Energy and Transportation of the Industrial Revolution
Standards Alignment
Text
Text Dependent Questions
Standards Alignment
California State Standards for Grade 10
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10.3 Students analyze the effects of the Industrial Revolution in England, France, Germany, Japan, and
the United States.
– 1. Analyze why England was the first country to industrialize.
– 2. Examine how scientific and technological changes and new forms of energy brought about
massive social, economic, and cultural change (e.g., the inventions and discoveries of James
Watt, Eli Whitney, Henry Bessemer, Louis Pasteur, Thomas Edison).
– 3. Describe the growth of population, rural to urban migration, and growth of cities associated
with the Industrial Revolution.
– 5. Understand the connections among natural resources, entrepreneurship, labor, and capital in
an industrial economy.
Common Core Reading Standards for Literacy in History/Social Science for Grades 9 & 10 Students:
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RH 2 - Determine the central ideas or information of a primary or secondary source; provide an
accurate summary of how key events or ideas develop over the course of the text.
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RH 3 - Analyze in detail a series of events described in a text; determine whether earlier events caused
later ones or simply preceded them.
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RH 4 - Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including vocabulary
describing political, social, or economic aspects of history/social studies.
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RH 5 - Analyze how a text uses structure to emphasize key points or advance an explanation or
analysis.
Common Core Writing Standards for Literacy in History/Social Science for Grades 9 & 10 Students:
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WHST 2 - Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific
procedures/ experiments, or technical processes.
– b. Develop the topic with well-chosen, relevant, and sufficient facts, extended definitions,
concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples appropriate to the audience’s
knowledge of the topic.
– d. Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to manage the complexity of the topic
and convey a style appropriate to the discipline and context as well as to the expertise of likely
readers.
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WHST 4 - Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are
appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
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WHST 9 - Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.
Energy and Transportation of the Industrial Revolution
The Need for Energy
The first factories were powered by running water in England. As a result, factories were limited to
locations near water. Soon water power could no longer meet the energy required for large factories. The
steam engine was developed to provide a reliable and more convenient source of energy. Inventor James
Watt developed the modern steam engine, which ran on coal. It was widely used to power large machines
in factories. The steam engine meant that factories could be built wherever coal existed. The steam engine
increased textile production.
There was increased demand for coal and iron during the Industrial Revolution. Coal was used to
fuel machinery, such as the steam engine. Iron was used to make machines and other important
equipment, such as railroads. Fortunately, England had large deposits of coal and iron underground.
Transportation
The increase in trade and manufacturing led to the need to find more efficient ways to transport
goods. Before the Industrial Revolution, trade was limited because the roads were in poor condition so
merchants had to wait until the weather improved, and the goods were often damaged from the journey.
At first, improvements in roads lead to an increase in trade and shipping. By 1830, 20,000 miles of
highways ran through England. However, the invention of the steam-driven locomotive was the most
significant improvement in transportation. By 1840, England became a nation connected by railroads.
The effects of the railroads in England were felt in all aspects of people’s lives. Railroads made it
cheaper to transport goods lowering the cost to consumers. It also created thousands of new jobs for
railroad workers and miners. Because they could transport goods to distant cities, railroads boosted
England’s agriculture and fishing industries. People could travel throughout the country more easily to visit
family and friends or leave for a new life in the city.
Early textile factories
were near water to
power the machines
Poor roads led to delays
and damaged goods
Large factories were
built that operated on
new forms of energy
Industrial development
and railroads expand
across England
Energy and Transportation of the Industrial Revolution
The Need for Energy
What were the first factories powered by in England? As a result, factories were limited to locations near
what?
Why was the steam engine developed? Who developed the modern steam engine and what did it run on?
What were the effects of the steam engine?
Describe the increasing demands of consumers during the Industrial Revolution.
What was coal used to do? Give an example.
What was iron used to make? Give an example.
Transportation
What did the increase in trade and manufacturing lead to?
Why was trade was limited before the Industrial Revolution?
What invention was the most significant improvement in transportation? Why?
By 1840 what did England become?
What did railroads create?
What were the effects of increased transportation?
How did improved transportation impact all aspects of life?