Emilio Aguinaldo
1
Emilio Aguinaldo
Emilio Aguinaldo
1st President of the Philippines
President of the First Republic
President of the Supreme Government
President of Republic of Biak-na-Bato
Dictator of Dictatorial government
President of the Revolutionary Government
In office
March 22, 1897 – April 1, 1901
Prime Minister Apolinario Mabini (Jan 21 – May 7, 1899)
Pedro Paterno (May 7 – Nov 13, 1899)
Vice President
Mariano Trías (1897)
Preceded by
Andrés Bonifacio
(Unofficial)
Succeeded by
Miguel Malvar
(Unofficial)
(title next held by Manuel Quezon)
Personal details
Born
[]
March 23, 1869
Cavite El Viejo, Spanish East Indies (now Kawit, Cavite, Philippines)
Died
February 6, 1964 (aged 94)
Quezon City, Philippines
Resting place
Aguinaldo Shrine, Kawit, Cavite, Philippines
Political party
Katipunan
National Socialist Party
Spouse(s)
Hilaria del Rosario
(1877–1921)
María Agoncillo
(1882–1963)
Emilio Aguinaldo
2
Children
Carmen Aguinaldo-Melencio
Emilio Aguinaldo, Jr
Maria Aguinaldo-Poblete
Cristina Aguinaldo-Suntay
Miguel Aguinaldo
Alma mater
Colegio de San Juan de Letran
Profession
Soldier, Manager, Teacher
Revolutionary
Religion
Roman Catholicism
Signature
Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy[1][2] (March 22, 1869[3] – February 6, 1964) was a Filipino general, politician, and
independence leader. He played an instrumental role during the Philippines' revolution against Spain, and the
subsequent Philippine-American War or War of Philippine Independence[4] that resisted American occupation.
Aguinaldo became the Philippines' first President. He was also the youngest (at age 29) to have become the country's
president, the longest-lived president (having survived to age 94) and the president to have outlived the most number
of successors.
Early life and career
Emilio Aguinaldo was born on 22 March 1869 in Cavite Viejo (present-day Kawit), Cavite, to Carlos Aguinaldo and
Trinidad Famy, a Chinese mestizo couple who had eight children, the seventh of which was Emilio. The Aguinaldo
family was quite well-to-do, as Carlos Aguinaldo was the community's appointed gobernadorcillo (municipal
governor)
Emilio became the cabeza de barangay of Binakayan, a chief barrio of Cavite del Viejo, when he was only 17 years
old.
In 1895, a law that called for the reorganization of local governments was enacted.At the age of 26, Aguinaldo
became Cavite Viejo's first capitan municipal.
Emilio Aguinaldo married Hilaria Del Rosario in 1896. Their children were Miguel, Carmen, Emilio Jr., Maria, and
Cristina. After his wife's death in 1930, Aguinaldo married Maria Agoncillo.
First marriage
On January 1, 1896, he married Hilaria Del Rosario (1877–1921), and the couple had five children: Carmen
Aguinaldo-Melencio, Emilio Aguinaldo, Jr, Maria Aguinaldo-Poblete, Cristina Aguinaldo-Suntay, and Miguel
Aguinaldo. Hilaria died of leprosy on March 6, 1921 at the age of 45.
His great-grandchildren are elusive to the public eye and continue to support Aguinaldo's traditions, such as
awarding the Philippine Military Academy Aguinaldo Saber Award. The youngest, Emiliana, currently continues to
confer the award.
Emilio Aguinaldo
Philippine revolution
In 1894, Aguinaldo joined the Katipunan or
the K.K.K., a secret organization led by
Andrés Bonifacio, dedicated to the
expulsion of the Spanish and independence
of the Philippines through armed force.[5]
Aguinaldo used the nom de guerre Magdalo,
in honor of Mary Magdalene.[6] His local
chapter of the Katipunan, headed by his
cousin Baldomero Aguinaldo, was also
called Magdalo.[7]
The Katipunan revolt against the Spanish
The flag of the K.K.K.
began in the last week of August 1896 in
San Juan del Monte (now part of Metro
Manila).[8] However, Aguinaldo and other Cavite rebels initially refused to join in the offensive due to lack of arms.
Their absence contributed to Bonifacio's defeat.[7] While Bonifacio and other rebels were forced to resort to guerrilla
warfare, Aguinaldo and the Cavite rebels won major victories in set-piece battles, temporarily driving the Spanish
out of their area.[7]
On February 17, 1897, Aguinaldo and a group of katipuneros defeated Spanish forces led by General Camilo de
Polavieja at the Battle of Zapote Bridge in Cavite. General Edilberto Evangelista, civil engineer, revolutionary and
trench builder, was killed in the battle. The province of Cavite gradually emerged as the Revolution's hotbed, and the
Aguinaldo-led katipuneros had a string of victories there.
However, conflict between the Magdalo and another Cavite Katipunan faction, the Magdiwang, led to Bonifacio's
intervention in the province.[9] The Cavite rebels then made overtures about establishing a revolutionary government
in place of the Katipunan.[10] Though Bonifacio already considered the Katipunan to be a government, he acquiesced
and presided over elections held during the Tejeros Convention in Tejeros, Cavite on March 22, 1897. Bonifacio lost
the leadership to Aguinaldo, and was elected instead to the office of Secretary of the Interior.[11] Even this was
questioned by Daniel Tirona, claiming Bonifacio had not the necessary schooling for the job. Insulted, Bonifacio
(drew out his gun and would have killed Tirona on the spot had he not been stopped) declared the Convention null
and void, and sought to return to his power base in Morong (present-day Rizal).[12]
Bonifacio refused to recognize the revolutionary government headed by Aguinaldo and attempted to reassert his
authority, accusing the Aguinaldo faction of treason and by issuing orders contravening orders issued by the
Aguinaldo faction.[13] At Aguinaldo's orders, Bonifacio and his brothers were arrested and, in a mock trial lasting
one day, convicted of treason, and sentenced to death.[14] After some vacillation, Aguinaldo commuted the death
sentence, but canceled his commutation order after being convinced by Generial Manuel Noriel, President of the
Council of War the death sentence, and others prominent in his government that the sentence must stand. Andrés and
Procopio were executed by firing squad on May 10, 1897 at Mount Hulog, about four kilometers west of
Maragondon, Cavite.[15]
3
Emilio Aguinaldo
4
Biak-na-Bato
Spanish pressure intensified, eventually forcing Aguinaldo's forces to
retreat to the mountains. Emilio Aguinaldo signed the Pact of
Biak-na-Bato. Under the pact, Aguinaldo effectively agreed to end
hostilities and dissolve his government in exchange for amnesty and
"$800,000 (Mexican)" (Aguinaldo's description of the amount) as an
indemnity.[16][17] The documents were signed on December 14 and 15,
1897. On December 23, Aguinaldo and other Katipunan officials
departed for Hong Kong to enter voluntary exile. $400,000,
representing the first installment of the indemnity, was deposited into
Hong Kong banks. While in exile, Aguinaldo reorganized his
revolutionary government into the "Supreme Council of the
Nation".[18]
One revolutionary general who remained in the Philippines, Francisco
Macabulos, established a Central Executive Committee to serve as a
provisional revolutionary government "until a general government of
the Republic in these islands shall again be established." Meanwhile,
Spanish officials continued to arrest and imprison Filipinos suspected
of having been involved in the rebellion. The consequence of this
disregard of the pact by both sides was the resurgence of the
revolution.[19]
In April 1898, war broke out between Spain and the United States. In
the Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898, the American Asiatic
Squadron under Commodore George Dewey engaged and destroyed
the Spanish Pacific Squadron, and blockaded Manila.[20] Dewey
provided transport to return Aguinaldo to the Philippines. Aguinaldo
promptly resumed command of revolutionary forces and besieged
Manila.[21]
Independence and government
Emilio Aguinaldo monument at Barasoain
Church.
Emilio Aguinaldo with the exiled revolutionaries
in Hong Kong.
Emilio Aguinaldo
5
After the outbreak of Spanish-American War. Aguinaldo returned to
the Philippines from Hong Kong to support the American forces in
fighting against the Spaniards, arriving on May 19, 1898.[22] After five
days, Aguinaldo issued a proclamation in which he assumed command
of all Philippine forces and established a dictatorial government with
himself as dictator.[23]
Emilio Aguinaldo and Pedro A. Paterno
miniature model at Barasoain Church (in the
horse carriage-parade for oath-taking as
Philippine President, January 23, 1899).
On 12 June, at Aguinaldo's ancestral home in Cavite, Philippine
independence was proclaimed and The Act of Declaration of
Philippine Independence was read. The act had been prepared and
written in Spanish by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, who also read its
proclamation.[24]
On 18 June, Aguinaldo issued a decree formally establishing his
dictatorial government.[25] On June 23, another decree signed by
Aguinaldo was issued, replacing the Dictatorial Government with a Revolutionary Government, with himself as
President.[26][27]
Presidency
The insurgent First Philippine Republic was formally established with the proclamation of the Malolos Constitution
on January 21, 1899 in Malolos, Bulacan and endured until the capture of Emilio Aguinaldo by the American forces
on March 23, 1901 in Palanan, Isabela, which effectively dissolved the First Republic.
Aguinaldo appointed two premiers in his tenure. These were
Apolinario Mabini and Pedro Paterno.
Administration and cabinet
President Aguinaldo had two cabinets in the year 1899. Thereafter, the
war situation resulted in his ruling by decree.
General Emilio Aguinaldo carriage at Barasoain
Church.
OFFICE
NAME
TERM
President
Emilio Aguinaldo
1897–1901
Vice-President
Mariano Trías
1897
Prime Minister
Apolinario Mabini
January 21 – May 7, 1899
Pedro Paterno
May 7 – November 13, 1899
Mariano Trías
January 21 – May 7, 1899
Hugo Ilagan
May 7 – November 13, 1899
Teodoro Sandico
January 21 – May 7, 1899
Severino de las Alas
May 7 – November 13, 1899
Minister of Finance
Minister of the Interior
Minister of War
Baldomero Aguinaldo January 21 – May 7, 1899
Emilio Aguinaldo
6
Mariano Trias
May 7 – November 13, 1899
Minister of Welfare
Gracio Gonzaga
January 21 – May 7, 1899
Minister of Foreign Affairs
Apolinario Mabini
January 21 – May 7, 1899
Felipe Buencamino
May 7 – November 13, 1899
Brnard Moses
March 1899 - December 31, 1902
Minister of Public Instruction
Aguedo Velarde
Minister of Public Works and Communications
Máximo Paterno
1899
Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce León María Guerrero May 7 – November 13, 1899
Jose Alejandrino
June 23, 1898 – 1899
Domestic policies
Fiscal reform
The Malolos Congress continued its sessions and accomplished certain
positive tasks. The Spanish fiscal system was provisionally retained.
The same was done with the existing taxes, save those upon
cockfighting and other amusements. War taxes were levied and
voluntary contributions were solicited. Customs duties were
established. A national loan was launched.
Education initiative
Opening of the Malolos Congress at the
Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan on
Aguinaldo ordered schools open. Elementary education was made
September 15, 1898.
compulsory and free. The Filipino educator, Enrique Mendiola,
founded the "Instituto de Burgos" and were appointed by the Director
of Public Instruction. It offered courses in agriculture, surveying, and commerce, as well as a comof the
"Universidad Literia".[28] Courses offered were Medicine, Surgery, Pharmacy, and Notary Public. The President of
the Philippines appointed the professors thereof. They, in turn, chose the University rector. The first to occupy this
position was Joaquín Gonzales. Later, he was succeeded by Marecil Mercado.[29]
Local government reorganization
Acceding to Apolinario Mabini's advice, President Aguinaldo first issued two decrees, dated June 18 and 20, 1898,
reorganizing the provincial and municipal governments. In these documents, Aguinaldo made it clear that although
the circumstances had forced him to become a dictator,[30] his constant desire was to surround himself with the most
representative men of every province and who, by their conduct, should merit the confidence in their province-mates,
in order that, knowing, through them, the needs of every one of these places, he might adopt the best measures to
attend to them.[30]
By virtue of these decrees, the municipal government was to be established along these lines: all 21-year-old
residents were entitled to elect a Popular Council composed of a President, Vice-President, barrio chiefs, delegate of
justice and civil registry, delegate of police and internal order, and delegate of taxes and properties. These offices
were to be confirmed in their positions by the National Government. In regards to the provincial governments, the
officers to be elected by the Presidents and confirmed in the same manner as the municipal counterparts, were: a
Governor and three councilors, to compose, together with the municipal president of the provincial capital, the
Provincial Council. Also, provincial military commanders were provided for each to take charge of recruiting
soldiers for the national army.[30]
Emilio Aguinaldo
7
Visayan federation
Emphasizing the solid unity of the new Republic, Raymundo Melliza was appointed as President of the Visayan
Federation for two years, after having sworn allegiance to the Philippine Republic and recognizing Aguinaldo as the
nation's President.[30]
Foreign policies
Spanish prisoners
Upon the inauguration of the First Philippine Republic, President Emilio Aguinaldo granted executive clemency to
all Spanish civilians being held prisoners. He also granted permission for all foreigners, including Spaniards, to
freely engage in business in the Philippines.[30]
Philippine—American war
On the night of February 4, 1899, a Filipino was shot by an American
sentry. This incident is considered the beginning of the
Philippine-American War, and open fighting soon broke out between
American troops and pro-independence Filipinos. Superior American
firepower drove Filipino troops away from the city, and the Malolos
government had to move from one place to another.[31] Aguinaldo led
resistance to the Americans, then retreated to northern Luzon with the
Americans on his trail.
Members of the Cabinet, whom General Antonio Luna had arrested for
negotiating with the Americans, warned Aguinaldo that Luna had plans
to start a coup against the Republic on June 13.[32] They also referred
to Mabini having approved of the coup. Luna was a disciplinarian and
brilliant general and looming rival to Aguinaldo in the military
hierarchy.
Personifying the United States, Uncle Sam chases
a bee representing Emilio Aguinaldo, the
president of the Philippine Islands from March
22, 1897 to April 1, 1901. In 1901, two years
after this cartoon's publication, at the end of the
Philippine-American War, Aguinaldo would be
captured by U.S. forces.
On June 2, 1899, a telegram from Aguinaldo was received by Luna,
asking him to proceed to Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija for a meeting at the
Cabanatuan Church Convent. However, treachery was afoot. Three
days later (June 5), when Luna arrived, he learned Aguinaldo was not
at the appointed place. As Luna was about to depart, he was shot, then
stabbed to death by Aguinaldo's men. Luna was later buried in the
churchyard; no investigation was made, and Luna's assassins were
never punished.[33]
After Luna's assassination, Aguinaldo assumed command of the
Filipino forces. Without Luna's military expertise, Filipino forces
encountered disaster everywhere. In November 1899, Aguinaldo and
his staff fled northwards from the advancing Americans, to Palanan,
Aguinaldo boarding USS Vicksburg following his
Isabela, where he established a new headquarters. A picked force of 60
capture in 1901.
men under General Gregorio del Pilar fought a heroic battle at Tirad
Pass in Ilocos Sur against a much larger American force to delay the American advance to ensure Emilio
Aguinaldo's escape. Del Pilar was killed in the battle along with 52 others of the defending force.[34] At the time of
the battle, Aguinaldo and his party were encamped in Cervantes, about 10km south of the pass. After being notified
by a rider of the outcome of the battle and the death of Del Pilar, Aguinaldo ordered that camp be broken, and
departed with his party for Cayan settlement.[35]
Emilio Aguinaldo
Less than two years later, on March 23, 1901, Aguinaldo was captured at his headquarters in Palanan by U.S.
General Frederick Funston, with the help of Macabebe trackers. The American task force gained access to
Aguinaldo's camp by pretending to be captured prisoners. Aguinaldo never received the weapons he ordered
scheduled for delivery on July 2, 1901 at Digoyo in Palanan also. Aguinaldo was confined at the Malacañan Palace
in what is today's State Dining Room. On April 19, 1901, Aguinaldo took an oath of allegiance to the United States,
formally ending the First Republic and recognizing the sovereignty of the United States over the Philippines.[36]
After Aguinaldo's surrender, some Filipino commanders continued the revolution. On July 30, 1901, General Miguel
Malvar issued a manifesto saying, "Forward, without ever turning back. ... All wars of independence have been
obliged to suffer terrible tests![37]" General Malvar surrendered to U.S forces in Lipa, Batangas on April 16, 1902.
The war was formally ended by a unilateral proclamation of general amnesty by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt
on July 4, 1902.[38]
Post-presidency
U.S. territorial period
During the American occupation, Aguinaldo supported
groups that advocated immediate independence, and
helped veterans of the struggle. He organized the
Asociación de los Veteranos de la Revolución
(Association of Veterans of the Revolution), which
worked to secure pensions for its members and made
arrangements for them to buy land on installment from
the government.
The display of the Philippine flag was declared illegal
by the Sedition Act of 1907. This law was repealed on
October 30, 1919.[39] Following this, Aguinaldo
Aguinaldo and Quezon during Flag Day, 1935.
transformed his home in Kawit into a monument to the
flag, the revolution and the declaration of
Independence. As of 2011, his home still stands and is known as the Aguinaldo Shrine.
Aguinaldo retired from public life for many years. In 1935, when the Commonwealth of the Philippines was
established in preparation for Philippine independence, he ran for president in the Philippine presidential election,
1935, but lost by a landslide to fiery Spanish mestizo Manuel L. Quezon. The two men formally reconciled in 1941,
when President Quezon moved Flag Day to June 12, to commemorate the proclamation of Philippine
independence.[39] During the Japanese occupation, he cooperated with the Japanese, making speeches, issuing
articles and infamous radio addresses in support of the Japanese—including a radio appeal to Gen. Douglas
MacArthur on Corregidor to surrender in order to "spare the innocence of the Filipino youth."[40][41]
After the Americans retook the Philippines, Aguinaldo was arrested along with several others accused of
collaboration with the Japanese, and briefly jailed. He was released by presidential amnesty.[42]
Aguinaldo was 77 when the United States Government fully recognized Philippine independence in the Treaty of
Manila, in accordance with the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934.[43]
8
Emilio Aguinaldo
Post-American era
In 1950, President Elpidio Quirino appointed Aguinaldo as a member of the Council of State, where he served a full
term. He returned to retirement soon after, dedicating his time and attention to veteran soldiers' "interests and
welfare."
He was made an honorary Doctor of Laws, Honoris Causa, by the University of the Philippines in 1953.
In 1962, President Diosdado Macapagal changed the celebration of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12.[44]
Aguinaldo rose from his sickbed to attend the celebration of independence 64 years after he declared it.
Death
Aguinaldo died of coronary thrombosis at age 94 on February 6, 1964, at the Veterans Memorial Hospital in Quezon
City. A year before his death, he had donated his lot and his mansion to the government. This property now serves as
a shrine to "perpetuate the spirit of the Revolution of 1896."[45]
In 1985, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas made a new 5-peso bill depicting a portrait of Aguinaldo on the front of the
bill. The back of the bill features the declaration of the Philippine independence on June 12, 1898.
Notes
[1] "Emilio Aguinaldo". The New Book of Knowledge, Grolier Incorporated. 1977.
[2] Karnow, Stanley. "Emilio Aguinaldo". In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines. Random House (1989). ISBN 978-0-394-54975-0.
[3] Most sources, including the National Historical Commission of the Philippines, support a 22 March birthdate.Donald H. Dyal; Brian B.
Carpenter; Mark A. Thomas (1996), Historical dictionary of the Spanish American War (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=CWaCEfeuQXkC), Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 6 (http:/ / books. google. com. ph/ books?id=CWaCEfeuQXkC& pg=PA6),
ISBN 978-0-313-28852-4, Keat Gin Ooi (2004), Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor (http:/ / books.
google. com/ books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC), ABC-CLIO, p. 129 (http:/ / books. google. com. ph/ books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC& pg=PA129),
ISBN 978-1-57607-770-2, Some sources give other dates. "Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo (1869–1964)" (http:/ / aboutph. com/ 2010/ 05/
gen-emilio-aguinaldo-1869-1964/ ). aboutph.com (http:/ / aboutph. com/ ). .Henri Turot (1981), Emilio Aguinaldo, first Filipino president,
1898–1901 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=GDFxAAAAMAAJ), Foreign Service Institute, p. 3 (http:/ / books. google. com. ph/
books?ei=NlHXTNbsOc_Xcf35nKIM& ct=result& hl=en& id=GDFxAAAAMAAJ& dq=emilio+ aguinaldo+ "29+ march"+ 1869& q="29+
march"+ 1869#search_anchor),
[4] Weir, Frasier. "Spanish-American War / War of Philippine Independence 1898 - 1901" (http:/ / www. ualberta. ca/ ~vmitchel/ fw4. html). The
hostilities in the Philippine War of Independence began on February 4, 1899 and continued for two years. The United States needed 126,000
soldiers to subdue the Philippines. The war took the lives of 4,234 Americans and 16,000 Filipinos.. University of Alberta. .
[5] Kalaw 1927, p. 77 (http:/ / quod. lib. umich. edu/ cgi/ t/ text/ pageviewer-idx?c=philamer& cc=philamer& idno=afj2233. 0001. 001&
q1=aguinaldo& view=image& seq=97& size=100).
[6] Agoncillo 1990, p. 179.
[7] Guererro, Milagros; Schumacher, S.J., John (1998), Reform and Revolution, Kasaysayan: The History of the Filipino People, 5, Asia
Publishing Company Limited, ISBN 962-258-228-1
[8] Agoncillo 1990, p. 176.
[9] Agoncillo 1990, pp. 178–182.
[10] Agoncillo 1990, p. 182.
[11] Agoncillo 1990, p. 184.
[12] Agoncillo 1990, pp. 184–185.
[13] Agoncillo 1990, p. 188.
[14] Agoncillo 1990, pp. 189–190.
[15] Zaide 1999, p. 249.
[16] Don Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy, Chapter II. The Treaty of Biak-na-bató (http:/ / www. authorama. com/
true-version-of-the-philippine-revolution-3. html), "True Version of the Philippine Revolution" (http:/ / www. authorama. com/
true-version-of-the-philippine-revolution-1. html), Authorama Public Domain Books, , retrieved 2007-11-16
[17] The Mexican dollar at the time was worth about 50 U.S. cents, according to Halstead, Murat (1898), "XII. The American Army in Manila.
General Emilio Aguinaldo, a traitor of the Philippine Republic, during Spanish-American Regime." (http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ catalog/
world/ readfile?fk_files=58428& pageno=122), The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba
and Porto Rico (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=lIQcwt7g2wkC), p. 126 (http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ catalog/ world/
readfile?fk_files=58428& pageno=126),
[18] Zaide 1999, p. 253.
9
Emilio Aguinaldo
[19] Zaide 1999, pp. 185–186.
[20] Zaide 1999, pp. 255–256.
[21] Zaide 1999, pp. 256–257.
[22] Kalaw 1927, p. 106 (http:/ / quod. lib. umich. edu/ cgi/ t/ text/ pageviewer-idx?c=philamer& cc=philamer& idno=afj2233. 0001. 001&
q1=dictatorial+ government& view=image& seq=126& size=100).
[23] Titherington 1900, pp. 357–358 (http:/ / www. archive. org/ stream/ spanishamwar00tithrich#page/ 356/ mode/ 2up).
[24] Kalaw 1927, pp. 413–417 (http:/ / quod. lib. umich. edu/ cgi/ t/ text/ pageviewer-idx?c=philamer& cc=philamer& idno=afj2233. 0001.
001& frm=frameset& view=image& seq=433) Appendix A
[25] Guevara 1972, p. 10 (http:/ / quod. lib. umich. edu/ cgi/ t/ text/ pageviewer-idx?c=philamer& cc=philamer& idno=aab1246. 0001. 001&
frm=frameset& view=image& seq=28).
[26] Kalaw 1927, pp. 423–429 (http:/ / quod. lib. umich. edu/ cgi/ t/ text/ pageviewer-idx?c=philamer& cc=philamer& idno=afj2233. 0001.
001& frm=frameset& view=image& seq=443) Appendix C.
[27] Guevara 1972, p. 35 (http:/ / quod. lib. umich. edu/ cgi/ t/ text/ pageviewer-idx?c=philamer& cc=philamer& idno=aab1246. 0001. 001&
frm=frameset& view=image& seq=53).
[28] Guevara 1972, p. 61 (http:/ / quod. lib. umich. edu/ cgi/ t/ text/ pageviewer-idx?c=philamer;cc=philamer;rgn=full text;idno=aab1246. 0001.
001;didno=aab1246. 0001. 001;view=image;seq=00000079).
[29] Antonio Molino: The Philippines through the Centuries (Volume two), 1961
[30] Molina, Antonio. The Philippines: Through the centuries. Manila: University of Sto. Tomas Cooperative, 1961. Print.
[31] Zaide 1999, pp. 268, 269–270, 273–274.
[32] "June 5, 1899: Assassination of Gen. Antonio Luna" (http:/ / philippineamericanwar. webs. com/ lunaassassination. htm). . Retrieved
2012-05-21.
[33] Agoncillo 1990, pp. 221–222.
[34] Zaide 1999, p. 274.
[35] Teodoro A. Agoncillo (1997). Malolos: The Crisis of the Republic (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=LnxvAAAACAAJ). University of
the Philippines Press. p. 454. ISBN 978-971-542-096-9. .
[36] Zaide 1999, pp. 274–275.
[37] Zaide 1999, p. 275.
[38] "GENERAL AMNESTY FOR THE FILIPINOS; Proclamation Issued by the President" (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ mem/ archive-free/
pdf?res=9D0DE2D81330E733A25757C0A9619C946397D6CF) (PDF), The New York Times, July 4, 1902, , retrieved 2008-02-05
[39] Quezon, Manuel L. III (2002-04-02). "History of the Philippines Flag" (http:/ / www. fotw. net/ flags/ ph-hist. html#desc). Flags of the
World. . Retrieved 2007-06-06.
[40] "Emilio Aguinaldo" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20110707055328/ http:/ / philippine-revolution. 110mb. com/ aguinaldo_detailed. htm).
philippine-revolution.110mb.com (http:/ / philippine-revolution. 110mb. com). Archived from the original (http:/ / philippine-revolution.
110mb. com/ aguinaldo_detailed. htm) on 2011-07-07. .
[41] Schroder 2004, p. 285 (http:/ / books. google. com. ph/ books?id=BmpVY97KBJEC& pg=PA285).
[42] Fredriksen 2001, p. 2 (http:/ / books. google. com. ph/ books?id=ZJlm7AQK-T4C& pg=PA2).
[43] (pdf) TREATY OF GENERAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE REPUBLIC OF THE
PHILIPPINES. SIGNED AT MANILA, ON 4 JULY 1946 (http:/ / untreaty. un. org/ unts/ 1_60000/ 1/ 6/ 00000254. pdf), United Nations, ,
retrieved 2007-12-10
[44] On May 12, 1962, President Macapagal signed "Presidential Proclamation No. 28, Declaring June 12 as Philippine Independence
Day".Diosdado Macapagal, Proclamation No. 28 Declaring June 12 as Philippine Independence Day (http:/ / www. bibingka. com/ phg/
documents/ jun12. htm), Philippine History Group of Los Angeles, , retrieved 2009-11-11. There is no doubt that President Macapagal
intended the proclamation to have that effectDiosdado Macapagal (2002), "Chapter 4. June 12 as Independence Day" (http:/ / web. archive.
org/ web/ 20060303125819/ http:/ / www. pia. gov. ph/ pubs/ kalayaan2001. pdf), KALAYAAN, Philippine Information Agency (http:/ / www.
pia. gov. ph/ ), pp. 12–15, archived from the original (http:/ / www. pia. gov. ph/ pubs/ kalayaan2001. pdf) on 2006-03-03, . and sources
commonly assert this as fact,Sharon Delmendo (2004), The star-entangled banner: one hundred years of America in the Philippines (http:/ /
books. google. com/ ?id=HhZKW4drY6MC), University of the Philippines Press, p. 10 (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=HhZKW4drY6MC& pg=PA10), ISBN 978-971-542-484-4, . but the operative paragraph of the proclamation declares a single day,
"Tuesday, June 12, 1962, as a special public holiday throughout the Philippines ...". On August 4, 1964, Republic Act No. 4166 proclaimed
the twelfth day of June as the Philippine Independence Day and renamed the fourth of July holiday to "Philippine Republic Day". AN ACT
CHANGING THE DATE OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE DAY FROM JULY FOUR TO JUNE TWELVE, AND DECLARING JULY
FOUR AS PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC DAY, FURTHER AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE SECTION TWENTY-NINE OF THE REVISED
ADMINISTRATIVE CODE (http:/ / www. chanrobles. com/ republicacts/ republicactno4166. html), Chanrobles Law Library, August 4, 1964,
, retrieved 2009-11-11
[45] "EMILIO F. AGUINALDO (1869–1964)" (http:/ / www. nhi. gov. ph/ downloads/ fihgov0008. pdf). nhi.gov.ph (http:/ / www. nhi. gov. ph).
.
10
Emilio Aguinaldo
References
• Agoncillo, Teodoro A. (1990), History of the Filipino people (http://books.google.com/
books?id=KjxFOQAACAAJ), R.P. Garcia, ISBN 978-971-8711-06-4
• Fredriksen, John C. (2001), America's military adversaries: from colonial times to the present (http://books.
google.com/books?id=ZJlm7AQK-T4C), ABC-CLIO, ISBN 978-1-57607-603-3
• Guevara, Sulpico, ed. (2005), The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899 (http://
quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=philamer;iel=1;view=toc;idno=aab1246.0001.001), Ann Arbor,
Michigan: University of Michigan Library (published 1972), retrieved 2008-03-26. (English translation by
Sulpicio Guevara)
• Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1927), The Development of Philippine Politics (http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/
text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=afj2233.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&
seq=17&size=100), Oriental commercial
• Schroder, William (2004), Cousins of Color (http://books.google.com/books?id=BmpVY97KBJEC), Twenty
First Century Publishers Ltd, ISBN 978-1-904433-13-2
• Titherington, Richard Handfield (1900), A history of the Spanish-American war of 1898 (http://www.archive.
org/details/spanishamwar00tithrich), D. Appleton and Company (republished by openlibrary.org (http://
openlibrary.org/))
• Zaide, Sonia M. (1999), The Philippines: a unique nation (http://books.google.com/
books?id=6YMsNgAACAAJ), All-Nations Publishing, ISBN 978-971-642-071-5
Further reading
• Aguinaldo, Emilio (1964), Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan
• Zaide, Gregorio F. (1984), Philippine History and Government, National Bookstore Printing Press
External links
• The Philippine Presidency Project (http://www.pangulo.ph)
• Emilio Aguinaldo on the Presidential Museum and Library (http://malacanang.gov.ph/presidents/
first-republic/emilio-aguinaldo/)
• CAUTUSAN: Gobierno Revolucionario nang Filipinas (http://web.archive.org/web/20071211045257/http://
www.filipiniana.net/read_content.jsp?filename=BOOK00000022&page=82&epage=83) A decree dated
January 2, 1899 signed by Emilio Aguinaldo establishing a council of government. An online document published
by Filipiniana.net (http://filipiniana.net) (archived from the original (http://www.filipiniana.net/read_content.
jsp?filename=BOOK00000022&page=82&epage=83) on 2007-12-11)
• Aguinaldo: A Narrative of Filipino Ambitions (http://web.archive.org/web/20080213184428/http://www.
filipiniana.net/readbook_content.jsp?filename=BOOK00000027&page=5&epage=26) Book written by
American Consul Wildman of Hong Kong regarding Emilio Aguinaldo and the Filipino-American War during the
early 1900s. An online publication made by Filipiniana.net (http://filipiniana.net) (archived from the original
(http://www.filipiniana.net/readbook_content.jsp?filename=BOOK00000027&page=5&epage=26) on
2008-02-12)
• General Emilio Aguinaldo’s “Confession” (http://web.archive.org/web/20080527163125/http://www.
filipiniana.net/read_content.jsp?filename=PRR004000011). Published in Filipiniana.net (http://www.
filipiniana.net/index.jsp). (archived from the original (http://www.filipiniana.net/read_content.
jsp?filename=PRR004000011) on 2008-05-27)
• Works by Emilio Aguinaldo (http://www.gutenberg.org/author/Emilio_Aguinaldo) at Project Gutenberg
• Emilio Aguinaldo (http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9004099/Emilio-Aguinaldo), Encyclopædia
BritannicaOnline, retrieved 2008-04-25
11
Article Sources and Contributors
Article Sources and Contributors
Emilio Aguinaldo Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=518631900 Contributors: 10014derek, 23prootie, 4twenty42o, A Raider Like Indiana, A2Kafir, Abfall-Reiniger, Adherent
of the Enlightenment 10.0, Aeon17x, Againme, Ahoerstemeier, AkoDanielle, Akuindo, Al-Andalus, Alansohn, Alfanje, Alicekim53, All Worlds, Alqsuguitan, Altes, Ams80, AnakngAraw,
Anomalocaris, Anon39923, Another Believer, Anotherclown, Anyo Niminus, ApprenticeFan, Arda Xi, Arius1998, Ashoroman, Autocratique, BD2412, Bambamchar, Banaticus, Beccag,
Bender21435, Beyondtheairwaves, BigEyedFish, Bleubeatle, Blueboar, Bluemask, Bobak, Bobo192, Boothy443, BrokenSphere, Bsoff, Burgundavia, Canderson7, Cavite, Chicheley, Chris 73,
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GregorB, Grendelkhan, Greswik, Gurch, Habagat13, Hakkon, Hephaestos, Hera1187, Herald Alberich, Hmains, Hmmwhatsthisdo, Homagetocatalonia, Horge1218, Howard the Duck,
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Joaquin008, Jon Harald Søby, Jondel, Joseph Solis in Australia, Joshua Scott, Jun Nijo, Jvhertum, Katieh5584, Kbdank71, Kellogg257, Khoikhoi, Kingpin13, Kuya kyon, L Kensington, Lagalag,
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potentia est, ScottMainwaring, Seav, Sesel, Seth Nimbosa, SlightlyMad, Slowking Man, Smsarmad, Snoyes, Someguy1221, Spladerman, Srnec, Stalmannen, Stevenphil, Stevertigo, Stwalkerster,
SunKing, Symane, Tabletop, Taiwai94, Tawker, Tgeairn, That Guy, From That Show!, The Show-Ender, TheCoffee, Therequiembellishere, Thingg, Thismightbezach, Threehaseught, Tide rolls,
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WayKurat, Weekeejames, Wickedwitch, Wigg5007, Will Beback, Windows72106, Wintergreen1879, Woohookitty, Wtmitchell, Yk Yk Yk, Zhou Yu, Zscout370, Δ, Ｙ ｅ ｌ ｍ, 767
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
file:Aguinaldo.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Aguinaldo.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Infrogmation
File:Aguinaldo Sig.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Aguinaldo_Sig.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Clindberg, Finavon, Magog the Ogre, Ras67
File:Philippine revolution flag kkk1.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Philippine_revolution_flag_kkk1.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Seav,
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File:Malolos congress.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Malolos_congress.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: BritandBeyonce, BrokenSphere, Kilom691,
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File:Uncle Sam & Emilio Aguinaldo.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Uncle_Sam_&_Emilio_Aguinaldo.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Alicekim53
File:Emilio Aguinaldo boarding USS Vicksburg.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Emilio_Aguinaldo_boarding_USS_Vicksburg.jpg License: Public Domain
Contributors: BrokenSphere
File:Aguinaldo and Quezon in 1935.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Aguinaldo_and_Quezon_in_1935.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: BrokenSphere,
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