The Muslim World Expands,
1300–1700
The Muslim World Expands,
1300–1700
Three great Muslim
powers—the Ottoman,
Safavid, and Mughal
empires—emerge
between 1300 and
1600. By 1700 all three
were in decline.
SECTION 1
The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire
SECTION 2
CASE STUDY: Cultural Blending
SECTION 3
The Mughal Empire in India
Suleyman the Lawgiver.
Map
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1
The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire
Turks Move into Byzantium
Turkish Warriors
Section 1
• Many Turks live in Anatolia, on edge of Byzantine
Empire
• Many see themselves as ghazis—warriors who
fight for Islam
The Ottomans Build a
Vast Empire
Osman Establishes a State
The Ottomans establish a Muslim empire
that combine many cultures and lasted for
more than 600 years.
• From 1300 to 1326, Osman, successful ghazi, builds
state in Anatolia
• Europeans call him Othman and followers Ottomans
• Ottomans win battles because they use muskets and
cannons
• Successors expand state through alliances and land
buying
Image
Continued . . .
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1
continued Turks
Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion
Move into Byzantium
Osman Establishes a State
Murad II
• Orkhan, Osman’s son, declares himself sultan—
overlord
• In 1361, Turks conquer Adrianople
• Ottomans rule fairly over conquered peoples
• Murad II begins expansion
Mehmed II Conquers Constantinople
• Murad’s son, Mehmed II, conquers
Constantinople in 1453
• Opens city to Jews, Christians, and Muslims and
rebuilds
Timur the Lame Halts Expansion
• Timur the Lame—Tamerlane—rises to power in
Central Asia
• Timur defeats Ottomans in 1402, burning Baghdad
Image
Ottomans Take Islam’s Holy Cities
• In 1512, Selim the Grim, Mehmed’s grandson,
comes to power
• He defeats Persian Safavids and pushes into
North Africa
• Conquers Mecca, Medina, and Cairo: important
Muslim cities
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1
Suleyman the Lawgiver
continued Suleyman
A Great Ruler
Highly Structured Social Organization
• Suleyman the Lawgiver, Selim’s son, rules from
1520 to 1566
• Suleyman creates law code, reduces
bureaucracy, simplifies taxation
• Army uses devshirme—drafts boys from
conquered lands
• Trains 30,000 elite soldiers—janissaries—loyal
only to the sultan
• Jews and Christians allowed to practice own
religion
Image
The Empire Reaches Its Limits
• Suleyman conquers Belgrade (1521) and
Rhodes (1522)
• Ottomans control eastern Mediterranean
• Turks take North African coastline, control inland
trade routes
• Suleyman’s forces advance to Vienna
• By 1526, Ottoman Empire is the largest in the
world
the Lawgiver
Cultural Flowering
Interactive
• Suleyman’s broad interests lead to flourishing of
arts, learning
• Sinan, brilliant architect, designs magnificent
Mosque of Suleyman
Image
Continued . . .
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1
The Empire Declines Slowly
Gradual Fall
Section 2
• Suleyman kills one son and exiles another
• Third son inherits throne but rules weakly
• Later sultans kill their brothers and leave their
sons uneducated
• Long line of weak sultans leads to empire’s
eventual fall
Cultural Blending
CASE STUDY: The Safavid Empire
The Safavid Empire produce a rich and complex
blended culture in Persia.
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Cultural Blending
2
CASE STUDY:The Safavid Empire
The Safavids Build an Empire
Patterns of Cultural Blending
Safavid Origins
Cultural Blending in Persia
• Begins as religious order named for founder
• Safavids concentrate on building powerful military
• Between16th and 18th centuries a Shi’ite Muslim
dynasty ruled Persia
• Safavid Empire—Shi’ite Muslim dynasty from 16th to
18th centuries
Isma’il Conquers Persia
•
•
•
•
Causes of Cultural Blending
• Changes occur through migration, conquest, trade,
or religion
Fourteen-year-old Isma’il conquers Iran by 1451
Takes title of shah—king
Makes Shi’a Islam official religion; kills Sunnis
Son, Tahmasp, greatly expands empire
Results of Cultural Blending
• Changes in language, religion, government, use of
technology
• Racial and ethnic blending, intermarriage
• Cultural styles adapted into arts and architecture
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2
A Safavid Golden Age
The Dynasty Declines Quickly
Abbas the Great
• Shah Abbas—Abbas the Great—takes throne in
1587
The Safavid Empire Weakens
• Abbas kills and blinds his ablest sons
• Safi, Abbas’s incompetent grandson, leads to
empire’s decline
• By 1722, the empire is losing land to the
Ottomans and Afghans
• Nadir Shah Afshar expands the empire, but it falls
apart in 1747
Image
Reforms
• Helps create a thriving Safavid culture
• Reforms military and government; brings in Christian
trade
A New Capital
• Esfahan—new capital—is one of world’s most
beautiful cities
Art Works
• Chinese artisans blend Chinese and Persian styles
Carpets
• Carpet weaving becomes national industry
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The Mughal Empire in India
Early History of the Mughals
Mongol Invaders
Section 3
• Mughals, or Mongols, invade northwestern India
The Mughal Empire
in India
Conflict
• Muslims and Hindus fight for almost 300 years
• In 1000, loose empire of Turkish warlords—Delhi
Sultanate—forms
The Mughal Empire brings Turks, Persians,
and Indians together in a vast empire.
Delhi Sultanate
• Sultans rule from Delhi between 13th and 16th
centuries
• Timur the Lame destroys Delhi in 1398
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3
Early History of the Mughals
Akbar’s Golden Age
Babur Founds an Empire
Babur’s Grandson
• Babur becomes king of small land in Central Asia at
age 11
• Is dethroned and driven south into India
• Army conquers much of northern India, forming
Mughal Empire
• Son Humayun loses most of the territory Babur
conquered
• Babur’s grandson succeeds Humayan
• Akbar—“Greatest One”— rules India from 1556
to 1605
Image
A Military Conqueror
• Akbar uses cannons; names native Indians as
officers
Map
A Liberal Ruler
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• Akbar allows religious freedom and abolishes tax on
non-Muslims
• Akbar allows all people a chance to serve in high
government office
• Hindu finance minister develops better tax plan;
income grows
• Akbar gives land to his officials, then reclaims Continued . . .
it when they die
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3
Golden Age
Akbar’s Successors
A Flowering of Culture
Jahangir and Nur Jahan
• Many cultures blend, mixing art, education,
politics, and language
• New languages like Hindi and Urdu emerge
• Akbar’s son, Jahangir, allows wife Nur Jahan to
control government
• Nur Jahan appoints her father prime minister
• Nur Jahan favors son Khusrau over other sons
• Khusrau rebels, supported by Sikhs, nonviolent
religious group
• Sikhs become targets of Mughal hatred
continued Akbar’s
The Arts and Literature
• Book illustrations, called miniatures, flourish
• Hindu literature reemerges during Akbar’s rule
Image
Architecture
• New architectural style named for Akbar develops
Image
Continued . . .
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3
3
continued Akbar’s
Successors
continued Akbar’s
Successors
Shah Jahan
The People Suffer
• Shah Jahan—Jahangir’s son and successor,
marries Persian princess
• Assassinates all competitors for throne
• His wife dies while giving birth to her 14th child in
1631
• Taj Mahal—huge marble tomb Shah Jahan
builds for his wife
• Taj Mahal is one of the most beautiful buildings
in the world
• People suffer paying for wars and monuments
• Shah Jahan’s third son—Aurangzeb—imprisons
father and takes over
Aurangzeb’s Reign
• Rules between 1658 and 1707; expands empire to
its largest
• Strictly enforces Islamic law and attempts to get rid
of Hindus
• Hindus rebel and Sikhs become militant
• Levies oppressive taxes on Hindus, causing more
rebellion
Image
Continued . . .
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3
The Empire’s Decline and Decay
The Mughal Empire Crumbles
• Over 2 million people die of famine while Aurangzeb
wages war
• Emperor becomes a figurehead; empire breaks into
separate states
• Meanwhile, traders arrive from England, Holland,
France, Portugal
• European traders gain key ports
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