(vflii) COMBINATION OF SENTENCES
'' ' '''"1i''
Simplesentencesmaybecombinedintoasinglesimplesentencein
ways :
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(a) He ran away. He had seen the Principal coming'
he ran away'
Seeing (or having seen) the Principal coming'
(b) He finished his duty' He took the bus home'
Having finished his duty, he took the bus home'
(c) She was filled with fear' She kept quiet'
Being filled with fear, she kept quiet'
(d)Thepoliceranafterthestranger.Thepolicecaughthim.
Running after the stranger, the police caught him'
I,
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$)- Present ParticiPle
Uil Past ParticiPle
Giil Perfect ParticiPle
the foltowing sentenaes into
combine ench
"f
one Simple sentence by using Pwrticiples :
1" I was reading the book. I found what I
2.
3.
4.
5.
was looking for.
Tina was walking in the garden one duy.
She saw a beautiful flower'
He ran at top speed. FIe won the race.
Cinderella hurried. away with much haste'
she dropped one of her glass slippers"
on the Princess- He
The monster took
Pity
let her go.
6. We finished our work. We went for a walk
in the Park.
7. I have submitted my report. I have nothing
more to state.
E. The tiger saw the goat tied to the tree' The
tiger attacked it.
g. The gardener shouted at the boy. This
prev;ted hirn from breaking the flowers'
10. They saw the futility of war. They laid
down their arms.
te2l
one of the following different
Having been taken
1. While reading the book, I found what I
was looking for.
2. walking in the garden one day,Tina saw
a beautiful flower.
3. Running at top sPeed, he won the race.
4. Hurrying away with much haste, cinderella
dropped one of her glass s1iPPers'
5. Taking pity on the princess, the monster
let her go.
6. Having finished our work, w€ went for a
walk in the Park.
7. Havi.g submitted my rePort, I have
nothing more to state'
8. seeing the goat tied to the tree, the tiger
attacked it.
9. Shouting at the boy, the gardener Prevented
him from breaki.g the flowers'
10. seeing the futility of war, they laid down
their arms.
IICSE
seff-study in Ens. Languase
-9 & 10]
i1:',;d.
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He gave the orphans education. He
opened a factory for thern.
Besides giving the orphans education,
he opened a factory for them.
(b) I warned him not to disturb the patient.
He still did so.
..+
..
u ,i
.i"
Ji, ";
funny tricks.
The clown amuses us by showi^g us
funny tricks.
(e) She failed in her efforts. She heard the
news. She started crying.
On hearing the news of her failure, she
started crying.
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(a) The owner gave the orders. They
stopped the work.
The owner having given the orders,
they stopped the work.
(b) The game was over. The girls left for
hofne.
The game being over, the girls left for
home.
In spite of my warnlngr he disturbed
the patient.
(c) I did not succeed. I had made every
effort.
With all my efforts, I did not succeed.
(d) The clown amuses us. He shows us
i:31.1
(c) The tide was favourable. The ship
set
sail.
The tide being favourable, the ship set
sail.
(d) The duy dawned. The people visited
the Yamuna.
The duy having dawned, the people
visited the Yamuna.
(e) The rt.eather \A,as frne. We enjoyed the
H,alk.
The lveather being f,ine, we enjoyed the
rn,a1k.
rffi''"
nm
Assignment
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1. He got great honour. He saved the life of
this child.
2. It rained hard. The roads were flooded.
3. Sheeba amuses me very much. She tells me
funny jokes.
4. He is free from diabetes. At least he appears
5.
to be so.
The jrry gave its verdict. The court listened
silently.
6. His mother died. He heard the news. He
fainted.
7. You helped me. Otherwise, I would not
have passed.
8. His son died all of a sudden. He got a rude
shock. FIe never fully recovered.
9. I reached Delhi. I went to see my grandmother.
10. He gave me an umbrella. He had
exchanged a book with me.
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i"i;pl,ilid.
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CSE 1...,:.i lir.rrii:, !;: i::rr':; i.;,:i:.,,,.:it;::- I & 10]
1. The bank was open. I withdrew the
necessary amount.
The sun rose. The fog disappeared.
2.
3. It was a busy duy. I could not go to the
theatre.
4. The hunter fired his gun. The bullet
went
high. The tiger sprang upon him.
5. It was extrernely hot. We could not do any
work.
6. The ship sank. The crew were drowned"
'the
7 . The teacher was out of
room. There
was a lot of noise.
8. The feast began. We were then all very
huPPy.
9. Rain was scanty
this year. There was a poor
croP"
10. The tiger roared. The boy started trembling.
Ie3]
I
(ix) GoMBINATION'QF SENTENcES INTo A stNetE coMpLEx
sENTENcE
To combine simple sewtewces
Complex Sentertee
into a single
(c) sachin is a very reliable batsman. This
is known to all.
""
Simple sentences may be combined into
Complex Sentence in the followirg different Tnnys :
(i) By usi.g a Noun Clause
(ii) By using an Adjectival Clause
(iii) By using an Adverbial Clause,
It is known to all that
Sachin is a very
reliable batsman.
(d) He speaks fast. othennrise, he is a good
a
teacher.
Except that he speaks fast, he is a good
teacher.
(e) His friend was run over by a scooter.
He went to see him.
Hearing that his friend was run over by
a scooter, he went to see him.
(fl Hitler was going to invade England. The
rurnour was not baseless.
The rumour that Hitler was going to
invade England was not baseless.
k) Lata is innocent. This is my belief.
My belief is that Lata is innocent.
Gt By using a Noun Clause :
(a) How he witl solve this riddte. This is
not known to me.
How he will .solve this riddle is not
known to me.
(b) He will not attend the party. He told
this to his friends.
He told his friends that he would not
attend the parry.
="
Covmbirce each
set
10. He has a strong desire to become a scholar.
,f
Simple sentences into n
."-co lex serctence contain fr u?t clwwse
T: God is truth. All religions teach this.
2. Coming events cast their shadows before.
This is a fact. o,:::
i 11. I need no man's favour.
".
12.
3. He is going somewhere. I do,'not know. His
, 4.
best friends do not know.
He is innocent. That was the,,rv,erdict of the
juty.
.
5. Perhaps better luck is in
r
!,.
;,, t,,,
store,,'for. Lls.
we
,,
hope so.
I :,:..
6. The rose is the sweetest of flowers. This is
sure.
7. Tagore was our greatest poet. It is generaily
agreed.
8. It is not in man's po
direct his own
steps'. 'The teacher
bs this in the
classroom.
9. Your friend has succeeded very well. This
was the news to us. It gave us much
pleasure.
'
I frankly told this-_
A despised enemy may turn' out
a
dangerous rival. This has often happened.
13. He is going to Canada. He declared this to
be his determination.
74. He may be at home. I do not know.
1.5.
is spread by rats. It is now commonly ,
_Plusrre
believed.
r
..
Self-Study !n Eng. Language
-9 & 10I
1. All religions teach that God is truth.
2. The belief that coming events cast their
-
' 3.
Nbither his best friends nor I know that he
is going somewhere. ,,
4- The verdict of the jrry was that he is
"
innocent.
."*;'$; we hope that better luck is perhaps in store
for us.
[e5]
:
coh,I$nunmoN
Cambine eacfu set CIf
C* wsgs*urud sefitenee
C*wfnowations :
also)
fined
1. You must arrive in time' You must be
:
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(a) He is an artist and a singer'
2.
(b)HeisanartistaSwellasasinger.
(c) He is both an artist and a singer'
(d) He is not only an artist but also a singer'
3.
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4.
5.
6.
r,i
Assignmen!*1.,.
7.
,
8.
9.
otherwise.
Do not be a miser. Do not be a sPendthrift'
did not
she did not come to school. She
send in an aPPlication for leave'
work hard. You will fail otherwise.
Will you have tea? WiIt you have coffee?
senrice'
Do your work ProPerly' Leave my
He is mistaken. His brother is mistaken'
She must weeP' She will die'
you must make haste. You will miss the
train.
l0.Takeexerciseregularly.Youwillloseyour
1,. He is rich. He is magnanimous'
our
2. We love our parents' We honour
Coniunctions
ftherefore,
parents.
(a) Sonu Tnas found guilty. He TDas fined and
3.Youshouldread.thisPoem.Youshould
learn this Poem'
iailed for a Year '
he
sonu was found guilty, therefore,
4.Welostourticket.Welostourluggage.
was fined and iailed for a Year'
(b) At the sight of a lion all animals run
money'
5. She gave us food to eat. She Save us
6. He is hard. working' He is sincere'
town'
7. God made the country. God made the
was also
8. The thief was accused' He
fl1y)oy,
convicted.
g.Heloveshiswife.SheresPectshim.
10. She was praised' She was rewarded'
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(either.......
oT,
(a) Come in'
,
il
neith|r""' nor' otherwise'
gchool'
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or)
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Go ot'tt'
:Xlr#t:"
in or 8o out' or' Come in
(b) Do not be a borrower. Do not be a lender'
be'
Neither a borrower nor a lender
(c)Takemedicine,Youwillsetbetter.
wiII not
Take medicine, otherwise you
get better.
CoYwbdwe ewe*s set
sg
ir
ofn
by .is
tts
a
an umbrella.
1.. It is raining outside' I will take
2. He cannot see' It is very dark'
3. He was obstinate' He was punished'
4. Her only son is dead. She is crying bitterly'
teel
rl
SECTION
-A
The Art of Composition Writing
with
Question I of the language paPer deals
considered
usually
is
which
Composition writing
to be the toughest part of the language PaPet,
according to leedbick by students who have
already ipp*ured for the I.c.s.E. examinations
over the y-"irr. It is, therefore, of vital importance
to read tlris section carefully to understand what
exactly is required and exPected by lhe examiners
to be able to achieve maximum marks.
The language paper deals with fizte distinct
:
Srpes of ComPositions
(a) Descriptive
,,
(c) Argtrmentative
(e) Ffleture CoxmPmsitiom
The length of the composition to be written is
approximat6ly 350 to 400 words. The above topics
*iir also test your ability to describe, narrate,
argue or visuairre. You are also free to treat the
topic chosen in any way You like'
Remesmber ; You are aiming to achieve 25
so keep
E *ry impmrtaffit xxmarxas from this question,
seated
are
in mind the following points when you
in the examination hall and when you Put Pen to
behind. F{e clairns to be your friend but
you d o not recognize him. Give a brief
took
d escription of the conversation that
him
convince
to
managed
place, how you
and
door
uzrong
inat he haC btocked an the
what was the final outcome'
Now this question has three parts to attend
to:
(a) what conYersation took place between
both of you
?
(b) How were ),ou able to convince him
that you were not the Person he
thought you rrere ?
(c) How was the ccnfusion finallY
resolved. ? Did ),ou become friends
with
,Cid )'ou just Part waYS with
him apolog:::rng for his mistake ?
If you learne out even one of the three
parts, you are bound to iose marks you
could have achieved due to a careless
mistake.
Even iI you feel you have understood the
topic ,you have chosen, read -it .once again
to make sure that You will be able to
attempt the topic successfully and come
up with the required 350-400 words. To
him or
4.
PaPer.
write 200 wordi and then find yourself
DQ:$
Selecti*S a ToPic :
1. Read. all topics carefully and attempt the
one you are most comfortable with.
2. You must have some background
, knowled.ge about the topic you have
selected.
3. Some topics usually have more than
one
attend. Make sure that each part is
part to
attempted taking into consideration that
markJ are distributed and awarded for
each Part seParatelY'
Ex : You are in the market when suddenly
someone taps you on the shoulder from
ICSE
$etr-study in Ens. LansuaEe
-9 & 10]
5.
will
be a disaster as
you will not be able to comPlete your PaPer
within the sPecified time'
This selection is to be made within the 15
minutes that you have been allotted to read
running out of ideas
the question paPer. This saves your
valuable writing ti '
Iv{aking a 'SkeEetcxt' the topie you have
chosen
:
1. write 'ROUGH WORK" on the first Page
of the answer script and make a rough
outline of the ideas generating in your
mind. You can do this in two possible ways:
S ktakimg a wheeB m$ thoughts"
S By lis all the ideas Ystx have
mf"
[1e]
I\heel of thoughts
'-:
t
- ,'
,r1
!
is a strong possibility that the
examiner may be a woman/may belong
to that political party or may be s6 years
old or above.
4. Avoid using lengthy yaragraphs. Keep
your paragraphs short depending on your
subject matter (about g to 10 lines). Each
paragraph should deal with one idea at
a
time. If one idea tends to become too
lengthy, break it up into , two or more
paragraphs. The paragraph should end in
such a way that the next paragraph can
begin with a sentence thit is"togically
connected with the final sentence Lr th;
previous paragraph.
5. as?dwriti ng and ptrffi$ffix*tm€iffis* :
Handr.r,riting creates the first impression
on the examiner. It also herps hi; /her t;
judge, in the first instanc€, -'what kind
of
student you might be.
be well and correctly
between each word sho
in a uniform manner. Avoid crossing out
There
,.1 ,:.
1. List your ideas in random order as they
come into your mind without numberino
them
2.
3.
Number them in the sequence you want
your composition to develop in.
Each idea should deal with one or more
than one paragraph.
These listed points rnrill serve as a guide
to
your composition and you will not be
wasting time sitting and pondering over
what to write next.
4. At all times you must keep yourself
focussed on the subject of th; topic. To
and overwriting. This makes your
presentation messy and untidy. rf any
crossing out is necessary, a single stroke
the pen over the word will be Jufticient. "t
5. Graurnsar and spe
Short simple
sentences are better
ensure less of
spelling and grammatical mistakes. This
also helps you in expressing yourself better
and also gains you marks.
deviate from the topic means losing vital
marks.
DON'TS
Composition writing tests your ability to
fluent in the language and arso the skiil be
in
organizi^g and presenting a written piece
of work,
so care must be taken to avoid the foilowing
:
',-,'!rl.;
i'
\
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, , ]
7
:,
Do not use high soundi^g words. Keep
vour language simple. The examiner will
be able to understand your point of view
better. T is is important bec-ause there is
e\-erv possibility that you will use these
-,'',-ords
in the wrong places, thus destroying
,,-r-rLlr Sentence
8.
construction.
*'rite anythi.g negative about your
iar=rlrS or teachers. This may create l; bad
rrnF',:€sslcn about you in the mind
of the
e\.arrirrrrr, as the examiner will undou_
bted^-, b= a parent and /or a teacher
l,--, nct
----
I
e'uF-ress strong
opinions against
\','orierl, pcjli,cai parties or aged pEople.
Quotati*ms : Quotations should be used to
bring style into your writing but you must
be careful to be sur( that you quotation
fits into the appropriate pla^ce. The
quotation should also suit in" subject
matter.
eE is:,*n ; Revising the written
work is as
rmportant as writing it. Go through the
whole composition
_very carefully rSoking
for mistakes, which
ui" s*eaming to be
corrected.
\-
---ILNOTEJ
-
-
-
ir
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
T
1
A good essay of 400 words would be best written
if 100 words
are used for the introduction of the subject
, 2oo words to
1-rr-.
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Do rrrt
'
develop the subject logically and 100 words
for the conclusion.
n;#:, ; i# ;,l,iJll
, of the subject, use the 2oo words by giving importance J'il31;
to the
strong points first and then the weak points.
'
---E--
----------J
IICSE
seff-study !n Eng. Language
-g g':ii$f
,
Incoruect
Coruect
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121. As r," ir r"t,
A, l* i,
122' She neither washed her hands nor feet. i She washed neither her
hands nor feet.
123. Scarcely had he left then it began to rain. i Scarcely had he left
before it began to rain.
124. He did not break it nor lose it.
He
did
not
break
:
it or lose it.
125' Be careful that he should not deceive you. j Be careful lest he should deceive
you.
126. Neither she sings nor dances.
j she neither sings nor dances.
1,27. Untrl he does not say so, I will not know. I Ur,Ut he says
so, I will not know.
128' I do not know that he will pass.
i I ao not know whether he will pass.
1'29. Though he is poor, but he is honest.
i rnough he is poor, yet he is honest.
130. I know nothing else than this.
I know nothing else but this.
131' Unless he does not work hard, he cannot j Urrl"r, he works hard,
he cannot pass.
Pass.
;
132' He is both a teacher as well as a trader. u" is
both a teacher and a trader.
i
133' supposing if Bose comes here, what will supposing
Bose co es here, what will you
i
you say to him?
i ,ry io him ?
Incorrect
734. wanted a nurse for a baby over thirty
years.
135. wanted a stool for a lady with three legs.
736. r saw many dead soldiers riding across
the battlefield
737. The horse belongs to the washerman with
the short bushy tail.
wanted a nurse over thirty years for a baby.
wanted a stool with three legs for a lady.
Riding across the battlefield, I saw many
dead soldiers.
The horse r\rith the short bushy tail belongs
to the washerrnarl.
(D MISC
-,s
Cor ect
,
'
,
[1 14]
138, Do not find fault in hi;;;.
739. He makes fool of you.
1 40. He is a man of word.
747. Good night ! How are you ?
'l'42. I shall inform
this to the police.
1'43. our house comprises of five rooms.
Do not find fault with his work.
He makes a fool of you.
He is man of his word.
Good evening! How are you?
I shall inform the police of this.
Our house comprises five rooms.
[ICSE
seff-study in Ens. Lansuase
)
-9 & 10J
after every line of the address, finishi^g off
the last line with a full stop or you can leave
it without any punctuation marks. But cfire
Dear Mohit (if you,qP,the elder brpth€r), etc-
must be taken that if you are not using punctuation
Acquaintawces i
.'
,
Close friends
Dear Trevor, My dear Trevor, My dearest Trevor.
marks in the address, then you must not use
punctuation marks in the subscription also e.8,
:
Dear Mr Maugham, Dear IvIr Dias, Dear
Mrs Chatterjee, Dear Ms GuPta.
(White addressing acquaintances,' we always
write the surname of the person.)
Opening Sentence
The letter is written :
1. In response to a letter received by You ,
2. To inform the Person about something,
3. To just keep in touch or connected,
4. To advise a friend /brother/sister on a
i
Lucknow-226003
Yours faithfully,
Laxmi Niwas
56 Civil Lines
Lucknow 226003
Yours faithfully
Steven Lee.
Steven Lee
Laxmi Niwas,
56, Civil lines,
i
It is always advisable to use the block form
while writing the address instead of the
indented form, as given above.
ry
:t
r .-':"
ii
f.gl
:
i::lr
ll
:
Lucknow
226003
8th March,2007
You must note the followi.g :
1. 8 followecl by th, the th must be written on
the line"
2. March is written in full. Do not use
abbreviations like Mar. or APt. or Sept"
3. March is followed by a comma. The year is
w,ritten in fuIl. Do not write 07 instead of
2007.
In informal letters the salutation depends on
the relationship or closeness with the Person
to rr-hom ),ou are writing the letter. Study the
:.-rllcrr-ing and you wiltr get a fairly good idea
hcrt- to salute whom :
FtTrniltt nte tfibers and close relatiT)es :
r-rl
ear Dacdr,-, Dear Murnmy, Dear sister
Dear brother Mohit Or Dear Aparna,
j
a friend,
Giwen belout fr,re so?t&e examples
*f
*pen'{wg
serctences :
1. I am sorry I could not write to you earlier
as I was PreParing for my exams .o........... .
2. I am glad to have received your letter at
Iast and am delighted to learn that
3.
I was delighted to go through the contents
5.
of your letter and
Received your letter and was very huPPy
to learn that
Thank you very much for your lovely gift
6.
I was shocked to learn of the sad demise
4.
h
of o...............
7.
3,
r,;- r r:.a,
. To sympathize with
8. To apologise,
9. To congratulate.
7
The date is written below the address after
lesaing one line. There are many ways of
writing the date and it is a well-noted fact that
students often get confused. So only one safe
way is suggested here. You are advised to
repeatedly practise this way of writi^g the date
Laxmi Niwas
56, Civil Lines
f,
5.
certain problem,
To express bereavement,
8.
9.
I was extrgmely sad to hear of ................
I must sincerely apologise for ................
I heard incidentallY that You were
10. My heartfelt congratulations on your
success in the examination ............o...... .
Do yrot use outdated operui?tg sentewces like ,'
L. Hope this letter finds 'you in the best of
health as I am the sa4ile here.
ICSE
$e$f-$tu#y
ir.r ffir"rg" 1eregrnagm
-9 & 10]
ffi
7. I know you are busy but do write to me
2. Hope this letter"frnfls you
health
hon, are you ? I am fine
-iame for you.
sornefimes.
- :l
::.
" Now remember, stav connected"
9 " My best wishes are always with you.
8
10. Do let me know if I
can be of any further
help.
] . r-s the most important part of the letter as
: ,xea-l"s with the subject matter of what the
This part of the letter is also important as it
requires you to be courteous and, once agai.n,
depends on your relationship with the person
you are writing to.
Look at the followi^g table to understand this:
;--esfron demands. Keep in mind these points
: ie rvriting the body of the letter :
the question once again and plan
rr-rut what you are going to write in the
R.ead
body,
:
body of the letter must be divided into
paragraphs. Remember, a letter without
p aragraphs becomes directionless and
b,oring to the reader.
\\'hile writing formal letters, stick to the
point without beating about the bush.
Rememberr 1lou are writing to a Person
holding an important position in a place
of public dealing and he does not have
time for pleasantries.
Be courteous even in letters of comPlaints.
Remember, you are complaining to him to
get a mistake rectified and not to annoy
him unnecessarily, because he may not be
personally at fault.
Be sincere and realistic in your writi^g.
T-he
r
+
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t,rc
ffirt
ffi
r-,t,",,J^.s15'*'"{1;"t
l"'i *'-e"}i;.1r=
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and Uncle
and love to all at home.
brother
/
Clsse friends :
Yours sincerely
Yours lovingly
Your loving friend
Acquaintances :
Yours faithfully
Yours sincerely
NOTE
1
. 'Yours'
does not have an apostrophe before the 's' and
it
is always used with 'affectionately, lovingly,
2.
truly.
The leave-taking must be on the left hand side of the letter at
the bottom.
3. Only the first letter of the subscription begins with a capital
letter and is followed by all small letters. Note how it has been
given above.
soon.
3. I
am really excited and looking forward
to your visit.
Do write back soon.
Keep in touch, as you are very dear to me.
I'll end here norw with lots of love to yott.
-ltrCSE
i.i
i.:-u-r.-: ,.-i;:.r.jij.:j,iJ*
a comma at the end of the subscription i.e. if you
have punctuated the address in the beginning of the letter.
:
2. Looki^g forward to hearing from you
5jr,ii':,.;],ir.r,j:r
i
4. Always place
,*
1. Do give my regards to Aunty
1.
5.
6.
af f ectionate son
nephesr-
:
The last sentence of the letter is bringing your
subject matter to a conclusion so it must sum
up what you want to say in a precise manner.
You may convey love to family members and
good wishes to friends and acquaintances.
'"'*i
" ..-f'fl
/ daughter / nie ce /
sister, etc.
Yours affectionately
Your lovirrg son / daugh ter / niece/ nephew /
broth er / sister, etc,
Yours lovingly
Yours truly
Your
19
& 10]
:
t,,'-'
;
'L;.:
The signature or name of the writer comes
below the subscription as given under:
Informal letters : Only first name is used.
e.g. Akanksha.
:
Full name is used with
Forma1 letters
designation if required.
e.g. Akanksha Khanna.
[2e]
(vI) PREP ITIONS AND.T}IEIR USES
A preposition is a word placed before a Noun
(or Pronoun) to show the relation in which one
person or thing stands to another person or thing.
It is usually placed before the word it controls,
the most common bei^g the words showing time,
space, position and direction relationship.
'
tfsed when we refer to a point of
Iustin will return before
1_0th
(Before a fixed time)
Denotes at the end of a period of
in the past.
She returned
month was over)
He gaae the book back after
him. (In the past)
Prepositions are used with reference to tirne
and reference to space. With reference to time, they
may denote a point of time or a period of time.
A point of time will tell you a particular time as g
o'clock 8 p.m., etc. whereas a period of time as g
ili,
'i,ii ij.' i;.r,! ioi-:,i'i t,S.
',i, ir. i..:i
,
,r
i
She
$-'i;,t$g;
They lrft fo, the city at sunset.
Used for a period of time
something happens.
Denotes not later than.
We will leaae this place by 6 o'clock.
after 6 o'clock)
Means up to a certain period.
We will be staying in Delhi tiil
Monday. (Not after next Monday)
in
which
function took place in the eaening.
You u)ere called in the morning.
This place ceased to exist in 1972.
,
used for a point of time.
She has not been in touch since
Monday. (Point of time)
The
r
'
used with particular dates and days.
She died on Sunday.
The shtp reached the harbour on the 1,0th
,f Moy, 1965.
1'r'itilil;i., i:*,,:=..:iir.
i
will return in a year. (After the
is over)
late?
,
For
Used for a period of time.
The boy has been ill
Also denotes at the end of a period of
:
lustin utill return in a uteek. (At the end
of the week)
I utill leaae in a month. (At the end of
the month)
Denotes anytime before the expiry of
With
for tuto days. (p
of time)
Used for a point of time, but can
preceded by verb in any tense.
I utill be busy^from tomorrow onwards,
.
time.
Referemee
To
Space
1_. At, Im :
At
a period.
used with the names of small to
and villages.
used with the names of big cities, sta
and countries.
lustin will return within a uteek. (Could
return in three days or six days,
I liae,at faheerpur in Bihar.
anytime before the end of seven days.)
The Prime Mini.ster liaes
Ei:: ,
He ,liaes,
at Meerpur in
Maharashtra.
in Delhi in Indi
,
781
remi
Denotes at the end of a period of
Used for a point of time.
The function will be held at 7 o'clock
sharp.
You were called at 7 a.m. Why are you
i " ri
I
in the future.
years, 8 months, etc.
t
after n month. (When
,
r'i,'t,
IGSE 's*if-Study in Eng" LanguaEe -9
&,':l
[m5
enotes rest or position inside
TrTt);ni,oitirg in the room.(At
She Tt)as in the
hy the side of ,or ,outside of.,
He sat beside me to discuss the probrem.
His speaking ill about me is beside the
Means,
rest)
hsll. (At rest)
Denotes motion towards the inside
of
something.
He cfrme into the room. ( Motion from
outside to inside)
I walked into the hall. (From outside the
hall to inside the hall)
i 'qll
point.
Means, 'in addition to,
Besides Mira, alt of you are also inaited.
Besides being rich, she is arso
famotrc.
Means, ' in a higher position,
Death is hanging abozte rny head. (Over)
I utas surprised to see my name abooe his.
Means, ' a lower rever than the other.,
He is much belout me in rank,
I liae in the flat belout his.
Means, 'From one side to the opposite.,
I liae across the street. (On the opposite
-ydea1)
The boy ran across the road. (From one
side to the other)
. .
used when we refer to something at
rest.
,:
We Tt)ere made to sit on the
floor. (At rest)
The serl)ant snt on the carpet (At
rest)
Generally denotes motion.
The cat sprang upon the table. (Shows
motion)
,%/6zr,qag, zVaz rZe frer. (,frows
nnotion)
He laid the load across his
shoulders.
(On both sides of )
Denotes 'in the direction of ,
They moaed towards the setting
Refers to position or place.
The police ran after the thieaes.
Also refers to position or place.
Ife stood behind the door.
sun.
she ran toutards the police station
used after verbs in the passive voice
fo,
to denote the agent or the doer.
Tl,r,
boy u)as saaed
by
Indicates a piercing action and
the,stranger.
also the happening of something.
5he wns searched
by the police.
Denotes the instrument with which
the action was carried out.
The serpent u)as kilted
He cut the log with nn
help.
The sutord ran through him.
(Pierci^g action)
The deal
with a stick.
failed)
nNe.
fell through. (The deal
The deal came
(Succeeded
Between is used for two persons or
things"
shnre this biscuit behneen the two girls.
shanker and Raai fought beiween
themSelUeS, ., i.\.r' ,., ,
a **iUsed with'rriore, i,ffio persons
,-, iri,
He looked nround himself qnd
then batted.
' The path around the statue Tt)as
concrete.
or
.
four
The
biscuits fl
There is sqidtv.to
Refers to a surrounding position.
.
things.
the packet of
.
i
be,,fuanpuF, euen
thieaes.
g,&:
among
through.
in making the aeh)
i
.
.*:,
j
.;...
Indicates a position above something
,or sornebody.
sentence,
101
[7e]
Indicates a position below somebody
or something.
selfish.
Through any part of the length
of or from one end to the other
18. A su,ord is hanging ."i.-;:... his head.
.
I put my suitcase under the table.
"
; .
1. The boys are confident ".i- " a huge victory.
72" The police sleut s are capable ,. .':. . ..
tracking him dornrn. . t
13. I saw the monkey charge {:":.'..r: . . the house.
74" we have lived : this house ..i.:u. six years
now.
15. Let us divide the
ey ..:.,..... ourselves.
76. Our path was stre . i :,'. ".:. difficulties.
77. Neelam is extremely popular ,"'.i:"1,':.','the
1
ili {*.8 r:,'i
,-.i. Indicates opposition of some kind.
The car slammed against the tree.
He leaned against the wall.
She
did
it against
her wishes.
I went against him because he was
:
"r,
.
r . ,j , ,
_
sfudents.
end.
79
.
I took a walk along
20
"
The trees
Tnere
the broken path.
planted all along the
roadside.
With a view to
With reference to
With an eye to
o
2. with
5. at, in
8. about / for
1. to
7
According to
In regard to
Soldiers stood . . . . :. :.":''[rirn.
Rishi congratulated us .. .. ..;. .' our success.
4. from
PHTTASE PREPOSITIONS
. since
10. with
13. into
16. with
In comparison with in spite of
along with
on behalf of
in compliance with in the event of
in accordance with in view of
away from
in place of
on account of
by reason of
for the sake of
in course of
in lieu of
,
1,9. around
11. of
11. in , for
77. among
20. on
7. He has no taste
. nnusic.
2" We were amazed ..i. * his insoierlce.
3. He is confined .:.'.rr . ... bed.
4. The purse was ftrll .. . .",,';'n... n... money.
5. I do nct agree ....':,"..""""...". )rour proposal.
6. We stepped . . . . .. .i-;,.... the temple.
*
"
7
Insert suitable prepositio,ns tt
" The dog was . .'-.,y,'i. his heels.
B. They are confident .....".:.... winnirg
the
match.
1. Does this book belong ...: ... you?
2. I saw him felling a big tree .,..... j. an axe.
3. These people are always quarrelling . ,:.::. .
':
9
.'
.
themselves.
4. Himani borrowed a pen ...,.,"r... me.
5. I met him ....,.!.... Alipur ..".Lrv.r,.. Kolkata.
6. She studied .:{,"ror.. midnight.
7
. I have been waiting here ...:'.,.:.. 6 o'clock.
8. Nobody
cares .:-i:',..i... a weak, old man.
Shobha burst . .r.\.',}\t' tears.
10. Mohan was charged ...,-".,r.:. the murder of
Rajan.
9
.
.
She
feil ..... .. ..... .. G the roof,
11. He is averse ....;:,."n""... study"
72. FIe was cured ..... r . . . . the disease.
13. Do not interfere c.,.... me ........... this matter.
74. We'II come ...e.....:...." 6 o'clock.
15. The old lady is overcpme .,... .', . . grief.
76. Aiway-s "get . " .,-;i;:.".: "Sunrise.
77. Don't laugh .....;.'..:.."." others.
1 B. Agra is famous ,... .
. . . the Tuj"
79" She will return .i'...."..";.;.:. a week.
20. I was invited ........."*i"...u dinner.
"
+r.
[ICSE
setf-studv irt Enq. tamua;ame
-g &
101