Name: _______________________________________________
Date: __________
Answer the following question(s) on the back of this paper or on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Explain the roles played by each of the following documents during the struggle for American
independence: the Olive Branch Petition, Common Sense, and the Declaration of Independence.
2. What are some of the ideals that Americans fought for during the Revolutionary War? In what ways did
American society reflect these ideals after the war, and in what ways did it fail to live up to them?
In each set below, three choices accurately complete the sentence and one does not. Write the letter of the
choice that does not accurately complete the sentence.
____ 3. The Alien and Sedition Acts
A. decreased the residence requirement for American citizenship to five years.
B. were crafted by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.
C. aimed to penalize those expressing "false, scandalous, and malicious statements" against the
government.
D. were strongly supported by the Democratic-Republicans.
Answer the following question(s) on the back of this paper or on a separate sheet of paper. (10 points each)
4. Why did the Antifederalists insist upon the inclusion of a bill of rights in the Constitution? What problems
with the Constitution did the Bill of Rights solve?
Think About:
-Antifederalists' beliefs about the role of the federal government
-the Federalists' sympathy with wealthy elite
-the Antifederalists' sympathy with common people
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5. Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson brilliantly and aggressively argued over very different visions
of what America should be. Do you think their conflict helped or hurt the developing nation? Explain your
answer.
Think About:
-importance of a strong central government
-importance of protecting the rights of the individual
-value of hearing different points of view
-importance of placing personal visions second to the good of the nation
Choose the letter of the best answer. (4 points each)
____ 6. The result of Shays's Rebellion was to demonstrate that
A. the government set up by the Articles of Confederation was ineffective.
B. the government could function effectively in a time of crisis.
C. individual states had too much power.
D. citizens will always protest new taxes.
Answer the following question(s) on the back of this paper or on a separate sheet of paper.
7. Why do you think Article 1 of the Constitution, which defines the power of the legislature, is long and
detailed?
8. Do you think the Bill of Rights was a necessary addition to the Constitution? Why or why not?
9. The U.S. government is based on a system of checks and balances. Describe some of the checks and
balances and discuss why the framers might have created such a government.
Think About:
- the Articles of Confederation
- the powers of the House of Representatives, the Senate, and the president
- the powers of the judiciary branch
New Test.tgt, Version: 1
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Answer each question on the lines provided. (5 points each)
10. How is it possible for a president to be elected without the majority of the popular vote?
Answer the following question(s) on the back of this paper or on a separate sheet of paper. (10 points each)
11. Evaluate the changes that occurred in the lives of African Americans during Reconstruction. What gains
and setbacks did they experience? What positive and negative effects did Reconstruction policies have?
Do you believe the federal government took the right approach in dealing with the South after the war?
Think About:
- what life was like for Southern blacks after the war
- attitudes of Southern whites during Reconstruction
- disagreements between Congress and President Johnson about Reconstruction
12. What are some of the main reasons that the North won the Civil War?
Think About:
- advantages the North had before and during the war
- the military plan used by the North and whether it was successful
- whether other countries supported either side
Select the letter of the term, name, or phrase that best matches each description. Note: Some letters may not
be used at all. Some may be used more than once.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
Vicksburg
Gettysburg
Appomattox
Robert E. Lee
John Wilkes Booth
Chancellorsville
Ulysses S. Grant
Jefferson Davis
Gettysburg Address
William Tecumseh Sherman
Thirteenth Amendment
1864 presidential election
____ 13. His Confederate forces were defeated at the Battle of Gettysburg.
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Select the letter of the term, name, or phrase that best completes the statement.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
O.
secession
Dred Scott
John Brown
Harpers Ferry
Harriet Tubman
Jefferson Davis
Abraham Lincoln
Fugitive Slave Act
Stephen A. Douglas
Harriet Beecher Stowe
popular sovereignty
Underground Railroad
Compromise of 1850
Confederacy
Kansas-Nebraska Act
____ 14. Uncle Tom's Cabin, a novel by ___, provokes increased protests against the ___, under which
runaway slaves were denied a trial by jury and persons convicted of aiding them would be fined
and imprisoned.
Answer the following question(s) on the back of this paper or on a separate sheet of paper.
15. Immigration and Migration. Describe the positive and negative effects of immigration and migration
during the early history of the United States. In your answer, consider the following groups of people:
- the earliest people to populate the Americas
- European settlers after 1492
- Native Americans
- African Americans
- immigrants from Asia
- Americans who migrated west in wagon trains
16. Why do you think Theodore Roosevelt is counted among America's greatest presidents? Give at least
three reasons.
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Select the letter of the term, name, or phrase that best matches each description. Note: Some letters may not
be used at all. Some may be used more than once.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
NAACP
Elkins Act
The Jungle
Square Deal
conservation
Upton Sinclair
W. E. B. Du Bois
Meat Inspection Act
Sherman Antitrust Act
Theodore Roosevelt
1902 coal miners' strike
Pure Food and Drug Act
____ 17. At 42 years old, he was the youngest president ever elected.
Choose the letter of the best answer. (4 points each)
____ 18. Which of the following best states the primary goal of prohibitionists?
A. to eliminate the sale of alcohol to minors
B. to eliminate the use of alcohol in society
C. to reduce accidents in the workplace
D. to reduce the availability of alcohol to minors
____ 19. Which statement best characterizes Roosevelt's position on trusts?
A. Some trusts were harmful to the public interest.
B. All trusts should be busted.
C. Trusts were of benefit to the public interest.
D. Trusts were legal and could not be abolished.
Answer the following question(s) on the back of this paper or on a separate sheet of paper.
20. Choose one of the reform movements discussed in this chapter. Explain the goals of the movement,
identify the people and groups involved in it, and identify some of its successes.
Select the letter of the term, name, or phrase that best matches each description. Note: Some letters may not
be used at all. Some may be used more than once.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
Cuba
José Martí
San Juan Hill
U.S.S. Maine
Rough Riders
de Lôme letter
George Dewey
Philippine islands
yellow journalism
William McKinley
General Valeriano Weyler
____ 21. This volunteer cavalry unit fought in a famous land battle near Santiago, Cuba.
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Answer the following question(s) on the back of this paper or on a separate sheet of paper.
22. Identify two people, ideas, or events that helped to ignite the Spanish-American-Cuban War. Explain the
role they played.
Select the letter of the term, name, or phrase that best matches each description. Note: Some letters may not
be used at all. Some may be used more than once.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
Panama Canal
John J. Pershing
dollar diplomacy
Woodrow Wilson
Theodore Roosevelt
Roosevelt Corollary
Mexican Revolution
Venustiano Carranza
missionary diplomacy
Francisco "Pancho" Villa
____ 23. During his presidency, the United States and Mexico came close to war.
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Using the exhibit, choose the letter of the best answer. (4 points each)
____ 24. Who holds the key to the door?
A. a French general
B. Teddy Roosevelt
C. a Chinese man
D. Uncle Sam
Choose the letter of the best answer. (4 points each)
____ 25. Who told the artist Frederic Remington, "You furnish the pictures and I'll furnish the war"?
A. José Martí
B. Teddy Roosevelt
C. William McKinley
D. William Randolph Hearst
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Answer the following question(s) on the back of this paper or on a separate sheet of paper. (10 points each)
26. What happened as a result of U.S. imperialism in Cuba, the Philippines, and Hawaii?
Think About:
- how the United States gained control over the countries
- how the United States treated the native peoples of each country
- how the native peoples reacted to the United States
If the statement is true, write "true" on the line. If it is false, change the underlined word or words to make it true.
(4 points each)
__________ 27.
The Panama Canal was built on land that had previously been controlled by Nicaragua.
Answer the following question(s) on the back of this paper or on a separate sheet of paper. (10 points each)
28. How was U.S. imperialism in the early 1900s similar to the concept of "manifest destiny" that was popular
during the 1800s? How was it different?
Think About:
- the goals of both
- the actions taken to achieve both
- the results of both
Choose the letter of the best answer. (4 points each)
____ 29. The Boxer Rebellion was an attempt by Chinese revolutionaries to
A. restore the Manchu dynasty to power.
B. remove foreign influence from China.
C. set up a democratic government in China.
D. set up a Communist government in China.
____ 30. The Open Door Policy was designed as a way for the United States to further
A. its trade interests.
B. its desires to annex foreign nations.
C. international diplomacy.
D. the establishment of democratic governments.
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Answer Sheet
1. Complete answers should include the following points:
The Olive Branch Petition was the last, desperate attempt by the colonists to reconcile with Britain. King
George's rejection of the Olive Branch Petition undoubtedly helped to convince many colonists that efforts
to reconcile were hopeless and that the king was bent on punishing the colonists. Common Sense helped
to convince many colonists that King George was a tyrant, that it was time for independence, and that
independence would improve the lives of the colonists. The Declaration of Independence formally stated
the colonists' reasons for declaring independence, helping them to justify to themselves and to the world
the drastic actions they were taking.
2. Complete answers should include the following points:
Americans fought to defend various individual freedoms and their natural rights to life, liberty, and the
pursuit of happiness. After the war, the blurring of class distinctions stirred a rise in egalitarianism and a
new idea: ability, effort, and virtue-not wealth or family-define one's worth. This idea of egalitarianism,
however, applied only to white males. African Americans, whether enslaved or free, faced oppression,
white women had few political rights, and American settlers continued to move onto Native American
lands.
3. C. aimed to penalize those expressing "false, scandalous, and malicious statements" against the
government.
4. Complete answers should recognize the following points: Antifederalists feared that without a bill of rights,
the Constitution would not protect the rights of the people or of the states, making the federal government
too powerful. Federalists placed their trust in a wealthy, powerful elite to govern fairly, while Antifederalists
believed that a bill of rights was the only way to guarantee fair treatment of a wider range of people.
5. Complete answers should recognize the following points: Hamilton represented the need for a strong
central government that could deal with problems facing the new nation in both foreign and domestic
affairs. Jefferson represented the need to protect the freedom and rights of the individual from the tyranny
of government. Both views were critically important. Washington and his advisors were blazing a trail. They
needed to consider their options fully before taking action. Having such articulate advocates of different
points of view helped ensure that decisions were thoughtful and not made in haste. Their conflict paved the
way for the airing of differing opinions that has continued through the years and has helped keep the nation
vital. Some students may feel that the Hamilton-Jefferson conflict hurt the nation. The two men should
have tried harder to compromise and work out their differences. Instead, they created divisions between
people that continue today.
6. A. the government set up by the Articles of Confederation was ineffective.
7. Complete answers should include the following points: Article 1 deals with the legislative branch of the
federal government. The Framers of the Constitution wanted to stress the fact that the government was
representative of the people. The legislative branch of the government is most directly responsible to the
people. The Framers wanted to define and limit the powers of both the federal government and the states.
8. Students who feel that the Bill of Rights was a necessary addition could note such reasons as the following:
These ten amendments outline some of Americans' most precious freedoms and provide guarantees that
they will be retained. Without the promise of such amendments, several states would not have ratified the
Constitution, which could have resulted in disaster. Students who do not feel that the Bill of Rights was a
necessary addition should provide reasonable support for this conclusion.
9. Complete answers should include the following points: Under the Articles of Confederation, the national
government lacked the power to tax and to enforce laws, and there was no national court system. By
creating the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government, the framers expanded the powers
of the national government while limiting its authority. The House, the Senate, and the president all serve
vital purposes in the government, first and foremost to represent the citizens who elect them. By making
the president answer to the Senate and House, and vice versa, the framers ensured that no one person or
political body would gain too much control. The power of the judiciary branch to review laws for
constitutionality provides another check on the executive and legislative branches.
New Test.tgt, Version: 1
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10.
If a presidential candidate wins several populous states by a narrow margin, he or she receives the entire
electoral college vote. This can translate into a candidate's receiving the majority electoral vote, which
ultimately determines the presidency, even if another candidate wins a majority of the popular vote.
11.
Complete answers should recognize the following points: Positive changes for African Americans during
Reconstruction were mainly political: They gained the right of citizenship through the Fourteenth
Amendment and the right to vote through the Fifteenth Amendment. Also, for the first time, African
Americans held local, state, and federal offices. Economically, however, their lot did not improve much.
They did not have money to buy land, so most became sharecroppers, still poor and dependent on white
landowners. Socially, they faced discrimination and violence from Southern vigilantes, both of which kept
them from voting. However, they also formed community organizations to help improve their lives.
President Johnson's lenient policy toward the South helped unreformed Southerners regain power and
did little for blacks. By 1866, however, the Radical Republicans in Congress were defining
Reconstruction policies. They passed the two amendments named above and started a public program
to help African Americans, the Freedmen's Bureau. Students may say the government should have done
more to help blacks get on their feet economically and clamp down on white terrorist groups.
12.
Complete answers will recognize the following points: The North's advantages included a larger
population, more men of fighting age, greater industrial capacity, greater food production, and more
extensive railroads. The North was also aided by the many wartime difficulties experienced in the South,
such as high prices and shortages of food. The North carried off its plan of cutting off Southern ports,
dividing the Confederacy in two, and taking the capital of Richmond. Near the end of the war, the North
adopted a strategy of total war that effectively demoralized the South. Great Britain, no longer dependent
on Southern cotton, remained neutral during the war.
13.
D. Robert E. Lee
14.
H. Fugitive Slave Act
J. Harriet Beecher Stowe
15.
Complete answers should include the following points: The first people to populate the America's
migrated from Asia by way of a land bridge. These people's descendents spread throughout North and
South America, creating diverse cultures and civilizations. European setters from 1492 on brought their
own cultural traditions to America, in the process eliminating many Native American groups and their
ways of life. Europeans also brought millions of Africans to America as slaves. African Americans
contributed greatly to American culture, drawing from their African roots as well as on their experiences
in America. Europeans incorporated Enlightenment ideals in the creation of a new nation. Immigrants
from all over Europe, as well as from Africa and Asia, helped build and settle the United States. Chinese
workers helped build railroads that connected the east and east coasts of the young nation, and
European settlers moved west in wagon trains. Each group contributed to the unique "mosaic" culture of
the United States.
16.
Complete answers should include the following points: Roosevelt used federal power to push legislation
that ensured common Americans a "Square Deal." Instead of calling in troops, as previous presidents
had done, Roosevelt forced mine owners to negotiate with coal miners in the 1902 strike. Roosevelt set
aside hundreds of thousands of acres of forest reserves, water-power sites, wildlife preserves, and
national parks.
17.
J. Theodore Roosevelt
18.
B. to eliminate the use of alcohol in society
19.
A. Some trusts were harmful to the public interest.
20.
Complete answers should include any one of the following points:
a. The main goal of the social reform movement was to improve the lives of the poor. It included the YMCA,
Salvation Army, and Florence Kelley. Its successes included establishment of a variety of public
institutions such as parks and settlement houses, as well as passage of the Illinois Factory Act.
New Test.tgt, Version: 1
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b. The main goal of the moral reform movement was to improve the lives of the poor. It included the
Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Frances Willard, and the Anti-Saloon League. Its main success
involved adoption of prohibition by many town and state governments.
c. The main goal of the economic reform movement was to reform capitalism or to replace it with socialism.
It included Eugene V. Debs, the American Socialist Party, and muckrakers such as Ida B. Tarbell. Its
successes included public exposure of corruption.
d. The main goal of the industrial efficiency movement was to make industry and business more efficient
or profitable. It included Frederick Winslow Taylor, Henry Ford, and Ford Motor. Its successes included
widespread adoption of the theory of scientific management, the Ford assembly line, and the "Five Dollar
Day."
e. The main goal of the movement to reform local government was to root out corruption and to make
government more responsive to the needs of its citizens. It included city mayors Hazen Pingree and Tom
Johnson. Its successes included widespread adoption of the commission and council-manager forms of
government and property tax reforms.
f. The main goal of the movement to reform state government was to root out corruption and to make
government more responsive to the needs of its citizens. Its leaders included Robert M. La Follette. Its
successes included Wisconsin laws that managed to regulate the railroads.
g. The goals of the movement to protect workers included obtaining better working conditions and
benefits for adult workers and outlawing child labor. It included the National Child Labor Committee,
Louis Brandeis, and Florence Kelley. Its successes included passage of the Keating-Owen Act and
workers' compensation laws and the Muller v. Oregon and Bunting v. Oregon decisions.
h. The goals of the election reform movement were to root out corruption and to make government more
responsive to the needs of its citizens. It included William S. U'Ren. Among its successes were
widespread adoption of the secret ballot; adoption by some states of the initiative, referendum, recall, and
direct primary; and passage of the Seventeenth Amendment.
21.
E. Rough Riders
22.
Complete answers should include any two of the following points: Imperialism-Spain's refusal to grant
independence to Cuba and the Philippines caused the native people of those lands to fight for their
independence. American business people-They urged U.S. intervention to protect their considerable
business interests in Cuba. José Martí-He provoked U.S. intervention by deliberately destroying
American-owned sugar mills and plantations. Valeriano Weyel-He took harsh actions against the Cuban
people, including forcibly removing them into reconcentration camps where thousands died. Yellow
journalism-It encouraged the American public to sympathize with Cuban rebels and to call for war. De
Lôme letter-It angered the American public and increased anti-Spanish public opinion in the United
States. Destruction of the U.S.S. Maine-It infuriated the American public and led public opinion to support
war. Shortly after its destruction, President McKinley asked Congress to declare war.
23.
D. Woodrow Wilson
24.
D. Uncle Sam
25.
D. William Randolph Hearst
26.
Complete answers should include the following points: The United States helped Cuba win
independence from Spain. The U.S. government or U.S. companies fed and clothed Cubans, helped
farmers, organized schools, improved sanitation, helped eliminate yellow fever, built railroads,
developed sugar plantations, and invested in public utilities. The United States installed a temporary
military government. Through the Platt Amendment, the United States retained a great deal of control
over Cuban affairs and obtained the use of land for a naval base. Cuba became a U.S. protectorate. Cuba
was not allowed true economic or political freedom. The United States helped the Philippines win
independence from Spain. The United States annexed the Philippines, resulting in feelings of bitterness
and betrayal among the revolutionaries. Filipinos were forced to live in designated areas where many
died. U.S. businessmen led a revolution against the Hawaiian monarch. The queen was deposed, and a
government headed by an American took control. Hawaii was annexed by the United States.
27.
False / Colombia
New Test.tgt, Version: 1
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28.
Complete answers should recognize the following points: Both involved a need for new markets for
goods. Both involved the use of force. In following their "manifest destiny, " Americans believed their
European heritage made them superior and eased their minds as they took land from Native Americans
and Mexicans. The same belief allowed them to disregard the rights of Cubans, Hawaiians, Puerto
Ricans, and Filipinos as they "helped" them. At the root of both manifest destiny and imperialism was the
belief that any action was justified to allow Americans to control the continent and protect U.S. interests.
On the other hand, most of the land taken as the United States fulfilled its "manifest destiny" was
uninhabited or sparsely inhabited and was not settled in a way Europeans could relate to. While settlers
wanted land for themselves, U.S. imperialism was not largely about settling land but about gaining
markets and natural resources.
29.
B. remove foreign influence from China.
30.
A. its trade interests.
New Test.tgt, Version: 1
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Standards Summary
CA 11.1.2
Analyze the ideological origins of the American Revolution, the
Founding Fathers' philosophy of divinely bestowed unalienable
natural rights, the debates on the drafting and ratification of the
Constitution, and the addition of the Bill of Rights
CA 11.1.3
Understand the history of the Constitution after 1787 with emphasis
on federal versus state authority and growing democratization
CA 11.1.4
Examine the effects of the Civil War and Reconstruction and of the
industrial revolution, including demographic shifts and the
emergence in the late nineteenth century of the United States as a
world power
CA 11.1
Students analyze the significant events in the founding of the nation
and its attempts to realize the philosophy of government described in
the Declaration of Independence
CA 11.2.6
Trace the economic development of the United States and its
emergence as a major industrial power, including its gains from trade
and the advantages of its physical geography
CA 11.2.9
Understand the effect of political programs and activities of the
Progressives (e.g., federal regulation of railroad transport, Children's
Bureau, the Sixteenth Amendment, Theodore Roosevelt, Hiram
Johnson)
CA 11.4.1
List the purpose and the effects of the Open Door policy
CA 11.4.3
Discuss America's role in the Panama Revolution and the building of
the Panama Canal
CA 11.4
Students trace the rise of the United States to its role as a world power
in the twentieth century
CA 12.1.4
Explain how the Founding Fathers' realistic view of human nature led
directly to the establishment of a constitutional system that limited the
power of the governors and the governed as articulated in the
Federalist Papers
CA 12.1
Students explain the fundamental principles and moral values of
American democracy as expressed in the U.S. Constitution and other
essential documents of American democracy
CA 12.4.4
Discuss Article II of the Constitution as it relates to the executive
branch, including eligibility for office and length of term, election to
and removal from office, the oath of office, and the enumerated
executive powers
CA 12.5
Students summarize landmark U.S. Supreme Court interpretations
of the Constitution and its amendments
CA 12.6.4
Describe the means that citizens use to participate in the political
process (e.g., voting, campaigning, lobbying, filing a legal challenge,
demonstrating, petitioning, picketing, running for political office)
CA 12.8.2
Describe the roles of broadcast, print, and electronic media, including
the Internet, as means of communication in American politics
CA 12.8
Students evaluate and take and defend positions on the influence of
the media on American political life
New Test.tgt, Version: 1
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