Hazardous Materials
MCFRS
Annual Re-certification
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Vers 10.3 lrs
MCFR Hazmat Operations
Level Training
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In our organization, we are trained to: NFPA
472 - Standard for Professional Competence
of Responders to Hazardous Material
Incidents
We are trained to operate in the Hazmat
Operations role. This roll allows us to perform
all activities up to the edge of the HOT zone
We can operate at this level in a DEFENSIVE
manner only.
Primary Responsibilities
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Identifying the hazardous material(s) involved
in an incident if possible
Analyzing an incident to determine the nature
and extent of the problem
Protecting first responders, nearby persons,
the environment, and property from the
effects of a release
Primary Responsibilities
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Developing a defensive plan of action to
address the problems presented by the
incident
Implementing the planned response to control
a release from a safe distance and keep it from
spreading
Evaluating the progress of the actions taken to
Hazmat Managing Agencies
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-U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT)
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-Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
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-OSHA
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-Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
Hazmat Incident Response
Levels
Level I – Incident that can be
controlled by first responder/s. No
evacuation necessary beyond initial
site. Small area that poses no
immediate threats to life, property, or
environment. Ex.: auto leaking fuel
Hazmat Incident Response
Levels
Level II- Incident has greater hazard/area
involved than Level I. May pose danger to life,
property, and environment. This incident may
require limited evacuation/protective area of
surrounding sites. Requires the response of a
formal response team. Ex.: Minor accidental
chemical spill at industrial location.
Hazmat Incident Response
Levels
Level III – Incident the poses severe danger
to life, property, and environment. May involve
large scale protective actions etc. Incident will
require federal, state, regional assistance. Ex.:
Large scale train derailment w/numerous
tanker cars on fire.
Routes of Exposure
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Inhalation
Absorption
Ingestion
Penetration/Direct Contact
Injection
Hazardous Material Health
Affects
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The acronym TRACEMP defines
potential health affects:
Thermal
Radiological
Asphyxiation
Corrosive
Etiological
Mechanical
Psychological
Hazmat Exposure Limits
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Threshold Limit Value (TLV) – 8 hrs./24 hr. day
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Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)- 8 hrs./24 hr. day
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Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) – 15 mins./24 hr.
day
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Immediately Dangerous to Life & Health (IDLH) –
Immediate
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This limit represents the maximum concentration from which
an unprotected person can expect to escape in a 30-minute
period of time without suffering irreversible health effects.
Radioactive Material Incidents
Three basic safety measures:
TIME
DISTANCE
SHIELDING
Environmental Emergencies
Heat emergencies: heat cramps,
heat exhaustion, heat stroke
Cold emergencies: frostbite,
hypothermia
Site management: Initial
actions
1.
Establish command
2.
Confirm command
3.
Select incident command post location
4.
Establish staging area as needed
Commercial Occupancies Containing
Hazardous Materials
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Fuel storage
facilities
Gas/service stations
and convenience
stores
Paint supply stores
Plant nurseries,
garden centers, and
agricultural facilities
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Pest control and
lawn care
companies
Medical facilities
Photo processing
laboratories
Dry cleaners
Plastics and hightechnology factories
Site management: Positioning
ALWAYS approach uphill and upwind if
possible
Look for possible clues to the incident
upon approach
Site management: Hazard
Perimeters/Distances/Zones
Establish initial isolation
perimeters/distances as soon as possible.
Establish COLD, WARM, and HOT zones.
Hazard Zones
Site management: Public –
Protect-in-Place/Evacuation
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Shelter-in Place – have areas affected turn
off all HVAC, close windows etc., turn off
exhaust fans etc. Stay in-doors in-place
listening via radio or TV for instructions.
Evacuation- have affected areas physically
move to safe specific location. Remember
factors such as ability to disseminate info,
time involved, population at risk, routes of
travel etc.
Hazmat Identification Methods
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Seven primary clues:
Shipping papers or documents
Container shapes/types
Placards/labels
Detection equipment
Markings/colors
Type of occupancy/location
Senses
Sources for Names of Haz Mat
at transportation Incidents
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ERG
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Shipping papers
Shipping Paper Identification
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Air transport
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Shipping paper name — Air bill
Location of shipping paper — Cockpit
Responsible party — Pilot
Highway transport
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Shipping paper name — Bill of lading
Location of shipping paper — Vehicle cab
Responsible party — Driver
Shipping Paper Identification
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Rail transport
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Shipping paper name — Waybill/consist
Location of shipping paper — Engine or caboose
Responsible party — Conductor
Water transport
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Shipping paper name — Dangerous cargo
manifest
Location of shipping paper — Bridge or pilothouse
Responsible party — Captain or master
North American Railroad
Tank Car Markings
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Initials (reporting marks)
and number
 Are stenciled on both
sides (to the left when
facing the car) and both
ends (upper center) of
the tank car tank
 Can be used to get
information about the
car’s contents from the
railroad’s computer or
the shipper
North American Railroad
Tank Car Markings
Capacity stencils — Show the
olume of the tank car tank
 Volume in gallons (and
sometimes liters) is stenciled
on both ends of the car under
the car’s initials and number
 Volume in pounds (and
sometimes kilograms) is
stenciled on the sides of the
car under the car’s initials and
number
North American Railroad
Tank Car Markings
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Specification markings
 Indicate the standards
to which a tank car was
built
 Are stenciled on both
sides of the tank, on the
opposite end from the
initials and number
Rail Tank Cars
Pressure tank car
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Contents: Flammable,
nonflammable, and
poison gases as well
as flammable liquids
Rail Tank Cars
Without expansion dome
With expansion dome
Non-pressure tank car
 Contents:
Flammable liquids,
flammable solids,
reactive liquids,
reactive solids,
oxidizers, organic
peroxides, poisons,
irritants, corrosive
materials, and
similar products
Cargo Tank Trucks
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Non-pressure liquid tank (MC306)
Low-pressure chemical tank (MC307)
Corrosive liquid tank (MC312)
High-pressure tank (MC331)
Cryogenic liquid tank (MC338, MC306)
Compressed-gas/tube trailer
Dry bulk cargo tanker
Equipment That May Indicate
Hazardous Materials Presence
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Loading/unloading
facilities
Forklifts
Dollies and hand
trucks
Booms
A-frames
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Ramps
Assorted riggings
Loading docks
Fume hood vents
or chemical
exhaust stacks
Spray rigs
Limitations of Using Senses to Detect
Hazardous Materials
ll but vision require close contact with hazardous
material in order to hear, smell, taste, or feel it.
WARNING
Deliberately using the human senses
to detect the presence of hazardous
materials is both unreliable and
Hazmat Identification
Methods: Non-bulk Packages
Non-bulk package: contains solids, liquids, or
gases per DOT definitions
Liquids: capacity 119 gals. (450 liters) or less
Solids: net mass of 882 lbs. (400 kg) or less for
solids, or capacity of 119 gals. (450 liters) or less.
Gases: water capacity of 1001 lbs (454 kg) or less
Hazmat Identification
Methods: Non-bulk Packages
Transportation container types for
non-bulk materials may include:
Bottles, carboys, jerricans,
cylinders, boxes, barrels, bags,
drums etc.
Characteristics of DOT Labels
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Provide same information as vehicle placards
Are posted on packages
Are 3.9-inch (100 mm), square-on-point
diamonds, that (with the exception of Class 7
labels) may or may not have written text
Require subsidiary risk labels for materials
that meet the definition of more than one
hazard class
Manufacturer’s Labels
and Signal Words
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Must be used by chemical
manufacturers and importers
Must include one of four signal words if
for consumer use:
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CAUTION — Minor health effects
WARNING — Moderate hazards
DANGER — Highest degree of hazard
POISON — Highly toxic (pesticides)
Manufacturer’s Labels
and Signal Words
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Must include specific information:
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Name and business address of the
manufacturer, packer, distributor, or seller
Name of each hazardous ingredient
Statement of the principal hazard
Precautionary statements
Instructions for first-aid treatment
Instructions for special handling or storage
Statement “Keep out of the reach of
Hazmat Identification
Methods: Bulk Packages
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Bulk package- any packaging to include
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Liquids: capacity greater than 119 gals. (450
liters)
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transports vehicles which meet DOT
definitions:
Solids: net mass greater than 882 lbs. (400
kg) for solids, or capacity greater than 119
gals (450 liters)
Gases: water capacity greater than 1001 lbs.
Hazmat Identification
Methods: Bulk Packages
Transportation containers for bulk
materials may include any of the
following:
Bulk bags/boxes, cargo tanks, van
trailers, rail cars, inter-modals etc.
Hazmat Identification
Methods: Bulk Packages
Bulk packages may be identified using
placards or markers.
Placards are used in transportation.
Markers such as NFPA 704 are used
only on permanent facilities.
DOT Hazard Classes/Divisions
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Class 1 – Explosives (Divisions 1.1–1.6)
Class 2 - Gases - flammable/non-
flammable/toxic (Divisions 2.1-2.3)
Class 3 - Flammable liquids (and Combustible
Liquids)
Class 4 - Flammable solids, Spontaneously
Combustible Materials, Dangerous When Wet,
and Water Reactive Materials (Divisions 4.14.3)
DOT Hazard Classes/Divisions
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Class 5 – Oxidizing Substances/Organic
Peroxides (Divisions 5.1-2)
Class 6 – Toxins/Infectious Substances
(Divisions 6.1-2)
Class 7 – Radioactive Materials
Class 8 – Corrosive Substances
Class 9 – Miscellaneous Hazardous
materials/Products, Substances, Organisms
*All classifications and associated
divisions can be found via (Hazard
Parts of a DOT Placard
Background
Color
Hazard
Symbol
Diamond shaped
Digit ID Number,
or Hazard
ass Designation
Hazard Class Number
DOT Placard Color Codes
Explosive
Health Hazard
Oxidizer
Flammable
Water Reactive
Nonflammable Gas
DOT Symbols
Explosive
Poison
Oxidizer
Radioactive
Corrosive
Flammable
Nonflammable
Gas
Specialized Systems for
Hazardous Materials Include:
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NFPA 704
Common hazardous communications
labels
International Organization for
Standardization (ISO)
Globally harmonized system
Military markings
NFPA 704
Flammability
Health
Instability
NFPA 704
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Provides a method for indicating the
presence of hazardous materials at:
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Commercial facilities
Manufacturing facilities
Institutional facilities
Other fixed-storage facilities
NFPA 704
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Not designed for the following
situations:
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Transportation
General public use
Non-emergency occupational exposures
Explosive and blasting agents
Chronic health hazards
Etiologic agents, and other similar hazards
Hazard Communication
Symbols
Biological
Chemical
Nuclear/
Radiological
Carcinogen/
Cancer
U.S. Military Fire
Division Symbols
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Division 1: Mass explosion
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May also be used for Division 5:
Mass Explosion — Very insensitive
explosives
Division 2: Explosion with
fragment hazard
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May also be used for Division 6:
Non-mass Explosion — Extremely
insensitive ammunition
U.S. Military Fire
Division Symbols
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Division 3: Mass fire
Division 4: Moderate fire -No
blast
U.S. Military Hazardous
Chemical Markings
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Wear full protective clothing
(Set One) “Red You’re Dead”
Wear full protective clothing
(Set Two) “Yellow You’re
Mellow”
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Wear full protective clothing
(Set Three) “White is Bright”
U.S. Military Hazardous
Chemical Markings
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Wear Breathing Apparatus
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Apply No Water
Pipeline Identification
red where a pipeline crosses
her mode of transportation!
Signal words
Product
Owner
Emergency
telephone
number
2008 Emergency Response
Guidebook
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The Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG) is
primarily a guide to aid 1st responders in quickly
identifying the specific or generic hazards of
materials involved in and emergency incident on a
highway or railroad.
It helps them protect themselves and the public
during the initial response phase of the incident.
The ERG does not address all possible circumstances
that may be associated with a dangerous goods/
hazardous materials incident.
2008 Emergency Response
Guidebook
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Explosives are not listed individually but appear
under the general heading Explosives on the first
page of the ID Number Index and alphabetically in
the Name of Material index.
The letter P following the Guide number in the
yellow-bordered and blue-bordered pages identifies
those materials that present a polymerization hazard
under certain conditions.
First responders should be familiar with the
ERG before using it in an emergency!
Methods for Determining the ERG Page
for a Hazardous Material
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Using the numerical index for UN/NA ID
numbers
Using the alphabetical index for chemical
names
Using the Table of Placards and Initial
Response Guides
ERG ID Number Index
(Yellow-Bordered Pages)
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Index hazardous materials in
numerical order of their 4-digit ID
numbers
Follow ID number with material’s
assigned ERG Guide number followed
by the material’s name
Highlight substances that release toxic
inhalation hazard (TIH) gases
ERG Material Name Index
(Blue-Bordered Pages)
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Alphabetically index hazardous
materials by name
Follow the material’s name with the
ERG Guide number and the material’s
4-digit ID number
Highlight substances that release toxic
inhalation hazard (TIH) gases
Initial Action Guides
(Orange-Bordered Pages)
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Provide safety recommendations
and general hazard information
Present each guide in a two-page
format
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Potential hazards section
Public safety section
Emergency response section
Table of Initial Isolation Distances
(Green-Bordered Pages)
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List TIH materials by ID number in
Table of Initial Isolation and Protective
Action Distances
Include water-reactive materials
that produce toxic gases in Table of
Water-Reactive TIH Materials
Initial Isolation Distance
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Distance within which all persons are
considered for evacuation in all
directions from the actual spill/leak
source
Table of Initial Isolation
Distances
Protective Action Distance
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A downwind distance from a spill/leak
source within which protective actions
should be implemented (steps taken to
preserve the health and safety of
emergency responders and the public)
Protective Action Zone
Small Spills vs. Large Spills
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Small spill —A spill that involves less
than 53 gallons (200 liters) of material.
Large spill — A spill that involves a spill
from a large package, or multiple spills
from many small packages
Elements of the General Hazardous
Material Behavior Model
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Stress
Breach
Release
Dispersion/engulfment
Exposure/contact
Harm
Timeframes Associated with
Exposure and Contact
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Immediate — Milliseconds, seconds
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Short-term — Minutes, hours
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Medium-term — Days, weeks, months
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Long-term — Years, generations
Standard Strategic Goals
of Haz Mat Incidents
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Isolation
Notification
Identification
Protection
Spill control
Leak control
Fire control
Confinement
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Controlling the product that has already been
released from its container
Function — Minimizes the amount of contact
the product makes with people, property, and
the environment
Tactics
 Absorption
 Adsorption
 Blanketing/covering
 Dam, dike, diversion, and retention
 Vapor suppression
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Leak Control/Containment
Tactics
Patching/plugging
Overpacking
Product transfer
Crimping
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Valve actuation
Vacuuming
Pressure isolation
and reduction
Solidification
Hazards Encountered Due to Skin Contact
with Hazardous Materials
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Chemical burns
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Allergic reactions
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Rashes
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Absorption of toxic materials into the
Types of PPE Used
at Haz-Mat Incidents
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Structural firefighting protective
clothing
High-temperature
protective clothing
Chemical-protective
clothing
 Liquid-splash
protective
clothing
 Vapor-protective
clothing
Chemical Protective
Clothing
A Classification System
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Level A
Level B
Level C
Level D
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These levels are also recognized by
NIOSH, OSHA, and USCG.
EPA Level A Ensemble
Components
 Vapor protective suit
 Pressure-demand, full-face SCBA
 Inner chemical-resistant gloves
 Chemical-resistant safety boots
 Two-way radio communication
 Cooling system (optional)
 Hard hat (optional)
 Outer gloves (optional)
EPA Level B Ensemble
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Components
 SCBA required with a
splash protective
garment
 Vapor protection not
required
 Chemical protective gloves
may not be attached to the
suit
EPA Level C Ensemble
Components
 Support Function Protective
Garment
 Full-facepiece, air-purifying, canisterequipped respirator
 Chemical-resistant gloves and safety
boots
 Two-way communications system
 Hard hat
 Faceshield (optional)
 Escape SCBA (optional)
EPA Level D Ensemble
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Components
 Ordinary work clothing
 Minimal Skin Protection
 Requires no respiratory protection
 Level D protection is not adequate for
first responders
Types of Respiratory
Protection
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Atmosphere-supplying respirators
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Closed-circuit SCBA
Open-circuit SCBA
Supplied-air respirators (SARs)
Air-purifying respirators (APRs)
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Particulate removing
Vapor and gas removing
Combination particulate and vapor-and-gas
Contamination Terms
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Exposure — The process by which
people, animals, the environment, and
equipment are subjected to or actually
come in contact with a hazardous
material
Hazard — The harm that can be done
by a material
Types of Contamination
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Primary
 The direct transfer of a hazardous material
to persons, equipment, and the
environment
 Occurs in the hot zone because of direct
contact with a hazardous material
Types of Contamination
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Secondary
 The contamination of people, of equipment, or the
environment outside the hot zone
 The contaminant is carried from the hot zone by
personnel’s clothing or tools, air currents, and
runoff water.
 If personnel are not decontaminated before
leaving the hot zone, they can contaminate
whomever and whatever they touch thereafter.
Contamination Terms
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Contamination — The process of transferring a
hazardous material from its source to people,
animals, the environment, or equipment
Decontamination
 The process of removing hazardous materials to
prevent the spread of contaminants beyond a
specific area and reduce the level of
contamination to levels that are no longer harmful
 Is performed when a victim, responder, animal, or
equipment leaves the hot zone
Criminal and Terrorist Incident
Response
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Essentially the same as other haz mat
incidents
Law enforcement
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Must be notified
Must be included
Responsible for evidence collection
Elements of Terrorism
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Terrorist activities are illegal and
involve the use of force.
Actions intend to intimidate or
coerce.
Actions are committed in support of
political or social objectives.
Categories of Terrorist
Incidents
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Biological
Nuclear
Incendiary
Chemical
Explosive
SLUDGEM
e acronym SLUDGEM is used to
member chemical agent health
blems:
Salivation (drooling)
Lacrimation (tearing)
Urination
Defecation
Gastrointestinal
upset/aggravation (cramping)
Emesis (vomiting)
Miosis (pinpointed pupils) or
Muscular twitching/spasms
2008 ERG pages 355-357
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Criminal/Terrorist use of
Chemical/Biological/Radiological Agents
Can be found in the case of a terrorist
incident
Guidelines for
Preserving Evidence
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Remember and document when
something was touched or moved
Minimize the number of people working
in the area, if possible
Leave fatalities and their surroundings
undisturbed
Identify witnesses, victims, and the
presence of evidence
Guidelines for
Preserving Evidence
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Preserve potentially transient physical
evidence
Follow departmental procedures for
establishing chain of custody,
documentation, and security measures
to store crime scene evidence
Sources
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Hildebrand, Noll, Yvorra, Hazardous
Materials:Managing the Incident 3rd.
Edition, Redhat Publishing Company,
Inc., copyright 2005
Copley, Terry, Hazardous Materials For
First Responders 3rd. Edition, Board of
Regents, OSU, copyright 2004
2008 Emergency Response Guidebook