Why are the
celebrations of
different cultures
important?
Interact Discovery Sheets
Social Science
Years 5-8
By Julie Owen
© 2011 Interact Curriculum Press
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ISBN 978-1-927140-30-7
Contents
3
Introduction
4
Key Competencies, Habit of Character, Habit of Mind
5
Big Idea, Key Understanding, Focus Question
6
7
Relate A Unique Celebration
Research 1.0 What kinds of celebrations are important to people everywhere?
8
What Do People Celebrate?
9
Investigating Celebrations
10
Past Traditions
11
Research
12
Jewish Festivals 1
13
Jewish festivals 2
14
Christians Celebrate
15
Research
16
Traditional Celebrations
17
Maori Celebrations Today
18
Cultural Celebrations
19
Research
20
Festivals in Ancient Egypt
21
Festivals in Ancient Greece
22
Reason The Bride and Bridegroom 1
Reason The Bride and Bridegroom 2
Reason A Meeting of Cultures
Reason Revealing Our Beliefs
Reason Applying My Learning
Reason Cause and Effect
Reflect The Golden Calf
Resolve Celebrations and Me
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
2.0
3.0
How does the family of a culture different from my own celebrate
God’s faithfulness?
What and how have our indigenous people traditionally celebrated?
4.0 What can we learn about people from celebrations?
1
Introduction
INTRODUCTION
Why are the celebrations of different cultures important? This Interact Teacher Manual
forms part of the theme, God is faithful and wants us to be faithful. In this investigation
we will explore how and why different cultures of the world have celebrated in the past,
and those traditions they still observe today. Most importantly, we will learn about our
need to celebrate the things that demonstrate God’s faithfulness to us.
Everyone loves a celebration! Since earliest times, people have looked for reasons to
celebrate – from the phases of the moon, to the bounty of the harvest, to the myriad
of milestones in an individual’s life. They have danced, decorated and dressed up, sung
songs, told stories, feasted and performed rituals to acknowledge or ensure their good
fortune.
Every society finds reasons for, and ways to, celebrate. Celebrations are about people
sharing their joys and sorrows surrounding their ideals, beliefs, their experience and
their history, and are often expressed in ways that become traditions for that society.
Remembering and celebrating are ways in which people pass on their values to future
generations.
The Bible makes it clear that celebration is to be an important part of our lives. Through the
prophets, God gave clear instructions about how the children of Israel were to remember
and celebrate God’s faithfulness to them. An important part of their calendar was the
celebration of the Passover, in which the Jews were to remember God’s deliverance
of their people from slavery to the Egyptians. Jesus was sharing this festival with his
disciples when he laid down the model for a new celebration of God’s faithfulness – the
Lord’s Supper or Communion.
God wants us to celebrate his faithfulness. Remembering
and celebrating God’s goodness to us in the past gives us
confidence about God’s goodness to us in the present, and
ensures that future generations will continue to recognise
God’s faithfulness to them.
“The living, the living — they praise you, as I am doing
today; parents tell their children about your faithfulness”
(Isaiah 38:19).
If you are new to Interact resources we invite you to turn to
Appendix --I to learn about the Interact Learning Path on which this
Teacher Manual is based, and to gain additional planning help.
© 2011 Interact Curriculum
3
K
C
M
key competencies | habit of character | habit of mind
the key competencies are:
Practise participating
and contributing
the habit of character focus is:
Reliability
the habit of mind focus is:
Applying past
knowledge to
new experiences
4
© 2011 Interact Curriculum
I
Planning
big Idea | Key understanding | focus question
the big idea is:
God is faithful
and wants us
to be faithful
U
the key understanding is:
Celebrations reveal
what people value
and believe
Q
the focus question is:
Why are the
celebrations of
different cultures
important?
© 2011 Interact Curriculum
5
A Unique Celebration
Think about celebrations that you have shared in, and then use your past
experiences to create a new and unique celebration. In the boxes below, record your ideas
about how you could celebrate something that demonstrates God’s faithfulness in a unique
way. Keep this sheet with your research this term and and add
further ideas as you study further about people and celebrations.
6
What could you celebrate?
What kind of decorations could be set
up for this celebration?
Why would that be a good thing to
celebrate?
What could make them particularly
suited to the occasion?
Who could you invite?
What kind of food could be served to
your guests?
How would your celebration be of
benefit to them?
How could those foods enhance the
feeling of celebration?
Where would you hold your celebration?
What activities or events could you
include as part of this celebration?
Why would that place be significant for
your celebration?
How could they help your guests to
better understand the reason for your
celebration?
Name:
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Relate
K
Why are the celebrations of different cultures important?
key areas of investigation
We are investigating:
1.0
What kinds of celebrations are important
to people everywhere?
© 2011 Interact Curriculum
7
What Do People Celebrate?
Celebration is an important part of every culture in the world. No matter how
poverty-stricken or affluent, every people group celebrates those things which they
consider to be important. Identify as many celebrations as you can that belong
to the categories below – from your own culture and from others with which you are
less familiar. You may find that some celebrations belong in more than one category.
Remembrances of past events
Acknowledgement of Particular
Achievements
Giving Thanks for God’s Faithfulness
Reinforcement of a Particular Belief or
Value
Acknowledgement of New Beginnings
Recognition of a Promise or Covenant
Made
8
Name:
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Research
Investigating Celebrations
Look at the celebrations which you listed on the Interact Discovery Sheet ‘What Do People
Celebrate?’ Choose a celebration to investigate further. Research to discover when and why
these celebrations are held, who participates in any events and how they do this. Complete
the diagram below to organise your information.
WHY?
WHO?
WHEN?
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
Purpose of celebration:
People who participate:
Timing of celebration:
WHAT?
Name of Celebration:
______________________________________________________
Category or categories to which this celebration belongs:
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
WHERE?
HOW?
Place of celebration:
Significant aspects of celebration:
_____________________________
______________________________________________
_____________________________
______________________________________________
Name:
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Research
9
Past Traditions
Interview your grandparents, great grandparents or an older friend of your family.
Ask about celebrations that they remember participating in as children – what activities
and events they remember, special food, the role of the community and any feelings and
attitudes that were evident. Identify the differences which you observe, if any, between what
they tell you and what you know about these celebrations today. Record your findings below.
The person I interviewed was: _____________________________________________________________
Aspects of
Celebrations
Celebrations of
their childhood
Celebrations of
my childhood
Activities
and Events
Celebratory
Food
Community
Involvement
in
Celebrations
Feelings and
Attitudes
towards
Celebrations
10
Name:
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Research
K
Why are the celebrations of different cultures important?
key areas of investigation
We are investigating:
2.0
How does the family of a culture
different from my own celebrate God’s
faithfulness?
© 2011 Interact Curriculum
11
Jewish Festivals 1
We read of the first celebration of God’s faithfulness in Genesis 8:20, where Noah
built an altar to the Lord after his deliverance from the flood. The Bible outlines many festivals
and celebrations, which the people of Israel were to observe in accordance with God’s
instructions to remember his faithfulness toward them. Research to discover more about what
Jews celebrate today, how and why they do this.
Shabbat
‘Shabbat’ means ___________________. Jews observe this every week from sunset on Friday to
sunset on _________________ . During this time, ______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________.
They do this because _____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________.
Rosh Hashanah
This is ___________________________________________________________________. Jews observe this
___________________________________________. During this time, ______________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________.
They do this because _____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________.
Yom Kippur
This is __________________________________________________________________. Jews observe this
_________________________________________________. During this time, ________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________.
They do this because _____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________.
Days of Awe
This is __________________________________________________________________. Jews observe this
_________________________________________________. During this time, ________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________.
They do this because _____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________.
12
Name:
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Research
Jewish Festivals 1
Hanukkah
This is __________________________________________________________________. Jews observe this
_________________________________________________. During this time, ________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________.
They do this because _____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________.
The Passover
This is __________________________________________________________________. Jews observe this
_________________________________________________. During this time, ________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________.
They do this because _____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________.
Purim
This is __________________________________________________________________. Jews observe this
_________________________________________________. During this time, ________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________.
They do this because _____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________.
Sukkot
This is __________________________________________________________________. Jews observe this
_________________________________________________. During this time, ________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________.
They do this because _____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________.
Tu B’Shevat
This is __________________________________________________________________. Jews observe this
_________________________________________________. During this time, ________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________.
They do this because _____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________.
Name:
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Research
13
Christians Celebrate
Complete the boxes below to summarise your research about a specific celebration
that is observed by Christians everywhere. Use it to describe your findings to others.
Name/s of Celebration:
Purpose of Celebration:
Why this celebration is
important to Christians
everywhere:
Bible verses related to
this celebration:
Method/s of Celebration:
14
Name:
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Research
K
Why are the celebrations of different cultures important?
key areas of investigation
We are investigating:
3.0
What and how have our indigenous
people traditionally celebrated?
© 2011 Interact Curriculum
15
Traditional Celebrations
Before European settlers arrived, the indigenous people of Aotearoa were communal and
celebrated the cycle of life as it related to the growth and harvesting of their crops. The early
Maori used the stars as indicators of the seasons and as signs of what was to come. The
visibility of the stars in the Matariki constellation, seen in late May or early June, were helpful
in forecasting the productivity of the coming crops – bright clear stars indicated warm
weather which was favourable whereas hazy stars foretold a cold growing season. The sighting
of stars in the night sky around the time of the autumn harvest heralded the Maori New Year. In
the far north the rising of Puanga (Rigel) around the end of May was the key, whereas further
south the New Year celebrations were associated with the appearance of Matariki (Pleiades
or the Seven Sisters) and the first new moon after that. Matariki is said to refer to the stars in the
constellation: either mata riki – little eyes, or mata Ariki– the eyes of God.
What did the celebrations of the early Maori reveal about their beliefs? _____________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
New Year celebrations were a time when hapu (family groups) and iwi (tribes) would gather
together to remember the previous year, and particularly those who had died, and also
to give thanks for the season’s harvest. It was also a time to signify new beginnings and in
some cases prayers and offerings were made to ensure good crops in the coming year.
Celebrations would last for three or more days and included times for sharing tribal histories,
whakapapa (genealogies), waiata and moteatea (songs and chants), competitions and of
course feasting.
How did specific aspects of their celebrations reveal Maori values?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
16
Name:
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Research
Maori Celebration Today
Today, Matariki celebrations have been revived as times for community celebrations with
special emphasis on traditional Maori perspective on conservation, Maori culture – telling
the stories and learning about the skills of astronomy, and planting traditional plants and
growing Maori foods.
Why do you think that Matariki celebrations have been revived today?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
In the past, celebration hui (gatherings) were held for tangihanga (funeral observances), in
recognition of alliances between tribes, and/or to signify special events in the life of a person
of note, e.g. a high-ranking birth or marriage. The length of time needed to properly celebrate
an occasion depended on the importance of the participants and also the distance
travelled by the guests. Although the onus fell on the hosts to be generously hospitable, the
whakatauaki, “nau te rourou, naku te rourou; ka ora te manuhiri” (with your basket and with
my basket, everyone will be fed) would often be quoted by the visitors as they contributed
what they could from their storehouses. This practice is replicated today by placing a koha
(usually a monetary gift) on the ground at the end of the whaikorero (speeches) at a powhiri
(welcome ceremony).
How have some traditions of the past been changed or modified?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Describe how the Maori approach to celebration illustrates the value of applying past
knowledge to new experiences.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Name:
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Research
17
Cultural Celebrations
Ceremonies and traditions are a very important part of the lives of our indigenous
people. Summarise your research about a specific celebration that they share by using the
headings below.
'
Name of celebration:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Purpose of celebration
(circle one or more and describe):
To recognise milestones and/or achievements of individuals _______________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
r
To remember events of the past
__________________________________________________________________________________________
To acknowledge a belief or value
__________________________________________________________________________________________
To foster a sense of belonging
H
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Aspects of Celebration:
Sharing music
__________________________________________________________________________________________
n
w
[
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Ceremonial dress and adornment
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Art and craft
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Sharing of food
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
The dedication and use of sacred places
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
18
Name:
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Research
K
Why are the celebrations of different cultures important?
key areas of investigation
We are investigating:
4.0
What can we learn about people from
celebrations?
© 2011 Interact Curriculum
19
Festivals in Ancient Egypt
The people of Ancient Egypt enjoyed many festivals, most of which were accompanied by
lavish food, drink, music and dance. There was nothing better than breaking the routine of life
with a grandiose festival – whether religious or political – to allow both rich and poor to put
away their cares for a day or two, and sometimes longer.
Most celebrations focused on observing the birthday or coronation of different Pharaohs and
queens of Egypt, inviting the favour and possibly the might and power of the gods during
their reign.
Some festivals commemorated significant events of the past. Rameses III established an
annual celebration to honour his victory over the Libyans who had unsuccessfully tried to
invade Egypt.
One festival celebrated the rising of the waters in the River Nile, prior to the flooding of the
banks. The flood was welcomed in Ancient Egypt, as it would leave behind fertile soil for
successful agriculture. If the floods were delayed, young women would be sacrificed into
the river until the waters were seen to rise. Once the flooding began, work was temporarily
suspended in the fields and all the people joined in a dramatic procession honouring
the gods.
From this information, what do you consider to be important values and beliefs of the Ancient
Egyptians?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
For you to do:
Research specific festivals that were celebrated in Ancient Egypt. Identify the purpose of
each celebration, who participated and how this was done. From your research, describe
what this society believed to be true and important.
20
Name:
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Research
Festivals in Ancient Greece
Most of the celebrations in Ancient Greece were focused on the worship of their gods.
These were important occasions because appeasing the gods was, in their minds, crucial to
their survival. For example, the festival of Lycaea was dedicated to the god Pan. They believed he
controlled the woodlands and pastures, and thus was related to fertility and the season of spring.
What does a celebration such as Lycaea tell us about the values and beliefs of people in
Ancient Greece?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Another important celebration of Ancient Greece was the games which were held every
year, that eventually culminated in the Olympic Games, every four years. At these events, the
god of sky and thunder, Zeus, was honoured.
What can we learn about values and beliefs of the people of Ancient Greece from their
celebrations of the Ancient Olympic Games?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Most Greek ceremonies and rituals were performed at altars. Animal sacrifices would often
be made and the burnt flesh eaten, while wine would be offered to the gods. At times these
events would become the scene of drunkenness and feasting.
Sacrificing on altars was a common practice for people of Bible times, but King David knew
that the true God was looking for faithful hearts rather than burnt offerings. Read Psalm 51:1617 and then write it in your own words.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
The ceremony known as Pharmakos in Ancient Greece, involved expelling a symbolic
‘scapegoat’ such as a slave, a cripple or a criminal from the village. This was done during
times of disaster such as famine, invasion or plague, in the hope that the gods would avert
the hardships of life for the inhabitants or bring purification.
What is a scapegoat?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
How did Jesus show himself to be the ultimate sacrifice or scapegoat?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Name:
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Research
21
The Bride and Groom 1
The traditional Jewish wedding celebration demonstrates
many parallels with the Christian’s relationship with God. Read
the Bible verses in the left hand column and describe how
God’s New Covenant with his people is similar to the Jewish
wedding covenant between bride and bridegroom.
Jewish Wedding Covenant
God’s New Covenant
Leaving
John 14:2-3
and goes to the house of the bride-to-be
Jesus left His father’s house to
come to earth
Negotiating a Price
1 Corinthians 6:19-20
The bridegroom leaves his father’s house
The father of the bride and the bridegroom
negotiate a price to be paid for the bride
Bought and Set Apart
Ephesians 5:25-27
The bridegroom pays the price, and the
Romans 1:1
marriage covenant is established. The
couple are recognised as husband and
wife, although they do not live together
Covenant Cup
1 Corinthians 11: 25
The bride and groom drink from a cup that
has been blessed as a symbol of covenant
relationship
Return to Father’s House
John 6: 62
The groom returns to the father’s house to
live for twelve months
22
Name:
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Reason
The Bride and Groom 2
Jewish Wedding Covenant
God’s New Covenant
Preparation
John 14:2-3
The bride prepares for marriage and the
groom prepares the house for the couple. If
asked when the day of the wedding would
be, the groom would reply ‘no man knows
except my father’ because the father had
to be satisfied that everything was ready
before he gave permission for the groom to
go and get his bride
Fetching the Bride
John 14:3
The groom, best man, and another man
friend leave the father’s house at night time
and proceed by torch light to the bride’s
house
Warning Shout
The bride is expecting the arrival of the
groom but doesn’t know the exact time of
1 Thessalonians 4:16
Luke 12:35-37
arrival. The groom precedes his coming with
a shout
Taken to the Father’s House
1 Thessalonians 4:14-17
The groom takes the bride and her female
friends to his father’s house
Celebration Wedding Feast
Revelations 19:6-18
There is a time of great celebration: a
wedding feast
The Marriage
1 Thessalonians 4:17
The bride and groom are married and live
together
Name:
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Reason
23
A Meeting of Cultures
When European settlers migrated to Aotearoa New Zealand, they had to
decide which celebrations to hold onto, which to relinquish and, because they were
not all migrants from the same countries, very few community celebrations were
carried ‘down-under’. The celebration that appears to have been adopted by most
was the 21st birthday. This is probably because it was attainable – everyone who
survived could have a 21st, and it meant that they had survived!
The early missionaries played an important part in teaching the Maori of the
significance of Christian celebrations and in guiding them and the settlers through the
seasons of the church year such as Lent, Easter, Pentecost, Advent and Christmas. For
the Maori converts those gatherings were integral to their newly found faith, whereas
to most of the settlers they were more likely to have been a reminder of ‘the way things
were at home’ – a reminder of their cultural roots.
What kinds of celebrations were familiar to Maori at the time of the European settlement of
our country?
What kinds of celebrations were familiar to the first European settlers who arrived in our
country?
What impact did the meeting of the two cultures have on their beliefs and values, and on
the things they celebrated?
24
Name:
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Reason
Revealing Our Beliefs
Celebrations reveal what people value and believe. Identify some celebrations
that are significant to people of our country, and use the following table to record your
ideas about what that reveals about our values and beliefs.
What is
the celebration
called?
What is
being
celebrated?
Name:
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What
generalisations
could be made
about our values
and beliefs?
Reason
25
Applying My Learning
People who enjoy learning, apply what they have learned to new situations.
They often say things like, “This reminds me of …” or “This is like when …” They use what
they know to make new connections, understand things better, and develop new ideas.
Describe an element of a celebration which you have learned about in this
investigation, that you found particularly interesting and unusual, or very moving and
meaningful.
Describe how you might adapt or develop this idea and apply it to a different
celebration.
26
Name:
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Reason
Cause and Effect
Throughout history, societies have identified reasons to celebrate their relationship to
God or gods, to their environment, to people in the past or present, or to try to ensure their
prosperity in the future. Still today, different cultures around the world observe festivals and
ceremonies as an expression of their beliefs and ideals. While some festivals identify their
dependence on God’s faithfulness, others do not recognise God in the way that we do.
Choose one of the statements below. Circle your choice, and then identify possible
consequences or effects if they were true.
•Therewerenosuchthingasa‘celebration’
•Celebrationsheldnospecificmeaningforparticipants
•Peoplehadtojustifytheirreasoningbehindacelebrationinordertobegranted
permission to hold one or to participate in one
•Christiancelebrationsofanykindwerebanned
•Thisgenerationceasedanyrecognitionoftraditionalcelebrations
•PeopledidnotacknowledgeGod’sfaithfulnesstothem,theirfamily,communityorcountry
Name:
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Reason
27
The Golden Calf
The Bible tells us that we should celebrate things that please God. In the Old Testament,
the children of Israel held a celebration that made God angry. Read about it in Exodus 32
and then answer the following questions:
Why did what they did make God angry?
What actions would have pleased God?
What can we learn from their experience?
What aspects of celebration can people today almost ‘worship’? Give examples of ways in
which our celebrations can end up focusing in wrong directions.
Read Psalm 145:1-7. If you were to begin a tradition that would “commend (God’s) works”
(verse 4) to another generation, and to focus on things that demonstrate God’s faithfulness,
what would it be? How would you encourage others to “celebrate (God’s) abundant
goodness and joyfully sing of (his) righteousness”? (verse 7)
28
Name:
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Reflect
Celebrations and Me
Celebrations are a good way to remind us of God’s faithfulness. How has what
you have learned about people and celebrations, changed how you feel or think, or
what you will do and say in the future? Talk about your learning with a partner, and
then complete these statements.
God has been faithful to me by ___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
When I think about the ways that God has been faithful to me in the past, I feel _____________
_________________________________________________________________________________________ .
Before I learned about the ways people celebrated in her cultures or in past societies, I
thought that _____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________ .
Now I know that __________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Because of God’s faithfulness to me, I am going to _________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________ .
I think that people need to understand why celebrations ___________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________ .
I think that is really important to remember that celebrations show everyone ________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________ .
Name:
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Resolve
29