyres minimise po
Reduces potential for flock mort
Reduces feed wastage
Reduces the potential for disease
Minimises panic in flock
Ammonia can cause eye problem
infections and reduce performan
Lame birds should not be transp
Mobility of birds is good indicat
Should not be transported
Removes potential for disease tr
Improves bird welfare
YARDING
Continued (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Were dead birds disposed of according to recommendations?
Were there wet areas around the drinkers?
Was there an excessive dust-haze visible in the yards?
Implic
Removes potential for disease tr
Causes water wastage
Excessive dust problems can cau
birds
Untidy surrounds can be a harbo
disease problems
Were the yard surrounds tidy?
YARDING Staff (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Were staff absences covered?
If you employ staff:
- Do you have a staff induction procedure?
- Have new staff been properly inducted?
- Do you have written instructions (protocols) for staff?
- Have your staff been trained?
- Do you encourage staff to participate in training courses?
Were emergencies responded to immediately?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Minimises staff problems and im
All staff aware of job requireme
Improves staff performance
Improves staff performance
Improves staff performance
Improves staff performance and
Reduces potential for problems g
YARDING Record Keeping Check-list (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do you have records of:
- mortalities during yarding?
- temperature, weather during yarding (max/min)?
- water availability/usage?
- time of yarding?
- stocking density?
- behaviour of birds?
- age and strain of birds yarded?
- suitability of farm yarding?
- behaviour of birds in yard?
- sanitized yards and portable yards?
- no of times birds checked?
- yarding floor condition?
- smell of ammonia in yards?
- normality or otherwise of birds?
- advising vet of health problems?
- staff skills?
- written instructions for emergency procedures?
- prompt and proper disposal of dead birds from yards?
- bird handling skills of farm staff?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Increase in mortality indicator o
Environmental temperature dur
assessing stress on animals
Long periods of water deprivatio
Extended time in yards is stressf
potential for skin problems
High stocking density can increa
Keeping birds calm during yard
Important factors in assessing r
Yards should have enough space
minimise skin damage
Fractious behaviour increases po
Reduces potential for disease tra
farms
Rapid response to problems if ch
Slippery yards cause birds to sli
damage
High ammonia problems can un
for skin damage.
Unusual behaviours can lead to
interactions
Prompt attention to general heal
resolution of issue
Indicator of whether staff are tra
Staff able to handle emergency m
Reduces potential transfer of dis
Reduces potential for skin dama
YARDING Bio-security – Farm Standards (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do you have lockable gates to yards and biosecurity signage?
Do you have high-pressure wash area to clean yards?
Do you have a parking area for vehicles?
Do you have a change area for farm staff near permanent yards?
Are any visitors to yards provided a change of clothing and clean boots
or overboots?
Do you have a footbath close to yards?
Do you dispose of any dead birds from yards by burning, in pits or by
mulching
Are all the doors to yards lockable
Are you able to prevent entry of other birds into yard areas?
Do you maintain rodent bait stations around yards?
Do you use treated mains water?
Do you chlorinate bore, river or dam water if mains not available?
Do you have a bin to dispose of overboots?
Do you have dogs and cats on yard site?
Do you keep other avian species away from yards?
Do you keep other domestic stock away from yards?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Visitors prevented from entering
Ensures that vehicles and equipm
Prevent vehicles from entering t
Prevents spread of disease to bir
Prevents spread of disease to bir
Prevents spread of disease via fo
Correct disposal minimises pote
Prevents spread of disease by un
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease to oth
Can spread disease around the fa
Can spread disease around the fa
Disease can be spread
YARDING Bio-security – Personnel Standards (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
Implic
N/A
Do you, employees or staff working in yards have contact with other
poultry or processing plant?
Do repair and maintenance people comply with above?
Do you get staff, repair, maintenance and delivery people to sign a
quarantine declaration before entering yards?
Are trucks washed before and after leaving yarding area?
Did you complete a self assessment biosecurity audit?
Can spread disease
Can spread disease
Prevent spread of disease from o
Prevent spread of disease from o
Provides an awareness of curren
areas requiring improvement
Enables tracing of potential bios
Prevent spread of disease from o
Do you have a visitor’s diary?
Do you restrict access to yards by neighbours, friends and sales
representatives who have had exposure to poultry
Do you have a two boot system?
Prevents spread of disease from
YARDING Bio-security – Operational Standards (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Did you have biosecurity procedures for visitors and staff to maintain
quarantine?
Do visitors park vehicles away from yard area?
Do visitors come from clean areas i.e. home, younger or healthy farm?
Do all visitors sign visitors quarantine declaration?
In an emergency did visitors from a “dirty’ farm shower and change
clothing before entering yards?
Did visitors wear protective clothing?
Did delivery drivers wear overboots and dispose them on site?
Were tools taken to yard site clean and free of dust and organic matter?
Were stock vehicles washed and disinfected?
Was loading of birds from youngest to oldest or all young birds or all
old birds?
Did transport truck avoid loading birds from another site?
Was all dam or bore water chlorinated to 1-2 PPM?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Minimises transfer of disease an
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Makes visitors aware of biosecur
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
and from farm to farm
Prevents spread of disease from
and from farm to farm
Prevents spread of disease from
YARDING Bio-security – Operational Standards
Question
Continued (critical questions are shaded)
Yes
No
N/A
Did you carry out frequent chlorine testing and log results?
Did you or your staff wear yard clothing off farm?
Did you or your staff wear street clothing on site?
Did you and your staff have separate yard boots and paddock boots?
Is all bird weighing carried out in yards by own farm weighing frames
and scales?
Are feed spills cleaned up as they occur?
Implic
Ensures effective kill of disease
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Using an outsiders farm scales c
to farm
Feed spills attract other birds an
disease
Long grass attracts rodents
Prevents spread of disease to new
Prevents spread of disease to new
Is grass around yard site kept cut?
Are yards washed and disinfected?
Are all faeces from yard site removed before new batch of birds
introduced?
Are yards locked when personnel not on farm?
Prevent entry of persons who co
organisms
Prevents spread of disease
Were dead bird composters kept away from yards?
YARDING Bio-security – Serious Disease Outbreak Procedures (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do you keep yards locked?
Do you prevent any visitors and service personnel from entering the
yards?
For any emergency visitors to yards do you request head to toe shower
before and after visit?
Do you ensure all vehicles which need to enter farm are washed and
disinfected at wash pad before entering and leaving yard?
Do you ensure all vehicles which entered yard site are washed inside
and treated with aerosol including washable mats and vinyl?
Do you all vehicles not entering yard site are washed and disinfected at
wash pad?
Did you leave all birds and faeces in yards until disease status
clarified?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Prevent entry of persons who cou
properties.
Prevent entry of persons who co
properties
Prevent entry of persons who co
properties
Prevents transfer of disease from
Prevents transfer of disease from
Prevents transfer of disease from
Prevents transfer of disease from
YARDING Traceability (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Are you able to identify all birds in yards by tags or electronic
identification systems?
Are you able to identify the individual dam and sire responsible for
each bird being yarded?
Can you trace the identity of the bird from the yards to slaughter?
Can you trace the identity of each skin back to the birds yarded?
Do you keep a readily accessible hard copy of all bird’s identity?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Ensures traceability of breeder p
biosecurity
Assists in biosecurity and traces
Assists in biosecurity and traces
Assists in biosecurity and traces
Assists in bio-security and traces
Yarding Targets
(List of targets industry should be aiming to achieve)
Parameter
Water quality
Water availability
Feed availability
Cool water
Mouldy feed
Yards sanitized
Yard bedding
Emergency procedures
Rodent control
Outside noise
Bird handling
Bird behaviour
Outside stressors
Suitable yarding
Stocking rate
Bird trampling
Footing for birds
Bird weighing
Bark litter
Litter compaction
Shaded sandy areas
Sharp objects
Regrown claws
Aggressive birds
Overcrowding at feeders
Kicking
Shouting at birds
Bird checking
Overhead sprays
Ring Lock fencing
Veterinary
Unthrifty birds
Target
Maximum acceptable concentration for chlorides=200 mg/L; for nitrates=45 PPM; and sulphates=
Water available at all times except for 8h prior to transport
Feed available at all times except for 8 h prior to transport
Water kept below 30 0C at all times
Mouldy feed removed immediately
Yards sanitized thoroughly after each load
Bedding dry and soft at all times
Protocols to enables emergencies to be dealt with promptly
Bait stations to minimize rats and mice around yarding areas
Minimize outside noises to prevent birds panicking and clawing each other and causing skin dam
Handle birds with TLC and condition birds to yarding over monthly periods 6 months before trans
Frequent observation to ensure birds are normal
Minimize the effect of external stressors on bird welfare (e.g. car lights, noise)
Establish yarding that minimize damage to skin and protection from predators
Yarding stocking rate should be according to rate in Code of Practice
Minimize factors that may result in bird trampling such as high stocking density, narrow entrance
Maintain slip proof footing to prevent birds slipping to prevent leg problems and damage to the sk
Weigh birds just prior to transport to get empty weight to enable valid comparison with abattoir w
Avoid using bark flooring in yards that could cause scratches on skin. Remove any jagged rocks, a
Prevent litter compaction by turning over bedding-soft bedding avoids the potential of skin lesions
Provide shaded sandy areas in yards to prevent sun burn and heat and cold stress
Remove all sharp objects from the environment to prevent scratches on skin
Remove any birds from yard which have sharp claws
Remove aggressive birds from yards to minimize potential of skin abrasions from fighting and cla
Provide enough feeders for all birds in yard to prevent clawing of birds while feeding and drinkin
Remove birds that show evidence of persistent kicking
Avoid shouting at birds
Check birds every 4 h while in yards
Provide overhead sprays to calm birds
Avoid use of ring lock fencing in yarding raceways to prevent skin damage
Ensure vet is on call at all times to get rapid attention to bird health problems
Cull unthrifty birds as soon as possible. Do not load sick birds.
Yarding Targets continued… … .
(list of targets industry should be aiming to achieve)
Parameter
Dead birds
Dead bird disposal
Lame birds
Bird mobility
Ammonia
Wet areas
Dust haze
Yard and yard surrounds
Staff induction
Written protocols
Trained staff
Training courses
Emergency response
Log of yarding
Transport birds
Contingencies
Target
Remove dead birds immediately
Dispose of dead birds either by burning, deep pitting and composting to prevent transfer of diseas
Cull lame birds
Observe birds for mobility. Birds with poor mobility may need culling
If ammonia can be smelt in yards it is a problem. Impacts on bird irritability
Wet areas particularly in shelter can result in ammonia and production of other noxious gases (e.g
Dust hazes in yards dust is a problem which can impact on bird health and staff OHS
Shelter and shelter surrounds should be kept tidy to minimize vermin
All staff should be given induction procedure to ensure they are aware of all the procedures they
All staff should be given written protocols on how they are expected to undertake a task
Trained staff are better able to undertake the tasks they are responsible for
Staff trained to obtain equivalent to Level 2 in poultry production National Competency Standard
Responses to emergencies should be as rapid as possible to minimize problems
It essential to maintain a yard log of all activities for reference
Transport of the birds from finisher area to yards should be carried out in a manner which ensure
condition, calm, not heat or cold stressed and with no skin damage
Contingencies should be in place so that all problems can be responded to professionally and com
YARDING AUDIT SCORE SHEET
Score 5 points if YES, 0 points if NO for critical questions (shaded) and 1 point if YES and 0 points if NO for
(you may fail audit if any critical issues do not meet expectations)
Question
Yes
No
Points
Question
Yes
No
Points
Quest
Water quality suitable
Rodent control
Birds freely mobi
Water available
Exclude wild birds
No ammonia sme
Cool water in summer
Beetle control
No wet areas aro
Feed available
Behaviour normal
No dust haze in y
Mouldy feed removed
Minimal outside noise
Yard surrounds ti
Suitable fencing in yards
Yard log of all ac
Correct stocking rate
Birds handled gently and
correctly
Firm footing for birds
No bird trampling
Boredom prevented
Transport of birds
supervised
Care shown by tr
Aggressive birds separated
No sharp objects in yards
Birds checked ev
Avoid overcrowding at feeders
Vet on call
Staff inducted
Yards sanitized
Unthrifty birds culled
Trained staff
Yard bedding dry
Dead birds removed
Written protocols
Avoid ring lock fencing
Dead birds disposed correctly
Emergency procedures
No lame birds
Total
Total
Date… … … … .
Points this audit… … … …
Total
Points last audit… … … …
YARDING BIOSECURITY AUDIT SCORE SHEET
Score 5 points if YES, 0 points if NO for critical questions (shaded) and 1 point if YES and 0 points if NO for
(you may fail audit if any critical issues do not meet expectations)
Question
Yes
No
Points
Question
Yes
No
Points
Quest
Yard Standards
Personnel standards
Visitors sign decla
Vehicle Wash area
Staff avoid contact with other
bird species & abattoirs
Repair and maintenance staff
comply with above
Vehicles washed before/after
entry to yards
Restricted access to persons
having contact with stock
Two boot system
Clean tools taken
Feed spills cleane
Treated mains water
Staff and any visitor sign
quarantine declaration
Visitors diary
No other bird species
Operational standards
Perimeter fence
Visitors from clean areas
Bio-security Signage
Lockable front gate
Shower in for visitors from
dirty farm
Protective clothing for visitors
All bird litter remo
yard before new b
Serious Disease
(answer these o
outbreak)
All yards locked
Visitor car park
Over boots disposed on site
Lockable gates
Stock vehicles washed
No other bird species
Bird loading oldest to youngest
Chlorinated farm water
Chlorinated water
Bin for over boots
Separate yard and paddock
boots
Yards washed and disinfected
Identity for all bird
Dead bird disposal and
composters away from live
stock
Check rodent bait weekly
Trace identity of a
Change area
Provide change of clothes
Footbaths
Approved dead bird disposal
Rodent bait stations
No dogs and cats
No other stock
Chlorine testing
No yard clothing
No street clothing
yards
Bird weighing wit
Grass kept cut
No visitors enter
Emergency visito
toe shower
Any vehicles ente
and disinfected in
Birds and litter sta
until disease conf
Traceability
Trace identity of a
Accessible record
Visitors car park
Total
Total
Date… … … … .
Points this audit… … … ..
Total
Points last audit… … … .
Section 7
Emu Transport
Transport
Staff
Record keeping check list
Bio-security - Truck Standards
Bio-security - Personnel Standards
Bio-security - Operational Standards
Bio-security - Serious Disease Outbreak Procedure
Traceability
Transport targets
Transport audit score sheet
Transport Bio-security audit score sheet
TRANSPORT (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Does the truck have a non-slip, moisture absorbing (sand, sawdust or
wood shavings) floor covering?
Is the truck constructed so that there are no sharp objects that the birds
can damage themselves on?
Is there water available during transport especially to cool the birds
when they are hot?
Is an air sprung truck used to transport the birds?
Is the interior of the truck dark?
Is the vehicle constructed so that emus are prevented from protruding
their legs and heads out of the vehicle or injuring themselves in
anyway?
Are handlers able to have safe easy access to birds during transit?
Are the emus able to stand upright?
Can emus sit down during the journey without being clawed or stood
on?
Are weak or injured emus not transported?
Is there an emergency ramp available to enable emus to be offloaded
during an emergency?
Is the crate height greater than the height of birds being transported?
Is the area provided for juvenile birds at least 0.54 m2/bird?
Are birds transported at night?
Does the transporter have the experience of transporting emus?
Has the driver been briefed about cornering slowly and braking
gently?
Are the duration of journeys as short as possible?
During transport, are the birds inspected every hour for first part of
journey and regularly thereafter?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Birds must maintain footing in t
other birds
Sharp objects in the truck will ca
Dehydration and heat stress of b
transport can weaken skin and r
Reduces the bumps and roll of tr
potential for hide damage from
Birds calmer under darker condi
clawed by others if stocking den
Solid sides on vehicle critical to
panic
Frequent checking of birds made
in the truck.
Birds that are crowded and sit du
by others
Birds that have room to sit durin
others
Hide of weak animal or injured
separated from other birds as soo
Birds suffer serious skin damage
immediately during an emergen
Birds need to be able to stand co
prevent them becoming agitated
Correct stocking rate during tran
skin damage
Birds are calmer at night and re
transport
Skin damage is reduced if transp
Danger of birds falling if being
Long journeys increase risk of s
Frequent inspection enables any
quickly.
TRANSPORT Continued (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Are injured birds treated without delay?
Implic
Hide of weak animal of no value
birds as soon as possible.
Transport during hot weather str
weakening skin.
Separating birds into smaller gro
skin damage
Separating birds into smaller gro
potential for skin damage
Long journeys increase risk of sk
Is transport of birds on hot days (30oC) avoided?
Are birds up to 12 weeks of age transported in-groups of no more than
20 with partitions placed between adjacent groups?
Are adult birds transported in groups of no more than 12 with
partitions placed between adjacent groups?
Is 12 hours the maximum time an emu is transported before being off
loaded and rested for 6 hours?
For transport of young birds is the vehicle dimly lit, provided with
fresh air and birds protected from chilling and extremes of
temperature?
Are birds left to stand in crates and become adjusted to the lighting
conditions before being unloaded?
Do you use truck which has been padded to minimise tail rub and
potential for other scratches and abrasions?
Are birds taken off food 12 hours before transport to minimise faeces
and urine accumulating in truck and causing birds to fall?
Does the bird density on the truck meet the code requirements?
Dark conditions and optimum te
calms the bird and reduces poten
Birds rushed off trucks soon afte
increase possibility of skin dam
Sharp objects in the truck will ca
Birds falling in truck due to slip
damage
Excessive stocking rates during
damage
TRANSPORT Staff (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Were transport staff absences covered?
If you employ staff:
- Do you have a staff induction procedure?
- Have new staff been properly inducted?
- Do you have written instructions (protocols) for staff?
- Have your staff been trained?
- Do you encourage staff to participate in training courses?
Were emergencies responded to immediately?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Minimises staff problems and im
All staff aware of transport requ
Improves transport staff perform
Improves transport staff perform
Improves transport staff perform
Improves transport staff perform
Reduces potential for problems g
TRANSPORT Record Keeping Check-list (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do you have records of:
- mortalities during journey?
- temperature, weather during transport (max/min)?
- water availability/usage?
- distance traveled?
- stocking density?
- behaviour of birds?
- age, strain and no of birds transported?
- suitability of farm yarding and loading ramps?
- behaviour of birds in yard?
- behaviour of birds while loading, off loading
- sanitising and cleaning truck?
- no of times birds checked?
- times off loaded during journey?
- suitability of enroute yards?
- floor condition?
- smell of ammonia in truck?
- normality or otherwise of birds?
- advising farmer/abattoirs of health problems?
- driver skills?
- driver training?
- written instructions for emergency procedures?
- proper disposal of dead birds enroute?
- bird handling skills of transporter?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Increase in mortality indicator o
Temperature of transport key fac
conditions
Long periods of water deprivatio
Temperature of transport key fac
conditions
High stocking density can increa
Birds calm during transport less
Important factors in assessing tr
Yards should have enough space
cause skin damage
Fractious behaviour increases po
Fractious behaviour increases po
Reduces potential for disease tra
Rapid response to problems if ch
Provides data to asses overall suc
Yards should have enough space
cause skin damage
Slippery floors cause birds to sli
damage
High ammonia problems can un
for skin damage.
Unusual behaviours can lead to
interactions
Prompt attention to general heal
resolution of issue
Indicator of whether staff are tra
Trained staff more likely to have
transport
Staff able to handle emergency m
Reduces potential transfer of dis
Reduces potential for skin dama
TRANSPORT Bio-security Truck Standards (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Are you able to lock truck and have biosecurity signage?
Do you have access to high pressure washing facility?
Are any persons inspecting truck provided a change of clothing and
clean boots or overboots?
Do you have a portable footbath for truck?
Do you dispose of any dead birds during transport by burning, in pits
or by mulching
Are all the doors to truck lockable
Are you able to prevent entry of other birds into truck?
Do you have a bin to dispose of overboots?
Do you have dogs and cats on the truck?
Do you keep other avian species out of truck?
Do you transport other domestic stock?
Implic
Prevents unauthorised use of tru
Ensures that vehicles and equipm
Prevents spread of disease to bir
Prevents spread of disease via fo
Correct disposal minimises pote
Prevents spread of disease by un
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease to oth
Can spread disease around the fa
Can spread disease around the fa
Disease can be spread
TRANSPORT Bio-security Personnel Standards (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do you, employees or staff transporting stock have contact with other
poultry or processing plant?
Do repair and maintenance people comply with above?
Do you get staff, repair and maintenance people to sign a quarantine
declaration before using or working on truck?
Are trucks washed before and after leaving any loading/unloading
area?
Did you complete a self assessment biosecurity audit?
Do you have a diary for the truck?
Do you restrict access to truck by neighbours, friends and other
persons who have had exposure to poultry?
Do you have a two boot system?
Yes
No
Implic
N/A
Can spread disease
Can spread disease
Prevent spread of disease from o
Prevent spread of disease from o
Provides an awareness of curren
areas requiring improvemnt
Enables tracing of potential bios
Prevent spread of disease from o
Prevents spread of disease from
TRANSPORT Bio-security Operational Standards (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do all persons having contact with truck sign quarantine declaration?
Do visitors come from clean areas; i.e. home, younger or healthy
farm?
In an emergency did any person from a “dirty’ farm shower and
change clothing before entering truck?
Did persons having contact with truck wear protective clothing ?
Did drivers wear overboots and dispose them on site?
Were tools taken into trucks clean and free of dust and organic matter?
Were stock vehicles washed and disinfected?
Did transport truck avoid loading birds from another site?
Was loading of birds from youngest to oldest or all young birds or all
old birds?
Did you or your staff wear truck clothing to other farms or abattoirs?
Did trucking staff not wear street clothing on truck?
Did you and your staff have separate boots for the truck, abattoir and
farm?
Is truck washed and disinfected after each load?
Are all faeces from truck removed before new batch of birds is
transported?
Is truck kept locked at all times when drivers or staff not using truck?
Were dead bird disposed correctly?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Makes visitors aware of biosecur
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
and from farm to farm
Prevents spread of disease from
and from farm to farm
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease to new
Prevents spread of disease to new
Prevent entry of persons who co
organisms
Prevents spread of disease
TRANSPORT Bio-security Serious Disease Outbreak Procedures (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Do you keep truck locked?
Implic
Prevent entry of persons who co
properties.
Prevent entry of persons who co
properties
Prevent entry of persons who co
properties
Prevents transfer of disease from
Do you prevent any person from entering the truck?
For any person using truck do you request head to toe shower before
and after use?
Do you ensure truck is washed and disinfected at wash pad before
entering and leaving farm orabattoir ?
Did you leave all faeces in truck until disease status clarified?
Prevents transfer of disease from
TRANSPORT Traceability (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Are you able to identify all birds transported by tags or electronic
identification systems?
Can you trace the identity of the bird transported to slaughter ?
Can you trace the identity of each skin back to the birds transported?
Do you keep a readily accessible hard copy of all birds’s identity?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Ensures traceability of breeder p
biosecurity
Assists in biosecurity and traces
Assists in biosecurity and traces
Assists in biosecurity and traces
Transport
Targets
(list of targets industry should be aiming to achieve)
Parameter
Rubber lining in trucks
Air sprung trucks
Bird access to truck
Non slip floors
Feed and water
Space to sit
Solid sided trucks
ISO 9000 trucks
Handler OHS
Birds standing
Weak birds
Handling skills transporter
Emergency ramp
Crate height
Space for juvenile birds
Transport at night
Driver briefing
Bird inspection
Injured birds
Duration of journeys
Previous handling birds
Transport on hot days
Partitions between pens
Emergency procedures
Disposal dead birds
Mortality
Temperature
Stocking density
Behaviour of birds
Age,strain, birds transported
Sanitising and cleaning truck
Time off loaded during trip
Enroute yards
Ammonia in truck
Target
Rubber lining in trucks prevents tail rub and other abrasions that may result in down grading o
Air sprung trucks minimise bumps and rolling of truck allowing the bird to either sit or stand w
Access to truck should be through wide doors that eliminate the possibility of cuts and abrasion
Birds should be provided non slip floor (sand or sawdust) so that birds do not slip resulting in i
Water misting system should be provided to birds during hot weather and drinking water availa
Birds should be provided sufficient space to sit during a journey without resulting in trampling
Solid side trucks can be effective provided adequate ventilation is provided
Panelled trucks similar to ISO 9000 cattle trucks with shade cloth material are effective vehicle
Handlers of birds should have adequate protection from kicking and clawing injuries
Birds should have sufficient space to stand comfortably during journey and the option to sit dur
Weak birds should not be transported and humanely euthanased
Handlers should have sufficient training to enable them to handle and transport birds safely
Emergency ramp should be available to unload birds if truck breaks down
Height of crate should enable birds to stand comfortably at full height but not to fully stretch ou
Space for juvenile birds and all other ages should be sufficient to enable birds to stand comforta
Transporting at night minimises heat stress on birds and birds will sit while being transported
Driver should be briefed before journey on any issues that may cause problems during transpor
Birds should be inspected hourly during early part of journey and as required during the remain
Injured birds should not be transported and humanely destroyed as soon as they have been obser
Journeys > than 500 km should be avoided-transport of birds for 2h or more requires ideal airfl
Birds that have been handled regularly prior to transport suffer less stress and injuries
Transport of birds should be avoided when temperature is 300C or greater
Pens should be provided in truck to allow 6 birds in a group with solid sided partitions and no w
Protocol should be in place to deal with any emergencies
Dead birds should be disposed of correctly
Mortality of birds during transport should be nil
Ideal temperature in truck for transporting birds is 19-210C (ie. zone of thermoneutrality)
Stocking density of birds in truck must be within code of practice recommendations
Birds should be calm throughout transport and any aggressive and fractious behaviour minimis
Age, strain, farm and bird identity, bird numbers should be recorded
To maintain biosecurity trucks should be sanitised before and after transporting birds
Transporter should record number of times birds are offloaded during a journey
Transport should record condition of any yards used for off loading during journey to explain a
There should be no smell of ammonia on truck to reduce irritability in birds
TRANSPORT AUDIT SCORE SHEET
Score 5 points if YES, 0 points if NO for critical questions (shaded) and 1 point if YES and 0 points if NO for
(you may fail audit if any critical issues do not meet expectations)
Question
Yes
No
Points
Question
Yes
No
Points
Quest
Truck floor non slip and
absorbent
Truck free of sharp objects
Weak, sick birds removed
Records on mort
Birds transported at night
Records on temp
Water during transport
Driver briefed on transport
Rubber lining and padding of
trucks
Good handling skills of
transporter
Correct stocking density
Birds inspected every hour
Records on water
availability/usage
Records on dista
ISO 9000 truck
Height load ramp same as
truck floor
Birds walk on level surface
into the truck
Interior of the truck dark
No part of body out of truck
Handlers safe access to birds
Birds can stand upright
Birds can sit comfortably
Total
Crate height greater than
birds
Emergency ramp available
Injured birds treated without
delay
Duration of journeys short as
possible
Birds previously handled
Transport on hot days (30 oC)
avoided
Partitions placed between
adjacent groups
Emergency procedures
After 12 h transport birds off
loaded and rested 6 h
Vehicle dimly lit, fresh air,
protected from chilling and
heating
Correct disposal dead birds
Total
Date… … … … .
Points this audit… … … ..
Record on stockin
Records on beha
while loading
Records on age,
of birds transport
Records on behav
while transporting
Records on saniti
cleaning truck
Records on no o
checked
Record on times
during journey
Records on suitab
enroute yards
Records of floor
Records on smell
in truck
Total
Points last audit… … … .
TRANSPORT BIOSECURITY AUDIT SCORE SHEET
Score 5 points if YES, 0 points if NO for critical questions (shaded) and 1 point if YES and 0 points if NO for
(you may fail audit if any critical issues do not meet expectations)
Question
Yes
No
Points
Question
Truck Standards
Operational standards
Portable footbath
Transporters from clean areas
Approved dead bird disposal
Rodent bait stations
Protective clothing for
transporters
Over boots disposed
No other bird species
Stock vehicles washed
Correct disposal dead birds
Bird loading oldest to youngest
Lockable
Separate loading/unloading
boots
Truck washed and disinfected
No other bird species
Bin for over boots
No dogs and cats
Correct dead bird
disposal/composters away
from live stock
Check rodent bait weekly
No other stock
Clean tools in truck
Personnel standards
No farm clothing worn on truck
Do transporters avoid contact
with other bird species &
abattoirs
Do repair and maintenance
workers comply with above
Vehicles washed before/after
loading/unloading
Restricted access to persons
having contact with stock
Two boot system
No street clothing worn on
truck
Yes
No
Points
Quest
Serious Disease
(answer these o
outbreak)
Truck locked
No strangers on t
Emergency users
shower
Vehicles washed
disinfected inside
Faeces stay on tr
disease confirme
Traceability
Identity for all bird
Trace identity of a
Accessible record
All bird faeces removed from
truck before new batches
Truck kept locked
Do tranporters sign quarantine
declaration
Diary
Total
Total
Date… … … … .
Points this audit… … … ..
Total
Points last audit… … … .
Section 8
Unloading Emus
Unloading
Staff
Record keeping check list
Biosecurity – Standards
Bio-security – Personnel Standards
Bio-security – Operational Standards
Bio- security – Serious Disease Outbreak Procedures
Traceability
Unloading targets
Unloading audit score sheet
Unloading bio-security audit score sheet
UNLOADING
(critical questions are shaded)
Question
Is the height of the load ramp equal to the floor height of the truck?
Are the birds able to walk across a flat surface into the lairage?
Are the sides of the ramp the correct height to prevent birds escaping?
Is the ramp non slip?
Are birds unloaded under cool conditions?
Are handlers able to have safe easy access to birds during unloading?
Is there an emergency ramp available to enable emus to be unloaded
during an emergency?
Have staff being briefed about unloading birds?
Are injured birds unloaded first?
Have the emus been previously handled and conditioned to handling?
Do you use unloading ramps which minimise potential for scratches
and abrasions?
Are hoods used on emus when unloading to slow birds down?
Do you use a standard procedure for hooding and moving the birds?
Do you stand to the side of the birds to avoid being kicked when
unloading birds?
Is a rubber mat of 4m2 available to avoid emus slipping as they getoff
the vehicle?
Are birds unloaded one at a time?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Birds difficult to unload if ramp
potential for skin damage if anim
Birds walk from truck more free
out of the truck.
Sides prevent birds from attemp
damage
Birds must maintain footing on
damaging skin
Birds will become stressed when
Frequent checking of birds made
in the truck.
Birds suffer serious skin damage
immediately during emergency
Danger of birds falling if spooke
Hide of weak animal of no value
birds as soon as possible.
Birds used to handling unload e
damage
Sharp objects in the handling fa
damage to skins.
Hoods quieten birds and enable
Best practice methods of hoodin
birds and reduce potential for sk
Reducing potential of animal to
aids OHS and reduces skin dama
Slippery surfaces for animal dur
birds from falling and suffering
When groups of birds are unload
potential for skin damage
UNLOADING Staff (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Were staff absences covered?
If you employ staff:
- Do you have a staff induction procedure?
- Have new staff been properly inducted?
- Do you have written instructions (protocols) for staff?
- Have your staff been trained ?
- Do you encourage staff to participate in training courses?
Were emergencies responded to immediately?
Implic
Minimises staff problems and im
All staff aware of job requireme
Improves staff performance
Improves staff performance
Improves staff performance
Improves staff performance and
Reduces potential for problems g
UNLOADING Record Keeping Checklist (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do you have records of:
- mortalities during unloading?
- temperature, weather during unloading (max/min)?
- behaviour of birds?
- age, strain and no of birds unloaded?
- suitability of unloading ramps?
- behaviour of birds while unloading?
- sanitising and cleaning unloading ramp?
- floor condition of ramp?
- smell of ammonia from ramp?
- normality or otherwise of birds?
- unloading skills?
- unloading training?
- written instructions for emergency procedures?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Increase in mortality indicator o
Temperature during transport m
Birds calm during unloading les
Important factors in assessing su
Ramps should have enough spac
to cause skin damage
Fractious behaviour increases po
Reduces potential for disease tra
Slippery floors cause birds to sli
damage
High ammonia problems can un
for skin damage.
Unusual behaviours can lead to
interactions
Indicator of whether staff are tra
Trained staff more likely to have
transport
Staff able to handle emergency m
UNLOADING Bio-security Standards (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do you have a lockable gates to unloading area and biosecurity
signage?
Do you have high pressure washing facility close to unloading ramps?
Do you have a parking area for visitors away from unloading ramp?
Do you have a change area for staff near unloading ramps?
Are any visitors to unloading area provided a change of clothing and
clean boots or overboots?
Do you have a footbath close to unloading ramp?
Do you dispose of any dead birds from unloading area by burning, in
pits or by mulching
Are all the doors to unloading ramps lockable
Are you able to prevent entry of other birds into unloading area?
Do you maintain rodent bait stations around unloading ramps?
Do you have a bin to dispose of overboots?
Do you have dogs and cats around unloading site?
Do you keep other avian species away from unloading area?
Do you keep other domestic stock away from unloading ramp?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Visitors prevented from entering
Ensures that vehicles and equipm
Prevent vehicles from entering t
Prevents spread of disease to bir
Prevents spread of disease to bir
Prevents spread of disease via fo
Correct disposal minimises pote
Prevents spread of disease by un
Prevents spread of diseaase
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease to oth
Can spread disease
Can spread disease
Disease can be spread
UNLOADING Bio-security Personnel Standards (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Do you, employees or staff working on unloading ramp have contact
with other poultry or processing plant?
Do repair and maintenance people comply with above?
Do you get staff, repair, maintenance and delivery people to sign a
quarantine declaration before entering unloading area?
Are trucks washed before and after leaving unloading area?
Did you complete a self assessment biosecurity audit?
Implic
Can spread disease
Can spread disease
Prevent spread of disease
Prevent spread of disease from o
Provides an awareness of curren
areas requiring improvement
Enables tracing of potential bios
Prevent spread of disease from o
Do you have a visitors diary?
Do you restrict access to unloading area by neighbours, friends and
sales representatives who have had exposure to poultry
Do you have a two boot system?
Prevents spread of disease from
UNLOADING Bio-security Operational Standards (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do visitors park vehicles away from unloading area?
Do visitors come from clean areas; ie. home, younger or healthy farm?
Do all visitors sign visitors quarantine declaration?
In an emergency did visitors from a “dirty’ farm shower and change
clothing before entering unloading area?
Did visitors wear protective clothing ?
Did delivery drivers wear overboots and dispose them on site?
Were tools taken into unloading site clean and free of dust and organic
matter?
Were stock vehicles washed and disinfected?
Did transport truck avoid loading birds from another site?
Was loading of birds from youngest to oldest or all young birds or all
old birds?
Did you or your staff wear loading clothing off farm?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease
Makes visitors aware of biosecur
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease
UNLOADING Bio-security Operational Standards continued (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Did you or your staff wear street clothing on site?
Did you and your staff have separate unloading andabattoir boots?
Is grass around unloading site kept cut?
Are unloading ramps washed and disinfected?
Are all faeces from unloading ramp removed before new batch of birds
use ramp?
Are unloading ramps kept locked when personnel not on hand?
Implic
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease from
Long grass attracts rodents, min
Prevents spread of disease to stoc
Prevents spread of disease to stoc
Prevent entry of persons who co
organisms
Prevents spread of disease
Were dead bird composters kept away from unloading ramps?
UNLOADING Bio-security Serious Disease Outbreak Procedures (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do you keep unloading ramps locked?
Do you prevent any visitors and service personnel from entering the
unloading ramps?
For any emergency visitors to unloading ramps yards do you request
head to toe shower before and after visit?
Do you ensure all vehicles which need to come close to unloading area
are washed and disinfected at wash pad before entering and leaving
loading area ?
Do you ensure all vehicles which are near unloading site are washed
inside and treated with aerosol including washable mats and vinyl?
Did you leave all faeces on unloading ramp until disease status
clarified?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Prevent entry of persons who co
properties.
Prevent entry of persons who co
properties
Prevent entry of persons who co
properties
Prevents transfer of disease
Prevents transfer of disease
Prevents transfer of disease
UNLOADING Traceability (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Are you able to identify all birds unloaded by tags or electronic
identification systems?
Can you trace the identity of the bird unloaded to slaughter ?
Can you trace the identity of each skin back to the birds unloaded ?
Do you keep a readily accessible hard copy of all birds’s identity?
Yes
No
n/a
Implic
Ensures traceability of breeder p
security
Assists in bio-security and traces
Assists in bio-security and traces
Assists in bio-security and traces
Unloading Targets
(list of targets industry should be aiming to achieve)
Parameter
Cover over raceway
Abrasive objects
Rubber lining on ramp
Height load ramp
Bird access to truck
Non slip floors
Handler OHS
Weak birds
Handling skills loaders
Emergency ramp
Previous handling birds
Unloading on hot days
Emergency procedures
Disposal dead birds
Mortality
Behaviour of birds
Age, strain of birds
unloaded
Sanitising and cleaning
unloading ramp
Ammonia in ramp
Noise
Target
Protect birds from heat and cold and provide dark conditions on ramp to minimise potential of bir
Remove any abrasive objects on unloading ramp to reduce skin damage
Line ramps with rubber to make them a smooth as possible to minimise potential of abrasions
Ensure ramp is same height as truck floor to enable birds to walk on level surface into abattoir
Ensure ramp is sufficiently wide to enable bird and handler easy access along ramp
Ensure ramp is a non slip floor
Provide protective gear to handlers to ensure they are not injured by claws if kicked or trampled
Unload weak birds first
Provide training to staff unloading birds to minimise potential for skin damage to bird and injury
Provide emergency ramp in case normal ramp is not able to be used
Ensure birds are conditioned to unloading to prevent birds becoming fractious and suffering skin
Unload birds immediately when temperature is greater than 300C
Have an emergency plan available if normal unloading procedures cannot be undertaken
Dispose of dead birds under approved procedures
Adopt correct unloading procedures to minimise potential of bird mortaliaty during unloading
Ensure birds are calm during the unloading procedure to reduce skin abrasions and bruising
Ensure age, strain, bird numbers, bird identity and number of birds unloaded is documented
Ensure unloading ramp is sanitised and cleaned after each batch of birds
Clean ramp to reduce any smell of ammonia
Ensure outside noise in minimised during unloading to keep birds calm
UNLOADING AUDIT SCORE SHEET
Score 5 points if YES, 0 points if NO for critical questions (shaded) and 1 point if YES and 0 points if NO for
(you may fail audit if any critical issues do not meet expectations)
Question
Yes
No
Points
Question
Yes
No
Points
Quest
Unloading facilities free of
sharp objects
Rubber lining on unloading
ramps
Height unload ramp same as
floor truck
Birds walk down on level
surface into lairage
Good unloading skills of
transporter
Cover over ramps
Disposal dead birds
Records on mort
Emergency ramp available
Records on temp
Injured birds treated without
delay
Birds previously handled
Records on beha
Interior of ramp dark
Staff briefed on unloading
o
Unloading on hot days (30 C)
done immediately
Emergency procedures
Records on age,
of birds unloaded
Records on saniti
cleaning ramp
Records of ramp
condition
Records on smel
in ramp
Handlers safe access to birds
Total
Total
Date… … … … .
Points this audit… … … ..
Total
Points last audit… … … .
UNLOADING BIOSECURITY AUDIT SCORE SHEET
Score 5 points if YES, 0 points if NO for critical questions (shaded) and 1 point if YES and 0 points if NO for
(you may fail audit if any critical issues do not meet expectations)
Question
Yes
No
Points
Question
Yes
No
Points
Quest
Ramp Standards
Personnel standards
Visitors car park
Vehicle Wash area
Do staff avoid contact with
other bird species & abattoirs
Do repair and maintenance
staff comply with above
Vehicles washed before/after
Visitors sign decla
Change area
Provide change of clothes
Footbaths
Approved dead bird disposal
No other bird species
Restricted access to persons
having contact with stock
Two boot system
No unloading clot
site
No street clothing
unloading site
Grass kept cut
All bird faeces re
ramp before new
unloaded
Ramps kept locke
Perimeter fence
Do staff and any visitor sign
quarantine declaration
Visitors diary
Bio-security Signage
Operational standards
Serious Disease
(answer these o
outbreak)
Ramp locked
Visitor car park
Visitors from clean areas
No visitors enter
Lockable ramps
No other bird species
Shower in for visitors from
dirty farm
Protective clothing for visitors
Bin for over boots
Over boots disposed on site
No dogs and cats
Clean tools taken onto ramps
Emergency visito
toe shower
Any vehicles ente
unloading area w
disinfected inside
Faeces stay on ra
disease confirme
Traceability
No other stock
Stock vehicles washed
Identity for all bird
Unloading weakest birds first
Trace identity of a
Separate unloading boots
Accessible record
Ramps washed and
disinfected
Dead bird disposal and
composters away from live
stock
Total
Total
Date… … … … .
Points this audit… … … ..
Total
Points last audit… … … .
Section 9
Emu Lairage
Lairage
Staff
Record keeping check list
Bio-Security – Standards
Bio-security – Personnel Standards
Bio-security – Operational Standards
Bio-security – Serious Disease Outbreak Procedures
Traceability
Lairage slaughter target
Lairage slaughter audit score sheet
Lairage Bio-security audit score sheet
LAIRAGE (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Was a trained abattoir attendant available to supervise placing of birds
& sign off successful placement into lairage ?
Were sufficient pens available to avoid mixing of unfamiliar groups?
Were injured birds placed in separate pen?
Was there signage on lairage pens to indicate maximum number of
birds per pen
Was there video surveillance of birds and lairage staff ?
Have holding pens sufficient space for birds to move?
Were sufficient pens available to avoid mixing of unfamiliar groups?
Are water misters, sprays, windbreaks, shade and other shelter
provided in holding pens?
Are lairage pens drained to prevent accumulation of water?
Are lairage pens free of abrasive components to prevent skin damage?
Are lairage pens located well away from active areas of the abattoir?
Are watering facilities located and constructed to prevent any injuries?
Are water troughs sufficient size to allow all birds to drink within 1h
Are pens cleaned out daily?
Were birds provided with lighting in the lairage to ensure they were
not startled?
Were staff instructed not to use pipe, sticks, taps or slaps on the back
while handling of birds?
Were bags placed over the emus head before handling?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Trained attendants are able to pr
minimising problems with birds
Unfamiliar groups can be aggre
from fighting
Injured birds will suffer more if
further skin damage
Prevents overstocking in pens an
and deaths
Enables assessment of behaviou
attendants
Reduced space increases potenti
Unfamiliar groups can be aggre
from fighting
Protection from elements and sp
dehydration of skin
Birds can become soiled from ac
Crucial to prevent skin damage
lairage facilities
Excessive noise from active area
increase potential for injury
Birds can injure themselves on i
If birds do not drink after transp
dehydration and weakening of s
Soiling of birds may increase po
contamination on skins after bir
of skin.
Sudden changes in light intensit
potential for injuries
Use of devices to prompt animal
damage
Bags on the head calm birds and
to handlers and other birds
LAIRAGE Continued (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Was every attempt made to avoid rough handling?
Implic
Rough handling stresses bird in
damage to skins
Unfamiliar birds in adjacent pen
other and unsettle all birds incre
Frequent checking can avert pot
Staff who are protected are more
birds minimising danger to han
Staff who maintain eye contact w
potential damage to other birds
Staff should avoid birds seeking
aggression to surrounding birds
Were the holding pens of a sufficient height to prevent emus
interacting with each other between pens?
Were birds awaiting slaughter checked every hour?
Are staff protected while moving birds in the lairage?
Do you keep your eyes on the birds while moving them in the lairage?
Do you keep away from the bird when its beak is open and wings
flapping?
LAIRAGE Staff (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Were staff absences covered?
If you employ staff:
- Do you have a staff induction procedure?
- Have new staff been properly inducted?
- Do you have written instructions (protocols) for staff?
- Have your staff been trained?
- Do you encourage staff to participate in training courses?
Were emergencies responded to immediately?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Minimises staff problems and im
All staff aware of job requireme
Improves staff performance
Improves staff performance
Improves staff performance
Improves staff performance and
Reduces potential for problems g
LAIRAGE Record Keeping Checklist (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Do you have records of:
- mortalities at abattoir?
- temperature, weather in lairage (max/min)?
Implic
Increase in mortality indicator o
Temperature in lairage is a key f
birds in lairage
Long periods of water deprivatio
High stocking density can increa
Calm birds less likely to get ski
Important factors in assessing h
Fractious behaviour increases po
Reduces potential for bacterial c
Rapid response to problems if ch
- water availability/usage?
- stocking density?
- behaviour of birds?
- age, strain and no of birds
- behaviour of birds in lairage?
- sanitising and cleaning of lairage?
- no of times birds checked?
LAIRAGE Bio-security Standards (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Does your lairage have a perimeter fence?
Do you have a lockable gates to lairage and biosecurity signage?
Do you have a concrete high pressure wash area on the lairage?
Do you have a parking area for visitors vehicles?
Do you have a change area for visitors away from the birds near
carpark?
Are visitors provided a change of clothing and clean boots or
overboots?
Do you have a footbath at entrance to lairage?
Do you dispose of dead birds by burning, in pits or by mulching
Are all the doors to lairage lockable
Are you able to prevent entry of other birds species into lairage areas?
Do you maintain rodent bait stations around lairage?
Do you use treated mains water?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Fence defines the biosecure area
Visitors prevented from entering
Ensures that equipment can be d
Prevent vehicles from entering t
Prevents spread of disease to bir
Prevents spread of disease to bir
Prevents spread of disease via fo
Correct disposal minimises pote
Prevents spread of disease by un
Prevents spread of diseaase
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease
LAIRAGE Bio-security Standards
Continued (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
Implic
N/A
Do you chlorinate water provided to birds in lairage?
Do you have a bin to dispose of overboots?
Do you have dogs and cats on lairage site?
Do you keep other avian species in the lairage?
Do you have other domestic stock in the lairage?
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease
Can spread disease
Can spread disease
Disease can be spread
LAIRAGE Bio-security Personnel Standards (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do you, employees or staff working in lairage have contact with other
poultry or processing plant?
Do repair and maintenance people comply with above?
Do you get staff, repair, maintenance and delivery people to sign a
quarantine declaration?
Are trucks washed before and after leaving lairage ?
Did you complete a self assessment biosecurity audit?
Do you have a visitors diary?
Do you restrict access to farm by neighbours, friends and sales
representatives who have had exposure to poultry
Yes
No
Implic
N/A
Can spread disease
Can spread disease
Prevent spread of disease
Prevent spread of disease
Provides an awareness of curren
areas requiring improvemnt
Enables tracing of potential bios
Prevent spread of disease
LAIRAGE Bio-security Operational Standards (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do you check rodent bait stations weekly and maintain a log?
Do visitors park vehicles outside lairage in car park?
Do visitors come from clean areas?
Do all visitors sign visitors quarantine declaration?
In an emergency did visitors from a “dirty’ area shower and change
clothing?
Did visitors wear protective clothing ?
Did drivers wear overboots and dispose them on site?
Were tools taken onto lairage clean and free of dust and organic
matter?
Were stock vehicles washed and disinfected?
Was all dam or bore water chlorinated to 1-2 ppm?
Was holding time for chlorinated water 2 hours?
Did you carry out frequent chlorine testing and log results?
Did you or your staff wear lairage clothing off site?
Did you or your staff wear street clothing on site?
Did you and your staff have separate lairage boots ?
Is all bird weighing carried out by own lairage weighing frames and
scales?
Are feed spills cleaned up as they occur?
Is grass around lairage site kept cut?
Is lairage washed and disinfected?
Is all manure removed from lairage before new batch of birds
introduced?
Are all doors to lairage locked when personnel not on hand?
Were dead bird composters kept away from lairage?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease from
Prevents spread of disease to and
Makes visitors aware of biosecur
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease
Prevents spread of disease from
Produces more effective kill of d
Ensures effective kill of disease
Can spread disease
Can spread disease
Prevents spread of disease from
Using an outsiders scales could s
Feed spills attract other bird spe
transfer disease
Long grass attracts rodents and
kills
Prevents spread of disease to new
Prevents spread of disease to new
Prevent entry of persons who co
Prevents spread of disease
LAIRAGE Bio-security Serious Disease Outbreak Procedures (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Do you lock the lairage ?
Do you prevent any visitors and service personnel from entering the
lairage?
For any emergency visitors do you request head to toe shower before
and after visit?
Do you ensure all vehicles which need to enter lairage are washed and
disinfected at wash pad before entering and leaving lairage?
Do you ensure all vehicles which entered lairage are washed inside
and treated with aerosol including washable mats and vinyl?
Did you leave all birds and litter in lairage until disease status
clarified?
Implic
Prevent entry of persons who co
Prevent entry of persons who co
Prevent entry of persons who co
Prevents transfer of disease
Prevents transfer of disease
Prevents transfer of disease
LAIRAGE-Traceability (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Are you able to identify all birds by tags or electronic identification
systems?
Are you able to identify the individual dam and sire responsible for
producing each bird?
Can you trace the identity of the bird from lairage to slaughter ?
Can you trace the identity of each skin back to the farm?
Do you keep a readily accessible hard copy of all birds’s identity?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Ensures traceability of breeder p
biosecurity
Assists in biosecurity and traces
Assists in biosecurity and traces
Assists in biosecurity and traces
Assists in biosecurity and traces
Lairage Slaughter Targets
(list of targets industry should be aiming to achieve)
Parameter
Video surveillance
Birds unloaded quietly
Trained attendant
Mixing unfamiliar birds
Injured birds
Holding pen space
Pen signage
Cooling and shelter
Lairage drained
Abrasive components
Location holding pens
Watering facilities
Water troughs
Pen cleaning
Lighting
Staff experience
Handling birds
Height pens
Abrasive fittings
Checking birds
Bird shelter
Staff OHS
Aggressive birds
Pens for moving birds
Pen floor
Visual and auditory stimuli
Target
Video monitoring of activities in lairage can allow potential problems to be attended to more quic
Birds that are unloaded with minimum of stress adapt more readily to lairage holding facilities
Trianed lairage attendant should be available to place birds in pens and sign off on successful plac
Mixing of unfamiliar birds should be avoided to avoid aggression and skin damage of birds
Injured birds should be placed in separate pens and euthanased if required
Holding pens space should be according to the code of practice
Maximum number of birds that can be permitted in pens should be prominently displaced on fron
Birds should be sprayed with fine mist as soon as they are allocated to lairage and temperature ke
Lairage should be adequately drained to prevent build up of ammonia and urine scald on skins
All objects that could lead to abrasions on skin should be eliminated from lairage pens
Lairage pens should be located in quiet area well away from noisy areas in abattoir to prevent bird
Watering facilities should enable all birds to drink as soon as they arrive
The water troughs should be at a height level with the back height of the bird
Pens should be cleaned daily
Lighting should be dim (5-10 lux) so that birds are kept quiet
Staff should be trained in the appropriate handling of birds
Birds should be handled quietly without yelling or shouting or prodding them with sticks
Pens should be higher than the full height of the bird so that birds cannot interact between pens le
All abrasive fittings on pens should be eliminated to minimise skin abrasions
Birds should be checked every 2h in lairage pens
Birds should be protected from the elements and preferably kept indoors under controlled environm
Staff should be trained in OHS matters particular on correct handling of birds
Aggressive birds should be separated from all birds as soon as they are noticed
Pens and passageways in lairage should be set up such that it is easy to move birds from pen to pen
The pen floor should be elevated such that urine and faeces can pass through the flooring
Loud noises and strong lights in the lairage should be avoided to keep birds calm
LAIRAGE AUDIT SCORE SHEET
Score 5 points if YES, 0 points if NO for critical questions (shaded) and 1 point if YES and 0 points if NO for
(you may fail audit if any critical issues do not meet expectations)
Question
Yes
No
Points
Question
Yes
No
Points
Quest
Bird delivery signoff of by
lairage atterndant
Correct stocking density
Lairage isolated from abattoir
Frequent checkin
Watering facilities
Birds protected fr
Have holding pens sufficient
space for birds to move
Lairage free of abrasive
components
Video surveillance
Water troughs sufficient size
and appropriate height
Pens cleaned daily
Staff protected fr
Adequate lighting
Experienced staff
No mixing unfamiliar birds
Correct handling of birds
Trained attendan
Floor impervious and non-slip
Sufficient height of pens
Cooling and shelter for birds
Lairage drained
Aggressive birds avoided and
seperated
No visual and auditory stimuli
Total
Total
Date… … … … .
Points this audit… … … ..
Staff keep eyes o
Total
Points last audit… … … .
Date o
LAIRAGE BIOSECURITY AUDIT SCORE SHEET
Score 5 points if YES, 0 points if NO for critical questions (shaded) and 1 point if YES and 0 points if NO for
(you may fail audit if any critical issues do not meet expectations)
Question
Yes
No
Points
Question
Yes
No
Points
Quest
Lairage Standards
Personnel standards
Clean tools taken
Vehicle Wash area
Staff avoid contact with other
bird species & abattoir
Repair and maintenance staff
comply with above
Vehicles washed after off
loading birds
Restricted access to persons
having contact with stock
Two boot system
Chlorine testing
Grass kept cut
Treated mains water
Staff and any visitor sign
quarantine declaration
Visitors diary
No other bird species
Operational standards
Perimeter fence
Visitors from clean areas
Bio-security Signage
Shower in for visitors
Serious Outbrea
(answer these o
outbreak)
All gates/doors lo
Lockable gates
Protective clothing for visitors
No visitors enter
Visitor car park
Over boots disposed on site
Lockable lairage
Stock vehicles washed
Chlorinated water
Chlorinated water
Bin for over boots
Separate lairage boots
Emergency visito
toe shower
Any vehicles ente
and disinfected in
Birds and litter sta
until disease conf
Traceability
No dogs and cats
Lairage washed and
disinfected
Dead bird disposal and
composters away from live
stock
Check rodent bait weekly
Identity for all bird
Visitors car park
Accessible record
Change area
Provide change of clothes
Footbaths
Approved dead bird disposal
Rodent bait stations
No other stock
No lairage clothin
site
No street clothing
lairage
Bird weighing with
scales
Feed spills cleane
All bird litter remo
lairage before ne
All lairage areas k
Trace identity of a
Trace identity of a
Visitors sign declaration
Total
Total
Date… … … … .
Points this audit… … … ..
Total
Points last audit… … … .
Date o
Section 10
Emu Slaughter
Movement of birds to knocking box
Slaughter
Staff
Record keeping check list
Slaughter targets
Slaughter audit score sheet
SLAUGHTER - Movement of Birds to Knocking Box (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Are long and narrow pens used for smooth movement of stock?
Birds move more freely down na
potential for injuries
Non slip floors provide firm foot
birds falling and suffering skin
Loud noises and distracting even
likely to panic causing skin dam
Electric prods can result in scars
Smooth solid sides races reduce
Is the floor impervious and non-slip?
Are visual and auditory stimuli minimised?
Do you avoid using an electric prod to move birds along
Are races solid sided and free of projections?
SLAUGHTER
Implic
(critical questions are shaded)
Question
Are knocking boxes padded for birds?
Are birds calm before slaughter?
When stunning are birds suitably restrained?
Do trained personnel carry out stunning?
Are birds stunned using head placed electrodes?
Are birds stunned with a 120 volts, 1.2 amps for 15 seconds?
Was the stunning of the birds effective?
Did stunning render the birds instanteously unconscious?
Are birds shackled after bird is unconscious?
Are birds bled out 15 seconds after stunning?
Did bleed out last for about 90 secs?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Birds will suffer skin damage w
knocking boxes not padded
Calm birds are less likely to suf
Birds that are suitably restrained
damage
Trained staff more likely to have
reducing risk of skin damage fro
birds
Head placed electrodes more eff
Incorrect voltages can cause bird
damage
Birds not stunned correctly are l
If not unconscious birds may thr
Shackling birds before being un
skin and handlers
Birds are more likely to be comp
Ensures minimal blood in layers
bacterial contamination
SLAUGHTER Continued (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Are both carotid arteries and juglar veins of birds cut?
Implic
Produces more effective bleed ou
which can result in bacterial inf
Faulty equipment may not effect
thrash about resulting in skin da
Ensures that all procedures are f
damage to the skin
Back up stunner should be avail
proceed on schedule
Immature birds produce poor qu
Is stunning equipment maintained and checked regularly?
Were there protocols available for stunning procedure, maintenance of
equipment and emergency procedures?
Were there emergency procedures to follow if stunning equipment
faulty?
Were the birds 12 months of age before being slaughtered to ensure
good quality leather?
SLAUGHTER Staff (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Were staff absences covered?
If you employ staff:
- Do you have a staff induction procedure?
- Have new slaughter staff been properly inducted?
- Do you have written instructions (protocols) for slaughter
staff?
- Have your slaughter staff been trained?
- Do you encourage slaughter staff to participate in training
courses?
Were emergencies responded to immediately?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Minimises staff problems and im
All staff aware of job requireme
Improves staff performance
Improves staff performance
Improves staff performance
Improves staff performance and
Reduces potential for problems g
SLAUGHTER Record Keeping Checklist (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do you have records of
- Identity of all birds slaughtered (farm, strain)
- Feather quality
- Age of birds slaughtered
- Sex of birds slaughtered
- Transporter
- Birds slaughtered per hour
- Mechanical breakdowns and down time
- Reaction of birds to stunning
- Behaviour of birds immediately before stunning
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Enables tracing of problems
Indicator of skin quality
Indicator of area, thickness and
Indicator of skin quality
To provide feedback to transport
Speed of operation may indicate
Plant efficiency related to numb
Excessive nervous reaction after
Fractious behaviour of birds prio
bruising and skin damage
Slaughter Targets
(list of targets industry should be aiming to achieve)
Parameter
Bird behaviour
Pens for moving birds
Pen floor
Visual and auditory stimuli
Knocking boxes
Bird stunning
Staff experience (Stunning)
Head electrodes
Birds shackling
Birds bleed out
Arteries and veins cut
Birds unconscious
Equipment maintenance
Protocols
Record keeping
Emergency procedure
Abrasions
Target
Ensure birds are calm prior to stunning to produce more effective stunning
There should be smooth movement if birds to slaughter using well designed and positioned gates
Pens should be non slip to prevent birds slipping and causing skin damage
Prior to stunning birds should not be exposed to excessive noise and visual distractions
Box should be padded to prevent damage to skin of bird when it falls after stunning
Stunning should be carried out using 120V, 1.2 amps for 15 seconds
Staff should be trained and experience to ensure stunning is effective
Head electrodes should be correctly placed to ensure stunning is effective
Shackles used for birds must be correct size to avoid birds falling or dragging across other fixture
Birds should be bled out completely to ensure there is no blood in skin which can lead to bacteria
Carotid and jugular must be cut cleanly to ensure effective bleed out
Birds should be unconscious prior to shackling to prevent them thrashing about and causing dama
Equipment should be maintained to ensure effective stunning
Protocols for procedures should be available to ensure efficient and effective slaughtering of birds
Records should be maintained on bird behaviour, stunner performance, shackling and identity of
Emergency procedures should be in place to avoid any potential problems to birds and resultant s
Every attempt should be made to minimise abrasions to the skin during the slaughter process
SLAUGHTER AUDIT SCORE SHEET
Score 5 points if YES, 0 points if NO for critical questions (shaded) and 1 point if YES and 0 points if NO for
(you may fail audit if any critical issues do not meet expectations)
Question
Yes
No
Points
Question
Yes
No
Quest
Points
Padded knocking boxes
Slaughter protocols
Staff trained
Effective stunning
Slaughter age
known
Effective bleed out
Experienced staff
Birds minimum of 12 months
at slaughter
Correct stunning voltage
Staff absences covered
Records of age o
slaughtered
Records of sex o
slaughtered
Records of birds
per hour
Records of mech
breakdowns and
Contingency plan
Correct shackles
Staff inducted
Emergency proto
Carotid and jugular cut
Staff participate in training
courses.
Total
Total
Birds unconscious
Stunning equipment
maintained
Head electrodes used
Date… … … … .
Non slip floors
Emergencies responded to
immediately.
Transporter identity
Points this audit… … … ..
Total
Points last audit… … … .
Section 11
Emu Feather Plucking and Skin
Feather plucking and skinning
Skinning procedure
Staff
Record keeping check list
Feather plucking and skinning targets
Feather plucking and skinning audit score sheet
Feather Plucking and Skinning (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Were the feathers ripe at slaughter to ensure good quality leather?
Was there any bleeding from the skin after feather pulling which can
cause poor quality leather?
Were the birds 12 months of age before being slaughtered to ensure
good quality leather?
Were the feathers over ripe resulting in elongated follicles rather than
round follicles?
Were the feathers pulled out 2 months before they were over ripe to
ensure best quality leather?
Are you able to achieve optimum skin size of ??? dm2 equivalent to a
85 kg live weight 12-month-old bird?
Was skin thickness a minimum of 0.85 mm (clothing), 1.25 mm
(handbags and boots) and 1.45 mm from culled breeders (belts)?
Is the hide free of damage caused by sunburn and lacerations?
Is the hide able to be stretched without tearing?
Is there a large variation between birds in the number of follicles in
skin?
Were birds slaughtered less than 8 months of age resulting in openended follicles, hair like growths and poor quality leather?
Were records maintained on individual birds and leather quality?
Do you know the age of birds being slaughtered?
Are feathers plucked carefully from the body?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Pulling out unripe feather may c
Bleeding after feather pulling in
Immature birds produce poor qu
Overripe feathers will result in d
Removing feathers before they a
not be down graded
Crucial to achieve optimum bod
obtain good skin grades
Need to determine skin thicknes
determine weight of bird to slau
Sunburn and laceration damage
Tearing of skin should be avoide
skins
Large variation in numbers of fo
Slaughtering birds before marke
Record keeping crucial to determ
poor quality hides
Age of birds is related to skin qu
Careful removal of feathers is re
not affected
FEATHER PLUCKING AND SKINNING Procedure (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do you shackle birds from wings while skinning
Do you have training or an accreditation process to ensure skinning
staff are able to avoid flay cut damage
Do you use a clean knife to split the hide up the belly from head to
anus?
Do you carefully cut around the vent area?
Do you split the hide perpendicularly to the belly, cut out the inside of
each leg to the hock, making a + cut?
Do you grasp the wing next to the carcass and saw off about 100 to
150 mm away from the carcass?
Do you cut the total hide from the carcass and avoid damage to the
inner membrane of the skin?
Do your staff have the skill levels to enable appropriate skinning of
hide?
Do you leave about 10 mm of fat on the skin?
Do you avoid flay cut damage around the quill?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Avoids shackle damage to legs a
knifing the skin off. Avoid pulli
ensure the skin is cut in the shap
Flay cut errors results in damage
the skin resulting in uneven tan
Crucial to have clean sharp knif
Avoids damage to the skin
Ensures correct cut on skins
Avoids damage to the skin
Cutting the inner membrane of
in tan uptake and result in down
Only skilled trained staff should
will leave nicks causing down g
Removing too much fat will dam
Results in damage to the membr
resulting in uneven tans especia
FEATHER PLUCKING AND SKINNING Staff (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Were staff absences covered?
If you employ staff:
- Do you have a staff induction procedure?
- Have new staff been properly inducted?
- Do you have written instructions (protocols) for staff?
- Have your staff been trained?
- Do you encourage staff to participate in training courses?
Were emergencies responded to immediately?
Implic
Minimises staff problems and im
All staff aware of job requireme
Improves staff performance
Improves staff performance
Improves staff performance
Improves staff performance and
Reduces potential for problems g
FEATHER PLUCKING AND SKINNING Record Keeping Checklist (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do you have records of
- Flay cut damage
- Bird identity
- Fat thickness on skin
- Feather quality
- Plucking problems
- Tears on skin
- Dirty skin
- Time to skin bird
- Nicks in skin
- Bruising (fresh, old)
- Area of skins
- Tail rubbing
- Abrasions
- Skin thickness
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Produces uneven tanning
Enables skin problems to be trac
genetics
Removal of too much fat causes
Indicator of diet, genetics and hu
Incorrect plucking causes bleedi
Indicator of skinning skills, skin
Indicator of cleanliness of transp
Indicator of skilled operators or
Indicator of skinning ability
Indicator of the impact farm, tra
operations have on skin quality
Indicator of age of bird
Indicator of transport problems
Indicator of the impact farm, tra
operations have on skin quality
Indicator of diet and genetics
Feather Plucking and Skinning Targe
(list of targets industry should be aiming to achieve)
Parameter
Feathers
Bleeding from feather
pulling
Abrasions to skin
Flay cuts
Skinning knife
Skinning procedure
Skinning staff
Staff absences
Staff induction
Emergencies
Training courses
Skin records
Shackle from wings
Fat on skin
Bird identity
Target
Feather should be clean and no presence of filoplumes
Ensure there is no bleeding from the skin when plucking feathers
Abrasions to the skin indicator of poor farm, transport, lairage and slaughter procedures
Flay cuts should be zero to ensure there are no tanning problems especially in tan colour
Skinning knife should be sharp and regularly sanitised to reduce any bacterial content of the skin
Procedure should be best practice and done according to Industry standards
Staff should be trained and aware of the importance of the correct skinning procedure
Key staff who are absent should be backed up by other crew
New staff should be inducted
Emergency procedures should be known with regular training drills
Staff should be encouraged to attend training courses to improve skills and knowledge
Scars, nicks, bruises, fat thickness, tears, skin area, feather quality should be recorded on all indi
Shackling from wings avoids damage to legs and easier to skin birds
Ensure 10 mm of fat left on skin to minimise tanning problems
Identity of birds should be known so that skin records can be traced back to problems in the produ
FEATHER PLUCKING AND SKINNING AUDIT SCORE SHEET
Score 5 points if YES, 0 points if NO for critical questions (shaded) and 1 point if YES and 0 points if NO for
(you may fail audit if any critical issues do not meet expectations)
Question
Yes
No
Points
Question
No bleeding from feather
pulling
Not slaughtered < than 12
months
Hide free of damage
No overripe feathers
Yes
No
Points
Quest
Optimum skin size of 120 dm2
Staff participate i
courses
Staff trained
Skin thickness appropriate
Records of feathe
No tearing of hide
No variation in no of follicles
Clean sharp knife to split the
hide
Careful cuts around the vent
area
Cut the total hide from the
carcass
No flay cut damage
Slaughter age known
Records of age o
slaughtered
Records of sex o
slaughtered
Transporter ident
10 mm fat on skin
Wing sawn off about 100 to
150 mm away from the
carcass?
Skilled skinning staff
Identity of all birds slaughtered
(farm, strain)
Hide quality records of
individual birds
Feathers ripe at slaughter
Feathers plucked carefully
Total
Date… … … … .
Predict age by ossification
Minimal abrasions to skin
Hide split perpendicularly
Records of birds
per hour
Records of mech
breakdowns and
Records of time
Records of nicks
Staff absences covered
Records of bruisin
Clean feathers and skin
Records of area
Staff inducted
Records of tail ru
Emergencies responded to
immediately
Records of abras
Total
Total
Points this audit… … … ..
Points last audit… … … .
Section 12
Handling Emu Green Skins
Brining and Pickling Skins
Fat removal
Draining
Storing
Transporting
Traceability
Staff
Record keeping check list
Green skin targets
Green skin audit score sheet
HANDLING EMU GREEN SKINS Brining and Pickling Skins (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
Implic
N/A
Do you put your skins in brine immediately?
Skin is equivalent to an organ of
brine under cool conditions imm
Ensures all of skin is brined
Blood and fat soak up the brine
Removes excessive brine from s
More effective brining of skins
Correct concentration of brine im
brining
Preventative measure to reduce b
Do your skins stay in brine for at least 30 min and stirred regularly?
Do you change brine regularly?
Do you let your skins drip to get the brine of the skins?
Do you use fresh salt?
Is a brine solution of 300g/litre of salt with a SG of 1.21 used?
Is a bactericide/fungicide added to brine at manufacturers
recommended rate?
Is the ratio of 1kg of skins to 5 litres of brine used to allow movement
of skins?
Do skins stay in brine for a maximum of 5 hours with occasional
mixing to prevent risk of bacterial build up?
After 5 hours in brine are skins taken out and drained in a cool dry
place ready to stack and salt immediately?
Do you pickle skins by washing, defleshing, remove feather residue,
treat with salt, add acid to lower pH and fungicide added?
Are skins pickled promptly?
Allows all of skin to be complet
immersed
Excessive time for skins in brin
Optimum time for brining of sk
Avoids bacterial contamination
Ensures they are easier to pack a
HANDLING EMU GREEN SKINS Fat Removal (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Is excess fat and flesh removed from the skins?
Do you avoid stretching or tearing skin or quill holes?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Ensures skins can be evenly tan
Stretching may result in damage
HANDLING EMU GREEN SKINS Draining Skins (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
Implic
N/A
Are skins drained for 4 days before they are sealed in a plastic
container?
Prevents leakage into the plastic
damage to the skin
HANDLING EMU GREEN SKINS Storing Skins (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do you store your cured skins for a maximum of 12 months at
optimum temperature of 20oC,with maximum of 35oC advisable only
for a short period?
Do you avoid exposing skins to direct sunlight or extreme heat
conditions?
Do you use the alternative method of packing by rolling skins and
packing in plastic lined drums, with hide salt sprinkled over rolls?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Ideally skins should be kept at 4
Excessive storage temperatures c
bacteria
Storing in plastic lined drums is
must be maintained at 40C
HANDLING EMU GREEN SKINS Transporting (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Do you transport green skins in climate controlled truck?
Do you pre-chill green uncured skins before transport?
Do you put skins in sealed container when being transported?
Do you put the sealed skins in a pallet box for transport?
Implic
Prevents bacterial contamination
Prevents bacterial contamination
Avoids leakage
Avoids leakage
HANDLING EMU GREEN SKINS Traceability (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Are you able to identify all skins by tags or electronic identification
systems?
Can you trace the identity of the birds from farm to skins?
Implic
Ensures traceability of breeder p
Enables problems in hide quality
the production chain
Enables problems in hide quality
the production chain
Enables problems in hide quality
the production chain
Can you trace the identity of each skin back to the individual birds?
Do you keep a readily accessible hard copy of all birds’s identity?
HANDLING EMU GREEN SKINS Staff (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Were staff absences covered?
If you employ staff:
- Do you have a staff induction procedure?
- Have new staff been properly inducted?
- Do you have written instructions (protocols) for staff?
- Have your staff been trained?
- Do you encourage staff to participate in training courses?
Were emergencies responded to immediately?
Yes
No
n/a
Implic
Minimises staff problems and im
All staff aware of job requireme
Improves staff performance
Improves staff performance
Improves staff performance
Improves staff performance and
Reduces potential for problems g
HANDLING EMU GREEN SKINS Record Keeping Checklist (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do you have records of
-Temperature of transport
-Leakages
-Skins drained
-Brining time
-Storage time
-Identity of skins
-Staff training
-Changing brine solutions
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
High temperature of transport m
contamination of skins
Leakages during transport shoul
Time for draining skins critical
Brining time critical in effective
Excessive storage time of skins c
quality
Critical to trace identity of skin
transport and abattoir
Training will lead to improvem
Regular changing of brine soluti
curing
Handling Green Skins Targets
(list of targets industry should be aiming to achieve)
Parameter
Skin transport truck
Sealing skins in container
Leakages
Draining skins
Pickling skins
Feedback to growers
Skins in brine immediately
Skins stay in brine for at
least 30 min
Change brine regularly
Skins draining
Fresh salt
Brine solution
Bactericide/fungicide
Ratio of skins to brine
Maximum time in brine
Excess fat
Identity of skins
Staff training
Records
Target
Transport of skins should be done in a climate controlled truck with temperature maintained at 5-1
Skins should be sealed in leak proof container to prevent spillage in transport trucks
All leakages from skin should be minimised by ensuring skins are well drained for 4 days
Skins should be drained for a minimum of 4 days to remove all fluid
Skins should be pickled promptly by washing, defleshing, removing feather residue, treated with s
Information on grades of green skins should be fed back to the growers, transporters and abattoir st
Skins should be placed in brine immediately to prevent any bacterial contamination
Skins should be allowed to equilibrate in brine solution for at least 30 minutes
Brine should be changed every hour as brine solution is diluted by the blood and fat as each skin
It is critical that each skin is drained for 4 days to ensure that there are no leakages during storage
contamination
Fresh salt must be used to ensure brining solution is effective
Brine solution of 300g/litre of salt with a SG of 1.21 should be used
Bactericides and fungicides should be added to brine at manufacturers recommended rate
Ratio of 1kg of skins to 5 litres of brine should be used to allow movement of skins in brine and fu
Maximum time for skins in brining solution should be 5 hours
Excess fat on skins should be removed leaving 10 mm thickness on skin
Skins should be traceable back to birds to farm, transporter and abattoir
All staff should be given the opportunity to improve their skills by participating in training course
Temperature of transport, leakages, skins drained, brining time, storage time, identity of skins, c
HANDLING GREEN SKINS AUDIT SCORE SHEET
Score 5 points if YES, 0 points if NO for critical questions (shaded) and 1 point if YES and 0 points if NO for
(you may fail audit if any critical issues do not meet expectations)
Question
Yes
No
Points
Question
Yes
No
Points
Quest
Skins in brine immediately
Skins in brine for 5h
Transport skins i
Skins in brine for at least 30
min
Change brine regularly
Correct pickling
Prechill uncured s
Excess fat removed
Skins in sealed co
Fresh salt
Avoid stretching tearing
Traceability of sk
Correct brine solution
10 mm fat left on skin
Staff training
Bactericide/fungicide added
Skins drained 4 days
Staff induction
Correct ratio of skins to brine
Skin storage correct
Record keeping
Total
Total
Total
Date… … … … .
Points this audit… … … ..
Points last audit… … … .
Date o
Section 13
Skin Selection
Traceability
Green skin selection
Skin Selection Targets
Skin Selection audit score sheet
SKIN SELECTION Traceability (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Are you able to identify all skins by tags or electronic identification
systems?
Can you trace the identity of the birds from farm to skins?
Implic
Ensures traceability of breeder p
Enables problems in hide quality
the production chain
Enables problems in hide quality
the production chain
Enables problems in hide quality
the production chain
Can you trace the identity of each skin back to the individual birds?
Do you keep a readily accessible hard copy of all birds’s identity?
SKIN SELECTION Green Skin Selection (critical questions are shaded)
Question
When skins are at the crust stage are they put into an order and then
batched?
Is feedback provided to growers on skin gradings at the pickle stage?
Does the skin grader show any bias in grading skins?
Is there any inconsistency in the grading and sizing of skins at the
crust stage?
Is there variation in the grades given to the farmer and the tanner?
Do the standards for skin grades vary?
Do the circumference measurements given by graders vary?
Do the graders put the skins through an approved and certified
standard test done by independent measurer?
Is the skin grader paid on a QA basis rather than area of skins graded?
Does the grader select skins on the basis of age and weight?
Are skins assessed by the marketer before tanning with information
provided to the grower?
Does the marketer know the skin that will suit a particular batch?
Is there compensation available for skins which have not been treated
appropriately?
Are the skins difficult to toggle due to flay cuts?
Are the skins cut to the required pattern before the tanning process?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Can influence return received on
Can influence return received on
Can influence return received on
Can influence return received on
Can influence return received on
Can influence return received on
Can influence return received on
Can influence return received on
Can influence return received on
Can influence return received on
Can influence return received on
Can influence return received on
Can influence return received on
Can influence return received on
Can influence return received on
Skin Selection Targets
(list of targets industry should be aiming to achieve)
Parameter
Identity of skins
Records
Skin batches
Grading consistency
Grading on QA not volume
Tanning options
Compensation
Toggling of skins
Skin cuts
Target
Identity of each skin must be known so that appropriate feedback can be given to the producer, tran
Records should be maintained on each skin to track down any potential problems
When skins are ordered and batched at the crust stage it is likely to lead to a greater return for the p
It is critical to ensure that grading is consistent to ensure market requirements are fully satisfied
It is important that the grader of skins grades on a QA basis rather than on volume of skins to redu
The returns on skin can be influenced significantly by the ability of the grader to select the correct
An insurance compensation system should be available to cover any unforeseen damage to skins
Skins should be toggled according to industry correctly
Skins should be cut to meet market requirements
SKINS SELECTION AUDIT SCORE SHEET
Score 5 points if YES, 0 points if NO for critical questions (shaded) and 1 point if YES and 0 points if NO for
(you may fail audit if any critical issues do not meet expectations)
Question
Yes
No
Points
Question
Yes
No
Points
Quest
Identity of skins
Compensation
Grading consisten
Records
Toggling of skins
Grading on QA no
Skin batches
Skin cuts
Tanning options
Total
Total
Total
Date… … … … .
Points this audit… … … ..
Points last audit… … … .
Date
Section 14
Tanning
Skin gradings
Skin marketing
Traceability
Staff
Record keeping check list
Tanning targets
Tanning audit score sheet
Tanning
TANNING (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Do you use well-cured skins of good quality for tanning?
Do you remove excess fat and clean the follicle of feather residue
before liming?
Do the buyers of skins dictate the finishes and the type of tans they
require?
Does the tanner have the ability to produce the skins required for the
market?
Does the tanner know the market specifications prior to tanning?
Does the tanner know the final product required by the market?
Does the tanner submit samples of the tanned product before
completing major orders?
Does the tanner need to redye batches of skins?
Does the tanner produce hides that are damaged, poorly cut or that
have been stored badly?
Does the tanned skin have appropriate quill development?
Does the tanner achieve appropriate retanning and polishing?
Does the tanner make the correct selection of skins for thickness and
weight?
Are scarred skins tanned black?
Is the tanner able to achieve the same colour of tan required by the
buyer?
Do the dye companies supply the same colour of dye each time?
Is the tanner supplied skins from the same age of birds on similar
diets?
Does the tanner and his staff have the knowledge of chemicals
required to achieve high quality tanned skins?
Do all tanning staff have the knowledge of the processes involved in
tanning?
Does the tanner use a thermostat to control the water temperature in
the tanning process?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Well cured skins produce better
Excessive fat on skins will resul
hide evenly
Clear directions on the type of sk
may lead to better prices for the
Tanners must be able to supply t
market to achieve maximum pro
If the tanner doesnot know mark
skins will not be marketable
Tanners must be able to supply t
market to achieve maximum pro
Tanners may save considerable
samples of products to ensure it
The % of skins that need to be re
ability, colour of skins and qual
The % of skins that have been da
poorly must be minimised to is a
Skins with poor quill developme
Skins that have been effectively
achieve a higher market price
Skin thickness and weight are k
production of a good tanned prod
To hide the scars it is important
Achieving the same colour from
important in maintaining the m
The colour of dye must be the sa
consistent product
The tanners job is made easier if
same age of birds, on same diet
Tanned skins can be downgrade
correct concentration of chemic
All staff must know the correct p
that they are aware of actions to
Monitoring of water temperature
critical in achieving the desired
TANNING
Continued (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Does the tanner achieve 90% of skins that do not need redying?
Implic
Smaller the % of skins that need
profit
Feedback to growers from tanne
improvements in hide quality
Use of an audit process in the ta
quality
Tanners must be able to supply t
market to achieve maximum pro
Implementation of a maintenanc
time and reduces cost of product
Does the tanner issue a batch report to the growers?
Does the tanner have a HACCP program to identify record and report
problems?
Does the tanner determine the softness, colour and finish required for
the market?
Does the tanner under go regular maintenance of machinery and
checks of chemical use?
TANNING Skin Grades (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Are the skins downgraded because of colour variations?
Is there consistency in what the buyer requires?
Is there a system for identifying problems in skins and recording these
problems?
Does the marketer issue corrective actions for improving hide quality?
Is the grading primarily based on the quill and colour?
For grading is the hide divided into 4 quarters?
Does the grader reduce grade score by one grade if one of the quarters
has colour problems or a scare?
Does the grader start at the left hand corner of the skin and move
around in a clockwise fashion?
Does the grader look outside the quill area to determine if the grade
can be marked up if it is clear and free of scars?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Colour variations must be minim
value of skins
Buyers who demand products w
be difficult to service
Recording and monitoring of sk
growers is crucial in maintainin
Crucial for corrective action to b
problems are observed
Quill appearance important in p
skin
Four quarter grading is a standa
Reducing skin grade by one grad
a standard procedure
Clockwise grading is a standard
Consideration of clean well colo
the quill is standard grading pro
TANNING Skin Marketing (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Does the marketer check cuts, colour variations and sign off on a
batch?
Do the skins have a quill that stands up, even in colour, no scarring or
marks on the hide?
Do the skin appear to have natural colour?
Implic
Sign off on each batch of tanned
standard marketing procedure
These characteristics are indicat
Natural colour of hides enables s
TANNING Traceability (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Are you able to identify all hides skins by tattoo, tags or electronic
identification systems?
Can you trace the identity of the birds from farm to tannery?
Implic
Ensures traceability of breeder p
Enables problems in hide quality
the production chain
Enables problems in hide quality
to individual breeders
Enables problems in hide quality
the production chain
Can you trace the identity of each tanned hide back to the individual
birds?
Do you keep a readily accessible hard copy of all birds’s identity and
tanned skins?
TANNING Staff (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Were staff absences covered?
If you employ staff:
- Do you have a staff induction procedure?
- Have new staff been properly inducted?
- Do you have written instructions (protocols) for staff?
- Have your staff been trained?
- Do you encourage staff to participate in training courses?
Were emergencies responded to immediately?
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Minimises staff problems and im
All staff aware of job requireme
Improves staff performance
Improves staff performance
Improves staff performance
Improves staff performance and
Reduces potential for problems g
TANNING Record Keeping Checklist (critical questions are shaded)
Question
Yes
No
N/A
Implic
Do you have records of
- Identity of all skins
- Age of birds when slaughtered
- Sex of birds slaughtered
- Transporter
- Birds slaughtered per hour
- Time to skin bird
- Nicks in skin
- Defects, bruising (fresh, old)
- Area of skins
- Tail rubbing
- Abrasions
- Curing effectiveness
- Storage time
- Skin grades
- Waxes used
- Polishing process
- Skin thickness
- Follicle condition
- Bacterial contamination
- Tans used on each skin
- Staff training
Enables tracing of problems
Indicator of area, thickness and
Indicator of skin quality
To provide feedback on transpor
Speed of operation may indicate
Indicator of skilled operators or
Indicator of skinning ability
Indicator of the impact farm, tra
tanning operations on skin quali
Indicator of age of bird
Indicator of transport problems
Indicator of the impact farm, tra
tanning operations on skin quali
Poorly cured skins do not tan we
Long storage periods reduces fin
Grades indicator of the impact fa
stunning, tanning operations on
Can relate to quality of finish
Related to quality of finish
Related to strength of hide and p
Can effect value of skins
Level of contamination determi
Related to quality and type of fin
Can influence quality of tanned
Tanning Targets
(list of targets industry should be aiming to achieve)
Parameter
Cured skins
Excess fat
Buyer specifications
Tanner skills
Sample tanning
Redye of skins
Re-tanning polishing
Scarred skins
Knowledge of tanning
processes
Monitoring tanning
processes
Batch report
Maintenance
Colour variation
Buyer consistency
Standard grading
Traceability
Market sign off
Staff absences
Staff induction
Protocols for staff
Staff training courses
Emergencies
Records
Target
Well-cured skins should be used to ensure good quality in tanning products
Excess fat should be removed and cleaning of follicle of feather residue should be done before lim
Clear directions on the type of skin required by the marketer may lead to better prices for the produ
Tanner must know the market specifications for product or skins will not be marketable
Tanners should provide small samples of products to ensure it meets market requirements
The % of skins that need to be redyed should be 10% or less
Skins should be effectively retanned and polished to achieve a higher market price
Skins with considerable scarring should be tanned black
Staff need the skills to prepare the correct concentration of chemicals to achieve good tanned prod
Staff should monitoring water temperature, pH of chemical solutions to achieving the desired end
It is crucial to provide feedback to growers from tanner to obtain on farm improvements in hide qu
It should be mandatory to implement a maintenance program to reduce breakdown time and reduce
It is crucial to reduce colour variations in hides to maintain maximum value of skins
Buyers who demand products which vary in specification may be difficult to service
Clockwise grading of the 4 quarters of the hide is a standard grading procedure taking into accoun
It is imperative that problems in hide quality to be traced backed from individual birds through th
Sign off on each batch of tanned skins with batch report should be a standard marketing procedure
When staff are absent back up staff should be on call to take over the duties
Tannery efficiency will improve if all new staff undertake an induction program
Protocols for all the tannery procedures should be written and available for staff to follow
Staff should be encouraged to attend training courses to improve their knowledge of tanning proces
Training drills should be carried out in an event of an emergency
Records on defects, bruising area of skins, tail rubbing, curing effectiveness, storage time should b
identified and resolved in the production chain
TANNING AUDIT SCORE SHEET
Score 5 points if YES, 0 points if NO for critical questions (shaded) and 1 point if YES and 0 points if NO for
(you may fail audit if any critical issues do not meet expectations)
Question
Yes
No
Points
Question
Yes
No
Points
Quest
Well cured skins
Redye of skins low
Market sign off of
Excess fat removed
Traceability of all skins
Staff absences co
Buyer specifications known
Monitoring tanning processes
Staff induction pr
Tanner skills good
Batch reports provided
Protocols for staf
Sample tanning provided
Maintenance program
Staff training cou
Re-tanning polishing effective
Colour variation low
Emergencies res
Scarred skins tanned black
Standard grading procedure
Records kept
Knowledge of tanning
processes
Buyer consistency
Total
Total
Date… … … … .
Points this audit… … … ..
Total
Points last audit… … … .
A benchmark study of husbandry, transpor
slaughter methods to improve skin qualit
Volume 2 Emus
FACT SHEETS
1.
EMU FERTILE EGG MANAGEMENT
1.1 Egg collection
Collect eggs often as possible, or as soon as the mucin film on the eggs has dried.Egg collectors should wear clean protective clothing
avoid contamination and physical damage.All eggs should be identified by marking with a pencil to enable traceability. If the envir
have a daily pick-up of eggs with the emu and also important to clean the eggs. If you don’t haveregular pick ups you tend to get mor
left in the paddock for 2-3 days. Furthermore it is important in egg collection that the staff have had no contact with the growers. P
old clothes or have handled older birds. Hygiene is very important. To maintain egg hygiene and biosecurity it is crucial that
staff do
the property. Staff need to enter the breeding pen to collect the egg but that should be the last contact that the person should have i
have no contact with eggs being incubated.
1.2 Egg transport
Care must be taken when transporting eggs.The shorter the distance to transport the eggs the better. Be careful not to jolt the eggs.
of 18°C. Problems can be experienced when moving eggs from sea level to higher altitudes.
1.3 Egg packaging
Use a container filled with shavings or lined with foamindividually wrapped in tissues, soft paper or soft cloth. Eggs should be placed
1.4 Egg cleaning
In practice 90% of eggs from an emu are clean. Occasionally there maybe a bit of dirt on the egg, which can be brushed with stee
gently scraped with plastic pot scourer or light sandpaper to remove dry dirt ensuring eggs are not rubbed excessively. Using cloths
pores. Detergent sanitizes should be used, then rinsed off the egg. Washing the egg in water 10°C warmer than the egg temperature o
seal the shell, preventing bacteria from entering the shell. The dipping or submersion method is recommended for smaller hatche
prevent any contamination or infection of the eggs. Washing or spraying eggs with commercial sterilizing agent (0.05 or 0.1% solu
which have continuous type egg washers. When fumigating againstPseudomonas, Serratia, Enterococi and E. coli , eggs must be d
some of the protective mucin film, making the egg more susceptible to contamination or infection during incubation. Eggs should be
Egg washing solution
The solution contains 250-PPM quaternary ammonium and 10-PPM EDTA (disodium salt); the pH level is raised to approximate
prepare the stock solution combine; 75 grams of 10% quaternary ammonium per litre of water, 3 grams of 0.4% EDTA (disodium
sodium carbonate per litre of water. The solution can then be diluted using 2 cc of stock solution in 1 litre of water. To clean equipm
Proprietary solutions can be used for egg washing such as Parvocide® used at 10 mL/litre of water. Placing warm eggs into a cool sol
washing but allows antibiotic to be "sucked" into the eggs through the shells pores.
1.5 Egg storing
Store eggs with air cell up for a maximum of 7 days (preferably 2-4 days) in an upright position at 15 to 20°C and 70 to 80 % relativ
than 7 days, lower the temperature a further 2°C. Eggs must be turned 180° once every 24 hrs to avoid contents adhering to the she
210C, embryo development may commence. Storage rooms must allow air movement and air exchange to ensure no condensation dev
growth, which may be lethal to developing embryos. Excessive storage temperature causes early and mid-term embryo mortality.
storage, embryos will die at all stages of development. Embryo mortality is the result of poor storage conditions and long storage ti
600g is lower than heavier eggs due to a higher incidence of early and mid-term embryo mortality probably because of higher weig
encountered in the eggs infected by bacteria and those with floating air cells and trauma due to rough handling during transport of th
incubated and all small infertile eggs less than 600g can be used as nest eggs to replace fresh eggs. When these eggs get too old
replaced with more infertile or small eggs.
In practise if eggs are set within two weeks there is usually no problem. For every week of storage there is a reduction of 2% in ha
which takes a couple of weeks for birds to produce depending on the size of the breeder flock. A longer period of storage does reduc
stored at a even temperature and turned regularly every day it doesn’t seem to affect the hatchability. Some eggs can be stored up to 6
1.6 Fumigation
Fumigation with formaldehyde gas (80 g potassium permanganate in 130 ml 40% formaldehyde solution per m² for 20min) can b
humans. Proper ventilation is imperative.
1.7 Testing for defects
Defects are tested with a strong light held against the large blunt air cell end of the egg. A light tester may be a sophisticated han
most important defects to look for include hairline cracks, which are not visible, unless light tested. Valuable eggs with minor crac
polish or candle wax. Old stale eggs (albumen may appear cloudy) have a larger than normal air space and a dense yolk. Floating ai
it is turned. Blood spot eggs display a pinkish tinge through the albumen. Meat spots appear to be attached to the yolk. Multiple yo
hatch. A dark mass indicates a contaminated egg and should be handled carefully. Any eggs showing a defect before or during in
which "die" in the incubator can spread infections which quickly "kill" other eggs.Shells of successfully hatched eggs usually have a
Eggs for setting should be at least 600 grams. Eggs with poor quality shells usually have poor hatchability because of microbial in
also have poor hatchability.
2 EMU INCUBATION
2.1 Breeding season
Breeding is usually induced by the appearance of food plants following rain, often as a result of irregular thunderstorms.
2.2 Natural incubation
The nest is a shallow depression in the ground. Both the male and female sit on the eggs, between sittings the eggs are allowed to co
or gravel improves the nest, and building a small bank around the nest will prevent flooding. Eggs laid in wet weather are most lik
soil. A level nest will prevent eggs from knocking together when being turned. A cock with two hens can produce one hundred an
three chicks. Emus are less aggressive when they are not nesting. The incubation of an Emu egg takes 56 days (eight weeks).
artificially incubated, the hen will maintain condition and keep on laying eggs.
2.3 Artificial incubation
Requirements for a good incubator design include, airflow, temperature control, temperature stability, humidity control, humidity sta
rotation. Incubators must be supplied with fresh air to prevent the build-up of disease causing organisms. Attention needs to be pai
0
monitoring program should be implemented. The eggs must be turned at least three times a day from 45
one side of upright to 450
day when the chick breaks through the air space, nearly fills the whole egg, breaks the shell. Automated hatchery equipment shou
include an alarm system or generator in case of power failure.
2.4 Hatchery
Portable self-contained incubation units offer complete incubation and hatching in a complete package comprisingof : incubation
cooler with wash station, self-contained power supply, refrigerating unit, dehumidifier and a humidifier.
The building to house the incu
for further expansion, easy to clean floors and walls, an entrance for changing shoes and clothes. It should also include a cleaning
through, separate setting and hatching area, level floors, good ventilation and exhaust stale air should be vented outside.Hatchery w
treated quickly and effectively to ensure the rapid destruction of all unhatched embryos.Chicks should be destroyed by dislocating t
this technique. Alternatively, chicks can be decapitated. Hatchery monitoring shouldinclude: egg disinfection program, bacterial pla
counts for total no. of bacteria, coliforms, salmonella, pseudomonas, staphylococcus and fungi, bacterial counts from chick rooms
hatchery. The results of hatch should be recorded inclueding factors such as – fertility, hatchability, chick grading and chick weights
2.4.1 Hygiene
The room and incubator can be fogged with disinfectant on a regular basis, using the chemicalmanufacturers recommendations. In
fumigated with 1-teaspoon potassium permanganate and 62.5 ml formalin for one hour with fans off then one hour with fans o
incubators are recommended. An incubator has the ideal temperature and humidity for bacteria to grow. Yolk sac infection, Om
problems in poor hygiene procedures. Rotten eggs must be removed from the incubator as soon as possible to avoid recontamination.
2.4.2 Room conditions
Most incubators should operate under room conditions of 24 0C with a relative humidity of 50 per cent. Temperatures higher than 2
Incubator rooms below the 24 0C will increase the electricity consumption. Incubators with automatic dampers (air intake) will clos
The eggs inside the incubators require an abundance of fresh air and they produce carbon dioxide, which must be removed from the i
refrigeration units. Keep the incubator clean and remove the dust, as temperature controllers are very sensitive to foreign material on
in a central location to give room to remove trays.
In practice it is important to optimize room temperatures and incubator room temperatures. Experience has shown that it’s always
autumn because the temperature is not too extreme either way. On a very hot day it’s hard to keep the incubator at a set temperatu
maintain incubator temperature.
2.4.3 Medicine
Iodine-used on navels of chicks on first day and second day if required.
Pepper -used on enlarged or swollen navels after the iodine spray to dry external yolks.
Liquid Paraffin- used to keep membrane soft on opened eggs and sticky chicks.
Virkon S- disinfectant used for cleaning hands, eggs and incubators and dipping feet.
Stericlean - disinfectant used for cleaning hatcher trays.
Acqueas Cream - Personal disinfectants.
Iron bar used for 'gently' making a hole in the top of unhatched eggs and eggs that need to be broken open.
Potassium permanganate, formalin and tuna tins to fumigate incubators.
2.4.4 Maintenance
Poor hatchability will produce poor chick quality, with high mortality and poor chick growth. There are many brands of incuba
hatchability and chick quality, but all of them need constant monitoring and maintenance to achieve the best results.Incubator mai
around doors and other areas, fan blades, bearing noise in fan motors, electrical areas, humidity systems and clean and sanitize
motors occasionally and check thermostat and controls.
2.4.5 Temperature
Temperature should be maintained at a set point of 35.5°C/95.9°F for successful incubation. The two main methods of controllin
thermostats and solid state controllers. Using mercury thermostats, the temperature is controlled by the value of the thermostat and i
different thermostat is required. Using micro-processing controls the temperature is controlled by electronics and is measured by a
displayed on the controller indicating the temperature inside the incubator. Most of these can be calibrated by simple means, by che
positioned in the airflow of the incubator and comparing this to the display on the controller. Assuming airflow is perfect, the se
stable temperature controllers. One quarter of 10C fluctuation over a 56 day period will make a big difference in hatchability. Air
incubator because hot air rises and dead spots are caused by poor airflow. Placing mercury thermometers at different locations and le
this problem. High temperature will kill the embryo, cause premature hatching, cause unhealed navels and blood smears on the egg
content, produce small chicks and poor chick quality. Low temperature will cause delayed hatch. Effects of a low temperature in
temperature.
2.4.6 Humidity
Humidity should me maintained at a wet bulb set point of 26.6°C( 79°F) to maintain a relative humidity of 48%. A wick is placed o
moist by a water reservoir. Water reservoir and wicks need regular cleaning to maintain the correct humidity level in the incubator.
to keep the wicks wet. Do not use bore water, as it will result in crusting up the wicks and inaccurate humidity measurements. Therm
high humidity include sticky chicks, the embryo can drown, chicks will hatch with unhealed navels or chicks can have the ‘stagger
dries out, prevents chicks from hatching,chicks pip but cannot hatch and die and small chicks are often produced.
2.4.7Air circulation
Depending on the size of the incubator, fresh air supply into the room is important. The minimum air requirements are 5 cubic fee
require an abundance of fresh air to remove carbon dioxide from the incubator. Each incubator must have the exhaust duct with s
avoid contamination and carbon dioxide build-up in the room. If the incubator is set full, adjust the opening of the damper. With a m
temperature or humidity loss inside the incubator. To maintain an even temperature and humidity within, adequate air movement
some eggs are incubated with a higher temperature and some with lower temperatures resulting in uneven hatches. Keep surfac
Incubators will perform best when set full as air movement is restricted and has to pass over all the eggs giving even heat and oxygen
2.5 Prewarming
Most incubators are designed to set eggs in stages. Setting patterns should be as per manufacturers recommendation. Prior to placi
leaving in room temperature for two - three hours. Eggs placed into the incubator directly from the cool room will result in sweat
shell to enter as the pores open.
2.6 Egg setting
Eggs should placed on the trays gently making sure any eggs with shell defects are rejected for setting. Ensure all eggs are preheat
trays into the incubator. Aim to set eggs with a weight of 600g. Anything under 600 should not be incubated.
2.7 Egg turning
There are two methods of egg turning, and both are effective; turning eggs 450 - total 900 degrees turn or turning eggs by rolling. M
hours, but preferably to turn once per hour (if turning is automatic). Turning should be done gently with no jarring. The embryo floa
the shell membrane turning must be done on a regular basis. The developing embryo will also receive the maximum food source from
hatchability, crippled legs and cross-beaked chicks
2.8 Egg candling
Various egg-candling systems are available and include hand held systems and monitor based systems. When candling an emu egg
embryos can be observed as they advance through the incubation cycle. After 7-10 days of incubation, fertility is determined. Rem
an incubator with 20% more capacity. Candling reduces the chance of rotten eggs spreading bacteria throughout the incubator an
exploding. With all the non-fertile eggs removed from the incubator effort can be put into monitoring the viable eggs which have be
can dramatically increase your profit potential by reducing need to purchase a secondincubator, reduces labour costs by not spendin
hatchability by monitoring malpositioned chicks. The Emu Ear Egg Candler is used in conjunction with an Emu Vision Egg C
efficiently whether chicks are alive or dead in the shell starting at 20 days. While egg candlers allow you to see if the eggs are fer
enables you listen for the heartbeat and breathing of the chick. This device is particularly useful for eggs, which have passed their d
be dead. In practice it is not easy to candle emu eggs unless use is made of an expensive system. Generally it’s a matter of checki
rotten and explode.
2.9 Malpositions
Malpositions of the embryo are caused by the position of the egg in the incubator.There are six main embryonic malpositions; 1) head
head to left instead of under right wing, 4) embryo rotated in such a way that the beak is orientated towards the air cell, 5) feet ove
under it. The first two malpositions are the most frequent. Embryos with head between thighs often die three to four days before th
Some chicks still manage to partially hatch in this position. The incidence of this malposition in horizontal eggs is one and a half ti
2.10 Egg weight loss
There should be a consistent weight loss of 13-15% throughout incubation, which is dependent on the temperature and humidity dur
(between incubators and eggs); hence, it can only be used as a guide, to determine whether incubation conditions are correct, or to es
recommended to weigh eggs on a regular basis and reject eggs that have a low weight loss.
2.11 Hatching process
Hatched chicks are left in the incubator drawer for the first day.Most chicks will hatch by themselves but some need assistance. To
into the air cell and pips the shell, it should not be hurried out of the egg. Chicks with heads in air cell but not
pipped, can be left for
this stage, the operator should tap the egg lightly on the top of the air cell with a hammer until a spot becomes soft. A piece of sh
removed. If the chick is in the normal position, with the beak just above the toe it should be allowed to hatch on its own. If malpositi
that the head can be carefully put into its correct position in the egg. Do not peel the shell and membranes from the chick at this sta
as blood vessels may be broken and the chick may not withdraw the yolk sac fully into its body and so die. Allow for the navel cord
cut. Chicks can take forty-eight hours or more to hatch successfully.
In practice it is normal to transfer the eggs into the hatcher at 49 days maintaining the temperature but increase to 50% humidity. Al
54-55 day check activity with a stethoscope. If no chipping is heard, the eggs can be thrown out. If chicks are left too long in the hatch
rest of their lives, particularly if you leave them in the hatcher for 1-3 days. Chicks should be taken out of the hatcher as soon as they
2.12 Hatching help
Birds taken out of the shell prematurely are often subject to umbilical and yolk sac infections. The treatment of the umbilical area of
7% iodine will help disinfect the area, preventing bleeding and minimising bacterial contamination. Newly hatched emus are equi
sac, which is taken up into the abdominal cavity before hatching and on which it can survive for a few days without ingesting food.
circulating system of chicks withina week after hatching. Experienced operators usually have no problems with chicks they help out
2.13 Pipping
On day 55 the straight line separating the light airsac from the chick changes to a moving point where the beak begins 'pipping' the
together, the umbilical cord lies across the head. As the chick 'kicks' with the foot and the beak it severs its own umbilical cord. A
takes it first breath from the sterilised airsac inside the egg. As the carbon dioxide level rises, the chick begins to suffocate - this caus
2.14 Hatching problems
Slight variation in incubation temperature can have an effect on the embryo development. There is a higher level of early chick mor
differs in size, shape and density it is impossible to give every egg the temperature and humidity it actually requires. A certain am
humidity too low and 300 too high. Too low humidity causes low chick weight, and they struggle to hatch on their own. Too high h
far more will be 'dead in the shell', and unable to hatch unaided. When temperature is too high it may cause chicks to be too small (
withdrawn into the chick. Chicks which hatch too early may have deformities (one eye etc), genetic abnormalities, or come from bre
can also be due to incorrect breeder's diet or genetic abnormalities. When temperature is too low it may cause sticky chicks, which h
be due to high humidity). Low fertility may be due to incorrect breeder's diet. Overall when humidity is too high there are wet, sti
large, dead in shell, reduced hatchability, death on point of hatch or soon after. When humidity is too low; small, skinny, dehyd
probably from hypercalcemia. When there is poor ventilation; chicks die in shell before or during pipping (can also be hereditary) or
incorrect breeder's diet). When there is incorrect turning there will bea low hatch percentage on fertile eggs, mal-positioned chicks
be from slippery hatchery surface). When an incorrect breeder's diet is fed, there is low fertility and high mortality in shell.
2.15 Leg deformities
Deformities of the long bones are a widespread problem and may be due to nutrition. The conditions are variously known as perosis
leg. Some causes that have been suggested are; overfeeding and consequent excessive growth, overfeeding or deficiencies of calcium
E or selenium, deficiency of methionine or choline, and deficiency of zinc or manganese. A decline in protein intake and increas
early. Preventative measures include; restricting protein intake and vitamin E supplementation, administered in the drinking water
of 30mg/kg-body weight. If emu chicks run onto a smooth surface, there legs can splay out. If you treat them when they are really yo
with a bit of tape and a rubber band, it gives them a bit of flexibility. After 3-4 days they will start running around with the rest of t
gold, but it’s a matter of catching them very, very quickly, because otherwise you will lose them.
2.16 Holding Area
Chick holding rooms temperatures. If the birds are being held in very cold conditions, they will be chilled even before they go onto th
2.17 Biosecurity
All staff and visitors should have no contact with other farm birds 24 hours before entering you own farm. That is the policy used i
people want to visit the farm, they must have had no exposure to other birds in the previous 24 hours. If they are a minor risk ask t
major risk do not allow them onto the farm.
2.18 Traceability
Coupled with bio–security is traceability. This is an important issue with the Newcastle disease. The Emu Industry is putting the a
there is traceability of the birds all the way through to processing. In the case of Newcastle disease there would be a guarantee that
that have ND. The ability to trace the egg is part of bio-security, because without that you don’t have biosecurity. You have the bio-s
the bio security also concerns where those eggs come from. You have a lot of hatcheries bringing eggs in from different sources. The
farm but there are hatcheries in the emu industry where they are bringing eggs in from different sources. If there’s a disease outbrea
way back, so traceability is very important.
2.19 Record Keeping
It is vital that owners keep a wide range of records. These are needed to help evaluate production of individuals and the national flo
and to select replacement breeders. Records, which should be kept, include, percentage of fertile eggs, percentage hatchability, pe
individual bird pedigrees.
3 EMU CHICKS
3.1 Chick selection
Chicks should be obtained from a reliable source where there is good management of the breeders and the hatchery.The eggs must be
At birth emu chicks should be sorted according to viability. A system to grade chicks according to how they are born as follo
assistance; grade 2-chicks which pip but cannot get out of the shell; grade 3-chicks which do not even manage to pip –
abnormal/underweight chicks.
3.2 Sexing
It is possible to sex chicks by vent examination from day old to six weeks with a reasonable level of accuracy. Accuracy of 88 % ca
However a training session involving the viewing of a series of slides emu vents needs to be completed.While the accuracy is s
examined are too small to be confident that sexing at day old is more accurate than sexing at six weeks, but it is certainly easier
requires the skill of pulling the tail of the chick upwards while applying pressure with the hand on the cloaca area. The cloaca w
Examining older birds usually involves internal examination. Chicks are usually sexed at three to four months. They can be done e
together until this age. With birds standing normally and an assistant holding the bird, the operator inserts the index finger int
O’clock”. If the bird is a female a small soft fleshy lump (clitoris), the size of a pea seed, will be felt at “6 O’clock”. If the bird is a
“7 O’clock”. When inverting, the penis of the male protrudes from the cloaca at “7 O’clock” and curves upward while the femal
months and older sex can often be determined by observation of urination or defecation, as the penis emerges on performing th
urination and defecation are separate acts in the emu.
3.3 Chicks
Whether raised for meat, skins or for breeding, initial growth should be controlled to avoid problem associated with fast growth suc
allowed to grow quickly, a greater risk of leg abnormalities occurs due to the increasing extra load on the legs. It is recommended, th
during the first 3-4 months of life. Several methods provide a possible solution. With quantitative restriction, the chicks are either of
one meal or divided into 2-3 meals. The disadvantage of this method is that some chicks (particularly the stronger, more aggress
creating poor uniformity amongst the flock. With qualitative restriction, chicks are offereda ad libitum diet with a low nutrient dens
those nutrients, which are vital for proportional growth. Limiting the energy content of the feed to values between 9 and 10 MJ ME
is normally sufficient to control body growth.
3.4 Declawing
Scratches from toe nails has been identified as the major cause of skin damage which has resulted in average discounts of more tha
skins being produced. Declawing emu chicks immediately after hatch using a hot blade de-beaking machine effectively reduce sk
rates or higher mortality to slaughter age. Declawing doesnot compromise the locomotor ability of emus and has the benefit of imp
stereotype behaviour (e.g. constant pecking at fences) and aggression. The birds are easier to handle and risk of injury to farmer
trimming machine used for poultry is most effective method of declawing emu chicks. It is recommended that people undertaking
accepted technique and be familiar with the appearance of a correctly de-clawed toe. Declawing techniques, which retain the em
development of a pad of tissue at the tip of the de-clawed toe and provided a cushion to the end of the toe. The development of this
against injury from rocks and hard surfaces. The best results can be achieved using a hot blade de-beaking machine to remove th
bottom or guide bar and operated to maximise the retention of pad tissue under the claw. De-clawing emu chicks within 24 hours re
for chicks as has been demonstrated in domestic poultry. However it increases the time the chicks take to commence feeding by 24 t
percent at 2 weeks of age. Any live weight depression is recovered by 3 weeks of age. The use of constricting rubber rings, liquid ni
de-claw emu chicks are either difficult to apply or result in significant re-growth of the claw.
Generally producers have noticed that birds tend to be a lot quieter when they are declawed and a lot easier to handle. The handlers
going to get injured by sharp claws. The emu also senses that people are more confident and calmer handling them and it tends to
emus do tend to slip a bit under slippery conditions especially with the chick yards where the litter can get wet. It’s a matter then
yards and their runs more often and keeping more sand and sawdust down.
Regrown claws on emus can get quite long and sharp, but this problem is mainly caused by operator error during the declawing proc
of not cutting off sufficient amount of claw because they didn’t want to harm the chick. Declawing doesn’t really effect them as the
operation. It is a bit frightening for the operators to cut of the toes of the baby chicks but once they got some experience at declawing a
3.5 Rodent Control
The biggest problems are cats and foxes. Keeping clean surrounds does keep the vermin down.
In Australia there can be problems with kangaroos spooking the emu, especially as they bound in and out of the paddocks. Some farm
night and using electric fencing to stop foxes and wild dogs.
3.6 Biosecurity
Biosecurity/Quarantine is an integral part of any successful emu enterprise. It refers to those measures taken to prevent or control th
a flock. Such diseases, whether clinical or subclinical significantly reduce the productivity, profitability and long term financial via
other insurance policy and as such it is a prudent investment
The objective should be to prevent the introduction of infectious diseases to livestock and to prevent the spread of disease from one
methods of disease transmission are: 1) Livestock-transfer of birds from farm to farm and dead bird disposal, 2) Animals-wild bir
insects, rodents (rats/mice) and domestic birds, 3) People- contractors, maintenance, personnel, neighbours, servicemen, friends etc
clothing, dirty hair etc., 4)Equipment- fork lifts, weighing equipment, 5)Vehicles-wheels, carrying other categories listed here, 6)
Supply-surface water attracts waterfowl, birds ingest contaminated water.
LEVELS OF BIOSECURITY
LEVEL 1 - Routine Biosecurity Procedures
These procedures have to be implemented and followed on a daily basis. They give a high degree of assurance that diseases will not
and it is the minimum requirement.
LEVEL 2 - High Risk Biosecurity Procedures
Include additional procedures to be implemented in the event of a serious or exotic disease outbreak such as exotic diseases and seriou
ROUTINE BIOSECURITY PROCEDURES
Farm Standards
1. The farm site is defined as the biosecure area and must have a perimeter fence.
2. Front Gate – lockable, in addition signage should also indicate the visitor is to contact the producer before proceeding ie. Siren, c
3. A concrete wash area including hose and proportioner (preferably high pressure) for washing and disinfecting of vehicles, good
4. Parking area for vehicles not entering farm site.
5. Change area away from sheds and paddocks adjacent to car park with clean protective clothing and boots.
6. Footbaths containing an Iodophor at 1:50 at all shed doorways normally used.
7. Adequate dead bird disposal method
8. Bird proof shedding.
9. Rodent proof sheds – no broken cement and a well fitted door.
10. Doors must be lockable.
11. Landscape – trees and shrubs not in the immediate shed area of sheds (they attract birds) but set back, to allow air dispersal.
restraints.
12. Rodent bait stations at 15 m intervals around the perimeter fence and outside of sheds.
13. Treated mains water supply is preferable and if this is not available bore, river or dam water may be used but must be chlorinate
14. A bin for used overboots.
15. Sheep and other domestic stock should not have access to farm site.
16. Dogs and cats should not be on farm site.
17. No other avian species (poultry, ducks, geese, emus, aviary birds or pet birds to be kept on property).
Personnel Standards
1.
Producers, their employees and persons residing with them must not have contact with any other poultry, emus, ostriches, ra
avoid casual contact with the above.
2.
Repair and maintenance (R&M) personnel must comply with the above. The producer must ascertain if a contractor has had
not essential it must be delayed. R & M personnel should sign a Quarantine Declaration.
3.
Delivery drivers – the producer must seek assurances from drivers that they comply with Quarantine Standards. Some suppl
producers should talk to their own supplier.
4.
Litter delivery trucks should be regularly washed. They must never be used for old litter. Farmers should talk to litter
declarations.
5.
Producers will be required to complete self-assessment audits periodically (ie. Biosecurity Audit)
6.
All employees with farm contact (delivery drivers, live haul drivers, and servicemen) are required to sign Quarantine Declara
7.
Visitor’s book – a record must be kept of all visitors to the farm.
8.
Any neighbours, friends, other farmers, or sales representatives etc. likely to have been exposed to poultry or birds should at
have visitors who have contact with poultry they must only visit you at home in ‘street’ clothes (and vice versa). Any visitors
9.
Farms must have a two-boot system. This operates by having one pair of boots to be worn outside the shed and another pair to
Operational Standards
Rodent Baiting – bait stations to be checked weekly and fresh bait to be laid monthly or more often if required. A log must be mainta
Visitors
All visitors should park their vehicles outside the farm unless it is essential that the vehicle be taken on site.
Visitors entering sheds or
Personnel by necessity make multiplefarm visits on a single day. Visits should always be made from “clean” areas ie.from home, fr
farm. Protective clothing including headwear and boots should be worn on farm site. In an emergency visits may be made from a “d
clothing. Repair and maintenance personnel must sign visitors declaration and should not do routine maintenance work if they h
Visitors must wear farm protective clothing when on site. Tools taken onto farm must be clean and free of dust and organic matter.
and these to be disposed of on site. They should not enter sheds or paddocks. Transport – There should be no weakening of disease c
and pens should be washed and disinfected. If the producer feels that the standard is inadequate the transporter should be advised.
oldest or all young birds or all old birds.
Water Supply
If treated mains water is not available dam or bore water must be chlorinated. Water should be chlorinated to 1–2 ppm of free availa
holding time for chlorinated water of at least 2 hours before being used. Be aware that not all mains water is treated. Chlorine testin
Farm Clothing
Outer farm clothing must not be worn off farm by the producer or his employees, and street clothing must not be worn on site unles
shed boots and paddock boots. Bird weighing to be carried out by farmer using their own weighing frames and scales. Feed spills m
birds and rodents to farm. Grass around farm site must be kept cut. Long grass attracts rodents and it is difficult to get good vi
Procedures after birds have been released to grower paddocks the shed doors must be kept closed. After washing and disinfecting,
problem ventilate using fans. Wild birds must be kept out. Any litter must not be stockpiled on farm site, and must be completely re
farm commences. The next batch’s litter must not be delivered before total disinfection has been completed. If litter is to remain an
should still be sanitised and preferably the whole shed fumigated before the next placement. All sheds and paddock gates are to be loc
LEVEL 2 SERIOUS OUTBREAK PROCEDURES
These are in addition to Level 1 procedures.
Facilities
Gates kept locked
Shed doors locked
Personnel
Visitors – no visitors – service personnel will discontinue routine visits except on suspicion of problems.
Repairs and maintenance – no routine work, onlyemergency work to be carried out.
Operational
Essential visits – head to toe shower before and after visit. A complete change of clothes and footwear is required and used clothing
Any vehicle, which must enter farm, must be washed and disinfected at wash pad before and after going onto farm (feed trucks, ga
aerosol) and washable mats and vinyl must be washed. Vehicles not entering farm but parking outside to be treated the same and
moved on or off farms until disease status is clarified. If a major outbreak should occur, the authorities will introduce further measur
DEAD BIRD COMPOSTING
Compostors must be kept functioning at all times, kept away from sheds and boundary fences and area kept neat and clean at all time
PERSONNEL QUARANTINE DECLARATION (Employee)
I … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . hereby agree to abide by biosecurity rules and standards. I understand the following quarantine
1.
No avian species to be kept at my place of residence ie. No poultry or birds of any type (including Emus, Ostriches, aviary birds o
2.
No pigs to be kept at my place of residence.
3.
No member of my household is to work in any area where contact can be made with poultry or pigs (this includes other farms,
laboratories or pick up).
4.
I will not visit Abattoirs.
Signature … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Date … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..
Residential Address … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
QUARANTINE DECLARATION FORM (Contractors)
I … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .. of … … … … … .… … … … … … … … .. (Address)
Understand the following rules apply:1.
No avian species to be kept at my place of residence ie. No poultry or birds of any type (including Emus, Ostriches or aviary bird
2.
No pigs to be kept at my place of residence.
3.
No member of my household is to work in any area contact can be made with poultry or pigs.
4.
I will inform the grower of my previous movements prior to entering the farm.
5.
I will follow any instructions regarding protective clothing/boots given to me by the grower or company representative.
FARM ENTRY PERMIT
Authorisation for Entry to: … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Authorisation For: … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .
Date of Entry:
/
/
Entry to the farm is subject to the following conditions:
ð I do not have poultry, caged birds or pigs etc at home.
ð I have not been in contact with any avian species within 12 hours
ð Other members of my household are not in contact with poultry.
ð I wear the protective clothing provided.
ð I wear protective boots.
ð I sanitise boots in the footbath(s) provided.
OBJECT OF VISIT: __________________________________________________Name: ___________________________
4. EMU REARING
The most important element of successful chick rearing is management technique. There is no substitute for good "stockmanship
skill in areas such as feed management and planning, assessment of health and condition, early recognition of illness and other p
effective measures to address problems. Chicks should have access to plenty of room, as exercise is extremely important for growth,
rapid weight gain. Once the chicks are over three months of age, they are relatively hardy and need shedding only in bad weather.
reared intensively to prevent the accumulation of water vapour, heat, ammonia, hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxi
may be a problem where there is poor ventilation and is usually a reliable indicator of the build-up of noxious gasses. Ammonia lev
million (ppm) of air, measured at bird level, in enclosed buildings. A level of 10-15 ppm of ammonia in the air can be detected b
cause eye and nasal irritation in humans. Temperatures similar to those used for chickens are recommended during the first 4 week
background temperature of about 26 0C, to enable the chicks to get away from the heat source. If the temperature is not warm enough
The chicks must be weighed regularly to monitor progress. Initial weight loss should stabilise about the 5th day and then start to
chick's well being and, weather permitting, the birds should be allowed to leave the brooding area to exercise in small runs adjacen
group according to size rather than age. In some cases, the chick may not start eating. A problem with emus is theycan get dry l
ointment around the eye can be done when dust or lucerne is a problem.
Emu chicks need plenty of room, otherwise they just clamour over each other if they get frightened or cold. Emus can be kept in sm
similar to little garden sheds. Lucerne straw can be used as bedding with 20 or 30 in each area. When they are very young, first 2-3
there only about 1-12 under each lamp, to avoid over crowding which might do damage to the skins at a very young age. Small hay f
the shed and locked in at night with netting over the top to protect them from predators. Fresh lucerne can be added to bedding on
soiled with faeces, add fresh lucerne and spray with disinfectant. A couple of times during the season clean shed and disinfect. Bir
where they can go in and out as they want to, without being locked in. If birds are brooded on irrigated lucerne, moisture from the l
can result in infections to birds. It is important to be able to ventilate sheds and control the natural ventilation by having a system of
5 foot runway but the door is only 2 foot wide. When they get a fright they crash into the sides of the shed and try to get out the door.
raceway. Lucerne can be used as bedding and emus peck at the leaves. Oncea week lucerne can be added and allowed to build up to 2
season.
4.1 Nutrition
Emus in the wild feed largely on high quality food: succulent herbage, seeds, insects, fruit and flora. Neutral detergent fibreinclu
minerals but not protein, while acid detergent fibre includes cellulose and lignin. By selecting food items with relatively low lig
carbohydrate such as cellulose, an emu can obtain a substantial part of energy from fibre in the diet; an adaptation for the emu to sur
should be removed from the feeders. Commercial chick rations are available from commercial suppliers. Chop lucerne and mix it wi
the birds to eat.
Effect of hatch date on emu growth.
Emu chicks are hatched seasonally from July to November with numbers peaking in September. Initial growth is rapid and well-gr
24 weeks of age with a conversion of feed to live weight of 3:1. Beyond this age consumption plateaus or reduces and growth slows d
commence to fatten at 40 weeks of age. Peak fatness is reached at about 60 weeks of age. The age at which season impacts on the bird
date and the growth curve for each hatch is likely to be different. It presents the opportunity for some hatches to be more efficien
possibility of the development of different feeding strategies to produce different products from selected hatches. While scientific th
season should be the cheapest to produce because they would not experience the period of low winter appetite seen in early hatched
industry reported that latter hatched birds generally grew poorly and were difficult to finish. Information on the effect of hatch date
benefit of the development of technologies to remove the effect of season on emu growth. Season has an influence on the appetite an
age and offsets any expected feed savings from late hatched birds being able to be finished at a younger age. The late hatched chi
down in growth during autumn when weighing only 15 kilograms. The lower live weight plateau of the later hatched birds prior t
meat and fat and results show that birds hatched in October - November yielded 500 grams less muscle and there was a trend to pro
produced a kilogram more fat from each bird and August and September hatches show a greater response to dietary energy. Greate
achieved if birds are introduced to them at a time when they are showing an increase in appetite. Birds fed low protein finisher d
Emus have a low requirement for protein after 40 weeks of age and cost effective low protein finisher diets can be fed. Daily requirem
emus is much lower than for poultry. The specifications of Starter/Grower ration can be as follows: 11.5 MJME/kg M.E., 16% crude p
methionine + cystine, 1.25% calcium, and 0.68% phosphorus. The range of ingredients available for these rations include cereals
protein meals, mill offals, fats, vitamins and minerals. A move towards separate starter,grower and finisher rations in the feeding prog
Effect of Energy Restriction and Season on Appetite and Fatness in Maturing Emus
The appetite of growing emus is influenced by season and although chicks are hatched over a 5-6 month period all birds reach a
independent of age. Once in peak condition birds commence to display mating activity and bouts of aggression and bullying whi
rapidly. Feed consumption declines after December, liveweight will fall by 25 - 30 percent during the breeding season as the birds u
high feed intake and fatten quickly when moved to a higher plain of nutrition as late as April and birds which have experience
commence to eat and fatten late into autumn. Emus restricted fed to maintain an average live weight of 32.5 to 38.4 kilogram ca
weight of greater than 45 kilograms from April to August within 8 weeks of feeding a adlib high energy finisher diet.Income will be
56 and 72 weeks of age, with the earlier hatched birds being full fed and slaughtered first and the later hatches being restricted fed f
the older ages after being fed a high energy finishing ration for 8-12 weeks. While this will confine the supply of fresh product from
outside this age range has a considerable cost penalty.
4.2 Feed efficiency
Emus have been shown to grow at 111 g/day to 20 weeks of age, followed by 88g/bird/day up to 64 weeks of age. However, var
attaining sexual maturity at about 12 months, while females attain sexual maturity at about 18 months.In practice it is reported that e
and fat. Fibre also prevents whole grain diets passing through the digestive system.
4.3 Paddocks
Emus need to be moved from brooding to follow on growing facilities at 4 - 6 weeks of age, to extensive pens at 10 - 16 weeks and
free-range breeding areas stocked with 32 breeders work best. There is always a need to run a number of single breeder pens to per
To avoid the need to physically catch and transport birds between these areas a farm design linking them with a series of narrow ra
obvious disadvantages it is difficult to forcibly move birds down raceways which are wider than four metres. Raceways should b
ground in front of them at all times. Natural hollows and hills, which prevent a clear view down the raceway, should be avoided, a
race. Entry into free-range areas with feed trailers and tractors can be difficult without a double gate arrangement as birds can cong
avoided by over the fence feeding equipment. Free-range areas should have an associated feeding, catching area, which measures no
this pen using feed and water management before being driven into the raceway.
Dust
High dust levels can impact both on the birds and staff. High levels of dust lead to equipment failure and/or electrical fires. If
undesirable for the birds, particularly with high bird activity, high stocking density and the amount of dust and dry material on surfa
approximately 100 µm (0.01 mm) in size and visible to the naked eye, while the smallest particles will be less than µm
1 in size. Th
and invisible to the naked eye. Particles that affect health are generally in the invisible range and in birds, particles of 3-7
µm are de
system while smaller particles are deposited throughout the rest of the respiratory system. Feed is a major source of dust, but tends
health; feed needs to be handled carefully and feed delivery and feed-mill equipment maintained properly to decrease the ratio of sm
impact on health are from dried faeces, feathers, skin and litter and their adverse effects arise because they carry or incorporate bacte
shed, while the visible particles are predominantly of large size, these are highly likely to be associated with high concentrations o
critical role on bird performance. Equipment is available to measure particulate matter (dust) in the atmosphere. It is recommended
Odour
Ammonia and other toxic gases need to be kept below certain levels for bird health and if excessive, they reflect inadequate ventilat
increase with wet litter. Corrective action needs to be taken if concentrations exceed 20 ppm at the level of the bird. Humans can sm
eyes and nasal mucous membranes at concentrations of 25-35 ppm. Ammonia can be measured bygrab-sampling using colour detecto
CO2, CO, NH3 and H2S. Other problems gases include hydrogen sulphide with the smell of 'rotten-eggs'; it is highly toxic to huma
occurring above 10 ppm. If you can smell it there is a serious ventilation problem. Its main source is from the anaerobic decompo
occur if litter becomes wet and caked. Carbon dioxide cannot be detected by smell. At very high concentrations it is used as a s
concentrations (0.3 % or 3,000 ppm) carbon dioxide is involved in the regulation of respiration. Thus, if carbon dioxide in the atm
minimize the increase in body carbon dioxide. Adverse effects of CO 2 include metabolic acidosis which changes the acidity of cer
that can have effects on its normal functioning) and eventually depress respiration. Another noxious gas that is also odour
concentrations should be below 50 ppm. Carbon monoxide can bind with haemoglobin in the blood much more easily than oxygen
amount of haemoglobin available to carry oxygen. In humans, concentrations as low as 0.02 % (200 ppm) will result in headache an
ppm), unconsciousness will occur in 1 h and death in 4 h.
4.4 Bird Handling and weighing
Some farmers prefer to simply catch birds individually from pens and move them directly into transporters. The walls of the raceway
distance of at least 50 metres before the birds enter the shed and 4 - 5 metres on either side of any turns in the raceway. The appr
metres tall and be fitted with solid or shade cloth-laced gates. Forcing gates located at the entrance to the shed, 3 - 5 metres and 6
difficult birds into the facility. Once inside the enclosed shed the emus will quieten dramatically. Open mesh gates should not be
back against the gate and cause skin damage rather than run toward a more open space.
The handling shed should have solid timber walls to provide a barrier and reduce noise. The shed is roofed to keep the area dark an
The floor should be covered with soft bedding and be kept relatively dust free. The raceway should be non-slip but not abrasive on th
gates allow the emus to be pushed more efficiently than a number of people pushing. The first wall to the left of the entry can have
and cause the emus to run toward the corner. From here they move into a central forcing pen where they can be handled and moved
race to the loading ramp. The wall of the scales and raceway can have a 15 cm gap set at 1.5 metres to allow the birds to be pushed
truck just at sunrise by lighting the interior of the transport crate and allowing the birds to move toward the light. The raceway sho
crate and the load out ramp is set at truck height.
With the emu it is very important to condition the bird to handling and presence of humans. This should be done from an early age.
growers use portable cattle yards and they round emus up and not push them along laneways. The portable yards should beerected
provided feed in the yard. Generally speaking on the day of transport about 90% of the birds are in the yards. If the birds are not co
crucial to condition the birds to human presence. Where farmers have not had any physical contact with birds there is going to be
transported. Farmers need to make the effort to condition the birds to handling, holding areas and be used to human presence. Fa
birds know these people are scared of them. There are some good fixed yards. If the birds are in the yard as the truck arrives and th
yards 3-5 months before hand there is no problem. Birds are hooded and they move in much easier.
4.5 Water
Water is an important nutrient and can be contaminated by various microorganisms, which may affect growth and the health of
regularly checked and cleaned. If bore water is used ensure that the total dissolved salts are not excessive. For young birds provide
supplying water some distance from their feed encourages exercise.
When chicks are placed in the shed, encourage the birds to drink by placing a small amount of chopped fine lucerne on the surface
see the movement of the lucerne on the water. During the 2 - 3 monthstage in the raceways, have the water pan and feed down one e
strength. Need to prevent chicks soiling in the water.
Emus should be provided sufficient cool drinkable water at all times to meet their physiological requirements. Under no circumstan
24 hours. An emergency water source and delivery system must be available. The farmer must always provide fresh, clean water- a
When an emu farm is first established, or when a new water source is obtained, the water should be tested for mineral content and m
as to its suitability. As the composition of water from bores, dams and water holes may change in flow or evaporation the wate
continual suitability. Where chicks and juveniles are reared in-groups multiple water points should be provided in each pen. Eve
<30°C during hot weather. In Australia water quality in some areas is poor and in summer drinking water it’s extremely hot. So
along the fences in some spots. This should be avoided. Drinking water was too hot to even place your finger in the water, and the bi
water is collected from run off from the adult areas this water should not be used for chicks as it could become a source of infection fo
or treated supply. There needs to a number of watering points in each pen. Dominant birds can stop other birds from drinking. If the w
less dominant birds won’t get the water they need. So you need at least two sources of water, particularly later on, when they reach 4 m
to maintain water consumption, particularly in hot weather. There are advantages in providing cool water, particularly in hot weat
flushing of drinker lines, keep incoming water lines out of direct sunlight, insulating water lines and ensuring water storage tanks a
way of reducing water temperature in hot weather. A more expensive option, is to install an external water cooling unit to maintain
as water intake is reduced above this temperature.
Water quality
Water quality is an important issue and water samples from the farm should be analysed annually for any microbiological contamin
Acceptable concentrations for chlorides = 200 mg/l, for nitrates = 45 ppm and for sulphates = 200 ppm. If the water supply is fro
reduce any risks of microbiological contamination from birds or animals using the water. Water can be sanitized by chlor
concentration of 1-3 ppm of drinking water is suggested.
4.6 Rodent and Parasite control
It is important to keep rats and mice and wild birds as well as water birds such as ducks away from emus as they are carriers of disea
and poultryshould be used at least 2-3 times in a year.
5. EMU BREEDERS
Breeding is usually induced by the appearance of food plants following rain, often because of irregular thunderstorms. When nestin
are incubated by the male. If eggs are removed from the nest, the female can be induced to lay considerably more than the normal
more than one male and will lay 2 or even 3 clutches in a season. The male may remain with the chicks for up to 8 months but he us
about 6 months old. It has been shown that a pair of emus on the farm can be expected to lay about 10 eggs per year and raise 5 or 6
5.5 per year) over 12 to 15 months, the farm expects to yield 44 square feet of leather, 150 kg of meat (fresh and preserved), 5.5 kg o
eggs which are carved by the aborigines. Moving breeders during the laying season should be avoided if possible, as it will almost cer
altogether. It is at this age that all the skin damage occurs, especially when the sexual activity occurs. Emus reach sexual matur
between 25 and 30 eggs and they lay religiously every 3 days for 10 months.
Breeders can be run on a bit of mallee scrub in a quiet area at least 500m from the nearest road.Farms near main roads should be av
area with traffic, hatch rate and survival rate can be affected. On irrigated pasture problems can be experienced with eggs getting mor
it should be closer to 90%. Superior genetic breeding stock is required but the environment is also important.
Stress in breeders can be shown by their behaviour which can have an effect on their breeding and production. In a number of specie
exhibit this frustration behaviour which is also shown by lions in zoos. One of the methods being used to reduce this pacing prob
boredom and in the case of emus a simple remedy might be to provide more forage or sandy areas for dust bathing to reduce the in
feeders and waterers aren’t too close to fence lines to avoid conflicts between birds pacing up and down the fence line and those eatin
5.1 Breeder selection and Genetics
Quiet temperament should be placed high on the list of preference factors when breeders are being selected. In the progeny from som
skins whereas others have a smooth surface and texture. They all tan the same when they have the same properties. Skins of som
during the skinning. When skins are graded you often can deduce that it’s related to the breeder. Good body size is important in
birds. Some are short and squat and very wide bodies. There are also your big rangybird that produce a lot of meat. It is important to c
Genetically deficient birds should not be used for breeding. Never buy an aggressive bird and cull according to temperament. An agg
at the expense of mating frequency. Clearly, there are birds that no matter how much they are fed they will never make the standa
these birds will be removed out of the flock by discriminate breeding selection. In the short term, the progeny should be identified
falling short of the mark removed from the flock to save on feeding costs. Farmers who follow the common practice of selecting o
inadvertently selecting for poor reproductivity. It is quite likely that significant embryo mortality occurs as a result of genetic abnorm
are now in a better position to maximise hatchability of emu eggs using a combination of genetic selection and modified managem
farmers to make use of hybrid vigour. Highly fertile cock birds 3 years or older and hens producing good quality eggs should be s
significant effects on hatchability. The eggs from breeders grazing on native grasses have lower hatchability compared with the egg
Although it may be necessary for some producers to access new genetics, it is important to consider a philosophy of a closed flock.
emus are imported onto the farm from external sources. Emu producers should farm only one avian species on their property. The ma
good skin quality, which have good performance and maximum food conversion up to processing. It is ideal to aim for the age of th
years, with a 25% cull rate of breeders. The breeders genetic performance is important to make sure egg production rates and fertility
that you could pick a good cock bird by how aggressive it was. The more virile it was the more fertile it was. In Australia birds have n
5.2 Aggression and mating
Individual handling of birds is best done in a fully enclosed, darkened purpose-built handling facility. Emus quieten dramatically
workers can move freely through them with little effort. Occasional birds will show aggression, particularly if handled just be
breeding birds that attack and make egg collection difficult can be cured by simply pushing them to the ground. A broom can be
bird. Never approach the bird from lower ground and give yourself plenty of room. With colony birds the aggression depends on ho
emus on 2 hectares works well in practice.
5.3 Nutrition
The breeder ration specifications are 10.8MJ/kg M.E., 15% protein, 0.7% lysine, 0.38% methionine, 0.59% meth+cyst, 3.0% calcium
ration is to achieve high hatchability of fertile eggs and good development of newly hatched birds. Excess body condition of adult
When not in the breeding season an emu maintenance ration should be fed. This can be a lower specification than the grower/finis
during their first breeding year. Emus need to achieve a minimum level of fatness before appetite can be inhibited by season and
fatness to commence lay. A feeding program, which maintains maturing emus in a healthy but lean condition before they are move
the most viable industry option. It also reduces aggression and avoids egg laying in birds destined for slaughter.Although feed re
dominate birds do not becoming substantially heavier than their pen mates. The problem of aggression is greatly accentuated by c
pens. The results suggest that fatness is not directly linked to sexual activity and the mechanisms controlling seasonal appetit
breeding. The diet of the growers has an impact on skins. The diet of the breeders also impacts on the embryo and can reduce hatc
breeding season and live off their fat anyway, as they do not eat virtually throughout the breeding season. When the females islaying
male decides to sit down on the eggs, the male won’t eat either. Initially you can judge their weight by running your hands along thei
5.4 Nest
The nesting site is usually in the open and consists of a shallow depression in the ground. Quite often, the birds make their dust b
will often lead to them laying in the sandpit which improves the general hygiene of the egg, rather than the egg getting when laid in
Australia have a high saltcontent which can reduce bacterial contamination on surface of the egg. There are three main managem
first is to let the birds incubate the eggs where the climatic conditions are favourable. If it is likely to be swamped during heavy rain,
Farmers can dig a hole next to the current nest and fill it with coarse sand or gravel. When the hen becomes used to this modifica
around the nest to prevent flooding. It is important that the nest is flat so that the eggs do not hit each other when being turned. In
small shelter over the facing north and south to give added protection to the nesting site. A second option is to do much the same as a
and transfer them to an incubator. This is the best way as the eggs finish their incubation period just as well as if the birds were sitti
by sitting for six weeks and it does not take them long to make another nest. This system also eliminates some of the environmental
it makes them easier to manage. The third, and now the most widely used practice, is to remove the eggs and artificially incubate the
6. EMU HANDLING
Each subsequent generation is easier to handle. Emus can be frustrating to handle and most operations take three times longer than e
good stockmanship, handling emus is not too difficult. Emus require different and generally higher standards of handling compared
and transported. The industry is farmingemus which currently are genetically similar to wild stock. Mature birds may still show a
requiring better stockmanship than other farm stock.
6.1 Young chicks
Domestication must begin at hatch. Chicks reared naturally by the incubating males are never totally domesticated and such bird
recognise. It is important to spend time with chicks immediately after hatch and attempt to make them feel comfortable in the prese
with humans as stress free as possible. Where possible herd the birds rather than carry them. When moving large groups of 100
progressively move them out of a pen and down a raceway. Some farms have had good success herding young emus with dogs, reared
Spend a little extra time with the chicks that always hang back. These ones need the attention.The strategy of the emu farmer shoul
familiar and comfortable with humans. Talking to the chicks and making use of the natural curiosity of the birds will be useful. You
a rope or use a weighing funnel.
6.2 Older chicks
If older chicks need to be caught and carried use a moveable solid partition which they cannot see over and herd a portion of the bir
one leg. A grasp of both legs is preferred. Chicks of 8 - 25 kg live weight can be carried by placing one hand on the brisket of the b
the legs and lifting. Hug the back of the bird into your lower abdomen to prevent it twisting and striking you with its feet. A ful
chicks. Chicks will seldom settle in an open meshed crate or trailer.
The birds go through a very fractious period from 4 - 16 weeks of age and extra care needs to be taken when moving and handling
they are more likely to turn and attempt to charge past anyone attempting to drive them down a laneway or into an enclosed area
between two people can help. It is important for the stockperson to stand his ground, raise his hand and make a noise when this o
pushed off balance by palming the bird just below the neck. Failing this the stockperson can step to one side, grab a good fold o
handful of tail feathers in the other and swing the bird so it runs in the reverse direction. It often pays to hold the bird and mak
enough to prevent it becoming hysterical to the point where it loses all sense of reason and becomes that typical crazy and panting
direction in its attempt to escape. When the birds are old enough, their natural affinity for water can be used to enhance tameness. A
with the stockman using a hose to bathe the birds. Farmers and employees should wear clothing of the same colour and touch the bird
6.3 Adult birds
Weighing, sexing and identification of mature birds can be carried out in the shed. A simple shaped crush can make sexing a
operations such as implanting transponders and leg banding. Tuck the rear of the bird firmly into your lower abdomen by grasping
Be aware that the bird's leg can move between yours and there is the potential to receive a nasty blow to the groin. Leg and shin pad
cage region can help to settle some birds. A bird can be made immobile by cupping its lower beak in one hand and firmly stroking
eyes close and the bird slowly drops to the ground. While most birds can be moved through facilities by guiding them it is sometime
it physically. The wing offers a good handle but too much pressure can easily brake the wings. With difficult birds, it is better to gri
in one hand and some tail feathers in the other. Maintain a downward pressure on the tail to prevent the bird jumping and lashing
often easier to spin the bird around and run it backwards. Very quiet female birds that continually squat when approached from b
pressure on the very point of the tail is the best way to get them to stand and move on.
6.4 Aggressive birds
The mixing of different groups of birds after 40 weeks of age should be approached with caution and groups should not be allowed
bird will often need to run almost 100 metres to fend off an aggressive attack. A group of mixed birds is impossible to work and they
early hatched birds will show aggression to each other at about 40 weeks. In single aged groups this will last for only 2 - 6 weeks an
birds. The flock should be housed in large pens by this age to give the bullied birds an opportunity to escape otherwise they will be d
caught in fences in their attempt to escape or bash themselves to death against, the gates and fences. Damaged birds and birds rec
development of early hatched male birds which are aggressive.
Once the social order has been established by 65 - 70 weeks of age both male and female birds begin to establish mating pairs. In
loss of weight will commence at 52 - 56 weeks making it difficult to finish these birds to market weight as earlier hatched birds.
commence to fight and will have been drafted off for slaughter. This problem of fighting and weight loss could be improved by
reducing the level of skin damage. Leave the difficult birds in the flock until the very last draft.
7. EMU TRANSPORT
Transporting emus has the potential to cause financial loss to farmers, not only from deaths but also, in the case of maturing birds,
from injuries. Attention to even small details whilst trucking birds, will alleviate the risk. Stockpersons with experience in farmin
during transport to the emu in balancing on only two legs. The bird can easily slip on an uncovered metal truck floor or an unsuita
narrow, long neck of an adult emu can also be a disability to the safe passage of the bird on a long trip. The unruly temperament of
emu farmer has to contend. One unruly bird can quickly cause the build up of panic and hysteria in an otherwise calm group of emus
Crate design for the transport of emus is crucial. The crate should have a steel frame with ply sides so the birds are completely enc
and constructed with different sized pens containing different numbers of birds. The ceiling height can also be varied. Ventilat
scoops or revolving fans in the roof is required. Commercial operators incorporate fan-forced ventilation, which is particularly usefu
concerning the ceiling height in the crate. If the height is reduced to below 1.5 metres, the emus cannot raise their heads to full h
damage each other. Emus do not transport well in single compartments and a density of seven birds in a 1.04 x 2.4 metre pen is
affect on skin damage and raises the possibility of double-deck transport but the reduced air space means that ventilation and keeping
truck is covered with carpet as emus slip on hard surfaces and it keeps the noise down. Sawdust can be spread on the carpet to soak up
For transporting maturing emus, there is a general requirement for darkness and at the same time, adequate ventilation. An ordinary
not necessarily be suitable for transporting emus. Headroom needs to be at least 1.6 metres for adult emus to be comfortable. A div
0.6 metres seems to be suitable for about 5 adults transported with careful supervision. Hessian, stitched to the full height of the crat
are no gaps is essential to stop the emus seeing out and attempting to escape through or over the crate bars. The skin of the emu is v
to push at the horizontal bars of the crate wall, or by birds kicking at each other in an attempt to escape. The hessian should be sewn
out with the wind during transport, predisposing the emus to try to escape through the iron bars.
The roof and walls of the crate should be devoid of projections, even if only small, as these can easily damage the valuable skins. It
or a tarp which will be a visual barrier to the escape of the birds. Not withstanding the importance of excluding light and the
ventilation is required for the birds. Without this there can be a high level of heat buildup in the covered crate, especially if the
important to attach hessian curtains or some other form of safe visual barrier between divisions. Otherwise, the odd bird will try to j
the attempt. Any hessian used should be of good quality. Holes in poor quality, aged hessian, can easily snare the small heads of emu
Gaps adjacent to the hinges of divisions in thecrate, can also trap the heads of emus. This problem can be avoided by proper emu c
truck for emus which "squat" during transport. Such birds will be trampled, cannibalised or killed by pen mates if not rescued. A c
often identify these individuals and prevent the problem before it occurs. Generally once the truck is moving, emus will quieten c
causing trouble in the group. Trouble with the birds is likely if they are allowed to stand in a stationary truck for any period immed
The truck should set off as soon as possible after loading and the emus should be unloaded when the destination is reached.
During transport, it is suggested that emu group sizes per compartment be limited to no more than 20 for chicks up to 12 weeks of a
and adult emus. Recommended stocking densities are 8 birds/m² for birds less than 7 kg; 3 birds/m² for birds 25-30 kg and 2 b
important things is to make sure they do not get upset when they are being loaded. One, stirry bird can upset all the others in a co
before transporting to make sure they are accustomed to having people around. Catching should be done as quietly as possible. It is
paddock.
Emus don’t fight when their heads are lowered and they can’t stand upright. When emus are in a trailer if you dim the lights they
it’s the same in raceways and it doesn’t seem to bother them. The floor of the transport vehicle should have non-slip floors.If not the
simple thing of putting a bit of mesh on the floor with a bit of straw. The flooring is very important, especially on long journeys.
cartage can causes abrasions and lesions on thefoot pads. When emus were first transported it was done in small pens with 2-3 in each
7.1 Yarding
The earlier hide damage may have resulted in birds at the bottom of the pecking order as chicks, so hide damage may have occurred
them. It is important for producers to see their birds processed at the abattoirs to gain a better insight to the problem and its rectific
damage can be overcome from the use of good yard and handling facilities. The proper construction of such facilities is absolutely
this is the follow through in the processing works by producers of their hides to identify other causes of damage and their eradicat
sheep yards with modifications to suit emus can offer minimal outlay in costs. Most cattle yards can be serviceable if the height
bruising and scarring, it would be preferable to line the fencing with panels of rubber matting to the height of at least the thigh of th
see out and beyond, the emu will exhibit less stress and become easier to handle. It is paramount that the closer you get to your loadi
preferable to have the sides become higher.
Emus should be yarded 12 hours before loading, allowing time to empty out faeces and urine and settle down. Emus are difficult to
avoided. Large groups of birds can become excited and commence to fight amongst themselves if attempts are made to move them as
groups you know you can handle. Never mix birds from different pens. They will spend their time fighting and attempting to re-est
occupied and will ignore your efforts to drive them.
Experience has shown that if emus can see outside an enclosure in which they are contained against their will, they will attempt to e
or leapfrog a barrier using another object, either emu or human. Mature birds have been seen to escape over a 1.8 m fence by using an
The use of straw bales approximately 1m high by 1.5 m long can be very effective for constructing yards. With these bales stacke
almost zero chance of bruising and scarring provided the straw bales are aligned and packed correctly to prevent ends of straw scrat
for birds to sit down if you are holding them overnight. It is advisable not to feed but to have water available at this time.
It is up to the farmer to provide the best yarding facilities to ensure that he achieves the best quality meat and/or skins. You need t
hold the birds in the holding area. You bring them into the area by encouraging them with feed. The birds come in with a minim
conditioned to going in and out of the handling areas.
Yards can be built with pine posts and galvanized iron on the flat, 3 sheets high, built in a bugle shape with gates swinging about
another. Shade cloth over the top of the yards keeps them quieter. It is possible to move through the birds, physically sort the birds
ready for slaughter through the smaller side gates. The odd bird will get a bit frisky, but they can be drafted out in one of the side
birds in the yards, but it’s all worth it in the end.
The issue of yarding and transportation is vital for leather quality. The longest time birds have been kept in handling yards is from S
transport on a Wednesday night. Ensure they have feed and water twice a day. They are usually calm and no problems to load. It
them. If the odd bird gets frisky they can be removed from the flock.The most difficult operation with emus is to move them down a
area, particularly if they have no prior experience of being enclosed and the materials and floor surface in the enclosure are foreig
familiar with the handling shed and seldom use is made of forcing gates to move them into the shed. Flocks which have been pe
weeks of age are noticeably easier to move into the shed for weighing and farmers should consider implementing some system to ac
handle them.
7.2 Loading
Herding or driving emus in the same manner as sheep or cattle is extremely difficult. An aid to this task when being conducted in a
the raceway with black plastic or hessian to a height sufficient to prevent the emus seeing out. Another aid is for two or three handle
width of the raceway and move slowly behind the emus. At the point of loading the birds up a ramp, it has been found necessary to c
an unruly adult emu, two handlers may be needed to manhandle one emu towards and up the loading ramp.
The floor or tray height of the emu transport vehicle will determine the type of ramp or whether a ramp is needed at all. Some tra
have a very low floor on to which emus can be easily be loaded from ground level. For a standard height truck tray, a normal stoc
sides has been extended to about 1.8 metres, is needed. Using a standard sheep or pig ramp wall height may cause emus to jump
catcher must push the emus up the ramp. It is advisable to have an additional operator inside the truck as the emus reach the top
division. It has been found that emus are easier to guide down a ramp than up. The slope of the ramp should be as low as possible.
ramps. A non-slip covering, such as old carpet, attached to the floor, will aid traction. A wooden ramp floor may tend to become sl
over it, especially during wet weather. Expanded metal mesh floors on ramps or any area where emus are likely to walk or stand are
catch and break claws. Where a loading ramp joins a truck tray, any open gaps should be covered temporarily with hessian or a tarp
The load out ramp is at truck height so that the emus can walk onto the truck. Do not lift birds into thetruck as it is dangerous and can
mesh as emus slip on hard surfaces. Sand or sawdust can be used over the mesh to soak up the excreta. It is not essential to have sma
job a lot easier. Emus can be loaded directly out of a large paddock by using their natural curiosity, a bit of patience, and some pla
three-quarters of the normal ration so that when loadingthe birds they are hungry and will approach you with the feed bucket in ha
yards around the feed and for watering points that can be used to trap the birds when required. Feeding in laneways is also an option
It is often easier to walk the bird backwards into the trailer.
7.3 Drivers
It would be ideal for the truck driver should have a view of the birds while under transport, so that he can stop when necessary. If no
be undertaken periodically during a long journey. The truck driver should endeavour to make the trip as bump free as possible, ac
emus have only 2 legs with which to balance. A good driver will minimise carcass lesions and improve returns to the farmer. This
farm animal. Naturally, it is important to drive carefully to the abattoir making sure to accelerate and brake gently and corner care
birds periodically, and stand up or isolate any, birds that get down in the truck.Once the truck is loaded it is best to get underw
ventilation and the movement of the truck appears to quieten the birds. Accelerate and break gently and corner carefully. The
transporting. He or she must always be thinking of the birds by cornering gently and braking slowly. Check the load regularly durin
long trips. Generally the birds will not eat much during the journey but will drink a little. Some of the drivers will stop at the truc
off. Under the HACCP process, drivers should keep some records of what conditions were like, behaviour of the birds while un-loa
their thoughts on farm yarding and loading ramps. Most of the transporters are experienced at handling emus. Transporters should h
to the driver not to accept sick or injured birds, but if a transporter for example has travelled from Victoria to Queensland to pick up a
stressed it is going to be a brave guy not to take those birds. It often means that the transporter will delay his journey so that the bi
going on. He can sense if there is a problem. He should be stopping every few hours.
7.4 NZ Code of practice
Code of Recommendations and Minimum Standards for the Welfare of Ostrich and Emu
Code of Animal Welfare No. 21, ISBN 0-478-07476-X, ISSN 1171-090X
Animal Welfare Advisory Committee, cl- Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, P 0 Box 2526, Welliniton New Zealand
June 1998
Preface
Codes of recommendations and minimum standards for the welfare of animals areprepared by the Animal Welfare Advisory Comm
by the Minister of Agriculture to advise him on matters concerning animal welfare. AWAC consists of members from the followi
welfare groups, the veterinary profession, animal behaviour and physiology, conservation and vertebrate pest control, consumer in
Agriculture. It also includes the chairman of the National Animal Ethics Advisory Committee and an independent chairman. Ex
other interested groups in the development of codes. This Code of recommendations and Minimum Standards for the Welfare of Ostr
the AWAC meeting held on 28 November 1997.
Other codes of recommendations and minimum standards and guidelines that have been endorsed by AWAC, are listed in the Appen
take into account changes in animal management practices, new scientific knowledge and societal values.
Introduction
Animal welfare considerations are becoming increasingly important for the keeping and farming of animals, both in New Zealand
deemed acceptable are now being assessed and modified according to new knowledge and changing attitudes. High standards of an
also have direct economic benefits and ensure international market success for our animal products. Without good stock-sense ani
This code is intended to encourage all those responsible for its implementation to adopt the highest standard of husbandry, care
requirements: freedom from thirst, hunger and malnutrition; the provision of appropriate comfort and shelter, the prevention, or ra
infestation with parasites, freedom from distress and the ability to display normal patterns of behaviour.
Purpose
This code is intended as a guide for all people responsible for the welfare, husbandry, transport and slaughter of ostrich and emu tha
and reared in captivity.
Scope
This code provides for the general principles of the care and use of ostrich and emu but is dependent on each facility impleme
incorporates the principles and standards of this code. This code does not provide for ostrich and emu held as exhibit animals in zool
and animal parks can be found in theCode of Recommendations for the Welfare of Exhibit Animals and Information for Animal Exhibi
Revision
This code is based on the knowledge and technology that was available at the time of publication and may need to be varied in the
have been studied under natural conditions for many years, they have been managed under conditions of confinement in New Zeal
will review this code when deemed necessary and as a better understanding is gained of the needs and requirements of captive-bred
reviewed no later than 1 June 2001.
Interpretation
In this code: '”shall" means there is a statutory requirement, "must" means it is a minimum standard and “should" means it is a recom
Legal Responsibilities under the Animals Protection Act 1960
The definition of "animal" in the Animals Protection Act1960, includes "any bird, whether in a domestic or wild state". It follo
purposes of the Act. A breach of a code provision, whilst not an offence in itself, can nevertheless be used in evidence as tending to
suffering under the Act. Under the Animals Protection Act 1960, it is an offence to allow animals to suffer unnecessary or unreasona
treat an animal, omit to supply an animal with proper and sufficient food and water to maintain the liveweight of the animal with
type, age and sex: omit to supply an animal with proper and sufficient shelter, neglect an animal so that it suffers unreasonable or u
which is in such a condition that it is cruel to keep it alive, wilfully abandon an animal, argentine, convey or carry an animal in
unnecessary pain or suffering (Animals Protection Act 1960, section 3), being the owner or person in charge of an animal knowingly
respect of an animal being the owner or occupier of any land, knowingly permit an offence (as above) to be committed on that land.(
Owner or Person in Charge
The owner, manager or other person in charge has overall responsibility for the birds.
Powers of Inspectors
Inspectors appointed under the Animals Protection Act 1960 have the power to enter any land or premises, or any vehicle, aircraft or
inspecting any animal when the Inspector has reasonable grounds for believing that an offence against the Act has been, or is bei
livestock officers of MAF, RNZSPCA Inspectors appointed by the Minister, and the Police.
It is lawful for an Inspector to seize and maintain possession of an animal where the Inspector believes that an offence may have been
Quality Assurance System
QA System
To ensure that standards of animal welfare, and husbandry aremaintained, each ostrich and emu facility should implement a qu
procedures that ensure that the conditions of this code are being met. The adoption of anindustry generic quality assurance programm
is recommended that each industrydevelops a generic quality assurance system.
Records
The maintenance of good records is an integral part of a quality assurance system and good farm management. In breeding establi
appropriate, of the source of all stock, the breeding history of each bird and the case history of the treatment of any diseased or in
accurate records should be kept on the case history of the treatment of any diseased or injured birds. Care should be taken when usin
methods have a potential for injury. The subcutaneous insertion of a radio frequency identification device (RFID) or microchip is the
conform to ISO Standards 11784 and 11785.
Stock Management
The basic behavioural, anatomical and physiological needs of ostrich and emu are considered in this code irrespective of the type of
which the ostrich and emu are exposed. While ostrich and emu have been studied under natural conditions for many years they hav
in New Zealand for only a few years. It follows that as the industry evolves a better understanding will be gained of the needs and re
ostrich and emu industries are evolving rapidly and it is inevitable that stock-handlers will encounter circumstances with ostrich
essential that common-sense should prevail and that previous experience with stock should be utilised to the fullest extent so that
welfare of the animal is always considered foremost. Owners, managers and handlers of ostrich and emu have a responsibility for th
birds under their control. The importance of competent stock-sense in animal welfare cannot be over-emphasised. An important s
recognise the early signs of distress or disease in ostrich and emu so that the cause can be identified, and prompt, appropriate, reme
to, humans is possible and in general birds are inquisitive and will respond to human contact. However, they remain animals that c
treated with care and respect. An especially high risk period is during the breeding season. Children and adults unfamiliar with
enclosure except under adult supervision as there will always exist the possibility of attack. The ostrich kicks with a forward and
concerted attack. The emu can also flail its legs about and inflict serious injury.
Inspections
The frequency and level of inspection should be related to the needs of the ostrich and emu, but should be at least once each day. In
frequent inspections may be required during hot weather, during outbreaks of diseases, or when different groups of birds hav
effectiveness of all feeding or watering systems.
Stress
Because ostrich and emu are essentially wild species particular attention must be given to reducing or eliminating sources of stre
behaviour, it can also be an indication of stress. All staff that handle birds must be trained and develop an understanding of ostr
general management procedures, health controls, and signs of stress and disease. Potential sources of stress should be anticipated
even a passing farm bike can cause enough panic in birds to cause injury and death. When firearms are used around the farm, care m
Safe Handling of Birds
Both adult and juvenile birds require considerate care in handling, which is facilitated by the provision of adequate races and catchi
critical component of the husbandry of the birds. It is recommended that any handling of juvenile and adult birds is done in purp
following factors will aid in the reduction of stress to birds and handlers:
Safe handling of Ostrich
A shed or shelter with smooth, solid walls is very useful for the handling and restraint of both juvenile and adult ostrich. A "V" shap
of adult ostrich during treatment. "Hooding" of the head is recommended as a safe and reliable method of aiding restraint for ostrich
should be restrained and attended at all times when they are outdoors and even when they are indoors in the presence of ostrich that
move about even when in isolation. A shepherd's neck crook can be used with care to restrain the head and bring it into position f
mature males. This is particularly useful when birds need to be restrained in a yard or paddock.
Safe handling of Emu
Emu do not usually require a crook and do not respond to hooding unless they are already restrained prior to hooding and remain
darkened narrow pen with smooth sides approximately 0.75 m wide and 1.0 m long is useful for handling fractious and excitable bird
Mustering
Appropriately trained dogs may be used to muster birds. Birds must not be struck. Electric prodders must not be used.
Health
All persons responsible for the care of birds must be aware of signs of ill health. These include separation from other ostrich or em
urine, vomiting, coughing, panting, lameness and swellings on the body or legs. The manager should, if unable to identify the cause
a veterinarian familiar with ostrich or emu practice. Farmers should operate an effective programme to prevent infectious disease
attention should be paid to the stocking densities used for juveniles and adult groups, as aggressive behaviour and injuries may be se
density is high. Sick and injured ostrich and emu should be treated without delay. They should be isolated if necessary. Recor
response to treatment should be maintained to assist disease investigations. Dead stock should be promptly removed and, if not r
disposed of in a hygienic manner such as by deep burial or incineration. Ostrich and emu with an incurable sickness, untreatable in
of suffering should be humanely euthanased. Newly acquired stock should be separated from existing stock for 4 to 6 weeks to avoid
is recognised that in specific breeding circumstances the introduction of birds into an established flock is required. It is not recomme
Food, Water and Medication
Ostrich and emu must have access to adequate quantities of appropriate food and water at least once each 24 hours but more often for c
housed indoors should have food and water available for at least 10 hours per day. Ostrich and emu should receive a diet containing
health and vitality. This can be achieved by feeding birds of all ages recognised commercial pre-mixes or pellets. If farmers are ma
crops this should be done with recourse to a qualified nutritionist or veterinarian to ensure properly balanced rations. This is vita
production. Chicks should have controlled access to coarse feed that may cause impactions. They should not have access to agents
juveniles are reared in groups, feed points or trough space should be located to enable all birds to eat at the same time.
Farmers should be knowledgeable about the application and supply of medication before treating their livestock and if in doubt shoul
or emu. Medicated food or water should only be supplied under the supervision of a veterinarian familiar with ostrich and emu. C
carcasses. When an ostrich or emu farm is first established, or when a new water source is obtained, the water should be tested for m
and advice obtained as to its suitability. As the composition of water from bores, dams, and water holes may alter with changes in
frequent monitoring for its continued suitability.
Breeding and Rearing
Intensive Rearing
With present knowledge it is considered inappropriate under New Zealand conditions to keep birds permanently indoors under in
indoors up to 12 weeks of age.
General
Ostrich and emu chicks may be reared extensively under natural conditions, or intensively in buildings having the capacity to achie
humidity, fresh air, light and hygiene. Chicks require special attention until they lose their "stripe" appearance, which usually occ
weeks of age in the emu.
Natural Conditions
Eggs may be incubated by the adults under field conditions in either breeding pens or under open range conditions. Where pens are
on all fences to reduce the risk of birds being injured. When breeding pairs are housed under free-range conditions, the range shou
their own chicks once they hatch. It is therefore recommended that either the hen is removed before the firstchicks hatch or else the c
ostrich are used as foster parents to raise chicks, unrelated eggs can be added to the clutch before hatch and/or unrelated chicks
successfully hatched some of their own eggs. The adult ostrich may attack introduced chicks that are older than the chicks already in
be added to the brood. A pair of adult ostrich can successfully rear about 20 chicks at one time but shelter must be provided against
can be fostered during the day in good weather conditions provided that. full shelter facilities are available at night or during period
housed under free-range conditions the range must be inspected daily.
Intensive Rearing of Chicks
Floors and other surfaces should be designed, constructed and stained so that they are non-slip, minimise the risk of injury and diseas
stand and move freely. Deep litter flooring should be checked frequently to ensure that it is dry and friable. When litter is caked,
rectified. Chicks must not be allowed to walk on smooth or polished floors or on wire floors that may injure them.
Stocking density should be periodically reviewed and adjusted, having regard to age, flock size, temperature, ventilation
,. lighting
occurrence of disease. Under good management and housing conditions chicks may be housed in groups for the first 4 to 6 weeks of
and a minimum running length of 15 m. Runs should be free of obstructions likely to cause injuries. The shape of the runs shoul
thus creating a potential for smothering. Chicks should have access to outside runs at an early age paying due respect to the climatic
to provide a minimum space allowance of 1.5 chicks per m². The provision of an additional outside run is optional.From 6 to 12 w
housed together at the same shed density but in addition access to an outside run of 5 m² per chick should be provided with a runn
grown chicks can generally be farmed outdoors but shelter must be provided taking into consideration factors outlined in Section 5.
treatment may need to be housed under similar conditions to those outlined in paragraph 4.8.2.3 for younger chicks. Birds should be m
Lighting
When chicks do not have access to daylight they should be given artificial light for at least 8 hours per day. The effect of abnormal
the growth of chicks is uncertain and may be detrimental. A blackout training period each day is recommended from 1 day of age
chicks reared away from the adult male parent require a high light intensity of about40 lux on the food and water for the first few day
Light intensity may then be reduced to a minimum of 20 lux.
Ventilation
Fresh air is required at all times where chicks are reared intensively to prevent the accumulation of water vapour, heat, ammo
monoxide and dust particles. The presence of ammonia may be a problem where there is poor ventilation and is usually a reli
Ammonia levels should not be allowed to exceed 20 parts per million (ppm) of air, measured at bird level, in enclosed buildings with
level of 10-15 ppm of ammonia in the air can be detected by smell. An ammonia level of 25 - 35 ppm will cause eye and nasal
irritatio
Stocking Rates for Juvenile Birds
There is a considerable variation in the weight of chicks at any given age. The stocking rate for juvenile ostrich and emu should no
in time. Periodical adjustments to the stocking rates should be made as birds grow.
Breeding Ostrich
Colonies
The stocking rate for mature breeding birds in open conditions should not exceed 20 birds per hectare.
Breeding Pairs
Where ostrich are held as breeding pairs they should be kept in a well fenced pen of at least 15m x 40m dimension, although pens of
Breeding Trios
Because of the potential for aggression between breeding females where breeding trios are kept (1 male and 2 females), the recomme
Breeding Emu
Colonies
The stocking rate for breeding birds in open conditions should not exceed 20 birds per hectare.
Breeding Pairs
Where emu are held as breeding pairs they should be kept in a well fenced pen of at least 8 m x 20 m dimension, although a pen of 1
Breeding Trios
Because of the potential for aggression between breeding females where breeding trios are kept (1 male and 2 females), the recomme
Stocking Density
The stocking density must be reviewed regularly and adjusted, taking into account the ages of the birds, the flock size, the shedding a
the birds and the likely occurrence of disease.
Impaction of the Proventriculus
Ostrich of all ages are susceptible to impaction of the proventriculus (storage stomach). This most commonly occurs in chicks und
from adults and exposed to stress, injury or infectious disease, and/or have access to inappropriate materials particularly under hig
include, long grass, twigs and sticks, dead grass and leaves, pebbles and stones. Chicks can also become impacted with flooring
pumice and pea material, straw, hay and other litter. Movement of chicks to a new location can often increase the likelihood o
exposure to a new environment even though the flooring and bedding materials have been used successfully with other chicks.
Management of ostrich needs to include an understanding of this tendency for impaction to occur, the need to reduce the access to
Training should be provided in detection of impaction and the appropriate treatment for mild impactions. Severe impaction should
requires veterinary intervention (sometimes including surgery) and/or emergency euthanasia.
Leg Rotation
Leg rotation and bruising in ostrich and emu can occur resulting from handling and other trauma. A genetic tendency to leg rotation
the cause of lameness a veterinary consultation should confirm the diagnosis and any appropriate treatment. A bird that has suffered
the bird has difficulty in rising, walking, and has significant heat, pain and swelling, the bird must be destroyed forthwith.
De-clawing of Emu
Radical declawing of emu chicks by removing part of the toe using a hot-blade de-beaking machine is an unacceptable practice on
out. More recent results from research in Australia indicate otherwise provided it is carried out according to the recommendatio
declawing that removes only the claw may be carried out under procedures recommended in final reports by O’Malley found on RIRD
Feather Removal in Ostrich
The plucking of live ostrich is an unacceptable practice on animal welfare grounds and must not be carried out. Feathers, including t
from live birds by untrained people. Personnel employed to remove feathers by cutting must have received feather removal tra
approved trainer and be the holder of a New Zealand Ostrich Association "Feather Removal Training Certificate."
The white wing feathers (white plumes) and the by locks (the darker feathers at each end of the row of the white plume feathers) m
This must be carried out only by trained and accredited personnel. This is usually carried out in order to prevent contamination
processing stages. The feathers must be cut no closer than 10 mm to the bloodline. Feathers without a ripe bloodless clearance above
feathers must be removed postmortem.
Transport
Special care needs to be taken in transporting ostrich and emu. Ostrich and emu must be transported in accordance with the Code o
the Transport of animals Within New Zealand (AWAC code no. 15) with particular reference to Section 21, Ostrich and Emu, first in
Emergency Euthanasia
Ostrich and emu of all ages may need to be killed for a variety of health and production reasons. The method of destruction must be
the bird. In an emergency, ostrich and emu should be euthanased under veterinary supervision. In many cases, particularly with ch
bird handlers will be required to euthanase injured or moribund birds. All birds must be stunned before being killed.
Birds should be
upper cervical vertebrae. It is emphasised that stunning alone is not adequate to kill a bird and should be followed by bleeding or d
blow to the cranium. Due care should be taken to avoid injury to handlers and other birds. The cranium contains thebrain which
above and forward of the ear openings. Bleeding can be effected by cutting the neck just below the beak and severing the trachea (
be broken by dislocating the upper neck vertebrae with a sharp rotational movement. Decapitation without pre-stunning does not re
be used as a means of destruction. Drivers of port units should carry or have access to the means of carrying out euthanasia in an eme
Slaughter in Licensed Facilities
Routine slaughter of birds must be carried out in licensed facilities in accordance with procedures set out in the industry code of pract
emu must be humanely handled prior to slaughter and must be electrically stunned, or immediately rendered unconscious by some o
decapitated without pre-stunning.
Hatchery Management
Hatches and hatchery rooms must be supplied with adequate quantities of actively circulating fresh air to aid in the prevention o
result in respiratory disease and high mortality rates in newly hatched chicks. Particular attention should be paid to the quality
consistent hygiene. This is important because ostrich and emu eggs have a long incubation period and the incubator may need
disinfection and fumigation should take place between hatches to provide a hygienic environment for the new hatchlings. Weak or
culled must be destroyed humanely. When necessary, chicks should be destroyed by dislocating the cervical spine by a person exp
decapitated or have their necks dislocated without pre-stunning. Chicks in the brooder should be inspected several times throughout
allowed to accumulate. Hatchery waste must not be disposed of in rubbish disposal tips unless all un-hatched embryos have been des
Contingency Plan
There may be times when ostrich and emu are stranded and without care. This may arise from a farmer being incapacitated or ab
industry association has a contingency rescue plan that ensures that the welfare of birds is not compromised.
Other Uses of Birds
It is inappropriate to allow ostrich or emu to be ridden because of the risk of injury to wing joints. Birds must not be ridden at any s
for slaughter. When birds are used for the purpose of entertainment their use must comply with the Code of Recommendations and
Entertainment. It.is acceptable to use birds for public display provided such display complies with the Code of recommendations for
for Animal Exhibits (AWAC code no. 14). Chicks must not be supplied as pets due to stress considerations for young birds being hel
Housing, Fencing and Yards
General
Persons intending to erect housing and yards, or to modify housing that has been used for other species should seek advice from th
Zealand Emu Farmers Association as the case may be, or a livestock consultantor veterinarian with appropriate knowledge and
opinion about maximum stocking density that is allowable for different classes of ostrich and emu and, as with other forms of livest
variation in levels of natural vegetation, paddock conditions and various breedingprogrammes Well designed and constructed
environment for rearing and breeding ostrich and emu. Care should be taken that handling yards and collection points have a
dimensions required will vary with the geographic location of the farm, the age of the birds, the management practices to be emp
protected from climatic extremes and birds that are kept in yards or in an extensive range must be provided with adequate shade and
Fencing
Fencing must be sufficient to ensure that ostrich and emu cannot escape. Care must be taken to provide fencing materials that will
sufficiently close to the ground to prevent birds pushing under the fencing material. Where practicable, the fencing material should
Pens and Holding Facilities
Yards and races should be properly designed to assist the movement of birds. Properly designed and maintained yards will reduce
where large numbers of birds could accumulate should be avoided in yard design as it can create the potential for smothering. There
cause injury. The confines of the yard must be free of loose materials that may cause injury or ill-health to stock (e.g. tins, nails, stap
gudgeons, strainer assemblies, toxic paint etc.). Concrete floors and walkways should have non-slip surfaces. Care should be taken t
areas should be designed for rapid drainage and to prevent water accumulating in pools. Drains should be constructed to avoid inju
pens and holding areas, and sited so as not to impede the movement of birds. In holding pens, headroom should be sufficient to allow
Predators
Young ostrich and emu should be protected from known predators. Possible predators are cats, dogs, rats, mustelids and birds of p
aggressive, older birds and larger birds of the same age.
Fires and Emergencies
Yards should be designed so that birds can be readily evacuated in case of emergency. New buildings and yards in which birds are h
for emergency evacuation of the building and be in. a site that is reasonably safe from scrub fires and floods. Fire-fighting equipmen
of delivering water of sufficient volume and pressure to control a fire in any building or part of any building where birds are confin
should be given to the use of construction materials with high fire resistant properties. All electrical and fuel installations should be
Emergency Plan
Every ostrich and emu farm must have a contingency plan in place relating to likely natural disasters and emergencies. Staff m
before any emergency situation arises. Birds must not be released from captivity unless they are in imminent danger of death o
alternative holding, means of dispersement or transport to another facility in the event of a natural disaster.
Toxic Substances
Toxic substances (for example herbicides and pesticides) used on the farm should not be applied so as to cause risk to birds.
Equipment
All equipment to which birds have access must be designed and maintained to minimise the risk of either injury or pain to the bi
efficient operation at least once each day. Automated hatchery equipment should have adequate back-up systems that should include
failure.
Minimum Standards
Stress and Safe Handling
Attention must be given to reducing or eliminating sources of stress. All staff thathandle birds must be trained. When firearms are
emu. Birds must not be struck and electric prodders must not be used.
Food, Water and Medication
Ostrich and emu must have access to adequate quantities of appropriate food and water at least once each 24 hours but more o
chemical residues in carcasses.
Health
All persons responsible for the care of ostrich and emu must be aware of signs of ill health.
Leg Rotation
A bird that has suffered leg rotation must be attended to and if the bird is found to be suffering it must be destroyed forthwith.
De-clawing
Radical declawing of emu chicks must not be carried out (see previous notes on Australian recommendations).
Feather Removal
The plucking of live ostrich must not be carried out. Feathers, including the wing feathers, must not be removed from live birds by
must be carried out only by trained and accredited personnel. The feathers must be cut no closer than 10 mm to the bloodline feath
bloodline must be left on the bird. All other feathers must be removed postmortem.
Transport
Ostrich and emu must be transported in accordance with the Code of Recommendations and Minimum Standards for the Transport o
Slaughter
Emergency destruction must be effective and cause sudden and painless death for the bird. Birds must be humanely handl
stunned before being killed by bleeding or dislocation of the upper cervical vertebrae or decapitated. Slaughter for human c
carried out in licensed or registered premises. Birds must be electrically stunned or rendered unconscious prior to bleeding.
Hatchery Management
Hatches and hatchery rooms must be supplied with adequate quantities of fresh air. Weak or deformed ostrich and emu chicks that
chicks must not be decapitated or have their necks dislocated without pre-stunning. Hatchery waste must not be disposed of in rub
have been destroyed.
Other Uses for Birds
Birds must be not ridden at any stage of their rearing, transport or mustering for slaughter. When birds are used for the purpose o
Code of Recommendations and Minimum Standards for the Use of Animals in Entertainment. Chicks must not be supplied as pets.
Housing, Fencing, and Yards
Stocking density must be reviewed regularly and adjusted and birds must be provided with adequate shade and protection from the
that ostrich and emu cannot escape and care must be taken to provide materials that will protect chicks from predators. Where breed
the range must be inspected daily and all chicks must be removed from the range as they hatch. Chicks must not be allowed to wal
that may injure them. The confines of the yard must be free of loose materials that may cause injury orill-health to birds.
Protection from Hazards
Fire-fighting equipment must be available and every farm must have a contingency plan in place relating to likely natural dis
implement the contingency plan before any emergency situation arises Birds must not be released from captivity unless they
emergency plan must provide for alternative holding, means of dispersementor port to another facility in the event of a natural dis
must be designed and maintained to avoid either injury or pain to the birds.
8. EMU HEALTH
Emus generally are healthy and vigorous especially after six months of age. Whether this is due to natural resistance of the emu to d
industry whereby diseases have not yet become established, only time will tell. It would appear that under certain conditions the e
production animals but that a good environment for the bird and good management largely prevents these diseases causing problems
emus in the 0-6 month age group with most of the disease problems recorded before 3 months of age.
Problems have resulted from the following:
Aspergillosis
This has been seen as a rapidly progressing infection of the lungs of young chicks (2-12 weeks of age mainly) resulting finally i
keeping up with the rest of the group, weight loss, reluctance to exercise, pronounced movement of the rib cage trying to breathe
efforts to breathe before death. No effective treatment has been found and efforts should be directed at prevention. Infection h
atmosphere in brooder sheds. Prevention involves good ventilation, a litter that is not dusty, regular replacement of soiled litter an
suitable disinfectant. Aspergillosis has been recorded as a problem in adult ostriches. This can present as a chronic air sac infection
syndrome has not been recorded in emus. Aspergilla has not been recorded in emus after about 3-4 months of age.
Conjunctivitis/Litter in Eye
This has affected young chicks and the number involved can vary from 1 or 2 in a pen to most birds in the pen. A common cause
some cases a contagious infectious agent appears to have been responsible. The condition has responded to symptomatic treatment a
eyes can be affected and the eyes and eyelids can show signs of irritation and inflammation with some weeping from the eyes at tim
seen standing in one position with their necks curled down so their head is held between their legs. A chick in this position should
stop eating and drinking and can die.
E. coli Infection
E coli has been isolated from a number of young chicks that have died. It is a widespread organism and has been found in full term
of age. It appears able to penetrate the shell in favourable conditions where it can cause death of the embryo. It may also infe
transmission in the hatcher during hatching or as a yolk sac infection that is acquired from the hatcher or brooder shed. The result
or newly hatched chicks that become depressed, stop eating and drinking and die after 1-4 days. Treatment of individually sick bi
problem medicate all newly hatched chicks through water medication as a routine. Good incubator and hatcher hygiene is essential t
Feather Picking
Occasionally groups of yearlings begin picking resulting in feather loss (mostly tail feathers) from a large number of birds in that p
round the tail area. Once the skin has been broken in that area that particular bird is targeted and if not seen and isolated quickly
deposits in the tail area. Survival of these birds then depends on being isolated from the group and the degree of secondary infec
recover from apparently severe wounds. The cause is not known at this stage but may be associated with overcrowding; a nutritiona
emus. In some cases the owners have put piles of ash and charcoal in the pen and the problem has stopped. The emus have been obse
Leg Problems
Two conditions have been seen. Splayed legs in newly hatched chicks. Both legs go out at right angles to the body and the chick sits
hobble arrangement can be placed round the legs to pull them together and can be left on for a few days. The legs should not be t
spacing between them and some birds will learn to stand and walk in a limited fashion. Hobbled birds will need extra care and atten
receive adequate food and water.
Supplementing these birds with 5 mls of a 5% glucose solution every few hours for a day or two until a response is seen may assist w
to the drinking water for all newly hatched chicks for the first day or two and find this worthwhile. Birds that don't respond to tre
condition is not known but a number of factors may have an influence - slippery floors in the hatching trays can exacerbate th
hatching leaving the chick with very low energy reserves after hatching, nutritional deficiencies/imbalances in the laying femal
incubator/ hatcher conditions.
Tibio-tarsal rotation (twisted leg) in older chicks.
This results from twisting in the shaft of the tibia the bone above the hockjoint which is the joint near where the feathered skin me
resulting in a gradual rotation of the foot outwards. The condition worsens with time and affects the walking ability of that emu.
this condition is not known.
Nutritional Syndrome
Clinical signs are seen in older chicks/yearling and show up as a generalised muscle trembling or shaking that worsens with exerc
birds in the group are affected. Signs vary from mild to severe where the bird has trouble walking and may not be able to get to its f
mixture to another mixture or even in some case a change in supplier has corrected the problem. Obvious improvement in the birds i
Plant Poisoning - Thorn apple (Datura species)
An emu farm reported symptoms in a group of emus similar to those reported for the nutritional syndrome already outlined. A com
apple (Datura species) in the pen with evidence that large amounts of the plants present having been eaten. A small number of death
this could be consistent with acute datura poisoning. However the signs of muscle shaking/trembling have persisted in some of
poisoning in other species, but would be consistent with the nutritional syndrome already outlined. There is a possibility of two disea
Plant Poisoning Wild Sunflower (Verbesina anceliodes)
Deaths were reported in a group of 6-month-old emus. Wild sunflower was the probable cause. This assessment was supported by a
pen and feed ran out approximately 24-36 hours before deaths occurred. Feed was supplied again as soon as it was noticed. Dead bir
have died quickly. Field reports of wild sunflower poisoning in other species indicate that death is sudden.
Poisoning - Cane Toad (Bufo marinus)
Toad poisoning has been confirmed from laboratory specimens taken from young chicks on an emu farm. Cases followed the slashi
toad pieces by the chicks. It appears that the chicks initially play with the maimed or injured toads and during this, some toxin a
signs included frothing at the mouth, trembling and rapid death. This is similar to the signs produced in other species.
Salmonella Infection
Salmonella organisms have been isolated as a cause of death from very young chicks less than a week old and from older chicks in
salmonella has been isolated as a cause of omphalitis resulting in yolk sac infection that subsequently caused death. These infection
hatcher or brooder shed. Affected chicks can be found as full term chicks dead in shell or can become depressed, reluctant to move,
week or so after hatching. Evidence of yolk sac infection can sometimes be seen - discoloured yolk in the yolk sac and/or very slo
hygiene practices in the incubator, hatcher and brooder shed can keep this down to a minimum. A medication program can be inst
becomes established. Salmonella has also been isolated from older chicks as well. Here the clinical signs are an inflammation of th
reluctance to get up and in the advanced stages, excess urate excretion and eventually death. Birds normally excrete urates and are th
mortem and from analysis of samples a peritonitis (inflammation of the lining of the abdomen) and nephritis (inflammation of t
prolonged wet weather with the ground in the pens becoming waterlogged in places. A number of vacant pens were available, th
combined with a cessation of the wet weather prevented further problems occurring. Initially this outbreak appeared similar to a Wes
the problem but in this case, no erysipelas was isolated.
Stress - Change of Environment
Sometimes older emus can be stressed by such things as being moved into a new pen and especially if mixed with new birds i
boundaries excessively and stop eating. Other birds may also bully it and consistently chase it away. This may resolve itself over a d
to the original or another pen to solve the problem. If the bird is not moved in such a case it can become injured and rundown and so
As well as this the bird will not perform in growth rates or in breeding performance so it should be moved for both humane and perfo
Heat Stress
A small number of adults have died after being chased and caught in their pen during hot and humid days. The cause of death app
was identified on post mortem. After about 12 months of age emus lay down significant amounts of body fat both internally and as
The insulating effect of this fat combined with relatively inefficient mechanisms for rapid heat loss would contribute to this condi
body temperature by open mouth breathing/panting resulting in some evaporative cooling in the upper respiratory system, drinking
bathe in or swim in any water they can) and by heat loss through the skin. Very few emus die in this manner now as handling metho
are carried out in the cool parts of the day using techniques that create the minimum of stress.
9. EMU LAIRAGE
9.1 Offloading
At the abattoir unload the birds as quickly, as possible and again try, not to mix birds into different groups. On arrival at the abattoi
roofed lairage if available. On arrival at your destination, make sure the pens the birds are going into are safe and secure. Unload qu
should not be introduced to an unfamiliar pen at night because after transport they may run any direction and crash into unfamiliar
available after transport. It is recommended that once birds are in lairage, turn on misters to calm them down, the air-conditioning c
down. It is better for birds going from one farm to go into one pen. To tie it in with that is aggressive birds. At most abattoirs they h
into and get them away from the others. In hot weather birds should be moved off quickly to avoid heat stress. Don’t off-load into an
will settle down quickly if they are with other birds that they have been travelling with. The ramp from loading to lairage must not be
easier to move the birds down. Having covered raceways stops flighty birds jumping over the sides. Get the bird out of the back of t
ramp. If you are going to have a side ramp that you are going to reach over, then it is going to be at a height that can damage the hide
9.2 Pens
It is good practice to provide signage on the lairage pens indicating the maximum number of birds that can be placed in each
pens to
has been have observed that emus do not eat or drink after they are placed into the lairage pens. If they have been mixed they have to
familiar surroundings and it’s difficult for them to find feed and water. Mixing unfamiliar birds is not a good
practice as the birds will
and not killed until Tuesday, so they have to have enough space to sit. In the lairage it is important to provide ostriches space to sit an
being trampled. The AQUIS regulations require the lairages be off the ground, so that the faeces go through the special mesh floor
are mixed birds, you will get fighting. There is a potential problem particularly if there is some bigger older cock birds
, they can giv
important in the terms of hide damage.Birds from one farm into one pen is most ideal. If you do get an aggressive bird or old cock b
in Australia have lairages that are enclosed, will dulllighting which quietens the bird.
9.3 Humidity
After a long journey emus will be dehydrated and need sufficient water to regain water balance. A dehydrated skin could potential
more easily damaged. Use of foggers and maintaining humidity in the lairage may improve this problem.
9.4 Handling in lairage
Electric prods should not be used to move emus as it could leave a scar on the skin. Gates and pens should be carefully arranged so
to slaughter by moving from section to section through the lairage using the swinging gates.
10 EMU PROCESSING
In many parts of arid Australia, flocks of varying size move from the dry northern and central rangelands onto the better-watered
damage by trampling and eating crops. They are therefore declared vermin at that state but are of little value when destroyed as the
extremely thin, damaged skins. If startled the emu flees heedless of obstacles and will blunder through fences or bush thickets with a
Farm handling, transport, condition and age of emu, skinning, cure, storage and transport of skins will have an influence on the val
skins may start immediately after slaughter and skins are vulnerable to bacterial and fungal damage until pickling. Adequate cur
damage is not reversible and will affect leather quality. Skins can be reduced to nil value in a few hours without adequate care. Meth
climate, temperature, storage time, transport and storage facilities available and skin handling facilities. Main considerations are
transporting under cool conditions. If animalsare over stressed prior to slaughter it will not only effect the meat but also the skin, it te
You need to completely bleed out the bird to avoid blood in the skin which can result in bacterial build up and effect tanning quality.
10.1 Stunning
The method of slaughter of emus in licensed abattoirs must be humane and must adhere to the standard outlined in "The Austra
Health: The Hygiene Production and Inspection of Emu Meat for Human Consumption". This stipulation particularly applies to th
before slaughter and to be electrically stunned before bleeding. The knocking boxes should be padded to prevent injury when bird
crucial to have correct stunning voltage to ensure birds do not thrash around and injure themselves and cause skin damage. Overmove away from the skin surface and is difficult to tan properly and it becomes more suspect to bacterial damage. The recomme
seconds, 1.2 amps.
10.2 Skinning
It is important after the death of a bird, that it is skinned immediately.Carefully remove feathers from carcass before skinning. Avoid
skin from carcass cleanly and free of fat and flesh. Avoid stretching, tearing and knife cuts. Cut leg skin off bone after cutting off
with claw skin on. At this stage, skins may be assessed and low-grade skins of no commercial value disposed of, i.e. D grade and low
When skining it’s important to get the right shapes of skin. Once the emu is cut open they tend to use a knife around the body area
the membrane with the knife. It’s better if you pull the skin off as you then avoid the knife cut. If you’re not careful you can tear the
to be removed at that stage, it’s just the excess fat. If you try and go to far then you’re going to damage to skins. If it’s not cut prope
properly, so it’s important to cut it to a certain pattern for the tanning process. The tanner will struggle to toggle it if it’s not cut prope
When they haven’t been cut properly and they aretoggled you get thick looking parts that aren’t stretched properly, including heavy l
if it’s not cut out properly it makes it more difficult.
Fat was a problem with well-fed birds but this was overcome on the farmed birds by careful flaying of the skins. “Skins” can be pro
the skin may contain up to 65% by weight of fat. It is easy to remove the skin cleanly without the adhering layer of fat and these sk
cause damage to the skins. An experiment where detergents or degreasing agents was used to remove the oil or grease was relative
method of avoiding problems with fat. Emu skins are easy to damage when the bird is freshly killed and great care must be take
pressure of the fingers or by other implements used to remove the skin. The farmed birds are less likely to be damaged in this res
gained in good takeoff technique. Micoscopical examination of cross sections of emu skin show that the collagen fibres have a flat w
other and thinner fibres run vertically at regular intervals to hold the structure together. In the neck, the horizontal fibres are stronge
the leather being strong longitudinally in the neck but weaker at right angles to the length. The overall appearance of the skin is of r
above the surrounding surface. The leg skin is very reptilian in character but is only of small area. It can be tanned in the same man
of a problem but it is in the open scarring, bruising anddamage that is a real problem. The problem with bruising is where the sk
bacterial damage.
11. EMU SKIN CURING
You can work out your bactericide rate on your skin weight then whatever you put in is only effective on that amount of skins. Your f
absorb it. Your going to get to the point where you’ve diluted it right out. The same happens with salt you need to keep the specific gr
is good for that idea, if it’s chilled and containing an effective bactericide it washes the blood right out. But the other problems we’
salt too long. You can still get bacteria build up even if you have done everything right. In the brine, you get a build up of bacteri
them in salt without any solution. As long as they are cooled and not hot when they go into it. You could tumble your skins after b
there’s nothing wrong with that but it takes awhile for your salt to get through it. If it warms up then you will get bacteria working a
hours, within 3 hours cattle skins are fully salted. Without delay, skins should be layered in a prepared brine solution of°0C-4°C in a
Prepare a saturated brine solution by adding 500g/l of water to achieve a SG of 1.21, Approximately 300 g/l of salt will make a satu
avoid dilution by skins. Add more salt if specific gravity drops below 1.21. Use ice or a cool room to maintain temperature of brin
should be added to the brine when mixing at the manufacturers recommended rate. To allow movement of skins in brine the l
Maximum time in brine is 5 hrs but should be occasionally agitated. Lack of agitation, dilution of brine, overloading or too long in
brine. After 5 hrs in brine, skins can be taken out and drained in a cool place ready to stack and salt immediately. Skins after cu
hessian and stacked on pallets. Pallets can be covered with a pallet bag to prevent wetting or drying. Skins should have salt on them
to roll and pack plastic lined sealed drums, with hide salt sprinkled over rolls when packing, after salt
stack curing and draining. Th
carried out correctly; bacteria can attack the skin and ruin the hide. When bacteria starts to attack the unsalted or incorrectly salted h
be seen until after tanning - and then it is too late. The brine solution for salting the emu hide is 100 litres of water, 10 grams Busa
(pool chlorine, powder) and salt. Prepare the brine solution by firstly combining the salt and the water. Add salt to water in small q
dissolve. Continue to add salt until the water becomes saturated i.e. salt does no longer dissolve. Once this is done add the sodium ch
water. The brine solution is now ready. Once the bird has been skinned, excess fat needs be removed from the flesh. Scraping the
remove all the fat as this will scratch the hide or damage. Layer each hide in brine solution in tub. When hide is ready to be remove
to remove any residue. Take the hides out of the brine solution and hang until the dripping of the solution has finished. Now the hid
salt to salt the flesh side evenly, making sure to leave plenty of loose salt on the surface. Next, pile the hides on a surface with a s
water to run off the side. Pile the skins flesh side to flesh side. Keep for three days. Remove hides from the pile after three days and a
roll by folding both sides inwards. First place each roll in a box lined with hessian so the hides can breathe. The hessian needs to co
then wrap in plastic to prevent hide from dehydrating. Box can then be placed in cold storage. Important points to remember. Rem
hide. The whole process should be carried out away from direct sunlight i.e. a cool, dry place. Salt used for salting needs to be v
minimise the damage from bacteria to the emu hideand improve value after tanning.
In summary, curing is the term used for the treating of the skin before it reaches the tannery, or the way the tannery might treat the sk
removing any feather residue in the epidermis. Then theyare treated with salt and acid to lower the pH, then treated with a fungicid
and months, as long as they’re not exposed to extreme heat, just air temperature. In brief skins are brined, cooled, graded, excess fat r
important to get the excess fluid out of the skins straight away. You strip that effectiveness of the bactericide as more skins are loade
form a brine with the salt you put on the skin and the salt draws the excess moisture out, that’s part of the curing process. Get rid o
getting in. If skins are pickled fairly quickly they are easier to store and a lot easier to grade, less weight to transport and a safe way to
11.1 Skin storage
Skins can be stacked on a pallet with a raised centre and the pallet floor covered with bags to prevent skins hanging through slats. Sk
each skin flesh side up and cover with hide salt containing additives to control moulds, bacteria and insects. Use approximately 30%
side up, with a layer of salt on each skin. Fold hanging edges in. Skins should be cool when stacking and kept below 20
°C for 3 d
h e s s ian to prevent drying, and cove red w ith pl
astic pal
l
et bag if necessary to preve nt w etting from rain or conde nsation. Properly c
12 months at below 20°C, up to 35°C will be detrimental to skins in transit or short-term storage. Skins should not be exposed to dir
might occur over 35°C. If you can keep your green skins at 0-4°C they will keep for 2 weeks, that’s a safe rule. Exposing skins to h
skins are chilled they need to be chilled thoroughly to avoid any retention of heat. Transporting skins must be done in a cool truck. S
a tanner/processor if they can be kept chilled without any brining on a short-term basis. If they’re going to go into storage then all th
To take the green skins straight from the abattoir they must be chilled. Use a pallet box with a plastic lining, laid flat with a l
everything is done right at the abattoirs there shouldn’t be any leakage. The problem is if hides go into them wet the plastic bag will
the truck, in a food storage truck which is a hygeine issue. Skins should be drained for 4 days beforethere packed, eliminating any s
sweating inside and condensation, creating moisture that dilutes the brine. In the short-term plastic is good because it stops the wet ge
11.2 Skin preservation
For short to medium term storage, commercial sheepskin salt supplemented with a small quantity (0.5%) of naphthalene to repel i
removed from the skins before salting. The commercial sheepskin salt should be handled with care since the additives have varying
for a considerable time (>6 months), have a small selection of the skins tanned and evaluated before going to the expense of having t
Short-term Preservation of Hides and Skins.
Hides and skins, like meat, readily deteriorate. This is often overlooked. Short-term preservation methods are used to prevent deterio
part-processed or cured. About 50% of Australian hides and skins are not salted before tanning, and various methods have bee
Chemical methods and chilling are used to preserve hides and skins during transportation and storage. However, short
-term preservat
processing, which eliminates the cost of salting and the environmental problems associated with the salt, is only worthwhile if the
term preservation is also necessary if there are delays before curing, drying or other processing, such as fellmongering.
The development of regional brine-curing plants, wet-blue plants and woolskin tanneries has resulted in large numbers of hides bein
past, hides were often immediately salted at their source. Many green hides are being, held for several hours at temperatures above 2
sometimes only apparent in the finished products. The grain layer of a hide is very susceptible to damage.
As soon as the skin is removed from the animal it is susceptible to autolysis self
( digestion) and bacterial degradation, and the r
Therefore, it is best to preserve the skins at their source. If there is a delay before treatment, the recommended methods will be less
hide damage is high, in sunny or hot weather the risk is very high.Deterioration cannot be reversed by later chilling, preservatio
downgrades the resultant leather. Best practice is to cool hides to 20°C within one minute of slaughter. If water is recycled, a bioci
Chemical treatments within an hour of slaughter can protect hides.
Comparison between Chemical and Chilling Methods
Chemical methods are being used for up to10 days' preservation at 25°C . They are mainly used for one to three days’ preserva
advantages of chemical methods are, the continuing protection given during transportation and delays, the ease of application, e
mixers and treatment using either sodium chlorite or calcium hypochlorite alone do not affect by products or effluent.The disadv
recommended when ambient temperatures are continuously above 30°C; all the chemicals need to be handled with care, although so
chemicals cannot be used in particular circumstances owing to effluent restrictions or contamination of by-products.loosening of ha
This loosening is associated with the autolytic lysosomal enzymes present in skin and does not affect leather quality. However, bec
only suitable for the preservation of woolskins and hair hides for 24 hours at no.more than 25°C (there is less loosening with zinc chl
hides are held for more than one day prior to salting or brine curing, the lysosomal hair-loosening can be mistaken for bacterial 'hair
Chilling is used in various ways for holding hides and skins for up to three weeks
.The main advantages of chilling are, hides can be
the kill floor, no pollution., no contamination of by products, suitable for all hides and skins and no hair-loosening. Chilling is th
subsequently be cured or tanned with the wool or hair on.
The main disadvantages of chilling are, hides and skins are good insulators and retain the body heat, so they should be chille
temperatures are not maintained during transport and storage, damage can occur; the temperature of chilled hides needs to be raise be
Chilling Methods
The temperature to which hides and skins should be chilled depends on the required time of preservation.If there is a delay before chil
is reduced, e.g. there will be deterioration within one day if hides are left at body temperature for several hours before chilling to 20
days, at 10°C, 5 days at 5°C, 2 weeks and 0°C is 3 weeks.
Various chilling methods can be used provided all areas of all hides and skins quickly reach the required temperature. Crushed ic
often in mixers. This is cost effective and the most commonly used method in Australia. Ice machines are bought orleased, or bu
Fluming, spraying or bath washing with chilled water.Application of dry ice particles (carbon dioxide snow - expensive). Placing in
in a chiller which can be mobile. In one chilling plant hides are hung on hooks on a continuous chain which firstly takes them thr
which chills them to 5°C in 48 minutes while they drain. They are then conveyed out of the chiller where, after trimming, they are a
for storage in the chiller.
The flesh side of skins can partially dry out during chilling and, if these skins are subsequently salted, salt penetration problems occ
rapid penetration of salt. If chilling facilities are not available but there are drying sheds on site, hanging sheepskins as for dryin
further processed before they are dry but there must be compensation for the loss in moisture. This system is not recommended prior
Chemical Methods
The recommended methods are based on the use of either sodium chlorite, calcium hypochlorite, dithiocarbamates, zinc chlori
hypochlorite is not effective because it is not sufficiently stable. Sodium chlorite and dithlocarbamates are the most widely used che
levels of chemicals are needed in summer and for dung-covered hides than for clean winter hides. Safety precautions must be taken w
Curing of hides and skins – General requirements
One of the major factors in determining the quality of leather is the early treatment of hides and skins. If there is a delay between r
beginning of the curing process, damage can occur. Hides and skins can digest themselves through a process called autolysis an
Curing involves preservation by either saltingor brining and both of the above-mentioned degradativeprocesses are controlled if this
Faulty curing results from the lack of uniform penetration of sufficient salt, however, other problems can arise if salt tolerant bacter
by additional preservatives. "Green"' processing is the conversion of unsalted hides to some form of part-processed stock at or nea
many advantages and is gaining in popularity
, about 50% of Australian hides are still salted for export.
Delay Before Processing
Time and temperature are critical when "green" hides and skins are stored or transported before processing. Delay before either chil
in damage which is variable depending upon the degree to which autolysis and bacterial action combine to cause degradation.
possibility that hides and skins will degrade to some extent. For example, damage to the surface or grain of the final leather will som
for one day. An unpreserved hide exposed to temperatures around 45°C for as little as five hours can actually disintegrate during fur
the sun, or freshly removed hides and skins which are piled together, can easily achieve these high temperatures. Short-term preserv
a few hours is expected between stripping the hide or skin and its further processing.
Fleshing
Before a hide is tanned, the attached fat, muscle and connective tissue, often amounting to 20% of the hideweight, must be rem
Therefore fleshing the hide before salting ensures a meatmeal and tallow free of any of the biocides usually mixed with the curing sa
Salting
Comparison of Methods
Brining in raceways or drums, and drum salting with no added water, are now widely used in Australia and are labour saving alt
most commonly used for hides but although there has been a tendency for purchasers to prefer this treatment, the simpler process of
Drum salting is now the major method for the curing of sheep, calf and kangaroo skins. It should be noted that brining is not
suitable f
the temperature should be kept below 30°C (preferably below 25°C) to prevent "brine draw" and dispersion of fat. Tanners must ens
rehydration of hides, and an alkaline soak (e.g. 1 % sodium carbonate) is sometimes necessary to overcome "brine draw". During a
the hide; some protein is removed and water is released as brine. The water remaining in the hide should be almost saturated with s
the flesh side of the hide for sufficient time to achieve the required salt uptake. For "stack" salting, the weight of salt should be ap
salt - approximately 20% of hide weight - is required for drum and brine curing, as there is less wastage.lt. is not necessary to was
rewashed, more salt is necessary to achieve the required saturation levels.
Degree of Cure
Generally, a cured hide should contain less than 50% moisture and this moisture should be at least 85% saturated with salt, giving an
In the presence of effective additives which potentiate the action of the salt, an ash to moisture ratio of 27-29: 100 can be acceptable,
However, the aim of curing should be for high salt levels.
Weight of Salted Hides
The weight of a cured hide depends upon the salt and moisture content and on the amount of flesh, dung and salt adhering to the h
than a "green" hide. By controlling the brine concentration or the amount of salt offered, hide weight can be manipulated to some ex
it should be remembered that the higher theratio of salt to moisture in a hide, the lower the risk of deterioration. Unfortunately, th
hides with too much water, and the result is unsatisfactory preservation
Effluent
All salting methods produce a brine effluent, and a25 kg hide produces about five litres of brine. It has often been assumed that b
when brine is regenerated and re-used in either a raceway or a drum, considerable volumes of excess brine are formed. In some case
suitable means of disposal is usually necessary. For inland works, recovery of salt by solar evaporation is a possibility in some locati
Salinity is now of major concern in inland Australia and there are regulations in many localities, including coastal cities, which ca
operation and the processing of salted hides and skins. Environmental or sewage authorities often require the effluent to be remo
These restrictions are an incentive for increased "green" processing.
Salt Additives
The use of additional preservatives (additives) is strongly recommended for all salting methods. Their use is essential to prevent w
are to be kept for only a few weeks at less than 25°C before being further processed, the use of additives is not important. The bact
"red heat" may not themselves cause hide damage, but hides cured in the absence of those additives can be contaminated with other
hides and grain damage in resultant leather.
If additives are used, it is not necessary to use expensive stoved (heat sterilised) salts. Initial curing without additives, and subsequen
For drum or stack salting of hides, 1% sodium fluoride (NaF), or 1% naphthalene plus 1% boric acid, calculated as percentages of
been used successfully for hides, calf, goat and kangaroo skins. Sodium fluoride is better than naphthalene plus boric acid if hides
more, during storage.
Naphthalene is volatile and salts containing naphthalene should not be stored for long periods, especially in warm conditions. Sodi
and skin or eye contact may cause irritation and should be avoided by the use of proper protective equipment.
For brine curing the addition of sodium fluoride is recommended and an amount equal to 0.3'% of hide weight is required. Higher
control of "red heat".
In salt of high calcium (over 0.05% Ca) or magnesium (over 0.05% Mg) content, the sodium fluoride reacts to produce insoluble, in
levels of sodium fluoride will not then control bacterial growth and additional sodium fluoride is necessary (see later).
Lake Salts and Salt Stains
Lake salts usually contain higher concentrations of calcium and magnesium salts than do sea salts. The presence of calcium is the
hard spot and gypsum stains). Magnesium in the curing, salt can cause saltstippen which occurs as small star-like elevations on the g
hair is removed. These defects can be caused by salt containing levels of 0.05% calcium or 0.05% magnesium and above. Calf skin
susceptible to these defects than hides. Salt can be washed to reduce the concentration of calcium and magnesium and salt stains and
acid -or sodium fluoride to salt, provided there is minimal delay before curing. Both these additives also control salt tolerant bacteria
If salts high in calcium and magnesium are unavoidable, the additional NaF required to precipitate the Ca and Mg in 1 00 kg salt is
calcium and/ or magnesium make it uneconomical to use NaF as a salt additive.
Analyses
Salt suppliers will usually provide the Ca and Mg content of salts.
Calcium and Magnesium contents are sometimes given in terms of the chloride or sulphate. The following conversion factors are th
Calcium sulphate (CaSO,), 30% Ca; Magnesium chloride (MgCI2), 25% Mg; Magnesium sulphate (M
gSO4), 20% Mg.
Curing of hides and skins – Alternative method
Conventional Salting (Stack Salting)
Amount of Salt Used
It is essential that the whole of the hide or skin is well covered with salt and that if any part is folded, there must be plenty of salt
least one-third of the green weight of the hide. Under ideal conditions, saddle stacks, envelope or square stacks and bibled hides ca
should slope for good drainage. Bibled hides and skins are covered with salt on the flesh side and are folded or rolled up with the hai
skins are preserved this way.
The size of the salt crystals is important. They should be approximately 2-3 mm in diameter If the salt is too fine, "caking" can occ
salt which is too coarse can damage the hide. The use of appropriate additives in the curing salt is strongly recommended. Each time
bacteria and other contaminants increases. If salt is reused, additives must be included with the used salt as recommended for new
least seven and preferably ten days after the last hide has been added to the stack. This allows the salt and moisture content of the
cure.
Hides and skins should be agitated in the brine for 12 to 24 hours, in order to achieve a satisfactory level of cure. Agitation times of
on the system used, the degree of saturation of the brine, and the thickness of the hides. The appropriate time for a particular pl
moisture ratio for the thickest hides processed, after a range of agitation times. In raceways, a brine float of approximately 500% (
with an average weight of 20 kg, require 50,000 litres (50 kL) of brine. The tanks are fitted with paddles to keep the hides circulating
approximate 100% (i.e. hide:brine = 1:1 by weight) float is maintained. It is therefore essential to recirculatethc brine through a lixat
that is lost during the curing process. After curing in brine, the hides are usually drained on a conveyor before packing.
Additives
Sodium fluoride (NaF) has been successfully used as a brine additive in Australia for many years. The recommended level of 0.
Australian requirements. Extra NaF is needed at start up to give the required base level in the brine, and in subsequent uses if there
Refer to Meat Technology Update 94/2 under "Lake Salts and Salt Stains" for further information on Ca and Mgdemand.
Sodium Fluoride (NaF) Additions
Calculate requirements for NaF according to the procedure outlined below. First work out the volume (V) of water in kilolitres (a kilo
Work out how much NaF You need to react with the calcium (Ca) and the magnesium (Mg). For a saturated brine solution.; kg NaF
how much NaF you need for the base level in the brine; kg NaF = V x 0.6 kg. Calculate the NaF needed for the first load of hides; kg
After the first use, you will need to top up the brine with NaF according to the following: Calculate the NaF needed for the next lo
weight (kg). Calculate the NaF required to precipitate the Ca and Mg from the salt used to regenerate the brine; kg NaF=(0.4 x %Ca +
Total kg NaF (i + ii) = (0.3 + 0.4 x %Ca + 0.7 x % Mg) x hide weight (kg) =Z x hide weight (kg) = amount of NaF to be added after
100
Z is a constant for each lot of salt, so you need only calculate Z for each new batch. Some processors have had problems with insolu
with high Ca and Mg contents. The build upof the precipitates and the cost of the additional NaF required means that an alternative a
Drum Salting
In Australia, drum salting of hide and skins is carried out in wooden drums, steel or fibreglass hide processors or mixers, or st
approximately one hour, and hides from four to seven hours. The time will depend on the drumming actio9n, which is less efficient
curing time. Optimum conditions should be determined for a particular system. Usually the drum speed is less than 5rpm but highe
without damaging them. Higher speeds can lead to heat build-up and poor grain quality, and are not recommended forhides which re
have been employed for drum salting. However, some modifications may be needed, e.g. the drive changed, the blade depth reduce
edges which could damage the skins, smoothed by sandblasting. Drum saltingcauses abrasion of drum linings. Based on green weigh
(similar to stacking salt) is commonly used. Recommended additives can be pre-mixed with the salt or rotated with the salt before
and skins are usually allowed to drain for a few days before packing. If hides are laid flat, rather than bundled in a bin, they are easie
Storage and Transport of Salted Stock.
If there is insufficient salt in the hides or skins, or no additives are present, hair slip and a bad odour may develop during storage.
depends on storage temperature, humidity and the additives used. At moderate temperatures, provided additives are used, well sal
should be well designed and ventilated to keep hides and skins as cool as possible. Very high temperatures of 55°C or 60°C dama
changes from collagen to gelatin. There is no smell or hair slip but the damage becomes obvious during processing. Grain damage o
and after two weeks the structure completely disintegrates during processing. Temperatures of 60°C can occur within loads of hides a
months. Problems can occur during container transport as high temperatures are often reached and water from condensation can
Containers loaded with hides or skins should not be left in the sun when hot conditions are anticipated, and should not be transported a
11.3 Skin quality
It appears that Emu skins are more delicate than the skins of many other species of animal. This shows up during takeoff or preservati
and during preservation to avoid grain damage, heat damage and the retention of excess fat on the skins. For the highest quality, howe
skins at the farm to avoid any risk of damage to these somewhat delicate skins. It is unlikely that wild skins will approach the quality
by Emus in the wild. Their tendency to flee when frightened results in considerable damage to their skin (particularly the breast and ba
fences. Of all the wild emus examined, only the skin from a few small birds (probably less than half grown) have been free of major d
quite free of such damage. Third, when concentrations of emus occur, they almost always occur as the direct or indirect result of droug
no meat on the carcass and with very thin skins. It is believed that Emu skins present good potential for the production of high qual
appearance. Because of the high temperatures normally experienced in the areas where emus occur, all dried skins, salted or not, are d
or both and these effects were difficult to reverse. Drying, in any form is not recommended for emu skins. Some skins are received wh
been estimated. Measurements made on these wet salted skins indicated that birds less than about 450mm between the base of the (v
young birds. The largest bird measured was 480mm between wings and, like the other adults, had a noticeably wide neck at its ba
decreased by 5% to 15% on the finished skin. Large skins had a finished area of about 0.6 sq. m while small to medium skin had an a
of up to 650 mm areas of up to 0.8 sq. m have been recorded. There is a good correlation between skin area and bodyweight of the live
12. EMU TANNING
Paddle vats are used for tanning and can be used to brine skins. Skins can be tumbled in a tanning drum as an alternative to salt stack
salt of skin weight for about 3 hrs. Green un-cured skins can be handled for a maximum of 2 wks at 0°C - 4°C, skins must be quick
kept at 0°C - 4°C until pickling or tanning. Skins above 4°C packed on a pallet will be slow to cool in a large pack and bacterial dam
rapid raise in temperature and fast deterioration. Freezing is not recommended for skin storage. Skins in brine can be transported direc
within the 24 hr safe period, at 0°C-4°C. Toxic bactericides, fungicides and hide salt additives must be handled with care accordi
products are poisonous. Two commonly used chemicals for bacterial control are sodium chlorite sold as "Impropell Co" and Busan
methods to improve quality of cure and curing time. Salt can be purchased as hide salt with additives mixed or chemicals can be mixed
and magnesium content. Common additives are Boric acid and Naphthalene or Boric acid and Sodium Fluoride each mixed at 1 % on
not be inhaled. Use of Boric acid may be restricted by local effluent controls at abattoirs or tannery.
Leather Manufacture - The processing of hides to make leather
There are 2 stages in making leather
Wet-blue processing
Fleshing
The excess flesh and fatty tissue under the hide is removed by a fleshing machine before the hides are loaded into drums.
Soaking (3-4 hours)
The hides are washed to remove dirt and blood from the surface. Detergents are added along with a slightly alkaline chemical such a
soaking process also restores lost moisture to hides that have been salted and stored for long periods before processing.
Hair removal (4-6 hours)
Water, lime and sulfide are added to the hides. The hides become very alkaline, above pH 12. The hair is attacked by the chemicals
filtered out through large screens and collected. The epidermis of the hide is also removed. The hair that is recovered can be used as a
Liming (10-16 hours)
More water, lime and sulfide are added. At this alkaline pH the hide structure swells as the fibres in the hide absorb water. Unwanted
time.
Deliming (3-6 hours)
Deliming removes the lime and alkaline chemicals present in the aimed hide. Carbon dioxide and ammonium salts are added which lo
35°C. The hide de-swells as the alkalinity is reduced and water is released.
Bating (~l hour)
Proteolytic enzymes are added which clean up the grain surface and further destroy any remaining hair roots and pigments. This make
Pickling (2-3 hours)
Water, sulfuric acid and salt are added. This solution is very acidic and the pH is usually below 2. This acid environment makes the hi
addition of salt prevents any swelling of the hide. After penetration of the salt and acid the hides are in a preserved state.
Tanning and basification (10-15 hours)
Tanning converts the hide into a stable material which will not putrefy or be attacked by bacteria. Chrome powder is added which diss
forms crosslinks with the collagen. Once adequate penetration of the chrome has occurred, the hides are basified. A slightly alkalin
and the pH is slowly raised to ~4. The temperature is also increased to 45°C. The chrome is fixed to the collagen in the hide. The le
and won't denature (shrink) at 100°C. The wet-blue hides are then removed from the processing drums. Many of the above proce
reduces the amount of waste and effluent treatment required. Modem leather processing is environmentally friendly.
Sammying
Excess moisture is squeezed out of the hides by passing them through large rollers under pressure. Wet blue is the intermediate stage
been tanned and can be stored or transported from the tannery to finishing plants in Australia and around the world
Finishing
The finishing stage of leather making can have many variations depending on the type of leather being processed and its use as a final
Splitting and shaving
The wet blue is split through the middle to a required thickness for end use. This is typically 1-2 mm thick. Any further correction of
material not wanted.
Retanning
This is a second tanning step. The pH is raised to 5 by removing free acids that are present in the wet blue. This step determin
processing is ended. Vegetable extracts and syntans can be added to give the leather its desired feel when made into the final prod
firmer.
Dyeing
The dyestuff is added to colour the leather.
Fatliquoring
An oil is added that coats the fibres in the hide structure so that the leather will remain flexible after drying. The fatliquor also gives the
Drying
The hide is dried to reduce moisture. This is achieved using one of two methods. The hides can moisture removed in a vacuum dry
plates and the moisture is removed under vacuum. The hides can then be hung up and air dried. Alternatively, if the hides are not va
the hides are stretched and pegged on a perforated frame and then moved into a drying oven. The final moisture content is 15-20%.
Staking
After the hides are dried they become stiff and less flexible. Staking is a mechanical treatment to make the leather soft and supple after
Buffing
For hides which have a damaged, faulty or uneven grain surface, this can be smoothed by mechanical sanding. This smoothes any
improve the final appearance of the leather surface and allow a more even and consistent finish coat to be applied. These feathers are k
Finishing
Protects the grain surface of the leather from moisture, dirt and abrasion. The specific steps in the finishing process are dependent on
for different leathers as the surface properties of the leathers are modified.
Full grain leathers have a polymer or wax finish applied to the grain surface by a spray gun or a rollercoater.
Corrected grain leathers have one or more basecoats and pigment coats applied which improves the adhesion of the following topcoat
gun and then dried. The finish applied determines how the end product looks in terms of colour, shade, lustre and feel.
Embossing
Embossing is a further process which stamps an artificial grain pattern onto the surface of the leather if required.
Drum Processing
Emu skins remain difficult to process due to tangling and knotting when in large loads. Removing half the neck and torn edges, and pr
with a diamond configuration prevents tangling. Drums must be fitted with draining screens of less than 25mm holes to avoid loss of th
processing also assists the prevention of tangling. Knotting will cause uneven processing and may cause strain to the skins. Emu skins
loads are required for economical. A conventional skin flesher can be used to compare green, sulphide and lime fleshing. Fleshing
cleaner fleshing, less risk of damaging skins, and a clean grain. Very fatty skins need green fleshing and re-fleshing out lime. Tags m
Trials to flesh legs were conducted with a banjo flesher, converted shaver, conventional shaver and conventional flesher at the green
legs could be easily damaged. Fleshy legs, tended to have toes torn, when fleshing the adhering sinew and pads. Handling is slow
before tanning, a buffing wheel will successfully remove flesh and clean the flesh side at the dry crust stage before re-tanning and
advantages are less risk of mechanical damage and being able to buff the dry skins at a more convenient time without the urgency requ
The inability to produce quality emu leather has been a major restriction on the profitability of the emu industry. A chromium sulp
produced finished leather, which was suitable for the clothing and apparel industry. A subjective four category grading system was de
The system was developed to provide the emu farmer, abattoir management and tanneries with early information about the quality of
the tannery. This system could distinguish between damage caused prior to slaughter, during slaughter and post slaughter. A serie
finished leather. A batch of emu skins had an average surface area of 76.6 dm², and an average thickness of 0.57 mm, and a tear stren
skin has the desired characteristics to produce fine quality leather for clothing, but that damage occurring to the skin pre-tannage
produced. Studies are required to develop methods to prevent damage to emu skins.
Initial tanning involved a long 'defeathering' for 36-48 hours with 3% sodium sulfide and 3% sodium hydrosulfide. The hydrosulfide
was used. The long lime is needed to destroy the feather quill although scudding is usually required as well. Deliming was followed
float, 6% salt, 1.2% sulfuric acid and 0.75% Imprapel COZ (30% aqueous solution of sodium chlorite, Hoechst Australia Ltd). The v
tanned with 10% Chromitan B in a fresh pickle without the Imprapel. This method produced a clean skin but the oxidative pickle is
would be useful to remove skin pigmentation if this was a problem. Chrome tanning gave a very dry, papery handle and problems wer
a thin layer of muscle which resides just below the skin and which was not obvious during processing. It is thought that this layer of
on the back and it can be removed with the fat by careful takeoff technique.
Other tannages that can be used include; (a)15% mimosa, added as three 5% lots over 2 hour to the drained skins (dry drummed
Chromitan B, (c) as a. but retanned with aluminium (10% aluminium sulfate), (d) as a. but tanned with 3% Chromitan B before
Quebracho instead of the mimosa or (f) 30% mimosa added in two 15% lots over 1 hour to the drained skins.
All of these procedures give a well-tanned product but those tanned with chrome or aluminium, and the Quebracho tanned skins, w
skins. Of the six tannages, the skins tanned with 30% mimosa, had a mild shrunken grain tannage, produced by far the most inter
follicles. It is considered that a tannage producing a mild shrunken grain is desirable to emphasise the characteristic appearance of E
feathers, it is not possible to flesh the skins before defeathering because the follicles protrude through the flesh side of the skin and wi
defeathering, it is often necessary to increase the float to 100 to 200% for skins with many retained feathers to allow for the initial bu
tan skins with the feathers still on them as the protruding follicles prevent fleshing and the feathers are poorly held in the follicle after t
Unlike the Ostrich, the follicles of Emu skin cover the entire skin surface, whereas only about half of the area of Ostrich skin contain
Emu skin, which carries its characteristic follicle pattern, is about the same as that of the Ostrich despite the Emu's smaller size. In com
and less pronounced follicles but the follicular size and pattern of its skin is very similar to the skin of the Rheas. The Rheas, however,
Drying
There are various toggling, stapling, hand drying and pasting methods. Vacuum drying is not feasible. Hand dried skins are softer and
flatten suitably for manufacturing. Hang drying, re-wetting and drying flat does not achieve any significant advantage over drying f
boards with a pneumatic stapler remain the preferred method of drying. Toggling achieves similar results. The rump of most skins mu
removed by careful stapling to flatten without over stretching. Samming, setting or slicking out skins did not assist tacking out or impr
drying has a detrimental affect on the softness and plumpness of the finished leather. Selected well-cured skins of good quality must be
Liming
Trials at various rates, temperatures and pH levels using sodium hydrosulphide, sodium sulphide, lime, liming agents and detergent
showed no significant difference in incidences of loose grain. Controlled extended liming assists the tannage of softer vegetable tan
satisfactory for body skins. Leg skins need more tie in a stronger sodium sulphide solution before the addition of lime to loosen the
during fleshing. Clean fleshing is important to remove fat and clean the follicle of feather residue at the lime stage.
De-liming
Conventional de-liming is recommended using degreasing agents to avoid fatty areas in finish leather. Batting is used to help pro
looseness in other leathers.
Pickling
Pickling using a syntan-filling agent as a pre-tan in the pickle to fill the leather is an important step towards raising the follicles and plu
Vegetable Tanning
This tannage has a plumping affect on the leather suitable for firm bag leather. Dry drumming tends to be harsh on some of this leathe
soften. Veg tanned skins maybe retanned with syntans or veg extract to further plump the skin. Chrome retanning will assist softening
plumping. Combination re-tans can also be used.
Chrome Tanning
Chroming produces a softer leather but without a pronounced follicle. Soft leather tannages with a relaxed grain all tend to remain fla
suitable for soft garment leather using grade skins with good natural grain. Chrome tanned leather maybe plumped up by retann
combination re-tan.
Fatliquors
Various suitable fatliquors are used at all stages of processing from pickling to tanning. Increased rates of fatliquors assists softness
softening. Results have been improved by extending the processing time and hosing skins longer between stages, which assists with
grain character.
Polishing
Emu leather needs polishing to highlight the grain without flattening the follicle. Glazing and burnishing tend to flatten the grain. A
acceptable finish with care not to flatten the grain. A cylindrical polishing brush machine may improve this affect. Hand polishing a
with a good follicle to respond to a polished finish, which highlights the grain.
Drying & Feathering
Drum dying wet skins provides the base colour. After lightly buffing the flesh side of dry skins, spray dying is used to top up the co
sprayed for the best results after polishing. Wax finishes or waxes combined with binder and lacquer finishes lightly sprayed on by h
Wax finishes are softer but generally produce a flat-matt finish. Lacquer finishes can be applied from matt to gloss finishes and tend
applications for different uses. Emu skins are difficult to spray finish properly unless stretched out flat on a frame and hand sprayed in
essential to achieve good results. Some skins respond better than others to deliberate processing to raise the follicle. Flat undernour
birds, do not respond to the process and remain flat. Loose grained skins will become worse during processing regardless of the proces
achieve a better adhesion of the grain layer and gain a better lifting of the follicle. Once tanned to the crust stage different finishes cou
the accessory trade or a product for garments. The cuts show through if you polish them one side, you need an even side on one side to
the skin it’s going to only polish part of it. The more colour in the tannage shouldn’t affect the tanning it’self, but it will effect the way
product is required, then the process is designed around that. Sometimes it requires a few samples to show the buyer. There isn’t one
particular way. Tanners will have different methods, different machines, it’s up to the tanner to apply his ability to produce the skins re
12.1 Tanning chemicals
Bactericide - Busan 1021; Fungicide - Busan 30; Salt - Sodium Chloride,Sodium sulphate; Soaking and Degreasing agents - Dyam
LTD; Liming Agents - Lime, Parvol LXA, Sodium Hydrosulphide; Alkalis - Sodium Formate, Sodium Sulphide, Sodium Bicarbonat
Auxiliaries – Clarotan, Paramel PA, Parvol NBA, Parvol MDA, Calgon, Paralene RPA, Ammonium Sulphate, Sodium Metabisulphite
WSA, Napthadol CONC, Allbright AD, Paralene RLA, Paravol AC-C 300; Fatliquors - Cutapol LEC, Paradol IGX, Paradol L
Auxiliaries - Wax 242, WT 1150 enhancer, Opcalac lacquer emulsion, Metholated spirits, Opcalin modifiers, Opcalin waxes, A
Lacquers, Idranil liquid dyes, Opcalin penetrator, Leather protector, Thinners, Various lacquers, Pigments
Chrome retan is softer leather suited to soft bags and garment leather. Some more relaxed leather will not display grain definition a
syntans and retanning agents can vary retanning results.
Finishing
Lightly buff flesh side. Drum dry 30 min. Hand pad follicle tips using glazing binder and water equal parts, Add liquid dye as requir
care to avoid loose grain. Resin binders and lacquers tend to harden the grain but will give a glossy finish. Combinations of binder’s w
natural looking finish. Many metals will tan e.g. Iron, Zirconium, Titanium, Aluminium. Many other materials will undergo the chemic
Vegetable materials
For example, vegetable tans are extracted from Wattle bark, Myrabolan nuts, Quebracho tree heartwood and Mangrove roots.Oils- Cha
13. EMU SKIN GRADING
Skin Assessment
Skins cured as recommended have not shown bacterial damage. Green skin quality in general is improving with better handling and h
to produce improved leather quality for manufactures requirements. Low-grade skins and low-grade leather are not acceptable to
slaughter. Breeders of birds with damaged skins must be advised of damage to skins to assist with prevention of damage.
Grades :A Grade leather is required for garment leather; B Grade leather suits fashion accessories; C Grade leather is least preferred
lower grades are not required by manufacturers and have no commercial value. Trials indicate that some skins will have no commer
slaughter remains a major cause of skin damage.
De-clawing has reduced the level of scratches and cuts. Bruising remains the major cause of skin damage, and loose and broken grain
slaughter indicating genetic defects in the absence of other physical damage. Visual assessment of well cured green skins on arrival f
which remains loose when processed and 20% flat grain which do not plump up well and show good follicle development when proc
leather. Salt grading indicates 5% A grade skins, 10% B grade skins, 50% C grade skins and 35% D grade skins, are generally comm
defects mostly due to bruising not obvious on salted skins can show in finished leather reducing the grading standard.
All skins have a structure of epidermis (outer layer of skin) with no living cells in outer epidermis. Emu epidermis is thick and den
surface of leather. Grain Layer- a thin dense collagenous layer immediately under the epidermis. Corium or dermis is an interwoven
fibres in the dermis mainly parallel to the skin surface with very little perpendicular connective fibre connecting the dermis to the
grain surface. An emu skin will vary in thickness, structure and strength. Quality of emu skins handled and processed in the same w
due to age, condition, sex, genetics, handling, skinning, curing and processing. Birds slaughtered before sexual maturity show less
birds. De-clawing also reduces damage. In well designed transport, pens of less than 7 birds per pen with more than 48sqm per b
density loading. Emu skin grain is very easily damaged due to the loose structure and loose connection to the dermis. Abrasions and
loose and broken grain. Bruised areas become engorged with blood and destroy the skin structure in that area. Chance of putrefaction
The result will show as lifting or loose grain. This damage is not always obvious until late stages of processing and that area of loose
The hind area of the skin behind the hips often shows damage of loose grain, possibly from bumps and abrasions and during handli
controlled with adequate cure often show loose and damage grain from bruising. Skins showing loose grain and damage grain assessed
When skin grading is dropped then the quality drops as people think that there not worth as much so they won’t take the care required.
13.1 Hide grades
Emu Body Skin Grading
Grade
Shape
Healed Scars
Open Scars
Holes
Bruising,
Loose Grain,
Bacterial
A
Full skin, good
shape
Light
to
medium healed
scars
Nil open scars
Nil open holes
Nil
To 2
holes
Nil
Prime cutting area free or nearly free of defects
Good grain pattern, 5 to 7 sq. ft area.
B
Full skin,
good shape
Medium
to
heavy healed
scars
Light
scars
open
small
Prime cutting area free of holes and light defects only.
Good grain pattern, 5 to 7 sq ft area
C
Full
skin,
irregular
shape,almost
whole skin
Heavy
scars
healed
Medium open
scars
More then two
holes
Light
to
medium
defective areas
Defects in prime cutting areas, at least 50% of skin useable
Grain patterns less prominent, 5 to 7 sq. ft area.
D
Whole
skin
irregular
Part skins
Heavy
scars
healed
Heavy
scars
open
Large
torn
holes
Extensive
damage
Less than 50% of skin useable, no large areas of skin unblemished
No commercial value
Leg skins can be graded to the same standards as body skins with regard to all standards
except skin area. C grade leg skins may have limited commercial use.
D grade leg skins have no commercial value.
13.2 Leather production
The leg skins are reptilian in character and will provide decorative leather for straps, belts or general decorative purposes. The leg
Care is needed to ensure complete removal of the feather residue in the follicles and a long liming is suggested for this purpose. The
appearance of emu leather appears to be one giving a shrunken grain effect such as is achieved by using 30% mimosa in a dry drum.
14.
STAFF AND TRAINING
Adequate staffing is essential. The main issues are the base staffing levels, including the emplyers (farmer, transporter, abattoir, tanner
previously planned and in an emergency absence and staff skills. If leave is planned in advance, the remaining staff can probably cove
staff shortages at a farm. In emergency situations i.e. when a staff member does not turn up and little if any notice is given, written pro
‘later’without compromising the birds. Selecting and training stockpeople are essential to the productivity of the birds. Inducting staff
staff with appropriate, and preferably written, instructions. Well-trained staff who are good animal carers will be willing to learn new t
to implement their knowledge and skills to the benefit of the birds' productivity.
Human-Bird relationship
It has been well established that stock persons who have a good attitude toward their animals, treat them kindly, do not yell and scream
Conditioning the animals to farm activities over an extended period will result in better skin condition. When ostriches are subject to th
will suffer stress and skin damage. However if the birds have been conditioned to the farm events by training from an early age then pr
responses in birds will be avoided.
Accreditation
There are a number of processes during the production cycles where skilled persons are required to perform critical tasks. One of these
flay cuts. It is crucial that an accreditation procedure be adopted for person involved in this critical task.
Ostrich CD Rom Script
Intro
Summary
Text
Skin Marketer
The profit on ostrich skins can be increased by $160/bird by reducing the
level of filoplumes, selecting against aggressive behaviour and reducing
the amount of scarring. Minimising the fat content of finisher birds and
the resultant skins will reduce colour variation in tanned hides. Ostriches
should be at least 90 kg when they are slaughtered and return on skins
can be dramatically improved if there is no flay cut damage, skins are
cured, stored and tanned according to market needs
Currently in Australia 75% of processed ostrich skins are Grade 3 or
below which impacts significantly on profitability.
Only 5% of Emu skins are marketable as grade 1. Minimising
aggressive behaviour in birds, reducing scars from on farm damage and
transport and improving skinning, curing and tanning procedures will
enable producers to at least recover the cost of slaughter ($70/bird) from
returns received on skins
Image & sound
At workshop
John Atkins (Skin marketer)
talking about good and poor
skins
Photos of hide colour variation,
chick scars, knife marks,
pinholes, bacterial damage, tail
rub and quill definition
Financial Loss is $160/bird
Trevor Jones talking about emu
skins
Wayne Piltz talking about emu
skins
Key Industry Person
Skin quality can be significantly improved with good management
throughout the production chain.
This includes making sound decisions on breeding policy, careful
attention to fertile egg collection, cleaning and storage.
Care of birds during brooding, rearing and growing,
Transport on and off farm is crucial.
Lairage, stunning and killing facilities including the ability of abattoir
staff to remove skins without knife marks on skins is vital.
Careful attention must be given to curing and storing of skins and
following the recommended tanning procedures
Workshop vision plus any
photos on file which portray the
Industry
Only
FACTO
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
BREEDER
Breeding
Text
Person with knowledge of breeding or voice over
Every attempt should me made to avoid using genetically inferior birds and
aggressive birds. For ostriches birds with high incidence of filoplumes should
not be used. Select birds with longer fuller body conformation and follow
recommendations on ratio of males to females and dietary requirements of
breeders. Strict attention must be given to biosecurity and identification of all
breeders and progeny to allow traceability
Image & sound
Photos of filoplumes
Video vision of aggressive
behaviour in emus
Photo of ostrich and vision emu
with good conformation from
file records
HATCHERY
Hatchery
Text
Hatchery manager
Eggs should be collected frequently, stored upright for maximum of 7 days,
dirty eggs washed in sanitising solution at 440C cooled to 16-180C and
fumigated prior to setting. Do no set small eggs or those with defects.
Image & sound
Picture of ostrich egg from file
Workshop discussion
Hatchery manager
Temperature and humidity in incubator must be within recommendations at
all times. Alarm systems should be used to notify when conditions are outside
targets. Eggs should be turned 3 times per day. It is important not to assist late
hatching chickens from eggs for ostriches as they rarely survive
Picture of ostrich egg from file
Workshop discussion
Hatchery manager
Hatched chicks should appear and sound normal and maintained at 28-320C
while in the hatchery. A responsible person should make sure birds suffer
minimum stress and are transported safely to brooder area. If birds are to be
declawed use a red-hot blade to remove the distal phalanx on each toe of
emus. Research with emus indicates that declawing of ostriches may result in
less aggressive birds and reduced skin damage
Picture of ostrich chicks from
file
Picture of declawed adult emu
from file
REARING & GROWING
Rearing
Text
Farm manager-rearing
The chicks must be handled carefully and at placement, rearing facilities
should have correct temperature, humidity, ventilation and stocking density.
Strategies should be adopted to reduce disease and parasite infections.
Recommended diets and foraging material should be provided and where
possible crowding of chickens should be avoided, especially when being
released in mornings to forage. Crowding and smothering leads to claw
damage on the skin which remains as a permanent scar causing
Image & sound
Picture of scar damage on emu
and ostrich skins
Farm manager-growing
To produce growers, which have high quality skins it, is important to provide
good quality water, recommended diets and forage crops, adequate shelter
and minimise aggressive interaction between birds. It is imperative that
fencing is of the type to minimise abrasion on the skin. Diet has to be of good
quality prior to slaughter to avoid thinning of the skin. Feathers should be ripe
before sending to processor
Pictures of ostrich growers from
Pangkarra
BEHAVIOURS
Text
Researcher-behaviours leading to skin damage
Conflict between emus often results in skin damage. It is important to provide
sufficient feeding and drinking space for ratites as considerable conflict
occurs at these locations. When birds are frustrated they pace up and down
the fence line, engaging in stereotype behaviour (fence pecking) increasing
potential for conflicts and entrapment. The paddocks should be enriched by
providing forage material, novel objects for birds to peck and sandy area for
dust bathing and resting to avoid formation of breast blisters. This minimises
stereotype behaviours and potential skin damage. Shade should be provided
to avoid sunburn on skin. Raceways between fence lines discourage
interaction between emus in adjoining paddocks.
In the ostrich industry considerable damage to the skins occurs when moving
ostriches around the farm in horse floats or when birds are not conditioned to
use of yarding or temporary yards. Ideal to use temporary yards, condition
birds to their use by providing feed and water so that birds are calm when
being loaded.
Image & sound
Emus aggression around feeders
and drinkers
Emus in run chase behaviour,
kicking, run away behaviour,
giving thrusts, receiving thrusts,
pecked, being pecked, step
pushing
Emus running, pacing up and
down fence line
Emus pecking at fences
Emu putting head in and out of
fences
Emus caught in fences
Emus in shade versus sun
Emus rushing off as they are
disturbed (eg. farm vehicle, dust
storm).
Emus resting on hard hot ground
Photos of loading at Geoff
Leanes
Video of Ostriches being loaded
at Pangkarra
File vision of john Atkins
discussing socialising birds to
human handling
TRANSPORT
Transporter
Text
Transport of ratites is one of the key areas in the production chain that can
influence skin quality. Air sprung trucks are recommended. It is imperative
that birds be pre yarded under minimum stress. The yard must be free of any
abrasive fittings, which can cause scratches on the skin. Loading of animals
must be done one at a time. During transport birds must be inspected
frequently. Truck should be padded in corners to prevent tail rubbing. Birds
should be provided sufficient ventilation at all times and kept cool during hot
weather by use of foggers. Birds must be given room to sit but also to avoid
skin damage from other birds. Drivers must corner slowly, drive smoothly
and avoid bumpy roads..
Image & sound
Photos of loading emus and
ostriches
Photos of smooth yarding
File vision of workshop
discussion
PROCESSING
Text
Lairage
The lairage must be set up so that birds can be easily off loaded. The lairage
should have high solid sided walls; no abrasive materials and staff should
avoid using prods to move birds in the lairage. Misting facilities and fans
should be available to cool birds on arrival .Stockperson should be present to
sign off on each batch of birds and ensure birds are stocked at recommended
density
Image & sound
File image from workshop.
Discussion by John Atkins
Stunning, feather plucking and skinning is important that emus are stunned
in padded knocking box using 120V, 10 seconds, at 1.2 amps while ostriches
are stunned using 120V, 15 seconds, and 1.2 amps. Birds should be
immediately shackled ensuring no damage to the skin bird bled out
completely to minimise any potential bacterial contamination. Feathers
should be ripe at slaughter and carefully removed to avoid damage to the
skin. Expert skills are required to ensure skins are removed without any
knicks or flay cuts, which can cause variation in colouring during tanning.
Workshop vision
Photos of skin damage
Curing-skin buyer, marketer
Excess fat and flesh should be removed from skins and placed in a cool
brine/bactericide/fungicide solution that is changed at least every 30 mins.
The skins should be kept at 5-100C throughout the salting, grading and
stacking process and then stored at less 40C, without freezing. Transport of
green skins must done in a climate controlled truck maintained at 50C
Photos of good skins
TanningWell-cured skins can only be used for tanning. Excess fat and feathers should
be removed. It is important to know the market requirements for skins and do
trial tanning for buyers. Tanners need to use a reliable source of dyes that do
not vary in colour. Skins that are heavily scarred should be dyed black.
Producers should be provided a batch report on condition of skins.
Photos of good skins
Marketing
Marketer should use a standard QA procedure for grading skins and ensure
there is consistency in the grading standards. It is crucial to know the identity
of all skins so those problems in skins can be traced back through the
production system.
Pictures of good and poor skins
Biosecurity
Biosecurity/Quarantine is an integral part of any successful ratite enterprise.
It refers to those measures taken to prevent or control the introduction and
spread of infectious agents to a flock. Such diseases whether clinical or
subclinical significantly reduce the productivity, profitability and long term
financial viability of an ostrich enterprise. Biosecurity is like any other
insurance policy and as such it is a prudent investment
File vision workshop