Education News
I S S U E 2 1 F R O M T H E N U T R I G O L D N U T R I T I O N A L U P D AT E S E R V I C E
KRILL OIL
Join the omega oil revolution today!
Many people are aware of the need to supplement their diet
with omega 3 essential fatty acids (EFAs) to support different
areas of health including the heart, brain and joints.
However, with the vast array of omega 3 EFA supplements
on the market which product is the most effective and
therefore the best value for money?
Krill oil is a naturally occurring blend of highly
bioavailable omega 3 EFAs (in phospholipid form)
and antioxidants that combine to give a potent healthsupporting daily supplement. In fact, it’s the market leader
for supplying omega 3 EFAs. Research shows that krill oil
supports many areas of health including heart, brain, hormone
balance and weight management more effectively than fish oils
due to its unique natural formulation.
Omega 3 polyunsaturated essential fatty
acids (EFAs) are indisputably essential
to maintaining a healthy body from
development in the womb right through
to sustaining health in old age.1 Multiple
clinical trials have demonstrated that omega
3 EFAs play a pivotal role in eye and brain
development, as well as promoting cognitive
and immune system function. Deficiencies
in omega 3 EFAs have been linked to many
illnesses including cardiovascular disease,
dementia, arthritis and different cancers.2
Omega EFAs can only be obtained through the
diet but a typical western diet is inadequate for
supplying enough omega 3 eicosapentaenoic
acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).
EPA and DHA can only be obtained from
dietary sources such as oily fish like salmon,
trout and sardines, or vegetarian sources such
as flaxseed oil, which is rich in the EPA and
DHA precursor alpha linoleic acid (ALA). Many
diets also contain elevated levels of omega 6
EFAs; these are essential but required at lower
levels compared to omega 3 EFAs. High intake
of omega 6 EFAs can increase levels of proinflammatory mediators in the body that can lead
to increased blood clotting and impair immune
repsonses. Modern diets often have ratios of up
to 30:1 omega 6 to omega 3 EFAs due to high
intake of processed foods, meats, dairy and
vegetable oils. For optimal health the correct
ratio should be around 4:1 with some sources
citing equal daily amounts of omega 3 and 6.4
As a result, omega 3 EFA supplements, along
with dietary EFA balance, can be very important
in helping to maintain the correct omega 3:6
ratio and support health. However, recent studies
have suggested that not all omega 3 supplements
are equal in terms of absorption and therefore
efficacy and value for money. Krill oil is packed
full of readily bioavailable omega 3 EFAs and
many other essential nutrients so let us help you
clear the confusion about essential fatty acids
and join the omega oil revolution today!
TOP 5 BENEFITS OF KRILL OIL VERSUS FISH OILS
Krill oil has over 50% greater bioavailability compared to fish oils and at lower doses meaning better value for money.
Krill oil is free from marine contamination including heavy metals, unlike many fish oils.
Krill oil has 48 times antioxidant capacity compared to fish oils.
Krill does not produce a fishy aftertaste!
Krill oil is clinically proven to be more effective than fish oils in:
• helping balance healthy cholesterol levels
• promoting brain health
• improving appearance of the skin
• improving emotional and physical symptoms of PMS
• supporting weight management
• reducing intake of anti-inflammatory drugs
For more newsletters, log on to updates.nutrigold.co.uk or call 0845 603 5675
THE MANY HEALTH
BENEFITS OF KRILL OIL
BRAIN POWER
The brain contains up to 60% phospholipids, mainly as polyunsaturated fatty acids like omega 3 DHA.18 Studies
show that the brain absorbs dietary phospholipids, such as those found in krill oil, twice as efficiently as triglyceride
EFAs from fish oils19. DHA is critical for the correct development of the brain in the foetus and in young children20
where deficiencies can lead to behavioural problems, such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
and adolescent emotional dysfunction.21 Phospholipids are also vital for adult memory and learning, cognitive
performance and mood.22 Clinical studies also show krill oil can improve concentration and planning abilities.23
Krill oil phospholipids are a vital part of a healthy brain
contributing to memory, learning and mood
CURBING CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
Recent clinical studies show that daily krill oil supplementation significantly reduces the level of circulating
triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol (major risk factors for cardiovascular disease) whilst increasing
beneficial HDL cholesterol levels compared to fish oils or placebo.5,6 Cardiovascular disease (CVD), causes over
25% of all deaths in the UK every year.7 There are often no visible signs of CVD so prevention through diet and
nutritional support such as omega 3 EFAs is imperative.8
Krill oil has a greater impact on reducing blood lipid levels to
support heart health compared to fish oils
TYPE 2 DIABETES
There are now over 3 million cases of diabetes in the UK.36 Krill oil improves insulin sensitivity and prevents
the depletion of the GLUT 4 protein, which helps reduce blood sugar levels by increasing muscle and adipose
(fat) tissue sensitivity to blood sugars.37 The high astaxanthin antioxidant status of krill oil (not found in fish oils)
reduces oxidative cell damage during hyperglycemic (high blood sugar) states.38 Diabetes is also associated
with elevated blood fats and poor liver health. Krill oil can promote liver health improving the breakdown of
sugars, fats and proteins that contribute to diabetic and metabolic syndrome symptoms.39
Krill oil improves insulin sensitivity and also
protects cells from oxidative damage, unlike fish oils
LIVER HEALTH
Liver disease, including Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), is the 5th biggest killer in the UK – more
than diabetes and road deaths combined!33 Krill oil is rich in phospholipids, in particular phosphatidyl choline34,
which is a key component of hepatocyte (liver cell) structure.35 Krill oil can help maintain a healthy liver by
reducing liver fat formation (i.e. hepatic steatosis), preventing weight increase, protecting against hepatic
oxidative damage, as well as promoting bile production, which reduces the risk of developing gallstones.
Krill oil reduces fat content of the liver by 50% more than fish oils
PMS
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is characterised by a set of hormonal changes that trigger disruptive symptoms
in a significant number of women for up to 2 weeks prior to menstruation.28 After just 3 months of krill oil
supplementation, all measured physical and emotional PMS symptoms significantly improved compared to fish
oil, which only improved 3 out of the 10 measured symptoms (including irritability, depression, joint pain, breast
tenderness, weight gain and bloating).29,30 Krill oil supplements also worked faster being fully effective by the
second menstrual cycle compared to the fish oil, which only improved three symptoms by the third cycle.
Krill oil improves the emotional and physical symptoms
of PMS more effectively than fish oils
2
NATURALLY BOOSTING MOOD
DHA increases production of the hormones serotonin and dopamine that are important in balancing mood,
emotions and enhancing feelings of wellbeing.24 Krill oil has been demonstrated to reduce symptoms of anxiety25
and may improve the quality of life in a natural way for adults and children with depression.26,27
Krill oil reduces anxiety and boosts mood
ANTI-AGEING
Krill oil is rich in a natural antioxidant, astaxanthin, which can powerfully protect cells from free radical damage
caused by overexposure to UV sunlight and chemical pollutants. Studies show that Krill oil protects against
UV sun damage and improves skin condition including reducing crow’s feet type wrinkles and increasing skin
moisture content.31 Phospholipid omega 3 EFAs, only found in krill oil, also keep all cell membranes flexible,
fluid and healthy, including those in skin cells.32
Krill oil reduces wrinkles and improves skin condition
FIGHTING OBESITY
Around 25% of the UK population is obese,9 which contributes to many potentially life-limiting inflammatory
diseases including CVD, type 2 diabetes and certain cancers.10 Krill oil is a superior form of omega 3 EFA for
weight loss as studies show that blood levels of endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyglycerol (2AG), a signalling
molecule that influences appetite and emotional state, are significantly reduced aiding weight loss.11 This result
was not seen with fish oil supplements. Krill oil, alongside diet,12 also improves metabolic obesity parameters
such as lowering blood lipids,13 increasing fat burning enzymes and reducing inflammation.14
Krill oil aids weight loss more effectively than fish oils
HEALTHIER JOINTS
Omega 3 EFA deficiencies contribute to inflammatory conditions such as arthritis.15 Krill oil supplements reduce
inflammatory swelling in joint tissue in people with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.16 Moreover, patients
treated with krill oil (not fish oils) dramatically reduced their consumption of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory
Drugs (NSAIDs) like aspirin, which have been linked to increased risk of gastric ulcers, gastric bleeding and
stroke.17
Krill oil reduces dependence on harmful Non-Steroidal
Anti-inflammatory Drugs
CALMING INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD), including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, have a complex set of
causes and symptoms that greatly impact on quality of life. Krill oil reduces levels of gut inflammatory markers
and has a potent antioxidant effect (unlike fish oils), which ultimately may help to protect and restore gut
tissue function in IBD.40
Krill oil reduces inflammation and damage in
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
TUMOUR INHIBITION
Krill oil significantly inhibits up to 64% cell proliferation within 72h shown in vitro studies using tissue from
osteosarcoma (tumours in area of bone growth). Fish oil resulted in no significant changes.41 The inhibitory
effects of krill oil were comparable to clinical doses of drugs typically used to control these tumours that come
with many unwanted side effects.
Krill oil inhibits tumour cell proliferation by 64% whereas fish oils showed no effect
ENERGY BOOST
Krill oil can boost energy! Krill oil switches on genes involved in the mitochondrial electron transport chain42,
a crucial pathway responsible for producing cellular energy (ATP).43 This exciting research suggests that krill
oil could be important in preventing a decline in cellular energy production, a common symptom of which are
reduced in illness, stress and ageing. This increased energy production effect has not been reported with fish oils.
Krill oil boost cellular energy producing pathways, unlike fish oils
3
KRILL OIL COMPOSITION
Krill oil is rich in bioavailable forms of omega 3 EFAs proven to improve many areas of health
including supporting heart, joints and brain function.45 Krill oil also naturally contains high levels of
phospholipids and antioxidants, like astaxanthin proven to reduce skin ageing from UV sunlight.46 Krill
oil is also extremely safe for human consumption and certified sustainable. These are just some of the
reasons why krill oil is the omega 3 supplement of choice.
KRILL FACTS
Euphausia Superba (i.e. common
Krill) are shrimp-like marine
crustacean about 2 inches long,
commonly found in cold water
oceans such as the Antarctic Ocean.
•
Krill’s naturally pink colour comes
from the high levels of potent healthpromoting carotenoid antioxidant
called astaxanthin.
•
Krill forms the largest biomass
(i.e. collection of living biological
organisms) on the planet, which
also glows from bioluminescent krill
organs!
•
Krill can only live in a pure
environment unlike fish, which may
be contaminated with mercury and
other heavy metals.
Antarctic krill are herbivores and
feed off phytoplankton (microscopic
plants) and algae, which are at the
bottom of the ocean food chain, so
have very limited accumulation of
environmental contaminants, unlike
many fish.
Krill food is rich in chlorophyll,
which is comprised of many
health-promoting nutrients including
oxygen and magnesium.44
•
Krill oil is naturally rich in phospholipid
omega 3 essential fatty acids,
as well as astaxanthin and other
vitamins and minerals.
hydrophilic (i.e. water loving) or polar and
the fatty acid omega 3 fatty acids tails are
hydrophobic (i.e. water-hating) or non-polar.
This unique polar and non-polar (i.e. amphipathic)
nature allows phospholipids to mix with water,
unlike other fats including triglycerides found
in fish oils, which are entirely non-polar. This
means that krill oil omega 3 EFAs are readily
absorbed into cell membranes (Figure 1), unlike
triglyceride omega 3 EFAs from fish oils, which
have to be converted into phospholipids. Krill
oil also mixes with the contents of the stomach
greatly reducing any fishy aftertaste that many
people experience with fish oils.
Figure 2. Structure of krill oil phospholipid (A) and fish oil triglyceride (B) omega 3 EFA
Krill oil’s numerous health benefits
Polar
have also conquered the outer
(hydrophilic)
space market, as NASA spaceship
head
crews enjoy this as a regular part of
their space travelling diet!
group
CHOLINE
PHOSPHATE
GLYCEROL
1
2
TTY
FA
ID
AC
1
2
3 FATTY ACID
Krill oil phospholipids (left) have two omega 3 fatty acid tail
groups and mainly choline associated with a glycerol head group
forming a cell membrane ready omega 3 EFA phospholipid.
Triglyceride fish oils (right) do not contain choline and are
entirely non-polar (i.e. hydrophobic) so need to be converted into
phospholipids before being incorporated into cell membranes.
TY
FAT
Nonpolar
(hydrophobic)
head
group
FATTY ACID
GLYCEROL
•
Fats in general are comprised of a glycerol
head and fatty acid chains such as omega 3
and 6 EFAs (Figure 2). EFAs in fish oils are in
the triglyceride form where three fatty acid
chains are attached to the glycerol head (Figure
2B). However, krill oil contains two omega 3
DHA and EPA fatty acid chains attached to
the glycerol head, which is associated with
a special group such as choline. This forms
phospholipids such as phosphatidyl choline
(Figure 2A), a very important fat for liver and
brain health. The choline (or inositol, serine or
ethanolamine) attachment gives phospholipids
a dual nature, as the glycerol head becomes
Polar (hydrophillic)
head group
•
phosphatidyl
choline
WHY KRILL OIL PHOSPHOLIPID STRUCTURE IS IMPORTANT
ID
AC
FATTY ACID
•
Figure 1. Phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidyl choline)
are integral to cell membrane structure
Phospholipids are a unique component
of krill oil and are not found in fish oils.
Phospholipids within cell membranes act
as “gate-keepers” and form the membrane
structure by linking in a double layer
interspersed with proteins and other key
fats like cholesterol, vital for transport of
nutrients and waste to and from the cell
(Figure 1). Membranes also surround
the internal structures inside cells such
as mitochondria, the batteries of the cell
that produce energy (ATP).47 Membrane
integrity always subserves cell function so,
in simple terms, phospholipids are vital for
overall cell function.
Non-polar (hydrophobic)
tail group
•
FABULOUS
PHOSPHOLIPIDS!
4
“Krill oil mixes with the stomach
contents greatly reducing the
chance of fishy aftertaste.”
KRILL OIL IS MORE COST
EFFECTIVE THAN FISH OILS
Krill oil omega 3 EFAs have 42% greater
bioavailability compared to fish oils after just
7 weeks of supplementation and are readily
incorporated into cell membranes. Bioavailability
accounts for how much of a substance (e.g. omega
3 EFAs) reaches the blood and covers absorption
from the gastrointestinal tract and survival rate
in the blood and body. Greater bioavailability and
bioefficacy means a better value for money product!
KRILL OIL IS READILY ABSORBED INTO CELL MEMBRANES
AND FAVOURABLY ALTERS THE OMEGA 6:3 RATIO
KRILL OIL IS EASILY ABSORBED THROUGH THE
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Figure 3. Krill oil produces 24% increased plasma levels of DHA
and EPA after 4 weeks and 42% after 7 weeks compared to fish oils
40
30
4 weeks
0
A randomised double-blind human clinical study measured EPA and DHA
levels in 76 overweight and obese men and women after daily administration
of 2g/day krill oil, fish oil or olive oil. When the EPA and DHA doses were
adjusted to account for lower levels found in krill oil,
the study showed krill oil supplementation resulted
in 24% increased plasma EPA and DHA
bioavailability compared to fish oil at just 4
weeks and 42% greater after just 7 weeks
(Figure 3).50 So even though EPA and
DHA levels are lower in krill oil, they
have greater plasma bioavailability
compared to fish oils. Studies also
show that lower doses of EPA and
DHA from krill oil are required
to produce plasma EPA and
DHA levels similar to those
found fish oils (Figure 3).51
20
KRILL OIL HAS HIGHER PLASMA LEVELS AT LOWER DOSES
COMPARED TO FISH OILS
7 weeks
10
% increase plasma EPA and DHA
after krill oil compared to fish oil intake
Unlike triglycerides, krill oil phospholipids do not need bile salts from the
liver and gallbladder and the fat digesting enzyme lipase released by the
pancreas in order to be digested. Phospholipids are readily absorbed
across through the gastrointestinal tract and available for membrane
structure. However, triglyceride omega 3EFAs from fish oils need to be
emulsified by bile, digested by lipase enzymes, absorbed as micelles into
the lymphatic system before entering the blood stream and converted into
phospholipids in the liver ready for membrane insertion.48 This is a very
energy consuming and time dependent process that can be greatly affected
by factors including stress, poor diet and illness.49
50
Studies have show that krill oil increases the Omega 3 Index (a reliable
indicator of omega 3 incorporation into cell membranes) by 125% after
just 8 weeks of supplementation (Figure 4) with a 45% increase after just
2 weeks. There is also a two-fold improvement of omega 6:3 ratio (i.e.
increase in cell membrane omega 3 EFA content) using krill oil compared
to fish oil.52 The omega 6:3 ratio has many adverse health consequences
when omega 6 EFAs are too high in cell membranes. Supplementing with
krill oil has been proven to help raise membrane omega 3 EFA ratio and
improve many areas of health.
Krill oil has 24% increased plasma
levels of DHA and EPA after 4
weeks compared to fish oils.
100%
8 weeks
50%
Omega 3 Index
Figure 4. Krill oil increases level of omega 3 EFAs in red blood
cell membranes by 125% after 8 weeks, unlike fish oils
2 weeks
Krill oil has greater biological
activity compared to fish oils so
is more cost effective.
5
KRILL OIL NUTRIENTS
Krill oil is rich in a very special carotenoid called astaxanthin.53 Astaxanthin has very potent
antioxidant activity preserving cell membranes from free radical (oxidative) damage, as well as antiinflammatory properties and can readily cross the blood brain barrier.54,55 Astaxanthin protects lipids
from oxidation, including reducing damage caused by LDL cholesterol in the vasculature, as well as
raising “good” HDL cholesterol and lowering blood triglycerides.56,57,58 Astaxanthin also protects skin
from UV damage and ageing.59
ASTAXANTHIN - A POWERFUL
ANTIOXIDANT
Krill oil has 48 times greater
antioxidant action compared to fish oil
due to natural levels of astaxanthin
Krill oil has 48 times greater antioxidant action compared to fish oil, 500
times greater than vitamin E and 34 times that of coenzyme Q1060 using
the Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) scale to compare
the relative antioxidant power of foods (Figure 5). This is due to the krill
oil astaxanthin content that is found in naturally high levels in marine
micro-algae, which krill consume. As the marine food chain progresses,
astaxanthin is diluted so fish oils do not contain any significant levels of
this health-promoting antioxidant.
Figure 5. Comparison of antioxidant ORAC
scores of different oils and nutrients
Vitamin A
Vitamin E
Lutein
Fish Oil
VITAMINS & MINERALS
Coenzyme Q10
Astaxanthin
Krill oil naturally contains other valuable nutrients including fat soluble
vitamins A and E (both important antioxidants) in higher levels than found
in oily fish such as trout or salmon. Krill also contain minerals such as
magnesium and selenium,61,62 as well as astaxanthin, omega 3 EFAs and
other phospholipids.
Lycopene
Krill Oil
0
125
250
375
500
ORAC Total FL Value (µmole/g)
KRILL OIL SAFETY
AND STABILITY
KRILL OIL SAFETY AND STABILITY
6
250
200
100
150
18/12 fish oil
Krill Oil
50
0
Krill oil is far less prone to oxidation (i.e. free radical formation, which
damages fats and destroys omega 3 EFAs) compared to traditional triglyceride
forms of omega 3 found in fish oils. A study of krill oil and fish oil kept at
40˚C for 6 days showed no oxidation occurred in the krill oil after 6 days but
there was a high oxidation rate of omega 3 fatty acids in the fish oil (Figure
6). A recent study in Nature also found that 83% fish oil products sold in New
Zealand exceeded the recommended peroxide value levels.64 The powerful
antioxidant astaxanthin that naturally occurs in krill oil protects the oil and
omega 3 EFAs structure against oxidation ensuring a more stable product with
increased shelf-life.65
Figure 6. Krill oil omega 3 EFAs do not oxidise and
have much greater stability compared to fish oils.
Peroxide Value
Antarctic krill live in a naturally clean environment, devoid of pollution,
so there’s significantly less risk of heavy metal contamination compared to
some commercially produced fish oils. Krill oil has undergone extensive in
vitro, in vivo and human studies to determine its safety and lack of toxicity.
A recent study with 76 men and women63 showed that four weeks of krill
oil supplementation increased plasma EPA and DHA and was well tolerated
with no adverse effects to health or wellbeing. However, people with known
allergies to crustaceans (prawns, crab, lobster etc.) should not use krill products
and instead take a premium quality fish oil with high potency phosphatidyl
choline lecithin powder and broad spectrum plant digestive enzyme complex
containing lipase for daily omega 3 boost.
0
3
Days at 40˚C
6
KRILL OIL SUSTAINABILITY
Krill form an important part of
the marine food chain. They are
ecologically important in helping to
limit the extent of global warming due
to krill waste containing significant
amounts of atmospheric carbon,
which sinks to the bottom of the sea.
It’s for these reasons that krill must be
harvested from sustainable sources.
The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) is an
international nonprofit organisation with an
independent certifying body. The MSC focuses on the
health of ocean stocks and how they are managed
in addition to assessing the effects of the fishery on
the wider ecosystem including marine mammals,
birds and fish. Reputable krill oil supplements should
therefore have minimum MSC certification but some
oils also achieve the MSC eco-friendly label, providing
consumers with a guarantee of sustainability, effective
fishery management and full traceability from sea to
shelf. Look for the MSC eco-friendly label to be sure of
your krill oil supplement origin.
KEY ADVANTAGES OF KRILL OIL OVER FISH OILS
•
Krill oil omega 3 phospholipids are naturally absorbed in the gastrointestinal
tract and are membrane-ready, unlike fish oil triglyceride omega 3 EFAs.
•
Krill oil increases membrane omega 3 EFAs by 125% improving the omega 6:3
ratio two-fold compared to fish oils.
•
Krill oil phospholipid omega 3 EFAs have 42% greater bioavailability compared
to triglyceride forms of EFAs found in fish oils, and at lower doses.
•
Gastrointestinal absorption of krill oil is quicker than triglyceride forms of
omega 3.
•
Krill oil supports the heart, weight loss, liver, joints, brain function, emotions,
female hormone balance, blood sugar balance, fat metabolism, skin (anti-ageing)
and increases energy production pathways in the cell.
Stability
•
Naturally present astaxanthin stabilises krill oil by preventing oxidation,
preserving omega 3 EFAs and prolonging shelf-life.
Astaxanthin
•
High levels of naturally occurring antioxidant means krill oil has 48 times more
antioxidant activity compared to fish oils.
•
Krill oil is free from contaminants such as dioxins, heavy metals and PCBs, as krill
only live in naturally clean environment with minimal contamination.
•
Safe for human consumption.
•
•
•
Greater bioavailability at lower doses so fewer capsules of krill oil are required.
Phospholipid omega 3 EFAs
Bioavailability
Scientifically proven
health benefits
Safety*
Value for money
Greater stability improves shelf-life.
Direct gastrointestinal absorption of phosholipids means no extra cost of taking
digestion enhancing supplements (such as high potency phosphatidyl choline
lecithin powder or broad spectrum plant digesting enzymes) with krill oil, unlike
fish oils.
*People with known shellfish allergies should not use krill oil. Instead, fish oil free from contaminants such as dioxin and PCBs can be used to supplement
the diet with omega 3 EFAs alongside a broad-spectrum plant digestive enzyme supplement containing lipase and a lecithin powder to support digestion
and absorption of triglyceride fish oil omega 3 EFAs.
For more information please see Nutrigold CPD accredited webinars at www.updates.nutrigold.co.uk/educational_webinars
7
Should you need a more detailed approach, or should you have any questions or
concerns that are not addressed in this article, you are always welcome to contact our
nutritional advice team on 0845 603 5675 (9.00am – 5.00pm Monday – Friday).
Alternatively if you would like a more personalised approach,
addressing dietary recommendations, lifestyle changes etc., we
would suggest you consider consulting a qualified nutrition adviser or
therapist, which you can do by either asking us for details of your local
practitioners, or contacting the Federation of Nutritional Therapy Practitioners
on 0870 312 0042 or by emailing them at [email protected].
For more information visit the website at: www.fntp.org.uk
This newsletter was co-written with and for Nutrigold by Dr Elisabeth Philipps, a highly qualified and practicing Natural Nutritional
Therapist and a member of the Federation of Nutritional Therapists. To find out more please visit www.hartwellnutrition.co.uk.
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2.
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nutritional_newsletters
3.
Simopoulos (2002) The Importance of the Ratio of Omega6:3 EFAs.
Biomed Pharmacother 56:365-379
4.
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6.
Berge et al (2014) Krill oil supplementation lowered serum triglyceride without increasing LDL cholesterol in adults with borderline high
or high triglyceride levels. Nutr Res 34:126-133
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14.
15.
Maki et al (2009) Krill oil supplementation increase plasma concentrations of EPA and DHA in overweight and obese men and women.
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Chronic Inflammation and Arthritic Symptoms. J Am Coll Nutr 26:
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educational_webinars
29.
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