2011 AICP Review Course
FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE
HOUSING & COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
April 2011
Lucy Vandenberg, AICP
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE -­‐ HOUSING & COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Functional Areas of Practice [25%]
A. Natural resources and environmental quality H. Economic development and revitalization plans B. Land use I.
Historic preservation C.
J.
Urban design Infrastructure (e.g., water, sewer, power, telecommunications) D. Energy L.
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Public services (e.g., public safety, education, human services) F.
Transportation G. Recreation MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW K. Housing Neighborhood issues M. Rural and small town planning N. Comprehensive planning O. Community Development FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE -­‐ HOUSING & COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Housing in the United States
• 31% of households are in central cities • 31% in suburbs • 38% in rural areas • 66% of all U.S. households are homeowners, 34% are renters • Avg. size of a new home has increase by 50% since 1970 • Avg. household size has decreased by one person since 1970 • Annually 33% of new single family housing are manufactured homes MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE -­‐ HOUSING & COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT History of Housing
• The New York City Tenement House Law of 1867 (i.e., the “Old Law”) • The New York City Tenement House Law of 1901 (i.e., the “New Law”) • Public Works Administration (PWA), 1934 MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE -­‐ HOUSING & COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT History of Housing
• Housing Act of 1934 • Housing Act of 1937 • Housing Act of 1949 • Housing Act of 1954 • Housing Act of 1959 • Housing Act of 1961 • Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965 MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE -­‐ HOUSING & COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT History of Housing
• The Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act of 1966 • Civil Rights Act of 1968 • Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968 • Intergovernmental Cooperation Act of 1968 MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE -­‐ HOUSING & COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT History of Housing
• Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 • National Manufactured Housing Construction and Safety Act of 1974 • Housing and Community Development Act of 1977 • National Affordable Housing Act of 1990 MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE -­‐ HOUSING & COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Important People in Housing
• Jane Addams • Jacob Riis • Lawrence Veiller • Mary Simkhovitch • Catherine Bauer Wurster MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE -­‐ HOUSING & COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Role of Federal Government In Housing
• Federal regulation of financial institutions protects a line of credit for housing. • The Federal Home Loan Bank system provides credit to and regulates federal savings and loan associations. • Federal quasi-­‐public agencies buy mortgages from original lenders then sell them as “pass-­‐through securities.” – Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA) – Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA) MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE -­‐ HOUSING & COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Role of Federal Government In Housing
• The Farmers Home Administration is a major source of loans for rural housing and community development. • Income taxes deductions allowed for mortgage interest and property taxes cost the government far more than all of its expenditures for low and moderate income housing. MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE -­‐ HOUSING & COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Role of State Government In Housing
• Almost all states have housing finance agencies. • Many states have consumer protection and anti-­‐discrimination laws. • Many states have building codes. • Most states regulate and/or license congregate housing and group homes. • First-­‐time homebuyer affordable housing programs, allowing proceeds from revenue bonds to provide first mortgage loans at below market rates MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE -­‐ HOUSING & COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Role of Local Government In Housing
• Since the Housing Act of 1937, local governments and housing authorities have borne the major responsibility for actually providing housing. • Local governments regulate housing through zoning, subdivision, consumer protection, anti-­‐discrimination, building, and housing ordinances. • Local governments provide most of the infrastructure and services needed to build a community. • Some local governments finance their own housing subsidies through federal assistance, bonds, or appropriations. MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE -­‐ HOUSING & COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Components of Housing Element
• Housing Market Analysis – Household Compositions/ Demographics changes – Vacancies • Identify relevant issues in the community • Gathering and analysis of data • Identify objectives MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE -­‐ HOUSING & COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Dynamics of Housing
Three interrelated components: • Supply • Demand • Finance MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE -­‐ HOUSING & COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Housing Issues and Trends
• Affordability • Inclusionary Zoning • Fee-­‐in-­‐lieu • Group homes • Transitional housing/Halfway homes • Continuum of care • Accessory dwelling units • Adaptive reuse • Low-­‐Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) • Non-­‐Profit Housing •
Homeless Assistance MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE -­‐ HOUSING & COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Community Development
Goals of community development: –
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Facilitate local economic growth Provide a variety of services Mix of incomes Improved access to employment Alternative modes of transportation Increased supply of affordable housing Improved safety through design MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE -­‐ HOUSING & COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Community Input and Organizations
• Active Citizen Groups • Community Development Corporations (CDCs) MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE -­‐ HOUSING & COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Issues and Trends
• Sustainable or “Livable” Communities/ New Urbanism • Defensible Space/ Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) • Safe Routes to School • Institutional Planning • Food System Planning MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE -­‐ HOUSING & COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Rural and Small Town Planning
• Understanding that planning issues differ from urban areas • Legal Issues – Coming to the nuisance – Right to Farm Laws MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE -­‐ HOUSING & COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Rural and Small Town Planning
Other Issues –
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Declining farm/rural population Aging population Decline in rural manufacturing Metro-­‐farms Increased commuting distances Sanitary concerns with feedlots/animal farms Infrastructure (i.e. well and septic) MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE -­‐ HOUSING & COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT