L2/15-278
2015-10-27
Proposal to encode the Hanifi Rohingya script in Unicode
Anshuman Pandey
Department of Linguistics
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, California, U.S.A.
[email protected]
October 27, 2015
1
Introduction
This is a proposal to encode the Hanifi Rohingya script in Unicode. It replaces “Preliminary Proposal to
Encode the Rohingya Script” (L2/12-214). Major changes from the preliminary proposal include the addition
of the letter , renaming of some characters, changes to character properties, the reallocation of the script
block to a new range within the SMP, and the unification of the Rohingya tatweel with the corresponding
Arabic character. The glyphs used in the code chart are sourced with permission from the “Rohingya Gonya
Leyka Noories” typeface developed by Muhammad Noor and contains new glyphs produced by the proposal
author.
2
Background
The Hanifi Rohingya script (𐴝𐴙𐴒𐴢𐴙𐴝𐴗𐴟𐴌 ruwainggya, 𐴝𐴙𐴒𐴢𐴙𐴝𐴇𐴟𐴌 ruhainggya) is used for writing Rohingya (ISO 639-3: rhg), an Indo-Aryan language spoken by one million people in Myanmar (Rakhine
State) and by two-hundred thousand people in Bangladesh (Cox’s Bazaar District). Rohingya is also spoken
in several other countries as a result of the dispersion of the Rohingya community on account of persecution
in Myanmar. The Rohingya language is closely related to Bengali. There are four different scripts used for
writing the Rohingya language: Burmese, Arabic, the Latin-based ‘Rohingylish’, and the script described
here.
The script was developed by Maulana Mohammed Hanif and others in the 1980s. A chart showing the script
as approved by a steering committee is shown in figure 1. It is modeled upon the Arabic script and shows
the influence of other scripts. However, it is a constructed script and has no direct genetic affiliation to other
scripts.
There is limited information available on the Rohingya script in English. Most of the materials on the script
are written in the Rohingya language. The Rohingya Language Committee and the Rohingya Education
Board Myanmar have published multilingual primers of the script (see figures 3–16). There are also instructional videos available on YouTube (see figures 23–24). Educational materials and newspapers are published
the script. Two typefaces have been developed by Muhammad Noor (see table 4).
1
Proposal to encode the Hanifi Rohingya script in Unicode
3
3.1
Anshuman Pandey
Script Details
Structure
Hanifi Rohingya is an alphabetic script modeled upon Arabic. It is written right to left. Consonant letters
possess an inherent vowel /ɔ/. The inherent vowel is changed by placing a vowel mark after the consonant.
A mark called sakin (= sukun) is placed after a letter to silence the inherent vowel. Tones are indicating using
combining signs placed above a letter or vowel mark. Nasalization is indicated using a mark placed after a
letter or vowel mark. Consonant gemination is marked using the sign tassi (= shadda).
The script is structurally conjoining. Letters join to following letters at the right edge. In several hand-written
sources, the conjunction between letters is broken at the baseline. This does not indicate any particular joining
property of the unattached letter to the left of break. In texts printed using digitized fonts, the connections
between letters at the baseline is consistently maintained.
3.2
Character Names
Names for characters are based upon common Latin transliterations given in various script primers. The Latin
names for most characters are uniform across different publications; however, there are different spellings for
certain characters. For example, 𐴋
is named ‘rda’ in one source and r̄ a’ in another; 𐴈
is alternately
called ‘xa’; 𐴒
is also called ‘gha’. The 𐴚
is known as gan and 𐴛
is known as nayya. In cases
where there are multiple names for a character, an appropriate name has been chosen based upon consultation
with the user community. Indigenous names are given as annotations in the names list.
3.3 Letters
There are 28 letters:
Character name
Joining
Value
𐴀
dual
/ɔ/, /ʔ/
𐴁
dual
/b/
𐴂
dual
/p/
𐴃
dual
/t/
𐴄
dual
/ʈ/
𐴅
dual
/ɟ/
𐴆
dual
/c/
𐴇
dual
/h/
𐴈
dual
/x/
𐴉
dual
/f/
𐴊
dual
/d/
2
Proposal to encode the Hanifi Rohingya script in Unicode
Anshuman Pandey
𐴋
dual
/ɖ/
𐴌
dual
/ɾ/
𐴍
dual
/ɽ/
𐴎
dual
/z/
𐴏
dual
/s/
𐴐
dual
/ʃ/
𐴑
dual
/k/
𐴒
dual
/g/
𐴓
dual
/l/
𐴔
dual
/m/
𐴕
dual
/n/
𐴖
dual
/ʋ/, /v/
𐴗
dual
/u/
𐴘
dual
/j/
𐴙
dual
/i/
𐴚
dual
/ŋ/
𐴛
dual
/ɲ/
The letter is a vowel carrier. It represents the vowel /ɔ/. The letters
(‘kinna wa’) and
(‘kinna ya’) are used for representing /u/ and /i/ in diphthongs (see section 3.6).
3.4
Sukun
The following character is used for indicating a bare consonant:
Character name
𐴜
It is called sakin in Rohingya and is similar in function to
in the encoded sequence, as shown below.
3
ْ
Joining
Value
right
—
+ 0652
. It is placed after a letter
Proposal to encode the Hanifi Rohingya script in Unicode
b
𐴜𐴁
<𐴁
,𐴜
>
p
𐴜𐴂
<𐴂
,𐴜
>
t
𐴜𐴃
<𐴃
,𐴜
>
Anshuman Pandey
It is generally used with letters that occur in isolation or at the end of a word. There is no formal convention
regarding its usage and it may be considered optional. For instance, the charts in figures 3, 4, and 5 show
written with certain consonants, yet the chart in figure 6 shows the sign written with every consonant
letter. When
does occur, it is used generally with the following letters:
3.5
𐴜𐴁
𐴁
𐴜𐴈 𐴈
𐴜𐴒 𐴒
𐴜𐴂
𐴂
𐴜𐴉 𐴉
𐴜𐴓
𐴓
𐴜𐴃
𐴃
𐴜𐴊 𐴊
𐴜𐴖
𐴖
𐴜𐴄 𐴄
𐴜𐴏 𐴏
𐴜𐴗
𐴗
𐴜𐴇 𐴇
𐴜𐴐 𐴐
𐴜𐴙
𐴙
Alternate forms of letters
The following alternate forms are proposed for encoding:
Character name
Joining
Value
𐴧
right
/d/
𐴨
right
/l/
𐴩
right
/m/
These are variant forms of the letters 𐴊
letter is isolated contexts.
,𐴓
,𐴔
used in word-final position or for representing the
Letter + sukun
Alternate representation
final da
𐴜𐴊
𐴧
final la
𐴜𐴓
𐴨
final ma
𐴜𐴔
𐴩
The alternate final forms are semantically identical to sequences of the respective letter +
two occur concurrently in various sources, they need to be represented separately.
4
, but as the
Proposal to encode the Hanifi Rohingya script in Unicode
3.6
Anshuman Pandey
Vowel marks
There are 5 vowel marks:
Character name
Joining
Value
𐴝
dual
/a/
𐴞
dual
/i/
𐴟
dual
/u/
𐴠
dual
/e/
𐴡
dual
/o/
When vowels occur in word-initial position, they are represented using a combination of the letter
vowel mark:
a
𐴀
ā
𐴝𐴀
<𐴀 , 𐴝
i
𐴞𐴀
<𐴀 , 𐴞
u
𐴟𐴀
<𐴀 , 𐴟
>
e
𐴠𐴀
<𐴀 , 𐴠
>
o
𐴡𐴀
<𐴀 , 𐴡
>
and a
<𐴀 >
>
>
When modifying a consonant, they are placed after the letter:
bā
𐴝𐴁
<𐴁
,𐴝
bi
𐴞𐴁
<𐴁
,𐴞
bu
𐴟𐴁
<𐴁
,𐴟
>
be
𐴠𐴁
<𐴁
,𐴠
>
bo
𐴡𐴁
<𐴁
,𐴡
>
>
>
Script charts show the vowel marks independently, unaccompanied by the letter . These cases are intended
for illustrating the mark and are not indicative of actual usage; the same applies to the other marks shown
alongside the vowel marks in charts. Independent or initial vowels are expressed in combination with the
letter .
Diphthongs are represented by placing 𐴙
and
represents the sound /i/ and
represents /u/:
5
𐴙
after a vowel mark. The
Proposal to encode the Hanifi Rohingya script in Unicode
3.7
Anshuman Pandey
bai
𐴙𐴁
<𐴁
,𐴙
bāi
𐴙𐴝𐴁
<𐴁
,𐴝
,𐴙
>
bui
𐴙𐴟𐴁
<𐴁
,𐴟
,𐴙
>
boi
𐴙𐴡𐴁
<𐴁
,𐴡
,𐴙
>
bou
𐴗𐴡𐴁
<𐴁
,𐴡
,𐴗
>
>
Nasalization mark
The following character is used for marking nasalization:
Character name
𐴢
Joining
Value
dual
/n/
It is placed after the consonant or vowel mark to be nasalized:
baṃ
𐴢𐴁
<𐴁
,𐴢
bāṃ
𐴢𐴝𐴁
<𐴁
,𐴝
baṃba
𐴁𐴢𐴁
<𐴁
,𐴢
>
,𐴢
,𐴁
3.8 Tonal Signs
There are three tonal signs:
◌𐴣
-1
◌𐴤
-2
◌𐴥
-3
Their properties are as follows:
6
>
>
Proposal to encode the Hanifi Rohingya script in Unicode
Anshuman Pandey
R name
type
Arabic analogue
◌𐴣
-1
hārbāy
short high tone
◌࣪ + 08EA
◌࣭ + 08ED
◌𐴤
-1
ṭelā
long falling tone
◌࣫ + 08EB
◌࣮ + 08EE
◌𐴥
-1
ṭānā
long rising tone
◌࣬ + 08EC
◌࣯ + 08EF
The placement of tonal signs in the available sources is imprecise and not uniform. In some instances they
are placed between the consonant and a vowel mark, in others they are positioned above the consonant, and
in others upon the vowel; compare the placement of tones 2 and 3 in Figure 10, or compare lines 1 and and
2 and the examples in Figure 13.) These may be considered stylistic choices. In the encoded representation,
the tone signs are to be placed after a vowel mark if it is present:
bá
𐴝𐴀
<𐴀 , 𐴝
, ◌𐴣
-1>
baa
𐴝𐴀
<𐴀 , 𐴝
, ◌𐴤
-2>
báa
𐴝𐴀
<𐴀 , 𐴝
, ◌𐴥
-3>
3.9 Gemination sign
The following character is used for indicating consonant gemination:
◌𐴦
It is called tassi in Rohingya and is similar in function to
letter that is doubled. The
sequence:
baba
𐴁𐴁
<𐴁
,𐴁
>
babba
𐴁𐴁
<𐴁
,𐴁
, ◌𐴦
ّ
+ 0651
. It is positioned above the
is placed after the respective letter in the encoded
>
If there is a vowel mark after the doubled letter, then the
encoded sequence:
babbā
3.10
𐴝𐴁𐴁
<𐴁
,𐴁
, ◌𐴦
,𐴝
Digits
There is a full set of decimal digits:
7
is placed before the vowel mark in the
>
Proposal to encode the Hanifi Rohingya script in Unicode
𐴰
𐴵
𐴱
𐴶
𐴲
𐴷
𐴳
𐴸
𐴴
𐴹
Anshuman Pandey
As in Arabic, the Rohingya digits are written from left to right. The Arabic style ٠ is attested as a glyphic
variant for 𐴰
.
3.11 Punctuation
There is no script-specific punctuation. The + 002E
as the ، + 060C
and ‫ ؟‬+ 061F
3.12
is commonly used, as are Arabic signs, such
.
‘Tatweel’
A tatweel-like character is used for graphical elongation or justification. The ‫ ـ‬+ 0640
should be used for representing tatweel in Rohingya.
3.13
Collation
The sort order for Hanifi Rohingya is as follows:
𐴀
<
𐴝
𐴠
𐴆
𐴍
𐴩
𐴙
𐴇
<
𐴎
<
<
<
𐴈
<
<
<
𐴐
<
𐴢
𐴉
<
𐴘
<
𐴏
<
𐴒
𐴟
<
𐴡
<
<
𐴞
<
<
𐴕
𐴁
<
<
𐴂
𐴧
<
𐴑
<
<
𐴖
<
<
4.1 Unicode Character Data
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
LETTER
LETTER
LETTER
LETTER
LETTER
LETTER
A;Lo;0;AL;;;;;N;;;;;
BA;Lo;0;AL;;;;;N;;;;;
PA;Lo;0;AL;;;;;N;;;;;
TA;Lo;0;AL;;;;;N;;;;;
TTA;Lo;0;AL;;;;;N;;;;;
JA;Lo;0;AL;;;;;N;;;;;
8
𐴃
𐴊
𐴒
4 Character Properties
10D00;HANIFI
10D01;HANIFI
10D02;HANIFI
10D03;HANIFI
10D04;HANIFI
10D05;HANIFI
<
<
<
𐴗
<
𐴄
𐴋
𐴨
<
𐴘
<
𐴅
<
<
𐴌
<
<
𐴓
<
<
Proposal to encode the Hanifi Rohingya script in Unicode
10D06;HANIFI
10D07;HANIFI
10D08;HANIFI
10D09;HANIFI
10D0A;HANIFI
10D0B;HANIFI
10D0C;HANIFI
10D0D;HANIFI
10D0E;HANIFI
10D0F;HANIFI
10D10;HANIFI
10D11;HANIFI
10D12;HANIFI
10D13;HANIFI
10D14;HANIFI
10D15;HANIFI
10D16;HANIFI
10D17;HANIFI
10D18;HANIFI
10D19;HANIFI
10D1A;HANIFI
10D1B;HANIFI
10D1C;HANIFI
10D1D;HANIFI
10D1E;HANIFI
10D1F;HANIFI
10D20;HANIFI
10D21;HANIFI
10D22;HANIFI
10D23;HANIFI
10D24;HANIFI
10D25;HANIFI
10D26;HANIFI
10D27;HANIFI
10D28;HANIFI
10D29;HANIFI
10D30;HANIFI
10D31;HANIFI
10D32;HANIFI
10D33;HANIFI
10D34;HANIFI
10D35;HANIFI
10D36;HANIFI
10D37;HANIFI
10D38;HANIFI
10D39;HANIFI
4.2
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
LETTER CA;Lo;0;AL;;;;;N;;;;;
LETTER HA;Lo;0;AL;;;;;N;;;;;
LETTER KHA;Lo;0;AL;;;;;N;;;;;
LETTER FA;Lo;0;AL;;;;;N;;;;;
LETTER DA;Lo;0;AL;;;;;N;;;;;
LETTER DDA;Lo;0;AL;;;;;N;;;;;
LETTER RA;Lo;0;AL;;;;;N;;;;;
LETTER RRA;Lo;0;AL;;;;;N;;;;;
LETTER ZA;Lo;0;AL;;;;;N;;;;;
LETTER SA;Lo;0;AL;;;;;N;;;;;
LETTER SHA;Lo;0;AL;;;;;N;;;;;
LETTER KA;Lo;0;AL;;;;;N;;;;;
LETTER GA;Lo;0;AL;;;;;N;;;;;
LETTER LA;Lo;0;AL;;;;;N;;;;;
LETTER MA;Lo;0;AL;;;;;N;;;;;
LETTER NA;Lo;0;AL;;;;;N;;;;;
LETTER WA;Lo;0;AL;;;;;N;;;;;
LETTER SMALL WA;Lo;0;AL;;;;;N;;;;;
LETTER YA;Lo;0;AL;;;;;N;;;;;
LETTER SMALL YA;Lo;0;AL;;;;;N;;;;;
LETTER NGA;Lo;0;AL;;;;;N;;;;;
LETTER NYA;Lo;0;AL;;;;;N;;;;;
MARK SUKUN;Lo;0;AL;;;;;N;;;;;
VOWEL MARK A;Lo;0;AL;;;;;N;;;;;
VOWEL MARK I;Lo;0;AL;;;;;N;;;;;
VOWEL MARK U;Lo;0;AL;;;;;N;;;;;
VOWEL MARK E;Lo;0;AL;;;;;N;;;;;
VOWEL MARK O;Lo;0;AL;;;;;N;;;;;
MARK NA KHANNA;Lo;0;AL;;;;;N;;;;;
SIGN TONE-1;Mn;230;NSM;;;;;N;;;;;
SIGN TONE-2;Mn;230;NSM;;;;;N;;;;;
SIGN TONE-3;Mn;230;NSM;;;;;N;;;;;
SIGN SHADDA;Mn;230;NSM;;;;;N;;;;;
FINAL LETTER DA;Lo;0;AL;;;;;N;;;;;
FINAL LETTER LA;Lo;0;AL;;;;;N;;;;;
FINAL LETTER MA;Lo;0;AL;;;;;N;;;;;
DIGIT ZERO;Nd;0;AN;;0;0;0;N;;;;;
DIGIT ONE;Nd;0;AN;;1;1;1;N;;;;;
DIGIT TWO;Nd;0;AN;;2;2;2;N;;;;;
DIGIT THREE;Nd;0;AN;;3;3;3;N;;;;;
DIGIT FOUR;Nd;0;AN;;4;4;4;N;;;;;
DIGIT FIVE;Nd;0;AN;;5;5;5;N;;;;;
DIGIT SIX;Nd;0;AN;;6;6;6;N;;;;;
DIGIT SEVEN;Nd;0;AN;;7;7;7;N;;;;;
DIGIT EIGHT;Nd;0;AN;;8;8;8;N;;;;;
DIGIT NINE;Nd;0;AN;;9;9;9;N;;;;;
Arabic Shaping Data
10D00;
...
10D1C;
10D1D;
...
10D22;
10D23;
..
10D26;
10D27;
...
HANIFI ROHINGYA LETTER A; D; No_Joining_Group
HANIFI ROHINGYA MARK SUKUN; R; No_Joining_Group
HANIFI ROHINGYA VOWEL MARK A; D; No_Joining_Group
HANIFI ROHINGYA MARK NA KHANNA; D; No_Joining_Group
HANIFI ROHINGYA SIGN TONE-1; U; No_Joining_Group
HANIFI ROHINGYA SIGN SHADDA; U; No_Joining_Group
HANIFI ROHINGYA FINAL LETTER DA; R; No_Joining_Group
9
Anshuman Pandey
Proposal to encode the Hanifi Rohingya script in Unicode
Anshuman Pandey
10D29; HANIFI ROHINGYA FINAL LETTER MA; R; No_Joining_Group
10D30; HANIFI ROHINGYA DIGIT ZERO; U; No_Joining_Group
...
10D39; HANIFI ROHINGYA DIGIT NINE; U; No_Joining_Group
4.3
Script Extensions
The following characters should be extended for usage in Rohingya:
0640
060C
061B
061F
;
;
;
;
#
#
#
#
Lm
Po
Po
Po
ARABIC
ARABIC
ARABIC
ARABIC
TATWEEL
COMMA
SEMICOLON
QUESTION MARK
4.4
‘Confusable’ Characters
Some Rohingya letters resemble those found of Arabic. Attention to these ‘confusables’ is particularly
important because Arabic is commonly used in Rohingya documents.
10D03
10D07
10D08
10D09
10D0B
10D0C
10D11
10D12
10D13
10D14
10D19
10D1D
10D1D
10D1E
10D24
10D25
10D26
5
HANIFI
HANIFI
HANIFI
HANIFI
HANIFI
HANIFI
HANIFI
HANIFI
HANIFI
HANIFI
HANIFI
HANIFI
HANIFI
HANIFI
HANIFI
HANIFI
HANIFI
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
ROHINGYA
LETTER PA
LETTER HA
LETTER KHA
LETTER FA
LETTER DDA
LETTER RRA
LETTER KA
LETTER GA
LETTER LA
LETTER MA
LETTER SMALL YA
LETTER NA KHANNA
LETTER NA KHANNA
VOWEL MARK A
SIGN TONE-2
SIGN TONE-3
SIGN SHADDA
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
0648
06BE
06A9
06CF
0637
0637
0637
FECB
0644
FEE3
FE91
0632
FEE7
FEBB
0654
0653
0651
ARABIC
ARABIC
ARABIC
ARABIC
ARABIC
ARABIC
ARABIC
ARABIC
ARABIC
ARABIC
ARABIC
ARABIC
ARABIC
ARABIC
ARABIC
ARABIC
ARABIC
LETTER WAW
LETTER HEH DOACHASHMEE
LETTER KEHEH
LETTER WAW WITH DOT ABOVE
LETTER TAH
LETTER TAH
LETTER TAH
LETTER AIN INITIAL FORM
LETTER LAM
LETTER MEEM INITIAL FORM
LETTER BEH INITIAL FORM
LETTER ZAIN
LETTER NOON INITIAL FORM
LETTER SAD INITIAL FORM
HAMZA ABOVE
MADDAH ABOVE
SHADDA
References
noorismail52. 2011a. “Rohingya mother Language (letters) Part 1.flv”. http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=w4h6w6NyvOU
———. 2011b. “Rohingya mother Language (letters) Part 3.flv”. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
pylvjjTQG8c
Pandey, Anshuman. 2012. “Preliminary Proposal to Encode the Rohingya Script” (L2/12-214). June 20,
2012. http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2012/12214-rohingya.pdf
Rohingya Education Board Myanmar. Ruhainggya Zubanor Fonna: Hisab [“Script of the Rohingya language: Counting”]. Ek kelasottu dui kelas: lego ar foro [“From Class 1 to Class 2: Read and Write”].
Rohingya Language Committee. [A]. Kayda Ruwainggya Zubanor [Primer of the Rohingya Language].
———. [B]. Ruwaingya Zubanor Foyla Kitab [First Book of the Rohingya Language].
10
Proposal to encode the Hanifi Rohingya script in Unicode
6
Anshuman Pandey
Acknowledgments
I am thankful to Mattias Persson and Ian James for bringing the Rohingya script to my attention. Lorna Priest
introduced me to James Lloyd-Williams, who very generously provided copies of Rohingya primers. I am all
the more grateful to Muhammad Noor, who provided me with numerous books and other materials written
and printed in the script. This proposal would not be possible without the assistance of these individuals.
This project was made possible in part by a grant from the United States National Endowment for the Humanities, which funded the Universal Scripts Project (part of the Script Encoding Initiative at the University
of California, Berkeley). Any views, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication
do not necessarily reflect those of the National Endowment for the Humanities.
11
10D00
Hanifi Rohingya
10D3F
10D0 10D1 10D2 10D3
0
𐴀 𐴐 𐴠
10D00
1
10D35
10D16
10D26
10D36
10D17
10D27
10D37
10D18
10D28
10D38
10D19
10D29
10D39
10D1A
10D1B
10D1C
10D1D
10D1E
𐴏 𐴟
10D0F
Printed using UniBook™
(http://www.unicode.org/unibook/)
10D25
𐴎 𐴞
10D0E
F
10D15
𐴍 𐴝
10D0D
E
10D34
𐴌 𐴜
10D0C
D
10D24
𐴋 𐴛
10D0B
C
10D14
𐴊 𐴚
10D0A
B
10D33
𐴉 𐴙 𐴩 𐴹
10D09
A
10D23
𐴈 𐴘 𐴨 𐴸
10D08
9
10D13
𐴇 𐴗 𐴧 𐴷
10D07
8
𐴲
10D32
𐴆 𐴖 $𐴦 𐴶
10D06
7
10D22
𐴅 𐴕 $𐴥 𐴵
10D05
6
10D12
𐴱
10D31
𐴄 𐴔 $𐴤 𐴴
10D04
5
10D21
10D30
𐴃 𐴓 $𐴣 𐴳
10D03
4
10D11
𐴂 𐴒 𐴢
10D02
3
10D20
𐴁 𐴑 𐴡
10D01
2
10D10
𐴰
10D1F
Printed: 27-Oct-2015
1
10D00
Hanifi Rohingya
Letters
10D00
10D01
10D02
10D03
10D04
10D05
10D06
10D07
10D08
10D09
10D0A
10D0B
10D0C
10D0D
10D0E
10D0F
10D10
10D11
10D12
10D13
10D14
10D15
10D16
10D17
𐴀
𐴁
𐴂
𐴃
𐴄
𐴅
𐴆
𐴇
𐴈
𐴉
𐴊
𐴋
𐴌
𐴍
𐴎
𐴏
𐴐
𐴑
𐴒
𐴓
𐴔
𐴕
𐴖
𐴗
10D39
Final letters
HANIFI ROHINGYA LETTER A
HANIFI ROHINGYA LETTER BA
HANIFI ROHINGYA LETTER PA
HANIFI ROHINGYA LETTER TA
HANIFI ROHINGYA LETTER TTA
HANIFI ROHINGYA LETTER JA
HANIFI ROHINGYA LETTER CA
HANIFI ROHINGYA LETTER HA
HANIFI ROHINGYA LETTER KHA
HANIFI ROHINGYA LETTER FA
HANIFI ROHINGYA LETTER DA
HANIFI ROHINGYA LETTER DDA
HANIFI ROHINGYA LETTER RA
HANIFI ROHINGYA LETTER RRA
HANIFI ROHINGYA LETTER ZA
HANIFI ROHINGYA LETTER SA
HANIFI ROHINGYA LETTER SHA
HANIFI ROHINGYA LETTER KA
HANIFI ROHINGYA LETTER GA
HANIFI ROHINGYA LETTER LA
HANIFI ROHINGYA LETTER MA
HANIFI ROHINGYA LETTER NA
HANIFI ROHINGYA LETTER WA
HANIFI ROHINGYA LETTER SMALL WA
10D27 𐴧 HANIFI ROHINGYA FINAL LETTER DA
10D28 𐴨 HANIFI ROHINGYA FINAL LETTER LA
10D29 𐴩 HANIFI ROHINGYA FINAL LETTER MA
Digits
10D30
10D31
10D32
10D33
10D34
10D35
10D36
10D37
10D38
10D39
𐴰
𐴱
𐴲
𐴳
𐴴
𐴵
𐴶
𐴷
𐴸
𐴹
HANIFI ROHINGYA DIGIT ZERO
HANIFI ROHINGYA DIGIT ONE
HANIFI ROHINGYA DIGIT TWO
HANIFI ROHINGYA DIGIT THREE
HANIFI ROHINGYA DIGIT FOUR
HANIFI ROHINGYA DIGIT FIVE
HANIFI ROHINGYA DIGIT SIX
HANIFI ROHINGYA DIGIT SEVEN
HANIFI ROHINGYA DIGIT EIGHT
HANIFI ROHINGYA DIGIT NINE
= kinna wa
10D18 𐴘 HANIFI ROHINGYA LETTER YA
10D19 𐴙 HANIFI ROHINGYA LETTER SMALL YA
= kinna ya
10D1A 𐴚 HANIFI ROHINGYA LETTER NGA
= gan
10D1B 𐴛 HANIFI ROHINGYA LETTER NYA
= nayya
Sukun
10D1C 𐴜 HANIFI ROHINGYA SIGN SUKUN
= sakin
Vowel marks
10D1D 𐴝 HANIFI ROHINGYA VOWEL MARK A
= aa-for
10D1E 𐴞 HANIFI ROHINGYA VOWEL MARK I
= i-for
10D1F 𐴟 HANIFI ROHINGYA VOWEL MARK U
= u-for
10D20 𐴠 HANIFI ROHINGYA VOWEL MARK E
= e-for
10D21 𐴡 HANIFI ROHINGYA VOWEL MARK O
= o-for
Nasalization mark
10D22 𐴢 HANIFI ROHINGYA MARK NA KHANNA
Tone marks
10D23 $𐴣 HANIFI ROHINGYA SIGN HARBHAY
• short high tone
10D24 $𐴤 HANIFI ROHINGYA SIGN THELA
• long falling tone
10D25 $𐴥 HANIFI ROHINGYA SIGN TANA
• long rising tone
Gemination sign
10D26 $𐴦 HANIFI ROHINGYA SIGN SHADDA
= tassi
Printed using UniBook™
(http://www.unicode.org/unibook/)
Printed: 27-Oct-2015
2
Proposal to encode the Hanifi Rohingya script in Unicode
Anshuman Pandey
Figure 1: A document containing the Rohingya script as finalized by Hanif and others on February
19, 1980, with signatures of the individuals involved in the creation of the script.
14
Proposal to encode the Hanifi Rohingya script in Unicode
Anshuman Pandey
Figure 2: Description of some characters attached to the official chart shown in figure 1.
15
Proposal to encode the Hanifi Rohingya script in Unicode
Anshuman Pandey
Figure 3: Chart of Rohingya script from a hand-written primer (from Ruwainggya Zuban Komiti
(A): 1).
16
Proposal to encode the Hanifi Rohingya script in Unicode
Anshuman Pandey
Figure 4: Chart showing Rohingya letters and signs with Urdu and Burmese names.
17
Proposal to encode the Hanifi Rohingya script in Unicode
Anshuman Pandey
Figure 5: Chart showing Rohingya letters with Arabic correspondences and names in Latin transliteration.
18
Proposal to encode the Hanifi Rohingya script in Unicode
Figure 6: Chart showing Rohingya letters with Latin transliteration.
19
Anshuman Pandey
Proposal to encode the Hanifi Rohingya script in Unicode
Anshuman Pandey
Figure 7: Page from a Rohingya primer showing Rohingya letters with names in Arabic transliteration.
20
Proposal to encode the Hanifi Rohingya script in Unicode
Figure 8: Page from a Rohingya primer showing the method of writing
.
21
Anshuman Pandey
𐴝
and
𐴞
Proposal to encode the Hanifi Rohingya script in Unicode
Figure 9: Page from a Rohingya primer showing the method of writing 𐴟
,𐴡
.
22
Anshuman Pandey
,𐴠
Proposal to encode the Hanifi Rohingya script in Unicode
Figure 10: Page from a Rohingya primer showing the method of writing 𐴢
-1, ◌
𐴤
-2, ◌
𐴥
-3, ◌
𐴦
.
23
Anshuman Pandey
,◌
𐴣
Proposal to encode the Hanifi Rohingya script in Unicode
Figure 11: Page from a Rohingya primer describing the use of 𐴗
24
Anshuman Pandey
and 𐴙
.
Proposal to encode the Hanifi Rohingya script in Unicode
Figure 12: Page from a Rohingya primer showing the use of tatweel.
25
Anshuman Pandey
Proposal to encode the Hanifi Rohingya script in Unicode
Anshuman Pandey
Figure 13: Table showing use of tonal signs from a hand-written primer (from Ruwainggya Zuban
Komiti (A): 11).
26
Proposal to encode the Hanifi Rohingya script in Unicode
Anshuman Pandey
Figure 14: Example of running Rohingya text from a hand-written primer (from Ruwainggya Zuban
Komiti (B): 1).
27
Proposal to encode the Hanifi Rohingya script in Unicode
Anshuman Pandey
Figure 15: Chart of digits from a hand-written primer (from Ruwainggya Zuban Komiti (B): 34).
28
Proposal to encode the Hanifi Rohingya script in Unicode
Anshuman Pandey
Figure 16: Excerpt from an primary-level arithmetic book written in Rohingya (from Ruwainggya
Education Board Myanmar: 21).
29
Proposal to encode the Hanifi Rohingya script in Unicode
Anshuman Pandey
Figure 17: The cover page of Haq-Dar, a Rohingya language news weekly (December 5, 2002).
30
Proposal to encode the Hanifi Rohingya script in Unicode
Anshuman Pandey
Figure 18: The cover page of Serak, a Rohingya language news weekly (October 13, 2007).
31
Proposal to encode the Hanifi Rohingya script in Unicode
Figure 19: Cover page of History of Arakan.
32
Anshuman Pandey
Proposal to encode the Hanifi Rohingya script in Unicode
Figure 20: First page of History of Arakan.
33
Anshuman Pandey
Proposal to encode the Hanifi Rohingya script in Unicode
Figure 21: Cover of World Atlas
34
Anshuman Pandey
Proposal to encode the Hanifi Rohingya script in Unicode
Anshuman Pandey
Figure 22: Page from World Atlas showing Myanmar with the Arakan region highlighted.
35
Proposal to encode the Hanifi Rohingya script in Unicode
Anshuman Pandey
Figure 23: Use of a Rohingya typeface in a digital video (from noorismail52 2011a: frame 3).
Figure 24: Use of a Rohingya typeface in a digital video (from noorismail52 2011b: frame 103).
36
Proposal to encode the Hanifi Rohingya script in Unicode
Anshuman Pandey
G
K
G
K
G
K
𐴀
𐴀
𐴑
𐴑
𐴢
𐴢
𐴁
𐴁
𐴒
𐴒
-1
◌𐴣
◌𐴣
𐴂
𐴂
𐴓
𐴓
-2
◌𐴤
◌𐴤
𐴃
𐴃
𐴔
𐴔
-3
◌𐴥
◌𐴥
𐴄
𐴄
𐴕
𐴕
◌𐴦
◌𐴦
𐴅
𐴅
𐴖
𐴖
𐴰
𐴰
𐴆
𐴆
𐴗
𐴗
𐴱
𐴱
𐴇
𐴇
𐴘
𐴘
𐴲
𐴲
𐴈
𐴈
𐴙
𐴙
𐴳
𐴳
𐴉
𐴉
𐴚
𐴚
𐴴
𐴴
𐴊
𐴊
𐴛
𐴛
𐴵
𐴵
𐴋
𐴋
𐴜
𐴜
𐴶
𐴶
𐴌
𐴌
𐴝
𐴝
𐴷
𐴷
𐴍
𐴍
𐴞
𐴞
𐴸
𐴸
𐴎
𐴎
𐴟
𐴟
𐴹
𐴹
𐴏
𐴏
𐴠
𐴠
𐴐
𐴐
𐴡
𐴡
Table 4: Comparison of digitized Rohingya typefaces: “Rohingya Gonya Leyka Noories” (‘G’)
and “Rohingya Kuna Leyka Noories” (‘K’) designed by Muhammad Noor.
37