Chapters 6 & 7: Immigration and
Industrialization (1860-1914)
Immigrants

Until the 1890s most immigrants came from
northern and western Europe


After the 1890s most immigrants came from
southern and eastern Europe – these were
called the “new immigrants”


France, Great Britain, Ireland
Italy, Poland, Germany, Czechoslovakia
Immigrants from Asia also increased (especially
from China)
Ellis and Angel Islands




Ellis Island is off the coast of New York and is
the immigration checkpoint for most European
immigrants
On Ellis Island, immigrants had to pass a
physical exam then answer questions about
themselves before they were allowed into the
United States
Angel Island is off the coast of California and is
where most Asian immigrants were held before
being allowed into the country
Immigration video clips: Arriving and Entering
Interpreting Historical Graphs

Open your book to page 213, let's look at the
graphs at the top of the page.

What is the title of the historical charts?

What do the two pie charts tell you?

What does the bar graph tell you?

Answer the skill builder questions in complete
sentences in your notes.
Settling in America

Most immigrants settled in areas where people
spoke the same language



Ethnic neighborhoods like “Little Italy” and
“Chinatown” became common
Immigrants needed a job immediately so they
moved to industrial cities like Boston, MA, New
York, NY, Philadelphia, PA, and Chicago, IL
Immigrants would help each other find jobs,
publish newspapers in their own languages,
and work together to build religious buildings
Political Machines


Immigrants needed to find jobs and looked to
their local political leader for help
Political machines began to take over the local
governments as immigrants would all vote for
their own ethnic group leader


Political machine = an organization that
influences votes to control a local gov't
Why did immigrants join political machines?

Answer in a complete sentence in your notes.
America the “Melting Pot”


Different immigrant cultures blending together
gives the term “melting pot” to America
Since no culture ever fully assimilates (or
blends into American society by learning
English and practicing American customs) I like
to call America a “salad bowl”

In the salad bowl the different ingredients
work together to create a unique taste but
carrots and lettuce never become the same
Americans Resist Immigrants



Even though most immigrants worked very hard
to assimilate many native-born Americans did
not like their presence in America
Competition for jobs, strengthening political
machines, and religious differences were some
of the main objections
Immigrants, because they needed jobs, would
often work for less money and in worse
conditions than an American worker would
Restrictions on Immigration

American fears caused Congress to begin
passing laws that were unfair to immigrants



Laws that taxed new immigrants and banned
specific groups from entering the U.S. like
beggars and those with diseases
Non-white immigrants (especially Asian) faced
deeper prejudice than white Europeans
In 1882, Congress passed the Chinese
Exclusion Act which banned Chinese
immigration for 10 years
Racial Discrimination



Since Reconstruction ended in 1877, African
Americans experienced severe racial
discrimination by whites, so did Native
Americans, Asians, and Latin Americans
Voting rights of African Americans were
restricted with literacy tests and poll taxes
Jim Crow laws enforced segregation of whites
and blacks

Segregation = separation of white and black
people in public places (schools, restrooms)
Plessy v. Ferguson




An African American man named Homer Plessy
sued a railroad company over the segregated
seating, arguing it violated his 14th amendment
rights
1896, Plessy v. Ferguson reached the Supreme
Court but Plessy was denied
“Separate but equal” was ruled acceptable
Whites and blacks were separate, but their
facilities were almost never equal
African Americans Organize




Booker T. Washington, once a slave, founded a
school in Alabama to help African Americans
learn skills and trades
Washington tried to gain white support by
accepting segregation
W.E.B. Du Bois, a highly educated African
American opponent of segregation, encouraged
others to fight against segregation
Du Bois and others founded the NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People
Violence Continues




KKK kept African Americans down, lynched
over 2,500 between 1885 and 1900
Ida B. Wells, an African American journalist, led
the anti-lynching campaign
Many African Americans moved north to escape
the violence, but it followed them
Whites lynched two African Americans less
than two miles from Lincoln's home after they
moved into the neighborhood in 1908
Racism in the West


Chinese immigrants faced severe discrimination
such as receiving lower wages than whites for
the same work
Many whites even refused to work next to
Chinese workers


In 1885, whites in Wyoming stormed through
Chinatown shooting people and burning
buildings, 28 were killed 15 wounded
Mexicans and African Americans were forced to
work off their debts (system called peonage)

Supreme Court ruled it against the 13th
amendment – similar to slavery
Think About It...

Answer these questions in complete sentences
in your notes.

What were Jim Crow laws?

What did Chinese immigrants and Mexican
immigrants have in common?

Compare and contrast the reactions of Booker
T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois to
discrimination and segregation.

What could have been done to end racial
discrimination against nonwhites in the U.S. at
the turn of the century (1890s-1910s)?
Discussion!

You have 3 minutes to turn to your neighbors
and share your ideas.
***************************************

You have 30 seconds with your group to
compromise on an answer for each question.
***************************************

Be ready to share your group's answers!
Ticket Out the Door
Would you support Booker
T. Washington or W.E.B.
Your Name
Du Bois and why?
Hint:
Booker T. Washington
supported education but
ignored segregation
W.E.B. Du Bois encouraged
rebellion but risked safety
I would support
_________________
because___________
__________________
_______________
Industrialization
Industrial Revolution Continues



Natural resources – coal, iron, copper, silver,
gold, water, and forests
Growing population – more people need more
goods (food, housing, supplies)
Improved transportation – steamboats, canals,
railroads make shipping faster and easier

High immigration – specialized trades and labor

New inventions – machines help produce goods

Investments/Gov't assistance – businesses and
gov't lending money to help businesses grow
Inventions Change Society


Bessemer steel process makes steel easier and
cheaper to create (rails for the railroads)
Electric generator, a machine that creates an
electric current, was invented



Thomas Edison invented the commonly used
light bulb and helped deliver electricity to
buildings (indoor electric lighting)
Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone
Typewriters, switchboards, and sewing
machines also transformed society
Chugga Chugga Choo Choo!

The transcontinental railroads changed life in
several ways:

Linked the economies of the West and East

Helped people settle the West

Weakened the Native American hold on the West

Gave control over environment

Set up standard time

System that divided the U.S. Into four time zones,
made traveling and scheduling trains easier across
the entire country
Standard Time Zones
Big Business Grows
John D. Rockefeller



Led the oil industry
Wiped out his
competitors and
controlled all oil
companies in the
industry – horizontal
monopoly
Created a trust to
control the price of oil
Andrew Carnegie



Led the steel industry
Wanted to make the
best and cheapest
steel
Owned all of the
companies involved in
making his steel –
vertical monopoly
Workers Organize




Laborers would work long hours in poor
conditions for $10 week
Workers began to form labor unions like the
Knights of Labor, groups that would help each
other fight for better conditions and more money
Laborers also started to strike (or refuse to work)
A deadly meeting of union leaders and police
occurred in 1886 called the Haymarket Affair


Several were killed and hundreds wounded
American Federation of Labor (AFL) was formed
as a national organization to help laborers
Urbanization



Factories are set up in cities because of the
transportation available and workers move to
cities to work in factories = urbanization
Technology helps cities build skyscrapers (tall
buildings) with the invention of the elevator and
the streetcar (electric trains) helps people get
around the city
Families often couldn't afford to buy their own
house and rented a tenement (apartment that is
run-down) these tenement buildings created
neighborhoods called slums
Urban Reformers


Many wanted to help
change the unsafe
living conditions in the
slums – social gospel
Settlement houses
were built and offered
daycare, education,
and health care to
needy people in the
slums
Jane Addams' Hull House
Create a web map of the changes
in American society, 1860-1914
Civil
Rights
Immigration
Changes in American
Society, 1860-1914
Labor
Issues
Industrialization