APPENDIX D
uNIT cONVERSION TABLES
TABLE D 1.0
Sl SYMBOLS AND PREFIXES
BASE uNITS
QuANTITY
uNIT
SYMBOL
Meter
m
Mass
Kilogram
kg
Time
Second
s
Electric current
Ampere
A
Thermodynamic temperature
Kelvin
K
Mole
mol
Candela
cd
Length
T
Amount of substance
Luminous intensity
Plane angle
Solid angle
IN
SI SuPPLEMENTARY uNITS
QuANTITY
uNIT
SYMBOL
Radian
rad
Steradian
sr
SI PREFIXES
MuLTIPLIcATION FAcTOR
SYMBOL
exa
E
1015
peta
P
1 000 000 000 000 = 1012
tera
T
-P
R
PREFIX
1 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 1018
1 000 000 000 000 000 =
1 000 000 000 = 109
giga
G
1 000 000 = 106
mega
M
1 000 = 103
k
hecto
h
101
deka
da
0.1 = 10-1
deci
d
10-2
centi
c
0.001 = 10-3
milli
m
0.000 001 = 10-6
micro
µ
0.000 000 001 = 10-9
nano
n
P
R
E
kilo
100 = 102
10 =
0.01 =
0.000 000 000 001 =
0.000 000 000 000 001 = 10-15
0.000 000 000 000 000 001 =
uNIFORM MEcHANIcAL cODE
10-12
10-18
pico
p
femto
f
atto
a
275
APPENDIX D
TABLE D 1.0 (continued)
Sl SYMBOLS AND PREFIXES
SI DERIVED uNIT WITH SPEcIAL NAMES
QuANTITY
Frequency (of a periodic phenomenon)
uNIT
SYMBOL
FORMuLA
hertz
Hz
l/s
Force
newton
N
kg•m/s2
Pressure, stress
pascal
Pa
Energy, work, quantity of heat
joule
J
N/m2
N•m
Power, radiant flux
Quantity of electricity, electric charge
watt
W
J/s
coulomb
C
A•s
volt
V
W/A
Electric potential, potential difference,
electromotive force
farad
F
C/V
Electric resistance
ohm
Ω
V/A
S
A/V
Wb
V•s
siemens
Magnetic flux
weber
IN
Conductance
Magnetic flux density
Inductance
Luminous flux
Illuminance
Wb/m2
Wb/A
tesla
T
henry
H
lumen
lm
cd•sr
lux
lx
becquerel
Bq
lm/m2
l/s
gray
Gy
J/kg
-P
R
Activity (of radionuclides)
Absorbed dose
T
Capacitance
TABLE D 2.0
cONVERSION FAcTORS
TO cONVERT
TO
MuLTIPLY BY
LENGTH
E
1 mile (U.S. statute)
1 yd
R
1 ft
P
1 in
1
mile2
(U.S. statute)
1 acre (U.S. survey)
km
1.609 347
m
0.9144
m
0.3048
mm
304.8
mm
25.4
AREA
km2
2.589 99
ha
0.404 687
m2
4046.87
1 yd2
m2
0.836 127
1 ft2
m2
0.092 903
1 in2
mm2
645.16
VOLuME, MODuLuS OF SEcTION
1 acre ft
m3
1233.49
yd3
m3
0.764 555
m3
0.235 974
m3
0.028 316 8
L (dm3)
28.3168
mm3
16 387.1
mL (cm3)
16.3871
m3
0.158 987
1
100 board ft
1
1
ft3
in3
1 barrel (42 U.S. gallons)
276
uNIFORM MEcHANIcAL cODE
APPENDIX D
TABLE D 2.0 (continued)
cONVERSION FAcTORS
TO cONVERT
TO
MuLTIPLY BY
(FLuID) cAPAcITY
1 gal (U.S. Liquid)**
L*
3.785 41
1 qt (U.S. Liquid)
mL
946.353
1 pt (U.S. Liquid)
mL
473.177
1 fl oz (U.S.)
mL
29.573541
1 gal (U.S. Liquid)
m3
0.003 785
**1 gallon (UK) approx. 1.2 gal (U.S.), *1 liter = 0.001 cubic meters
SEcOND MOMENT OF AREA
mm4
416 231
m4
0.416 231 x 10-6
PLANE ANGLE
1° (degree)
rad
0.017 453 3
IN
mrad
T
1
in4
1' (minute)
1" (second)
17.4533
urad
290.888
urad
4.848 14
VELOcITY, SPEED
1 mile/h
m/s
-P
R
1 ft/s
0.3048
km/h
1.609 344
m/s
0.447 04
VOLuME RATE OF FLOW
1 ft3/s
1 ft3/min
1 gal/min
E
1 gal/min
0.028 316 8
L/s
0.471 947
L/s
0.063 090 2
m3/min
0.0038
mL/s
1.051 50
1 million gal/d
L/s
43.8126
1 acre ft/s
m3/s
1233.49
R
1 gal/h
m3/s
TEMPERATuRE INTERVAL
P
°F
°C
(°F-32)•(5/9)/1.8
°K
Add 273.15 to °C
EQuIVALENT TEMPERATuRE (t°c = T°k - 273.15)
t°F
9/51.8• t°c + 32
MASS
***1 long ton (2240 Ib)
kg
1016.05
1 metric ton (short***)
metric tonkg
0.907 1851000
1 short ton (2000 lb)
kg
907.185
1 lb
kg
0.453 592
1 oz
g
28.3495
MASS PER uNIT AREA
1 lb/ft2
1
oz/yd2
1 oz/ft2
uNIFORM MEcHANIcAL cODE
kg/m2
4.882 43
g/m2
33.9057
g/m2
305.152
277
APPENDIX D
TABLE D 2.0 (continued)
cONVERSION FAcTORS
TO cONVERT
TO
MuLTIPLY BY
DENSITY (MASS PER uNIT VOLuME)
1 Ib/ft3
1 Ib/yd
3
kg/m3
16.0185
kg/m
0.593 276
t/m3
1.186 55
3
1 ton/yd3
FORcE
1 tonf (ton-force)
kN
8.896 44
1 kip (1,000 lbf)
kN
4.448 22
1 lbf (pound-force)
N
4.448 22
MOMENT OF FORcE, TORQuE
N•m
1 tonf•ft
kN•m
1 kip•ft
kN•m
1.355 82
T
N•m
1 lbf•in
0.112 985
2.711 64
1.355 82
IN
1 lbf•ft
FORcE PER uNIT LENGTH
1 lbf/ft
1 Ibf/in
14.5939
N/m
175.127
kN/m
29.187 8
-P
R
1 tonf/ft
N/m
PRESSuRE, STRESS, MODuLuS OF ELASTIcITY (Force per unit Area) (1 Pa=1 N/m2)
1 tonf/in2
1 tonf/ft2
1 kip/in
2
95.7605
MPa
6.894 76
kPa
6.894 76
Pa
47.8803
kPa
101.3250
1 inch mercury
kPa
3.376 85
1 foot (water column @32°F)
kPa
2.988 98
R
1 lbf/ft
13.7895
kPa
1 kWh (550 ft•lbf/s)
Mj
3.6
1 Btu (Int. Table)
kJ
1.055 06
P
1 lbf/in2
MPa
J
1055.06
J
1.355 82
2
E
Atmosphere
WORK, ENERGY, HEAT (1J = 1N•m = 1W•s)
1 ft•lbf
1 Btu/(ft2•h•°F)
cOEFFIcIENT OF HEAT TRANSFER
W/(m2•K)
5.678 26
THERMAL cONDucTIVITY
1 Btu/(ft•h•°F)
W/(m•K)
1.730 73
ILLuMINANcE
1 lm/ft2 (footcandle)
lx (lux)
10.7639
LuMINANcE
278
1 cd/ft2
cd/m2
10.7639
1 foot lambert
cd/m
3.426 26
1 lambert
kcd/m2
3.183 01
2
uNIFORM MEcHANIcAL cODE
APPENDIX D
TABLE D 3.0
APPROXIMATE MINIMuM THIcKNESS (INcH) FOR cARBON SHEET STEEL cORRESPONDING
TO MANuFAcTuRER’S STANDARD GAuGE AND GALVANIzED SHEET GAuGE NuMBERS inches x 25.4 = mm
cARBON SHEET STEEL
GALVANIzED SHEET
DEcIMAL AND
NOMINAL THIcKNESS
EQuIVALENT (inch)
REcOMMENDED
MINIMuM THIcKNESS
EQuIVALENT* (inch)
GALVANIzED
SHEET
GAuGE NO.
DEcIMAL AND
NOMINAL THIcKNESS
EQuIVALENT (inch)
REcOMMENDED
MINIMuM THIcKNESS
EQuIVALENT* (inch)
8
0.1644
0.156
8
0.1681
0.159
0.142
9
0.1532
0.144
0.1345
0.127
10
0.1382
0.129
11
0.1196
0.112
11
0.1233
0.114
12
0.1046
0.097
12
0.1084
0.099
13
0.0897
0.083
13
0.0934
0.084
14
0.0747
0.068
14
0.0785
0.070
15
0.0673
0.062
15
0.0710
0.065
16
0.0598
0.055
16
0.0635
0.058
17
0.0538
0.050
17
0.0575
0.053
18
0.0478
0.044
18
0.0516
0.047
19
0.0418
0.038
19
0.0456
0.041
20
0.0359
0.033
20
0.0396
0.036
21
0.0329
0.030
21
0.0366
0.033
22
0.0299
0.027
22
0.0336
0.030
23
0.0269
0.024
23
0.0306
0.027
24
0.0239
0.021
24
0.0276
0.024
25
0.0209
0.018
25
0.0247
0.021
26
0.0179
0.016
26
0.0217
0.019
27
0.0164
0.014
27
0.0202
0.017
28
0.0149
0.013
28
0.0187
0.016
—
—
29
0.0172
0.014
—
—
30
0.0157
0.013
—
—
IN
T
0.1495
E
9
10
-P
R
MANuFAcTuRER’S
STANDARD GAuGE NO.
R
For SI units: 1 inch = 25.4 mm
*The thickness of the sheets set forth in the code correspond to the thickness shown under these columns. They are the approximate minimum thicknesses and
are based on the following references:
P
Carbon Sheet Steel—Thickness 0.071 inch and over:
ASTM A 568-74, Table 3, Thickness Tolerances of Hot-Rolled Sheet (Carbon Steel).
Carbon Sheet Steel—Thickness less than 0.071 inch:
ASTM A 568-74, Table 23, Thickness Tolerances of Cold-Rolled Sheet (Carbon and High-Strength Low Alloy).
Galvanized Sheet Steel—All thicknesses:
ASTM A 525-79, Table 4, Thickness Tolerances of Hot-Dip Galvanized Sheet.
Minimum thickness is the difference between the thickness equivalent of each gauge and the maximum negative tolerance for the widest rolled width.
uNIFORM MEcHANIcAL cODE
279
T
IN
-P
R
E
R
P
280
uNIFORM MEcHANIcAL cODE