UPDATE OF MOTOR VEHICLE
EMISSION STANDARDS
FOR JAMAICA
Report Prepared for
National Environment and Planning Agency
10 Caledonia Avenue
Kingston 5
Jamaica
by
Claude S. Davis, Ph.D.
160 St. Lawrence Drive, Unit 55
Mississauga, ON
L5G 4T8
November 2003
TABLE OF CONTENTS
GLOSSARY ....................................................................................................................................v
GLOSSARY ....................................................................................................................................v
1.
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................1-1
1.1
OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................. 1-1
1.2
METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................... 1-1
1.3
REPORT OUTLINE ................................................................................................... 1-1
2.
TYPES OF MOBILE SOURCES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS .......................2-1
2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
ON-ROAD VEHICLES .............................................................................................. 2-1
Information Needed to Estimate Emissions From the On-Road Fleet........................ 2-1
Sources of Information for the Jamaican On-Road Fleet............................................ 2-3
Information Gaps – On-Road Fleet............................................................................. 2-4
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
AIRCRAFT ................................................................................................................. 2-4
Sources of Information for Aircraft Activity .............................................................. 2-5
Information Gaps – Aircraft Activity.......................................................................... 2-5
2.3
RAIL TRAFFIC .......................................................................................................... 2-5
2.4
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES AND OTHER DEVICES WITH SMALL ENGINES ...... 2-5
2.5
SUMMARY OF INFORMATION SOURCES .......................................................... 2-6
3.
CURRENT (2000) STATUS OF MOBILE AIR POLLUTANT SOURCES IN
JAMAICA ..................................................................................................................3-1
3.1
ON-ROAD FLEET ..................................................................................................... 3-1
3.2
OFF ROAD FLEET .................................................................................................... 3-2
3.3
AIRCRAFT ................................................................................................................. 3-3
3.4
MARINE ..................................................................................................................... 3-4
3.5
RAIL SERVICES ....................................................................................................... 3-5
3.6
FUEL CONSUMPTION............................................................................................. 3-5
FINAL REPORT
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
i
Claude Davis & Associates
4.
UPDATE OF MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSION STANDARDS IN SELECTED
JURISDICTIONS.......................................................................................................4-1
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
EMISSION STANDARDS......................................................................................... 4-1
U.S. EPA Emission Standards and Sulphur Levels in Fuels ...................................... 4-1
EU Emission Standards............................................................................................... 4-4
Japan Emission Standards and Inspection and Maintenance ...................................... 4-5
4.2
Update of U.S. State and Other I/M Programs ........................................................... 4-6
5.
UPDATE OF PREVIOUSLY PROPOSED JAMAICAN EMISSION
STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.............................................................5-1
5.1
Additional Recommendations..................................................................................... 5-3
6.
APPENDICES ...........................................................................................................6-1
6.1
APPENDIX 1 Terms of Reference ............................................................................. 6-1
6.2
APPENDIX 2 Agencies/Organizations Contacted During Study.............................. 6-2
6.3
APPENDIX 3 Vehicle Categories used in Mobile ..................................................... 6-3
6.4
APPENDIX 4 U.S. EPA Emission Standards............................................................. 6-4
6.5
APPENDIX 5 EU Emission Standards ..................................................................... 6-10
6.6
6.6.1
APPENDIX 6 Japan Emission Standards ................................................................. 6-13
Korean Emission Standards ...................................................................................... 6-17
6.7
6.7.1
APPENDIX 7 U.S. State Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) Programs.................. 6-18
URLs for U.S. State (I/M) Programs ........................................................................ 6-23
6.8
APPENDIX 8 Glossary of Terms ............................................................................. 6-24
FINAL REPORT
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
ii
Claude Davis & Associates
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-1
Categories of On-Road Vehicles Used in Mobile 5.2
2-2
Table 2-2
Summary of Fleet and Activity Information Sources in Jamaica
2-7
Table 3-1
Certificates of Fitness Issued in Jamaica 1993 - 2000
3-1
Table 3-2
Buses and Taxis in Jamaica
3-2
Table 3-3
Off-Road Vehicles in the Bauxite and Alumina Industry in 2001
3-2
Table 3-4
Off Road vehicles in the Sugar Industry
3-3
Table 3-5
Aircraft Movements at Norman Manley International and Sangster
International Airports, 1994* to 1999
3-3
Table 3-6
Aircraft Movements - Domestic Aerodromes, 1997 to 1999
3-3
Table 3-7
Transportation Sector Domestic Fuel Consumption (bbl) 1993 to 2000
3-5
Table 4-1
Requirements for Motor Vehicle Inspection (“Shaken”) in Japan
4-8
Table 5-1
Bases for Jamaican Motor Vehicle Emission Standards
5-2
Table 5-2
Proposed Jamaican Motor Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards For New
Imported Vehicles
5-4
Proposed Jamaican Motor Vehicle Emission Standards For Imported Heavy
Duty Vehicles, g/bhp·hr
5-4
Table 5-4
Review of Previous Recommendations and Their Status
5-6
Table A6-1
Vehicle Categories Used in the MOBILE Model
6-3
Table A6-2
Federal Certification Exhaust Emission Standards for Light-Duty Vehicles
(Passenger Cars) and Light Light-Duty Trucks: Federal Test Procedure
(FTP), Cold CO, and Highway & Idle Tests
6-4
Federal Certification Exhaust Emission Standards for Heavy Light-Duty
Trucks: Federal Test Procedure (FTP), Cold CO, and Highway & Idle Tests
(grams/mile)
6-7
Federal and California Certification Exhaust Emission Standards for LightDuty Vehicles (Passenger Cars), Light-Duty Trucks, and Medium-Duty
Vehicles: Supplemental Federal Test Procedure (SFTP) (grams/mile)
6-8
Table 5-3
Table A6-3
Table A6-4
Table A6-5
Tier 2 Emission Standards, FTP 75, g/mi
6-10
Table A6-6
EU Emission Standards for Passenger Cars, g/km
6-10
Table A6-7
EU Emission Standards for Light Commercial Vehicles, g/km
6-11
-1
Table A6-8
EU Emission Standards for HD Diesel Engines, g/kWh (smoke in m )
6-12
Table A6-9
EU Emission Standards for Diesel and Gas Engines, ETC Test, g/kWh
6-12
Table A6-10 Japanese Emission Standards for Diesel Cars, g/km
6-13
Table A6-11 Japanese Emission Standards for Diesel Commercial Vehicles
6-14
Table A6-12 Japanese Emission Standards for Gasoline/LPG Cars, g/km
6-15
FINAL REPORT
iii
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
Table A6-13 Japanese Emission Standards (as of May 2003) For Gasoline/LPG Vehicles
6-16
Table A6-14 Korean Diesel Emission Standards
6-17
Table A6-15 Major Elements of Operating I/M Programs
6-18
FINAL REPORT
iv
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
GLOSSARY
2BHDDV
AAJ
AMVS
bbl
CFV
CH4
CNG
CO
CO2
ESSJ
EU
FR
FTP
GVWR
HC
HDGV
HHDDV
I/M
ITA
JBI
JUTC
LDDT1
LDDT2
LDDV
LDGT1
LDGT2
LDGV
LEV
LEV
LHDDV
LPG
LTOs
MC
MHDDV
MME
N2O
NEPA
NH3
NIBJ
Class 2B Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles
Airports Authority of Jamaica
Automated Motor Vehicle System
Barrel
Clean Fuelled Vehicle
Methane
Compressed natural gas
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Economic and Social Survey of Jamaica
European Union
Federal Register
Federal Test Procedure
Gross Vehicle Weight Rating
Hydrocarbons
Heavy Duty Gasoline Vehicles
Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles
Inspection and maintenance
Island Traffic Authority
Jamaica Bauxite Institute
Jamaica Urban Transit Company
Light Duty Diesel Trucks 1
Light Duty Diesel Trucks 2
Light Duty Diesel Vehicles
Light Duty Gasoline Trucks 1
Light Duty Gasoline Trucks 2
Light Duty Gasoline Vehicles
Low emission vehicle
Low emission vehicle
Light Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles
Liquefied petroleum gas
Landing and take-offs
Motor cycles
Medium Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles
Ministry of Mining and Energy
Nitrous oxide
National Environment and Planning Agency
Ammonia
National Investment Bank of Jamaica
FINAL REPORT
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
v
Claude Davis & Associates
NLEV
NMHCE
NMIA
NMOG
NMVOC
NOx
NPRM
NRCA
OBD
OTR
PAHs
PM
POPs
RFG
National low emission vehicle
Non-methane hydrocarbons – ethanol
Norman Manley and Airport
Non-methane organic gases
Non-methane volatile organic compound
Nitrogen oxides
Notice of Proposed Rulemaking
Natural Resources Conservation Authority
On-board diagnostic
Ozone Transport Region
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
Particulate matter
Persistent organic pollutants
Reformulated gasoline
RORO
Roll on-Roll off
RVP
SIA
SIRI
SO2
THCE
TLEV
TMG
U.S.
ULEV
VKMT
VOC
ZEV
Reid vapour pressure
Sangster International Airport
Sugar Industry Research Institute
Sulphur dioxide
Total hydrocarbons – ethanol
Transitional low emission vehicle
Tokyo Metropolitan Government
United States
Ultra-low emission vehicle
Vehicle kilometres travelled
Volatile organic compounds
Zero emission vehicle
FINAL REPORT
vi
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
1.
INTRODUCTION
The Natural Resources Conservation Authority (NRCA) commissioned a study in 1997 to
a)
estimate air pollutant emissions from the on-road vehicular traffic and from the
railway operations in Jamaica;
b)
make recommendations for the phased introduction of a motor vehicle inspection and
maintenance program; and
c)
recommend motor vehicle emission standards for the vehicle inspection program
This report provides an update of various aspects of a 1997 report that proposed motor vehicle
emission standards for Jamaica.
Since the 1997 report (Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica), NRCA merged with the
Town Planning Department and the Land Development Utilization Commission and is now
known as the National Environment and Planning Agency (NEPA). The Jamaica Government
also announced its intention to privatize the motor vehicle inspection services functions of the
Island Traffic Authority (ITA). Negotiations between the National Investment Bank of Jamaica
(NIBJ), the Ministry of Transport and Works and a private consortium are in an advanced state.
As of October, 2003 details of the negotiations have not been made public.
1.1
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the current study are as follows:
•
•
•
•
•
Document current status of the Jamaican on-road motor vehicle fleet and fleet activity for
the year 2000 (or year for which the most recent and complete data are available);
Update information on motor vehicle emission standards and vehicle inspection and
maintenance programs in selected jurisdictions;
Update the impact of the proposed reintroduction of rail services;
Estimate the off-road vehicle fleet; and
Identify the information needs – particularly inter agency information exchange - to allow
ongoing updates of emissions from all mobile sources
The project has a steering committee comprising representatives from NEPA and the Ministry of
Transport and Works. The Terms of Reference are provided in Appendix 1.
1.2
METHODOLOGY
Information on current motor vehicle emission standards in selected jurisdictions (United States
(U.S.), Canada, European Union (EU) and Japan) and inspection and maintenance (I/M)
programs in the U.S. were obtained from literature searches.
Interviews were held with a number of government and private sector contacts in Jamaica to
obtain information on the fleet size and activity levels of mobile sources. The list of
organizations and persons contacted is given in Appendix 2.
1.3
REPORT OUTLINE
Section 2 provides an overview of the various types and characteristics of mobile sources and the
information needed to estimate air pollutant emissions from mobile sources in Jamaica. The
sources from which the information can be obtained and the gaps in current information are
identified. Section 3 contains information on the activity levels for mobile sources for the period
1993 to 2000. Changes in motor vehicle emission standards, related fuel specifications and
FINAL REPORT
1-1
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
inspection and maintenance programs in selected jurisdictions since the 1997 report are provided
in Section 4. Also included in Section 4 is a summary of the planned implementation of motor
vehicle inspection system as it relates to emission standards. Gaps in policy and other changes
needed to make the system more effective and coherent are identified.
FINAL REPORT
1-2
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
2.
TYPES OF MOBILE SOURCES AND THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS
Mobile sources comprise the following:
•
•
•
•
•
On-road vehicles
Off-road vehicles and mobile devices using internal combustion engines
Aircraft
Railways
Marine vessels
The characteristics of mobile sources and information needed to estimate emissions are presented
below. This is followed by a discussion of the local sources of information and recommended
methods for NEPA to obtain the information on a routine basis.
2.1
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
2.1.1
Information Needed to Estimate Emissions From the On-Road Fleet
In order to estimate emissions from on-road vehicles, the vehicles are broken down into
categories based on type of fuel and the gross vehicle weight (see Table 2-1).
The amounts of vehicle emissions are estimated by models which provide estimates of the
emission factors for each vehicle category. The emission factor for each pollutant is expressed as
the mass of each pollutant emitted per vehicle kilometre travelled. The emission factor multiplied
by the annual vehicle kilometres travelled and the number of vehicles gives the mass of pollutant
emitted per year.
The models used previously were the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA)
MOBILE5 model (adapted for Jamaican conditions and termed MOBILE5J) and the EPA PART5
model. MOBILE5 estimates exhaust emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides
(NOx), hydrocarbons (HC) and evaporative HC emissions. The PART5 model was used to
estimate emissions of particulate matter (PM) from the tailpipe and from brake and tyre wear and
dust re-entrainment on roadways. The main categories of vehicles (used in MOBILE5) are listed
in Table 2-1. Examples of other models that are used to estimate vehicle emissions are the
COPERT (used in Europe) and the EMFAC (used in California) models.
The current version of the COPERT model is COPERT III. This model estimates emissions of all
regulated air pollutants (CO, NOx, volatile organic compounds (VOC), PM)) produced by
different vehicle categories (passenger cars, light duty vehicles, heavy duty vehicles, mopeds and
motorcycles) as well as carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions on the basis of fuel consumption.
Furthermore, emissions are calculated for an extended list of non regulated pollutants, including
methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), ammonia (NH3), sulphur dioxide (SO2), heavy metals,
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The model
also provides non-methane volatile organic compound (NMVOC) emissions allocated to several
individual species. Emissions are estimated for three operational modes: during thermally
stabilised engine operation (hot emissions), during engine start from ambient temperature (coldstart and warming-up effects) and NMVOC emissions due to fuel evaporation. The total
emissions are calculated as a product of activity data provided by the user and speed-dependent
emission factors calculated by the software.
FINAL REPORT
2-1
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
Table 2-1
Categories of On-Road Vehicles Used in Mobile 5.2
Definitions
Light Duty Gasoline Vehicles
Category
Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR)
LDGV
(passenger cars)
Light Duty Diesel Vehicles
LDDV
(passenger cars)
Light Duty Diesel Trucks 1
LDDT1
0 - 6000 lb, 0-3750 lb LVW
[0 – 2722 kg, 0 – 1701 kg LVW]
Light Duty Gasoline Trucks 1
LDGT1
0 - 6000 lb, 0-3750 lb LVW
[0 – 2722 kg, 0 – 1701 kg LVW]
Light Duty Diesel Trucks 2
LDDT2
6001 - < 8500 lb, 3751-5750 lb LVW
[2722 - < 3855.6, 1701.4 – 2608.2 kg
LVW]
Light Duty Gasoline Trucks 2
LDGT2
6001 - < 8500 lb
[2722 - < 3855.6 kg]
Heavy Duty Gasoline Vehicles
HDGV
>8500 lb
[>3855.6 kg]
Class 2B Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles 2BHDDV
8501 - 10,000 lb
[3856 – 4536 kg]
Light Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles
LHDDV
10,001 - 19,500 lb
[4536.5 - 8845.2 kg]
Medium Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles MHDDV
19,501 - 33,000 lb
[8845.7 - 14968.8 kg]
Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles HHDDV
. 33,001 lb
[>14969.3 kg]
Motor cycles
MC
LVW – loaded vehicle weight
The current version of the California emissions estimation model is EMFAC 2002. The main
changes to the model are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Revised evaporative emissions schedule
Correction to 2007+ PM emission rates
Passenger car accrual rates
Revisions to I/M assumptions
Updated activity (speed distributions)
Updated activity (vehicle-miles travelled)
Tire and brake wear emissions
School bus activity
Extended Idle (heavy duty diesel vehicles and school buses)
Monthly average fuel Reid vapour pressure (RVP) and reformulated gasoline (RFG) II
Revisions to the fleet population and age
The current version of the MOBILE model (MOBILE6.2) provides estimates of emission factors
for tailpipe emissions of CO, NOx, HC, PM, SO2, NH3, six hazardous air pollutants and CO2; PM
emissions from tyre and brake wear and evaporative emissions of HC for gasoline and diesel
fuelled vehicles as well as for certain specialised vehicles such as natural gas fuelled and electric
vehicles. Mobile 6 has 28 categories of vehicles (see Appendix 3).
FINAL REPORT
2-2
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
The following types of information are required by these models:
Numbers of vehicles by:
Fuel type (gasoline, diesel, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG))
Gross vehicle weight (weight classes)
Model year (up to 25 years old)
Catalyst technology
Annual vehicle kilometres travelled (VKMT)
Fractions of travel under city and highway driving conditions
Monthly mean maximum and minimum ambient temperatures
Reid vapour pressure of gasolines
2.1.2
Sources of Information for the Jamaican On-Road Fleet
All on-road vehicles in Jamaica must be licensed for 6 or 12-month periods1. The Inland
Revenue Department is responsible for licensing on-road vehicles. The department maintains a
database called the Automated Motor Vehicle System (AMVS) that captures information
collected on motor vehicle titles (Form MV01). The form is required for all motor vehicle
transactions. The form includes the following pieces of information which are relevant for
estimating emissions from the on-road fleet:
Motor vehicle ID number or license plate number
Type of vehicle
Make
Model year
Model/manufacturing type
Seating
cc rating
Fuel
Weight (unladen)
Certificate of Fitness issue and expiry dates
The AMVS database is the most reliable source of information on the on-road fleet and provides
an accurate estimate of the vehicle fleet. It is likely however, that there may be a very small
number of vehicles which operate illegally and thus are not included in the AMVS database. The
number of such vehicles is small and can be neglected for the purposes of making estimates of
emissions from the on-road fleet.
The AMVS data must be reviewed to eliminate duplicates where licences are for two six-month
periods in any calendar year.
Inland Revenue provided available computerised information from the AVMS database for the
motor vehicles registered between January 1 and December 31, 2001 – the most recent year for
which information was available. The data provided consisted of only 57,738 records. The data
are is incomplete because the computerisation of the AVMS data from all collectorates is not yet
complete.
It should be noted that previous estimates of the on-road fleet were based on the numbers of
certificates of fitness issued by the Island Traffic Authority and published in the annual Economic
and Social Survey of Jamaica (ESSJ) reports. Since such certificates are issued for periods up to
1
Note that the Certificates of Fitness issued by the Island Traffic Authority are valid for up to 15 months
FINAL REPORT
2-3
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
15 months, the published numbers do not reflect the numbers of vehicles on the road in a given
calendar year. The AMVS data should be used in the future – once the computerisation is
complete.
The planned privatized vehicle inspection system will include a database that would in effect be a
computerized version of the ITA information. The system will likely also capture odometer
information (recorded by a technician) as well as actual tailpipe emission measurements. The
change in odometer readings between consecutive inspections could be used in the future to
obtain more accurate estimates of VKMT. NEPA should explore this with the ITA/Ministry of
Transport. Details of the system were not available since they remain confidential pending
completion of negotiations between NIBJ, Ministry of Transport and Works and the private
consortium.
The Transport Authority, which regulates the operational aspects of commercial vehicles, taxis
and rural buses, has information on public passenger (taxis, buses) and commercial vehicles.
Taxis and buses are expected to have higher vehicle miles travelled than private and commercial
vehicles. However, TA does not have information on VKMT for the fleet under their jurisdiction.
Estimates of the VKMT for buses can be made (as was done previously) based on route lengths
and the numbers of trips per year.
JUTC has information on buses and routes in the Kingston Metropolitan Area. Information on
the current JUTC fleet has been requested but not yet obtained.
The Ministry of Mining and Energy (MME) – has published information on gasoline and diesel
fuel use that can be used to cross check fleet activity data (VKMT).
2.1.3
Information Gaps – On-Road Fleet
The gaps in information needed to make estimates of the emissions from the on-road fleet are:
•
Complete computerization of the AVMS data
•
Accurate data on VKMT for various categories of vehicles
•
A small fraction of vehicles that are not registered in the system because they use the
public roads illegally.
It is expected that accurate VKMT data can be obtained from the database that will be established
for the privatised motor vehicle inspection system. Accuracy should be considerably enhanced if
the VKMT information is entered by technicians performing the tests rather than by owners
supplying the information. The VKMT data should be available after two full years of operation
of the inspection system. In the interim, previous estimates for VKMT can be used or similar
data may be obtained from sample surveys of selected vehicle classes.
2.2
AIRCRAFT
Air pollutant emissions from aircraft are generally broken down into emissions during two modes
of operation: landing and take-offs (LTOs) and cruising. The LTO and cruising emission factors
depend on the type of aircraft. Emissions from aircraft are estimated from the number of landing
and take off cycles (LTOs) for various aircraft categories of aircraft and an emission factor for
each category. The LTOs include both domestic and international flights. In-flight emissions are
estimated only for intra-island (i.e., domestic flights) based on the in-flight times and aircraft
type. Fuel used exclusively for domestic flights may also be used to estimate emissions for both
the LTO cycle and the in-flight period.
FINAL REPORT
2-4
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
2.2.1
Sources of Information for Aircraft Activity
Statistics on air travel including LTOs are compiled by the Airports Authority of Jamaica (AAJ).
Detailed LTO data are currently compiled only at the Norman Manley and Sangster International
Airports (NMIA and SIA), and the Tinson Pen and Ken Jones Airports. The aggregate LTO data
are available for the remaining aerodromes (Negril and Boscobel). Plans are afoot to collect and
compile LTO by equipment type for these airports.
Data on fuel use for aviation are among the data collected by the Ministry of Commerce, Science
& Technology (formerly the Ministry of Mining and Energy). Currently, these data segregate
fuel use for domestic and international airlines. The fuel consumption of the domestic airlines
includes Air Jamaica which uses a considerable amount of fuel for international flights. Air
Jamaica Express, a domestic airline, also makes international flights so any (future) fuel use data
for Air Jamaica Express will include an international component.
2.2.2
Information Gaps – Aircraft Activity
The expansion of recording aircraft movements to cover all aerodromes will allow compilation of
aircraft movement by equipment type for all airports.
Aviation fuel consumption data are collected by airline and supplier and does not accurately
separate fuel consumption for domestic and international use when airlines operate both domestic
and international routes. MME is working on strategies to compile such information. The
(domestic) fuel use data will likely provide a more accurate estimate of emissions during intraisland flights for domestic aircraft or the data can be used to cross check estimates based on the
numbers of domestic LTOs and flights. Information on the number of intra island flights by
aircraft type and by trip (origin and destination) could used to estimate in-flight emissions. Such
data may be readily available only for commercial airlines.
2.3
RAIL TRAFFIC
Rail traffic is currently limited to the movement of bauxite and alumina along Jamaica Railway
Corporation tracks or on tracks that are privately owned. Estimates of rail traffic can be based on
fuel use or on more detailed information on the locomotive types and their hours of use. Fleet
information (numbers and types of locomotives) can be obtained from individual bauxite and
alumina companies and/or the Jamaica Bauxite Institute (JBI).
Plans for the reintroduction of passenger and freight rail services have not yet materialized. NIBJ
has been negotiating with a private company the terms and conditions for the reintroduction of
rail services. Information sought (from NIBJ) on the status of these plans are not available. The
earlier projections of the amount of road freight (and hence traffic) that would be diverted from
roads to the reintroduced rail system should be re-examined in light of the construction of
Highway 2000. The Concession Agreement between the Government owned National Road
Operating and Constructing Company Ltd. and the Highway 2000 developer Transjamaican
Highway Ltd., stipulates that the developer will be entitled to compensation to reflect any
reduction in traffic levels that arise solely from a new rail public transport passenger link between
Spanish Town and Kingston. It is not clear how the Concession Agreement will affect the
reintroduction of rail service.
2.4
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES AND OTHER DEVICES WITH
SMALL ENGINES
Information on off-road vehicles and other equipment was sought from a variety of sources (JBI,
bauxite and alumina companies, sugar industry, Ministry of Agriculture, Airports Authority,
Inland Revenue).
FINAL REPORT
2-5
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
Information on some of the off-road vehicles used in the bauxite and alumina and sugar industries
was obtained. Data on equipment type and fleet fuel consumption were obtained from three of
eight sugar factories. These data indicate that many of the vehicles are included in the Inland
Revenue database and the ITA “Certificate of Fitness Issued” count since they are required to be
licensed and to obtain Certificates of Fitness. The ITA conducts inspections for some vehicle
fleets especially where the licensed vehicles use public roads infrequently. Data from these
sources need to be reviewed carefully to ensure they do not include vehicles contained in the
AMVS (Inland Revenue Department) database.
It will also be vital to verify that the fuel consumption data apply exclusively to the fleet
information provided. The fuel consumption data from the sugar and bauxite/alumina industry
needs to be examined carefully to avoid double counting (i.e., to exclude the licensed vehicles
already in the AVMS database). Fuel consumption data for the off-road fleets in the sugar and
bauxite and alumina industries can be used to verify or cross check fleet information.
The Factories Inspectorate has responsibility for the inspection of some factory equipment but a
database for such equipment (off road vehicles and equipment that use internal combustion
engines (cranes, forklifts, etc) is not available.
There is no central source of information on the numbers of vehicles used in construction sector.
The number of pieces of equipment is likely to be small relative to on-road vehicles and their
contribution to emissions will also be small.
It is recommended that no additional effort should be made to obtain more detailed information
for construction equipment and other sectors for which information is not readily available since
the emissions from the construction equipment sources are likely to be small relative to other
mobile sources.
2.5
SUMMARY OF INFORMATION SOURCES
The sources from which fleet and activity information are available are summarized in Table 2-2.
FINAL REPORT
2-6
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
Table 2-2
Summary of Fleet and Activity Information Sources in Jamaica
Category
On-road vehicles
Description
Light duty (gasoline and diesel) vehicles
Light duty (gasoline and diesel) trucks [private and commercial]
Heavy duty (gasoline and diesel vehicles) [private and commercial]
Light duty (gasoline and diesel) trucks [public passenger]
Heavy duty (gasoline and diesel vehicles) [public passenger]
Motorcycles
Sources of fleet and activity information
Inland Revenue (numbers of licensed vehicles by
vehicle class) Automated Motor Vehicle System
(AMVS).
Transport Authority (for information on buses,
taxis and commercial vehicles.
Jamaica Urban Transit Company for Kingston
Metropolitan Transport Region buses and
Metropolitan Management Transport Holdings
Ltd. (MMTH) for Montego Bay Metropolitan
Region buses
Aircraft
All domestic and international landing and takeoffs
Domestic flights
Airports Authority of Jamaica (Individual LTOs
by equipment type for NMIA, SIA, Tinson Pen
and Ken Jones Airports).
Aggregate (total) LTOs for other domestic
airports.
Ministry of Industry, Science and Technology for
fuel use (turbofuel and aviation gasoline)
Port Authority
Marine
Ships in port
Commercial (fishing) and private/recreational marine vessels
operating in Jamaican waters
Rail traffic
Private railways
JBI, Bauxite and alumina companies. Note that
Proposed reintroduction of rail services
the JRC does not operate locomotives.
Sugar Industry Research Institute (SIRI).
Off-road vehicles Tracked vehicles (tractors, bulldozers)
and other devices Airside vehicles at airports
with small engines Forklifts
Lawnmowers,
FINAL REPORT
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
2-7
Claude Davis & Associates
3.
CURRENT (2000) STATUS OF MOBILE AIR
POLLUTANT SOURCES IN JAMAICA
Information on the on-road fleet for the year 2000, similar activity data for other mobile sources
and fuel consumption data for transportation sources are presented in this section. Also included
in this section is a summary of the proposed implementation of motor vehicle inspection system
as it relates to emission standards. Gaps and other policy changes needed to make the system
more effective and coherent are identified.
3.1
ON-ROAD FLEET
Activity data needed to characterise the on-road fleet are the numbers of vehicles by vehicle
category (defined by weight class and fuel type) and the VKMT for each category.
Since the computerisation of vehicle registrations by the Inland Revenue Department is not
complete (see Section 2.1.2), it is not feasible to provide a breakdown of the fleet based on the
AVMS database from Inland Revenue.
Until the (computerised) AVMS database is complete, statistics on the vehicle fleet can be
inferred from the number of vehicles passing certificates of fitness. Table 3-1 shows ITA data for
the period 1992/1993 to 2001/2002. The ITA data however include certificates issued for up to
15 months and therefore may underestimate the actual number of vehicles that are registered.
Previous studies suggest that the actual number of vehicles in the fleet may be as much as 20%
greater than the number of certificates of fitness issued because of the 15 month period and also
because of vehicles that (illegally) do not have Certificates of Fitness.
Table 3-1
Year
1993/1994
1994/1995
1995/1996
1996/1997
1997/98
1998/1999
1999/2000
2000/2001
2001/2002
Certificates of Fitness Issued in Jamaica 1993 - 2000
Motor Cars Truck/Tractor/Bus Motor cycles Trailers
Total
81,116
36,157
7,150
698 125,121
86,791
41,312
6,155
801 135,059
103,996
49,095
6,363
642 160,096
120,743
52,833
5,783
931 180,290
156,751
61,482
4,345
1,032 223,610
163,928
54,542
3,782
1,049 223,301
160,948
55,596
2,801
808 220,153
168,179
62,634
3,630
1,110 235,553
184,730
49,574
2,507
1,304 238,115
There are no empirical or other reliable sources of data for the VKMT for the majority of the onroad fleet. Since the vehicle miles travelled for taxis (hackney carriages) and buses are typically
higher than for private motor vehicles, information on the number of these types of vehicles are
of interest. Data (number of vehicles) for taxis and the rural bus fleet were obtained from the
Transport Authority while data for buses that operate in the Kingston Metropolitan Transport
Region (KMR) were obtained from the Jamaica Urban Transit Company (JUTC) through the
Ministry of Transport. The numbers of buses and taxis (obtained from TA data) are shown in
Table 3-2. Also included in Table 3-2 are the numbers of seats in buses. It should be noted that
the number of seats is not the same as the capacity of buses since there are standing passengers.
FINAL REPORT
3-1
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
Table 3-2
Buses and Taxis in Jamaica
Montego Bay Metropolitan Region (MBMR) Stage Carriages1
(Buses)
Rural Stage Licensed Carriages (Buses)1
Hackney Carriages2
Public Commercial Vehicles3
Private Commercial Vehicles4
Kingston Metropolitan Region (KMR) Stage Carriages (Buses)1
Total
Vehicles Seats
17
260
2,333
147
3,113
11,221
603
16,831
37,396
502
7,953
35,295
26,100
81,406
1
Stage carriages are categorised as either rural stage or metropolitan region stage. Each category is confined to
operate in its geographical area. Rural stage carriages carry passengers for hire or reward, have separate fares for
each passenger, and which travels stage by stage along a designated route with designated stops along the route. The
seating accommodation must be no less than 11 passengers.
2
Hackney carriages are vehicles for hire to carry passengers and are limited to seat up to 4 persons
3
Public commercial vehicles are for hire to carry goods in connection with a business
4
Private commercial vehicles are used to carry goods in connection with a business and are not for hire
Route lengths and the numbers of trips per year can be obtained for MBMR, KMR and rural stage
buses in order to estimate VKMT. Survey data can/should be used to estimate VKMT for taxis,
commercial vehicles and private vehicles. Note however that privatization of the ITA motor
vehicle inspection functions in which odometer readings (as well as type of licence) are recorded
would allow estimation of VKMT based on data for consecutive years.
3.2
OFF ROAD FLEET
Information on the off-road fleet was sought from a number of sources. Data for the bauxite and
alumina industry are given in Table 3-3. Data for the sugar industry (Table 3-4) are incomplete
since only three of eight factories provided data.
Table 3-3
Off-Road Vehicles in the Bauxite and Alumina Industry in 2001
Type
Backhoe
Bulldozers
Compressor
Cranes
Excavator
Front End Loader
Graders
Hydraulic Excavators
Loader, Lift, F/Lift
Misc
Motor Graders
Roller
Scrapers
Tractor
Truck (Various)
Total
Number
5
49
24
11
9
9
6
4
60
21
6
1
12
20
166
408
Fuel consumption for the bauxite and alumina industry off-road fleet for 2001 was 31.065 x 106 litres (195,393 bbl)
FINAL REPORT
3-2
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
Table 3-4
Off Road vehicles in the Sugar Industry
Vehicle Category
Crawler tractors
Rubber tyre & agricultural tractors & loaders
Graders, Excavators, Backhoes
Irrigation sets
Combines
Welders, cranes, generator sets etc
Total
Number*
114
117
8
19
4
19
253
* Based on data from three of eight factories
3.3
AIRCRAFT
The numbers of aircraft movements are available for international airports (see Table 3-5) broken
down by type of flight (international scheduled and non-scheduled commercial flights and
domestic flights that are commercial, military and private). Only the total numbers of domestic
flights (see Table 3-6) are available at the other domestic aerodromes (Tinson Pen, Negril,
Boscobel and Ken Jones Airports).
Table 3-5
Year
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Aircraft Movements at Norman Manley International and Sangster
International Airports, 1994* to 1999
Commercial
Scheduled b
30,571
31,080
34,120
35,468
36,722
36,820
International
Domestic
General Aviation
Total1
Commercial
Total
Domestic
Military
Private
Non-Scheduled b
Commercial
14,237 44,808
35,689
1,433
4,045
85,975
7,077 38,157
35,220
1,414
3,992
78,784
5,942 40,062
37,947
1,525
4,300
81,386
7,056 42,524
34,238
1,880
4,713
88,456
8,754 45,476
43,253
1,196
4,652
93,577
7,209 44,029
50,420
2,154
5,676 102,279
101,097
107,831
1 Data from Airports Authority of Jamaica (March, 2000) 1996 – 1999 and from Data from Statistical Abstract, 1996,
Table 5.10, p 102 for 1994 and 1995.Data for 2000 and 2001 are for NMIA and SIA only and were obtained from the
Economic and Social Survey, Jamaica 2001.
b Data for 1994 – 1996 from Statistical Abstract, 1996, Table 5.10, p 102.
* Domestic Aviation and General Aviation movements for 1994 were estimated based on average
data for 1997 through 1999.
Table 3-6
Year
1997
1998
1999
Aircraft Movements - Domestic Aerodromes, 1997 to 1999
Tinson Pen
2,473
4,638
4,620
Negril
7,963
7,885
10,664
Boscobel
3,006
3,206
4,068
FINAL REPORT
3-3
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Ken Jones
3,346
3,959
4,060
Total
18,785
21,686
25,411
Claude Davis & Associates
Since 1997, the LTO data at the two international airports, Norman Manley International Airport
(NMIA) and Sangster International Airport (SIA), have been aggregated into international,
domestic and general aviation movements. The LTOs from 1994 to 1999 at NMIA and SIA are
shown in Table 3-5. Between 1994 and 1996 only the total LTOs were available. The numbers
of movements by aircraft type are available only from hand written logs at each airport.
Data requested for 2000 are not yet available. As of 2000, more detailed data will be available
for Tinson Pen and Ken Jones Airports (movement by aircraft type) and similar data will be
available for the remaining airports in the future.
Estimates of emissions during cruising modes for domestic flights require information on the
routes flown between the local airports, the number of such flights, the types of aircraft used and
the amount of fuel used. It should be noted that some international flights also make domestic
trips between SIA and NMIA but not to any of the smaller airports.
The Civil Aviation Authority provided data on the types of aircraft registered in Jamaica in 1996
(the year for which data were readily available). The domestic aircraft consisted of jets (Air
Jamaica operated Airbus A300 and Boeing 727s and two Lear Jets) and three turboprops (Trans
Jamaica) which use jet fuel and a variety of smaller aircraft nearly all of which use aviation
gasoline. Since that time there have been changes in the fleet and operators: for example, Boeing
727’s have been phased out and TransJamaica is now Air Jamaica Express.
Domestic sales of aviation fuels (jet fuel and aviation gasoline) are reported for locally registered
airlines. In the case of jet fuel, the domestic sales in 2000 were 836,543 bbl most of which would
have been to Air Jamaica which uses the bulk of such fuel on international flights. There are no
readily available data on the amount of jet fuel used for domestic flights. The in-flight jet fuel
used for domestic flights between NMIA and SIA may be based on the flying time and the
aircraft type (e.g., five 25-minute flights/day for large jets and six 50-minute turboprop
flights/day). It must be stressed that this is a very crude way to estimate fuel use and procedures
need to be put in place to obtain fuel use and other data on domestic flights to obtain reliable
estimates of domestic jet fuel use and hence emissions from domestic jet fuel use.
3.4
MARINE
Marine emissions arise from vessels in port (largely international shipping), domestic fishing and
recreational vessels.
Data on the number of vessel movements broken down by vessel type are compiled by the Port
Authority. Typical vessel classes are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Auto Carrier
Container ships
General Cargo
Passenger liner/cruise ships
Reefer
RORO (Roll on-Roll off)
Tanker
Bulk Carrier
Information requested from the Port Authority has not been received.
The Department of Fisheries collects information on the amount of fuel and the number of fishing
vessels. These data are in principle available but the department indicated that current resources
precluded them from compiling the data for this report. A blended gasoline/oil fuel for the
fishing fleet is supplied to the Ministry of Agriculture under contract by a petroleum marketing
FINAL REPORT
3-4
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
company. Such fuel sales data may not represent all of the fuel used by the fleet since some fuel
may be purchased from retail gas stations.
The number of recreational fishing vessels is unknown. Fuel (gasoline or diesel) for recreational
vessels is likely obtained from retail gas stations. The amount of fuel sold for recreational vessels
is not known but is expected to be a very small portion of gas station sales. Additional effort to
obtain estimates of emissions from the recreational fleet is not justified in view of the small
amount of vessels and fuel sales.
Fuel sales of marine diesel oil, heavy fuel oil and lubricants to marine transportation sources
(domestic trips only) are typically identified in the annual Energy Reports from the Ministry of
Industry, Science & Technology (formerly the Ministry of Mining and Energy). These fuel
consumption data together with appropriate emission factors can be used to estimate annual
emissions from marine sources.
3.5
RAIL SERVICES
The number of locomotives in use by bauxite and alumina companies is estimated at 12
locomotives and 6 shunters. Data for the fuel use and/or hours of operation should be available
from companies. Fuel use data are typically included in overall diesel fuel use.
3.6
FUEL CONSUMPTION
Fuel consumption data for the transportation sector for 2000 and previous years back to 1993 are
based on data compiled by the Ministry of Industry, Science & Technology (formerly by the
Ministry of Mining and Energy) (see Table 3-7).
Table 3-7
Transportation Sector Domestic Fuel Consumption (bbl) 1993 to 2000
Fuel
Aviation gasoline
Turbo fuel
Leaded gasoline
Unleaded gasoline
Diesel
Diesel (Marine)
Heavy Fuel Oil (Marine)
1993
5,941
1994
5,877
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
5,609
4,160
4,572
2,992
5,609
4,612
489,212 627,792 640,331 658,978 692,388 836,543.0
1,882,155 1,682,578 1,862,179 1,928,059 1,901,153 1,581,846 1,296,791 373,975
511,193 726,809 1,150,588 1,511,607 1,828,299 2,396,993 2,792,980 3,790,466
769,291
807,309
375,909 1,462,779 1,908,193 1,766,453 1,860,494 1,463,468
51,866
66,447
19,568
21,932
3,880
13,869
70,925
15,394
6,690
10,618
523
9,655
The consumption data for gasoline for 1993 was deemed reasonable when compared with the size
of the on-road fleet and assumed fuel economy (litres consumed per 100 km travelled) and annual
vehicle kilometres travelled. Between 1993 and 2000, the growth in gasoline fuel consumption
was 124% while the number of motor cars (based on certificates of fitness tests) increased 107%.
Changes in the fuel economy (expected to improve and hence lower fuel consumption) and
VKMT (an increase would raise fuel consumption) could account for the discrepancy.
Estimates of diesel fuel used for transportation are based on retail and peddler sales in urban and
rural outlets. The diesel consumption for industry e.g., mining are not included.
The consumption of aviation gasoline and turbo fuels is for domestic airlines. Since the turbo
fuel used for Air Jamaica is included in the domestic consumption and Air Jamaica uses
considerable amounts of fuel for international flights, the domestic turbo fuel use is exaggerated.
Efforts are under way to resolve this issue by obtaining data for international Air Jamaica fuel use
separate from Air Jamaica Express (a subsidiary of Air Jamaica). Since some of the international
Air Jamaica flights include trips between Kingston and Montego Bay, the Air Jamaica fuel use
FINAL REPORT
3-5
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
will have to be adjusted accordingly. Also, Air Jamaica Express makes some international flights
and so the fuel for such trips needs to be excluded from the total for Air Jamaica Express fuel use.
FINAL REPORT
3-6
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
4.
UPDATE OF MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSION
STANDARDS IN SELECTED JURISDICTIONS
Changes since the 1997 report in motor vehicle emission standards and approaches to implement
I/M programs in selected jurisdictions are provided in this Section.
The 1997 report focussed on the review of emission standards in U.S., EU and Japan since most
countries with motor vehicle emission standards base them on the standards from one of these
three jurisdictions. Jamaica’s vehicle fleet consists mainly of imports of Japanese makes with
fewer from Korea, Europe and the U.S.
Although a very large percentage of the Jamaican fleet consists of models of Japanese
manufacturers and many of these vehicles are imported from Japan, the models (or very similar
models) are also manufactured or imported into the U.S. and Canada. The same is true of models
from European and South Korean manufacturers – that is, they are also prevalent in the U.S.
However, in the case of the Japanese models (that are imported into Jamaica directly from Japan),
the emission control technology for many of the Japanese models are often very different from
similar models for the U.S. and Canadian market.
The basic idle emission test methods and standards are similar in the three jurisdictions and can
be compared. Advanced emission test methods measure emissions under a specified set of
driving conditions or test cycles (i.e., involving dynamometer tests). The test cycles used in the
three jurisdictions are different and emission standards based on such advanced test cycles are not
easily compared. The 1997 report recommended Jamaican emission standards based only on idle
conditions as the second phase of the I/M program. (The first phase entailed physical tests only).
The use of advanced dynamometer testing was not recommended unless it took place in a later
(third) phase.
4.1
EMISSION STANDARDS
Since the previous study, additional emission standards and related fuel regulations have been
implemented in the U.S., EU and Japan. These are summarised below.
4.1.1
U.S. EPA Emission Standards and Sulphur Levels in Fuels
Tailpipe Emission Standards
The most recent vehicle emission standards for the U.S. – the Tier 2 standards - were announced
in 1999. The Tier 2 standards will be phased-in between 2004 and 2009. The standards are
required under the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. U.S. EPA vehicle emission standards for
the on-road fleet are given in Appendix 4.
The Tier 2 tailpipe standards are structured into 8 certification levels of different stringency,
called “certification bins” and an average fleet standard for NOx emissions. Additional
temporary certification bins (bin 9, 10, and a new weight category called medium duty passenger
vehicles (MDPV) bin) of more relaxed emission limits will be available in the transition period.
These bins will expire after 2008 model year. See Appendix 4 for details. Vehicle manufacturers
will have a choice to certify particular vehicles to any of the 8 bins. At the same time, the average
NOx emissions of the entire vehicle fleet sold by each manufacturer will have to meet the average
NOx standard of 0.07 g/mi all classes of passenger vehicles beginning in 2004. Passenger
vehicles include all light-duty trucks, as well as the MDPV category that has GVWR of 8,500 –
10,00 lb (3,856 – 4,536 kg). The MDPV category includes the largest sports utility vehicles
(SUVs). The Tier 2 emission limits will apply to all engine types regardless of the fuel used.
FINAL REPORT
4-1
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
For new passenger cars and light LDTs, Tier 2 standards will be phased in between 2004 and
2007. For heavy LDTs and MDPVs, the Tier 2 standards will be phased in beginning in 2008,
with full compliance in 2009. During the phase-in period from 2004-2007, all passenger cars and
light LDTs not certified to the primary Tier 2 standards will have to meet an interim average
standard of 0.30 g/mi NOx, equivalent to the current national low emission vehicle (NLEV)
standards for LDVs. During the period 2004-2008, heavy LDTs and MDPVs not certified to the
final Tier 2 standards will phase in to an interim program with an average standard of 0.20 g/mi
NOx, with those not covered by the phase-in meeting a per-vehicle standard (i.e., an emissions
“cap”) of 0.60 g/mi NOx (for HLDTs) and 0.90 g/mi NOx (for MDPVs).
U.S. EPA finalised rules that included emission standards and test procedures for heavy duty
diesel and heavy duty gasoline vehicles. The Phase I program was announced on July 31, 2000
and Phase 2 on December 21, 2000.
•
The Phase I program set emission limits for non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC)+NOx
of 2.4 g/bhp-hr for heavy duty diesel engines effective for the 2004 model year. This
limit does not require changes to the formulation of diesel fuel. The previous limits were:
4 g/bhp-hr for NOx and 1.3 g/bhp-hr for HC. The rule requires on-board diagnostic
(OBD) systems for engines between 8,500 and 14,000 lb (3,856 to 6,350 kg) to be
phased-in, beginning in 2005. These systems will identify the failure of emissions
control system components. There were also provisions (to come into effect in 2007) for
new and supplemental test procedures to complement the Federal Test Procedure (FTP)
and the phasing in (as of 2005) of OBD on vehicles up to 14,000 lb (6350 kg) GVW.
The Phase I program included the following provisions heavy duty gasoline engines:
•
•
Vehicles less than 14,000 lb (6350 kg) GVW must meet emission standards and are
subject to testing similar to the current program for light-duty vehicles and light-duty
trucks.
Emission standards as follows:
Gross Vehicle Weight Rating
8,500 - 10,000 lbs (3,856 - 4,536 kg)
HC
0.28 g/mile (0.174 g/km)
10,001 - 14,000 lbs (4536.5 - 6350.4 kg)
0.33 g/mile (0.205 g/km)
NOx
0.9 g/mile
(0.559 g/km)
1.0 g/mile
(0.621 g/km)
(The current NOx and HC standards are 4.0 and 1.1 g/bhp-hr, respectively.)
>14,000 lb (>6350.4 kg)
HC+NOx
1 g/bhp-hr
(The current NOx and HC standards are 4.0 and 1.9 g/bhp-hr, respectively.)
•
•
OBD systems for engines between 8,500 and 14,000 pounds (3,856 - 6,350 kg) gross
vehicle weight will be phased-in.
The rule incorporates flexibility and incentive mechanisms that will encourage
manufactures of gasoline trucks to meet these standards as early as 2003 or 2004.
The Phase 2 program (Federal Register: January 18, 2001, Volume 66, Number 12) set the
following emission standards for heavy duty diesel engines:
PM
0.01 g/bhp-hr (as of 2007)
FINAL REPORT
4-2
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
NOx
0.2 g/bhp-hr (50% from 2007 and 100% in 2010)
NMHC
0.14 g/bhp-hr
Gasoline engines will be subject to these standards based on a phase-in requiring 50
percent compliance in the 2008 model year and 100 percent compliance in the 2009
model year.
Gasoline Sulphur Standards
The sulphur in gasoline has been shown to adversely affect the efficiency of catalytic converters
to remove nitrogen oxides. Several jurisdictions have reduced (and plan to reduce further) the
allowable limits for sulphur in gasoline and also diesel fuel. Beginning in 2004, U.S. refiners
and importers of gasoline must cap the sulphur content at 300 parts per million (ppm) w/w and
meet an annual corporate average sulphur level of 120 ppm. In 2005, the refinery average will be
set at 30 ppm, with a corporate average of 90 ppm and a cap of 300 ppm. Both of the average
standards can be met by using credits generated by other refiners who reduce sulphur levels early.
In 2006, refiners will meet a 30 ppm average sulphur level with a maximum cap of 80 ppm.
Gasoline produced for sale in parts of the Western U.S. will be allowed to meet a 150 ppm
refinery average and a 300 ppm cap through 2006 but will have to meet the 30 ppm average/80
ppm cap by 2007.
Small U.S. refiners (those who employ no more than 1,500 employees and have a corporate crude
oil capacity of no more than 155,000 barrels per day) will be able to comply with less stringent
interim standards through 2007, when they must meet the final sulphur standards. If necessary,
small refiners that demonstrate a severe economic hardship can apply for an additional extension
of up to two years.
Diesel Fuel Standards
U.S. EPA promulgated PM, NOx and NMHC emission standards for diesel vehicles January
2001 (Federal Register: January 18, 2001, Volume 66, Number 12). Emission standards for
diesel vehicles are included in Appendix 4. The rule includes limits for the sulphur content of
diesel fuel. The emission standards are based on the use of high-efficiency catalytic exhaust
emission control devices or comparably effective advanced technologies. Since the control
devices are damaged by sulphur, the level of sulphur in highway diesel fuel will be reduced
significantly by mid-2006.
The rule specifies a maximum level of 15 ppm sulphur in diesel fuel beginning June 1, 2006. All
2007 and later model year diesel-fuelled vehicles must be refuelled with this new low sulphur
diesel fuel. The current limit for sulphur in diesel is 500 ppm.
Gasoline sold in Canada must be less than 80 ppm as of April 1, 2005 and the pool average for
each refinery, blending facility or province of importation or any combination of them must be
less than 30 ppm as of January 1, 2005 (Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999, Sulphur
in Gasoline Regulations ( C-15.31 -- SOR/99-236).
4.1.1.1
Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) Programs
All 1996 and newer cars and trucks have an advanced power train control computer which uses
second generation on-board diagnostic (OBD) technology (OBD II) to manage and monitor the
operation of the engine and transmission. OBD monitors vehicle operation, detects problems as
soon as they occur, provides specific information for repairs and makes warranty coverage
programs more effective. Detecting and repairing problems early can also prevent more costly
repairs later. If an irregular condition is detected, the OBD system notifies drivers by
illuminating a malfunction indicator light (also known as the “MIL,” “Check Engine Light” or
FINAL REPORT
4-3
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
“Service Engine Soon” light) on the dashboard. OBD testing has significant air quality benefits,
shorter inspection time for the consumer, lower test equipment costs (than a dynamometer) and
an accurate diagnosis of needed repairs. Repair costs in the U.S. of OBD-failed vehicles are
comparable to those for traditional tailpipe failed tests.
The Clean Air Act requires inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs to incorporate on-board
diagnostic (OBD) testing as part of vehicle emission inspection. A majority of the 33 state and
local areas that require vehicle emission tests have now moved forward to incorporate the use of
OBD technology for vehicle inspections. States with OBDII programs are included in Appendix
7.
On August 6, 1996, EPA published a final rulemaking relating to the implementation of on board
diagnostics (OBD) checks as a routine part of I/M programs. EPA interpreted the Clean Air Act
requirement to include both emission testing and OBD checks and thus required both tests as part
of the regular I/M test procedures. Ozone Transport Region (OTR) areas with OTR low
enhanced programs were to implement OBD checks by January 1, 1999 and all other areas were
to implement OBD checks by January 1, 1998. Until January 1, 2000, OBD checks, exhaust tests
and evaporative system tests, where applicable, were to be required on each subject vehicle of
model year 1996 and newer.
On December 22, 1997, EPA published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) (62 FR
66841) which proposed delaying the implementation of mandatory (OBD) checks until January 1,
2001, for all areas with basic and enhanced I/M programs.
4.1.2
4.1.2.1
EU Emission Standards
Cars and light commercial vehicles
In October 1998, the EU through Directive 98/69/EC set revised emission limits (Euro3/4) for
new light duty vehicles (cars and light commercial vehicles) to be effective in 2000 and 2005.
European emission regulations for new light duty vehicles were originally specified in 1970
(European Directive 70/220/EEC) and amended by the Euro 1/2 standards in 1993 (Directive
93/59/EC). The Euro 3/4 2000/2005 standards were accompanied by more stringent fuel quality
rules that require minimum diesel cetane number of 51 (year 2000), maximum diesel sulphur
content of 350 ppm in 2000 and 50 ppm in 2005, and maximum petrol (gasoline) sulphur content
of 150 ppm in 2000 and 50 ppm in 2005. EU emission limits for these directives are given in
Appendix 5.
The useful vehicle life for the purpose of emission regulations is 80,000 km through the Euro 3
stage and 100,000 km beginning at the Euro 4 stage (2005).
The 2000/2005 regulations include several additional provisions, such as:
•
•
•
4.1.2.2
EU Member States may introduce tax incentives for early introduction of 2005 compliant
vehicles.
Requirement for on-board emission diagnostics systems (OBD) to be phased-in between
2000 and 2005.
Requirement for low temperature emission test (7°C) for gasoline vehicles effective in
2002.
Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck and Bus Engines
Since the previous study, the EU adopted Euro III, Euro IV and Euro V standards for heavy-duty
truck and bus engines. In 1999, the EU adopted the final Euro III standard (Directive 1999/96/EC
FINAL REPORT
4-4
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
of December 13, 1999, amending the Heavy Duty Diesel emissions Directive 88/77/EEC) and
also adopted Euro IV and V standards for the years 2005/2008. The standards also set specific,
stricter values for extra low emission vehicles (also known as "enhanced environmentally friendly
vehicles" or EEVs) to reduce atmospheric pollution in cities.
In 2001, the EU adopted Directive 2001/27/EC that further amended Directive 88/77/EEC to
prohibit the use of emission "defeat devices" and "irrational" emission control strategies, which
would reduce the efficiency of emission control systems when vehicles operate under normal
driving conditions to levels below those determined during the emission testing procedure.
The 2005 and 2008 emission limits (1.5 g/kWh for CO; 0.46 g/kWh for HC; 3.5 g/kWh for NOx;
0.02 g/kWh for PM; 0.5 m-1 for smoke opacity) will require all new diesel-powered heavy duty
vehicles to be fitted with exhaust gas after-treatment devices, such as particulate traps and
DeNOx catalysts. The 2008 NOx standard is to be reviewed by December 31, 2002 and either
confirmed or modified, depending on the available emission control technology.
EU Emission standards for heavy duty vehicles are included in Appendix 5.
4.1.3
Japan Emission Standards and Inspection and Maintenance
The Japanese Ministry of Transport sets emission standards for on-road vehicles and sets the
emission targets and reduction rates based on recommendations by an advisory body to the
Ministry of Transport the Central Environment Council (CEC). The Japanese emission standards
for new diesel, gasoline and LPG powered cars are listed in Appendix 6. The current test method
is the 10-15 mode cycle, which supersedes the older 10-mode cycle (effective 1991.11.1 for
domestic cars, 1993.4.1 for imports).
In the Fifth Report issued by the CEC on April 16, 2002, new short term and longer term motor
vehicle exhaust emission reduction targets for diesel vehicles were proposed. The targets were
based on 50 ppm sulphur in diesel fuel and reductions in CO, PM, NOx and NMHC by 2005 (see
Appendix A6-10 - 11). Targets for gasoline an dLPG fuelled vehicles were proposed and
required low sulphur in gasoline (50 ppm) by 2004 and lower emission targets for NOx, CO and
NMHC to be achieved between 2005 and 2008 (see Appendix A6-13).
OBD systems became mandatory under the short-term regulations (2000 to 2002) and advanced
OBD systems from 2008. In general, up to when the legislation was passed, OBD systems (on
models used for the Japanese domestic market have been rudimentary.
The new Assuring Environment Ordinance stipulates diesel vehicle emission control regulations
effective in October 2003. Diesel vehicles to which the regulation applies are buses, trucks, and
special category vehicles based on buses and trucks, such as campers, tanker trucks, cranes,
garbage collection trucks and refrigerator/freezer vehicles. Passenger cars are not included.
Diesel vehicles failing to meet the PM emission regulation will be banned from travelling through
the Metropolis seven years after their first registration. Vehicles equipped with Diesel Particulate
Matter Reduction Systems certified by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG) will be
allowed to travel through the Metropolis even after the lapse of the grace period of seven years.
Japan’s CCEPC announced in February 2002 a plan to tighten diesel NOx and PM emission
standards for new heavy- and light-duty highway vehicles. Under the plan, the emission
standards would be as follows:
Trucks and buses > 3.5 tons
PM
0.027 g/kWh (from the 0.18 g/kWh effective October 2002)
NOx 2 g/kWh (down from 3.38 g/kWh)
Cars below <1.25 tons
PM
0.013 g/km PM (down from 0.052 g/km)
FINAL REPORT
4-5
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
NOx
0.14 g/km NOx (down from 0.28 g/km)
These light-duty standards are numerically more stringent than the Euro 4 (2005) of 0.025 g/km
PM and 0.25 g/km NOx. The heavy-duty standards match the Euro 5 (2008) for NOx. The
heavy-duty PM standard are comparable to the Euro 4 (2005) and Euro 5 (2008) limit of
0.02/0.03 g/kWh on stationary/transient test. Since the test cycles in Japan and the EU are
different, the real relative stringency of the standards may not be accurately reflected by their
numerical values.
Meeting the planned standards of Euro 4/Euro 5 stringency would force the use of exhaust gas
after treatment on new diesel engines. However, it may be possible to achieve the limits through
low-PM and high NOx engine calibration (advanced injection timing) and the use of SCR for
NOx reduction.
Japanese vehicles are required to be certified when new (initial certification) and periodically
after (see Table 4-1). The inspections called “Shaken” are relatively expensive and together with
the propensity for Japanese to buy new models, accounts for the large number of Japanese
vehicles that are retired. These vehicles have been exported to several developing countries
including Jamaica.
The Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) announced a plan to legislate
“sulphur free” gasoline and diesel fuels. In harmonization with the recent European proposal, the
maximum sulphur content in both fuels would be set at 10 ppm (wt). Sulphur free fuels would be
introduced “around fiscal year 2008”. Current sulphur limits in Japan are 500 ppm in diesel and
100 ppm in gasoline. A limit of 50 ppm is legislated for both fuels effective 2005.
Korean diesel emission standards for different categories of new highway vehicles and diesel
engines are also included in Appendix 6. Some of the truck engine categories have additional
smoke opacity requirements which are not listed in the Appendix.
Korea applies US standards and test methods for gasoline vehicles and European standards for
diesel-powered vehicles. As a result, Korea is trying to introduce U.S. OBD II standards for
gasoline vehicles and EU EOBD standards for diesel vehicles.
4.2
Update of U.S. State and Other I/M Programs
Since the previous report the significant change in I/M programs is that several jurisdictions in
the U.S. have amended their I/M programs to include on board diagnostics testing for 1996 and
later model year vehicles. Changes to various state I/M programs are listed in Appendix 7.
Only two jurisdictions in Canada (British Columbia and Ontario) have I/M programs. The B.C.
AirCare program continues to be a centralised program operated by a private contractor. 1991and-older vehicles receive an accelerated simulation mode (ASM) inspection or an idle test for
pre-1992 vehicles that can not safely undergo a dynamometer test, costing $24 on an annual
basis. 1992-and-newer vehicles receive an I/M 240 test, for $48 on a biennial basis. 1992-andnewer vehicles that cannot be tested on a dynamometer (road simulator) receive an idle-only test
for $24 each year. All vehicles are charged $24 for a re-inspection. Changes in 2001 include
improved test equipment, a transient test cycle for all light-duty diesel vehicles and scans of OBD
to ensure compliance with evaporative emission requirements and emission measurements on allwheel-drive and stability (traction) controlled vehicles on newly installed 4-wheel-drive
dynamometers.
Ontario introduced its decentralised Drive Clean program on a regional basis starting in 1999 and
now applies to all of southern Ontario. The program requires biennial testing of light-duty cars,
trucks and vans that are more than three model years old and less than 20 model years old and
requires a pass or conditional pass for vehicle registration renewal. Tests used are the ASM25425
FINAL REPORT
4-6
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
dynamometer test; a preconditioned two-speed idle test for light vehicles operating on fuels other
than diesel and for heavy (>4,500 kg) gasoline fuelled vehicles, an OBD scan and an emission
control system tests. Heavy duty diesel vehicles require annual (snap opacity) testing and all nondiesel heavy-duty vehicles require annual (two speed idle) tests if they are registered in the
designated Drive Clean light-duty vehicle program area. Future test requirements are likely to
focus on OBDII tests and abandon the idle and possibly the ASM tests for Tier 2 vehicles.
FINAL REPORT
4-7
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
Table 4-1
Requirements for Motor Vehicle Inspection (“Shaken”) in Japan
Vehicle Category
Private passenger car/mini passenger car
Mini truck/motorcycle over 250cc/large
special-purpose vehicle
Truck $8 t
Truck < 8 t
Bus/taxi
Rental vehicle
Initial
inspection
3 years
2 years
2 years
2 years
1 year
2 years
1 year
2 years
1 year
1 year
1 year
1 year
FINAL REPORT
4-8
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Thereafter
Claude Davis & Associates
5.
UPDATE OF PREVIOUSLY PROPOSED
JAMAICAN EMISSION STANDARDS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Since the previous study was completed, in addition to the new emission and fuel standards that
overseas car manufacturers and fuel suppliers are required to meet, there have been two
significant developments in Jamaica:
A
B
the phasing out of leaded gasoline; and
the revised motor vehicle import policy
The exclusive availability of unleaded gasoline as of April, 2000, means that there would be no
opportunity for misfuelling of vehicles with catalytic converters that were functional as of that
date. In April, 2003, the motor vehicle import policy was changed to limit the maximum ages for
imported vehicles to 5 years for returning residents, 3 years for cars and for vans for other
individual dealers, and 4 years for trucks.
Because of these changes it is necessary to update some of the previously proposed approaches to
setting emission standards, the inspection and maintenance program and motor vehicle emission
standards themselves.
The initial study recommended emission standards for four categories of vehicles (see Table 5-1):
A
B
C
D
New imported vehicles;
Used imported vehicles;
Ongoing standards for A and B as they age; and
The existing fleet. (The existing fleet is defined as the fleet prior to the
promulgation of emission standards in regulations or a date defined in such
regulations.)
The previous study recommended that emission standards be an integral part of an Inspection and
Maintenance (I/M) program that would be implemented in three phases as follows:
Phase I
Visual and physical inspection tests that would complement the existing safety
inspections for Certificate of Fitness Tests
Phase II
Annual two-speed idle emission tests on all gasoline fuelled vehicles except new
(current model year) vehicles and exhaust opacity tests for diesel vehicles
Phase III
Dynamometer tests
The phased implementation of I/M program should allow consistency with the recent action taken
with respect to the importation of (new and used) vehicles. It was recommended previously and
reaffirmed here, that Phases I and II should be implemented together.
In view of the changes in vehicle technology and the experience in other jurisdictions, we
recommend one major change in the previously recommended Phase III. It is to consider OBD II
tests for vehicles in category C (ongoing testing of new and used vehicles imported after
promulgation of the regulations) as an alternative to the use of dynamometer tests (previously
proposed as Phase III)..
The bases for setting the previous and updated emission standards are summarised in Table 5-1.
FINAL REPORT
5-1
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
Table 5-1
A
Bases for Jamaican Motor Vehicle Emission Standards
Imports of new vehicles
LDV
HDDV
B
MC
Imports
of
vehicles LDVs
Previous Standard
Updated Standard
Emission standard in the country of
origin
Emission standard in the country of
origin except that the Jamaican
standard would apply only when the
new standards (e.g., Tier 2) are
completely phased in. See Table 5-4
Emission standard in the country of
origin.
[It is recommended that
discussions with the oil industry be
held to determine the feasibility and
schedule for providing low sulphur
diesel to allow adoption of the 1994
and later HDV standards.]
Same as the U.S. EPA standards.
used
In-use standard for the model year and
country or jurisdiction of origin based
on at least tailpipe measurements made
in the most recent required recent
Inspection and Maintenance test.
No change
Changes in []
In-use standard for the model year and
country or jurisdiction of origin based
on at least tailpipe measurements made
in the most recent required recent
Inspection and Maintenance [or other]
test [required for licensing].
HDDV
1991 U.S. EPA emission standards for
heavy duty vehicles since these do not
require low sulphur diesel.
It is
recommended that discussions with the
oil industry be held to determine the
feasibility and schedule for providing
low sulphur diesel to allow adoption of
the 1994 and later HDV standards.
C
D
Cut points for the future
in-use
testing
of
vehicles in A and B
Cut points for in-use
testing of the existing
fleet
LDGV, HDGV
LDGV
LDDV, HDDV
MC
No change
OBD II tests for model years after
promulgation of regulations
For the existing fleet of gasoline
vehicles without catalytic converters,
set cut points at the levels that predated
catalytic converters (1.5 g HC/mi, 15 g
CO/mi and 2.0 g NOx/mi for light duty
vehicles and 1.7 g HC/mi, 18 g CO/mi
and 2.3 g NOx/mi for light duty
trucks). Exempt model years older
than 25 years from testing.
For the existing fleet of gasoline
vehicles with catalytic converters, set
model year specific cut points.
Set opacity limits for in-use diesel
vehicles
Exempt in-use motorcycles from tests
FINAL REPORT
5-2
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
No change
No change
No change
No change
Claude Davis & Associates
The emission standards for imported new and used vehicles were based on meeting country of
origin (new vehicles) or jurisdiction of origin (used vehicles) emission standards. These emission
standards were expected to change as more stringent emission standards came into force in car
manufacturing countries. When the initial report was written it was anticipated that more
stringent emission standards for diesel fuelled vehicles would require the use of low sulphur
diesel fuel and hence the previous report also stated:
“It is recommended that Jamaica immediately adopt the 1991 U.S. EPA emission
standards for heavy duty [diesel] vehicles imported into Jamaica since these do
not require low sulphur diesel. It is recommended that discussions with the oil
industry be held to determine the feasibility and schedule for providing low
sulphur diesel to allow adoption of the 1994 and later HDV standards.”
And that:
“Discussions with the oil industry are therefore absolutely essential in the
process of setting standards and implementing associated regulations since fuel
specifications play such an important role in the achievement of emission
standards.”
The expected and actual changes in regulations for diesel fuelled vehicles and diesel fuel are also
similar for gasoline fuelled vehicles and gasoline since new emission standards will be introduced
between 2004 and 2007 (Tier 2 standards in the U.S.) or 2000 to 2005 (Euro 3/4 standards in the
EU) for gasoline fuelled motor vehicles and meeting these standards will require low sulphur
gasoline.
Establishment of fuel standards is beyond the scope of this report and our recommendation is
reiterated that Jamaica should as soon as possible take steps to review and update its fuel
specifications as they relate to sulphur content (as well as other parameters that affect motor
vehicle emission standards) for diesel and gasoline. The (open) petroleum market in Jamaica will
allow importation of the lower sulphur content for gasoline and diesel fuel while meeting current
fuel specifications. Currently, locally produced gasoline would meet the future low sulphur
specification but imported gasoline currently would not. Locally produced diesel would not meet
the low sulphur diesel requirement for Tier 2 standards but proposed refinery upgrades would
include the requirement to meet the required sulphur (and other) fuel specifications.
No changes in the previously recommended emission standards for existing vehicles or for
imported new and imported used vehicles are proposed (taking into consideration the new import
policy regarding the allowed age of used vehicles that can be imported).
The recommendations are reviewed below (see Table 5-4) in relation to current plans and
measures already implemented.
5.1
Additional Recommendations
In preparation for the privatisation of the ITA, the Road Traffic Act was amended in March 2002.
The amendment (among other things) enables the privatisation of any of the functions of the
Island Traffic Authority.
It is necessary however, that the regulations under the Road Traffic Act be amended to enable the
expansion of the current safety checks to include inspection and testing of emission control
systems and idle tests.
It is also recommended that a public education campaign be mounted to inform the public about
the changes and to encourage conservation of fuel used for transportation.
FINAL REPORT
5-3
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
Table 5-2
Proposed Jamaican Motor Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards for New
Imported Vehicles
Model Year*
Vehicle type
LDV gasoline
1996 – 2008 (Tier 1)
LDV diesel
1996 – 2008 (Tier 1)
Durability Mileage
(years) 1
50,000 (5 years)
100,000 (10 years)
50,000 (5 years)
100,000 (10 years)
50,000 (5 years)
100,000 (10 years)
50,000 (5 years)
100,000 (10 years)
50000
120000
50000
120000
LDT 0 - 3750 lb gasoline 1997 – 2008 (Tier I)
LDT 0 - 3750 lb diesel
1997 – 2008 (Tier I)
LDT 5751 - 8500 lb gas
1997 – 2008 (Tier I)
LDT 5751 - 8500 lb diesel 1997 – 2008 (Tier I)
All except Heavy duty 2009 and later
vehicles
Table 5-3
50,000 (5 years)
100,000 (10 years)
THC
NMHC
CO
NOx
PM
0.41
0.25
0.31
0.25
0.31
0.25
0.31
0.25
0.31
0.39
0.56
0.39
0.56
3.4
0.4
3.4
3.4
4.2
3.4
4.2
5.0
7.3
5.0
7.3
1.0
1.25
0.4
0.6
1.0
1.25
1.1
1.53
1.53
1.53
0.08
0.10
0.08
0.10
0.08
0.10
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
CO
3.4
4.2
NOx
0.05
0.07
PM
0.01
0.41
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
HCHO NMOG
0.015 0.075
0.018 0.090
Proposed Jamaican Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Imported Heavy
Duty Vehicles, g/bhp·hr
NMHC + NOx
NOx
NMHC
PM
1994 – 2009
2.5
NA
0.5
NA
2007 and later
2.5
NA
0.5
0.01
2010 and later#
NA
0.20
0.14
FINAL REPORT
5-4
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
The implementation of emissions testing and the associated inspection and maintenance checks
that are additional to current vehicle certificate of fitness checks will have implications for the
enforcement of motor vehicle emission standards, the importation of motor vehicles and the fuel
content of gasoline and diesel to meet emission control technologies of model year 2007 and later
vehicles.
Specific recommendations are as follows:
•
The enforcement of tailpipe (two speed idle tests) emission standards and additional
inspections will require new or revised regulations under the Road Traffic Act. Such
regulations under the act have not been drafted.
•
The policy governing the importation of motor vehicles should also be amended to
facilitate enforcement of emission standards for new and used vehicles.
•
In the case of imported used vehicles it is recommended that the policy be amended to
make it clear that all used gasoline fuelled vehicles that are imported be required to have
fully operational catalytic converters and to meet in-use emission tailpipe standards of the
jurisdiction from which they are imported or to meet the Jamaican model-year dependent
emission limits.
•
It is also recommended that all new and used gasoline vehicles as of 2003 include
functional OBD systems.
•
All new imported vehicles should meet the model year specific emission limits for the
country of origin.
•
Lower sulphur content of gasoline and diesel fuels are needed for the proper functioning
of catalytic converters and diesel control devices in order to meet NOx standards for
future vehicles. Jamaica needs to develop a strategy to address the low sulphur gasoline
and diesel fuel requirements for model year 2007 and later vehicles.
These recommendations should be reviewed by stakeholders.
FINAL REPORT
5-5
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
Table 5-4
Review of Previous Recommendations and Their Status
Category/Area
New vehicle imports
Used vehicle imports
Initial Recommendation
Meet emission standards for country of origin.
Use US EPA vehicle categorization
Jamaican emission standards for new motorcycles be the same as
the U.S. EPA standards.
Meet country of origin tailpipe standards and any applicable I/M
test
Limit age to four years
Updated Recommendation/Status
No change
No change
No change
Motor vehicle import policy was amended
in 1999 to limit the age of imported vehicles
to four years. Amend policy to include
requirement for gasoline vehicles to have
functioning catalytic converters and OBD or
later systems.
Adopt the 1991 U.S. EPA emission standards for imported heavy No change
duty diesel vehicles since these do not require low sulphur diesel.
Hold discussions with the oil industry to determine the feasibility No change
and schedule for providing low sulphur diesel (0.05%) to allow
adoption of the 1994 and later HDDV standards.
Jamaican
standards
vehicles
Defer emission standards for used motorcycle imports (since they No change
are a small portion of the fleet).
Emission Gasoline vehicles without catalytic converters at the levels that No change (should be included
agreement with private contractor)
for
in-use predated catalytic converters.
(1.5 g HC/mi, 15 g CO/mi and 2.0 g NOx/mi for light duty
vehicles and 1.7 g HC/mi, 18 g CO/mi and 2.3 g NOx/mi for
light duty trucks).
in
Exempt vehicles older than the 1968 model year – such vehicles do Exempt vehicles older than 25 model years
(should be included in agreement with
not have to be tested
private contractor)
FINAL REPORT
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
5-6
Claude Davis & Associates
Category/Area
Initial Recommendation
Updated Recommendation/Status
Gasoline vehicles with catalytic converters - model-year specific No change (should be included
agreement with private contractor)
emission limits (separate table)
in
No change (should be included in
agreement with private contractor)
Enforcement of Motor Mandatory centralized I/M program in conjunction with the existing Planned privatisation of the vehicle
inspection services of ITA (should be
Vehicle
Emission fitness certification
included in agreement with private
Standards in Jamaica
contractor)
Setting only opacity emission limits for in-use diesel vehicles
Review this recommendation with industry and government No change
stakeholders to ensure compatibility with the existing fitness test and
other requirements and (especially) to identify training and
certification requirements for a privatized system
No change
Strategies
for Phased implementation of testing
implementing an I/M Stakeholder consultation to determine optimum strategy to address No change
high emitting vehicles
program in Jamaica
Beyond scope of this study
Fuel Related Issues
RVP
Review RVP specifications
Beyond scope of this study
Sulphur in diesel
Develop strategy and timetable to address low sulphur diesel Beyond scope of study
requirements for model year 2007+ vehicles
Sulphur in gasoline
Develop strategy and timetable to address low sulphur gasoline Unknown – beyond scope of study
requirements for model year 2008+ vehicles
Additional Measures For
Emissions Reduction
FINAL REPORT
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Public education to conserve fuel used
for transportation
5-7
Claude Davis & Associates
6.
APPENDICES
6.1
APPENDIX 1
1
Terms of Reference
Review and update the draft motor vehicle emission standards for Jamaica
The update should focus on current motor vehicle emission standards and approaches to
implement and incorporate tailpipe emission tests into motor vehicle licensing systems
2
Identify information needed to update estimates of emissions from motor vehicles in
Jamaica
Required model inputs
Fleet information
On road fleet
Off road fleet
Aircraft
Locomotive
Marine
Since there is considerable uncertainty in a) the size of the fleet and in the average annual
distance travelled (vehicle kilometres travelled (VKMT)), it is necessary to develop
update and improve the activity data (fleet composition and VKMT) so that MOBILE
models can be reliably applied. This task will entail:
3
•
Obtaining data on the importation of motor vehicles since 1993;
•
developing data so that predictions for the commercial fleet (for which there are
currently more reliable data) can be made separate from the rest of the fleet;
•
improving estimates of the rest of the on-road fleet ;
•
improving estimates of the off road fleet (vehicles used in the bauxite/alumina,
sugar and other industries); and
•
recommend options and strategies for ensuring the transfer of information needed
to run the MOBILE models from other government agencies to NEPA
Improve estimates of emissions from the proposed re-introduction of public passenger
and freight railway services. In addition to estimating rail emissions, estimates of the
amount of on-road traffic displaced by the rail services should be included.
FINAL REPORT
6-1
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
6.2
APPENDIX 2
Agencies/Organizations Contacted During Study
Organization
Contacts(s)
Airports Authority
Ms. Kellie-Ann Murray
Consumer Affairs Commission
Inland Revenue
Ms. Kareen Waugh
Island Traffic Authority
Mr. Winston Rattray
Jamaica Automobile Association (JAA)
Mr. Garth Gibson
Jamaica Automobile Dealers Association (ADA)
Mr. J. Crosby
Jamaica Gasoline Retailers Association
Jamaica Used Car Dealers Association (JUCDA)
Ministry of Agriculture
Mr. Rupert Johnson
Ministry of Industry and Commerce
Ms. J Dixon, Ms C Rhone
Ministry of Mining & Energy
Mr. J Hanson, Ms Carleen Anderson, Mr.
Michael Halstead
Ministry of Transport & Works
Dr. A. Hill, Ms. D. Clarke, Ms. V Simpson,
Ms. S Myers, Ms J. Wynter
Motor Vehicle Repairers Association of Jamaica Mr. Andre Hylton
(MRAJ)
National Investment Bank of Jamaica (NIBJ)
Mr. Stephen Wedderburn
Petrojam
Mr. L Jarrett
Petroleum marketing companies
Information obtained from MME
Port Authority
Jamaica Bauxite Institute
Mr. W. Lyew-You
Sugar Industry Research Institute
Ms. E. Manning
German Automotive School
Mr. Desmond James
Transport Authority
Mr. G. Sewell, Ms. Joan Fletcher
FINAL REPORT
6-2
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
6.3
APPENDIX 3
Table A6-1
Vehicle Categories used in Mobile
Vehicle Categories Used in the MOBILE Model
Number Abbreviation
1 LDGV
2 LDGT1
3 LDGT2
4 LDGT3
5 LDGT4
6 HDGV2b
7 HDGV3
8 HDGV4
9 HDGV5
10 HDGV6
11 HDGV7
12 HDGV8a
13 HDGV8b
14 LDDV
15 LDDT12
16 HDDV2b
17 HDDV3
18 HDDV4
19 HDDV5
20 HDDV6
21 HDDV7
22 HDDV8a
23 HDDV8b
24 MC
25 HDGB
26 HDDBT
27 HDDBS
28 LDDT34
Description
Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles (Passenger Cars)
Light-Duty Gasoline Trucks 1 (0-6,000 lbs. GVWR, 0-3,750 lbs. LVW)
Light-Duty Gasoline Trucks 2 (0-6,000 lbs. GVWR, 3,751-5,750 lbs.
LVW)
Light-Duty Gasoline Trucks 3 (6,001-8,500 lbs. GVWR, 0-5,750 lbs.
ALVW)
Light-Duty Gasoline Trucks 4 (6,001-8,500 lbs. GVWR, greater than
5,751 lbs. ALVW)
Class 2b Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehicles (8,501-10,000 lbs. GVWR)
Class 3 Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehicles (10,001-14,000 lbs. GVWR)
Class 4 Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehicles (14,001-16,000 lbs. GVWR)
Class 5 Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehicles (16,001-19,500 lbs. GVWR)
Class 6 Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehicles (19,501-26,000 lbs. GVWR)
Class 7 Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehicles (26,001-33,000 lbs. GVWR)
Class 8a Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehicles (33,001-60,000 lbs. GVWR)
Class 8b Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehicles (>60,000 lbs. GVWR)
Light-Duty Diesel Vehicles (Passenger Cars)
Light-Duty Diesel Trucks 1 and 2 (0-6,000 lbs. GVWR)
Class 2b Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles (8,501-10,000 lbs. GVWR)
Class 3 Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles (10,001-14,000 lbs. GVWR)
Class 4 Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles (14,001-16,000 lbs. GVWR)
Class 5 Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles (16,001-19,500 lbs. GVWR)
Class 6 Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles (19,501-26,000 lbs. GVWR)
Class 7 Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles (26,001-33,000 lbs. GVWR)
Class 8a Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles (33,001-60,000 lbs. GVWR)
Class 8b Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles (>60,000 lbs. GVWR)
Motorcycles (Gasoline)
Gasoline Buses (School, Transit and Urban)
Diesel Transit and Urban Buses
Diesel School Buses
Light-Duty Diesel Trucks 3 and 4 (6,001-8,500 lbs. GVWR)
GVWR – Gross Vehicle Weight Rating
LVW – loaded Vehicle Weight
ALVW – Average Loaded Vehicle Weight
FINAL REPORT
6-3
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
6.4
APPENDIX 4
Table A6-2
Federal
U.S. EPA Emission Standards
Federal Certification Exhaust Emission Standards for Light-Duty Vehicles (Passenger Cars) and Light Light-Duty
Trucks: Federal Test Procedure (FTP), Cold CO, and Highway & Idle Tests
Vehicle
Emission
Type
Category
LDV
[37,40,43]
Tier 0
Tier 1
Vehicle Useful Life
5 Years / 50,000 Miles
THC
NMHC
[2,5,39]
[3]
0.41
[28]
[6]
0.34
0.25
NMOG
CO
10 Years / 100,000 Miles
NOx
PM
[35,39]
-
3.4
-
3.4
HCHO
[29]
1.0
[7]
0.4
[4]
0.20
0.08
THC
NMHC
[2,5]
[3]
NMOG
CO
NOx
[38]
PM
HCHO
[29]
-
-
0.31
-
4.2
0.67
-
10
[9]
0.6
0.10
-
[4]
-
0.41
LDT1
[37,40,43]
0.80
Tier 0[26]
Tier 1
-
0.25
-
3.4
[7]
0.4
0.08
-
[6]
[26,28]
0.31
-
4.2
0.67
-
10
1.2
[9]
0.6
0.26
0.10
-
0.80
LDT2
[37,40,43]
0.80
Tier 0[26]
Tier 1
-
0.32
-
4.4
[8]
0.7
0.08
-
[6]
0.40
[26,28]
-
5.5
1.7
0.97
[4]
0.13
0.10
-
0.80
Federal
LDV
TLEV
[28]
-
0.41
National
[36,40,41]
LEV[42]
[28]
-
0.41
Low
ULEV[42]
Emissio
n
Vehicle
LDT1
[28]
ZEV
0.41
0.00
TLEV
-
[1,31]
3.4
[34]
0.4
0.08
0.015
[36,40,41]
LEV[42]
-
ULEV[42]
-
[1,31]
[1,31]
3.4
[34]
0.2
0.08
0.015
-
-
[1,31]
0.075
0.00
-
[1,31]
0.040
0.000
[1,31]
-
[1,31]
-
[1,31]
1.7
[34]
0.2
0.08
0.008
-
-
[1,31]
0.0
[34]
0.0
0.00
0.000
0.00
0.000
3.4
[34]
0.4
0.08
0.015
[26,28]
-
0.80
3.4
[34]
0.2
[34]
0.6
0.08
0.015
[26,28]
1.7
[34]
0.2
0.08
0.008
[26,28]
0.80
6-4
0.055
0.000
[1,31]
-
[1,31]
4.2
[34]
0.3
[1,31]
0.055
0.018
[32]
0.018
0.08
2.1
[34]
0.3
0.0
[34]
0.0
4.2
[34]
0.6
[32]
0.04
0.00
[32]
0.011
0.000
0.018
0.08
4.2
[34]
0.3
0.090
-
[32]
0.08
0.156
0.80
0.040
FINAL REPORT
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
4.2
0.090
0.075
Program
-
0.156
0.125
(NLEV)
-
0.125
[32]
0.018
0.08
2.1
[34]
0.3
[32]
0.011
0.04
Claude Davis & Associates
Vehicle
Emission
Type
Category
LDT2
Vehicle Useful Life
5 Years / 50,000 Miles
THC
NMHC
[2,5,39]
[3]
ZEV
0.00
TLEV
-
NMOG
CO
10 Years / 100,000 Miles
NOx
PM
[35,39]
0.00
-
HCHO
[29]
LEV[42]
-
-
ZEV
Federal
LDV
LEV
-
0.0
0.00
0.000
0.00
0.000
[1,31]
4.4
[34]
0.7
0.08
0.018
[26,28]
-
0.80
4.4
[34]
0.4
0.08
0.018
0.00
[28]
[1,31]
0.00
-
[30]
[26,28]
2.2
[34]
0.4
0.0
[34]
0.0
0.075
3.4
[34]
0.2
0.08
0.00
-
0.009
[26,28]
0.000
0.80
0.00
0.015
-
-
[37,40,41]
ILEV [33]
[28]
-
0.075
3.4
[34]
0.2
-
0.015
-
NOx
0.000
0.0
[34]
0.0
[1,31]
5.5
[34]
0.9
[1,31]
-
[1,31]
0.000
-
0.070
0.000
[30]
0.090
0.090
-
ULEV
Vehicle
(CFV)
LDT1
[28]
ZEV
0.41
0.00
LEV
-
[37,40,41]
ILEV [33]
-
5.5
[34]
0.5
LDT2
-
ZEV
0.00
LEV
-
-
[30]
0.00
-
[30]
0.040
1.7
[34]
0.2
0.000
0.0
[34]
0.0
0.075
3.4
[34]
0.2
0.00
-
0.008
-
-
[30]
0.000
0.00
0.000
0.015
[26,28]
-
-
0.075
3.4
[34]
0.2
-
0.015
-
[26,28]
ILEV [33]
-
2.8
[34]
0.5
0.0
[34]
0.0
4.2
[34]
0.3
-
0.023
[32]
0.023
[32]
0.05
0.00
[10]
0.013
0.000
0.018
0.08
4.2
[34]
0.3
0.055
0.000
[30]
0.090
0.090
2.1
[34]
0.3
0.0
[34]
0.0
4.2
[34]
0.3
[10]
0.018
-
[30]
0.00
-
[30]
1.7
[34]
0.2
0.040
0.000
0.0
[34]
0.0
0.100
4.4
[34]
0.4
0.00
-
0.008
0.000
0.018
-
[26,28]
0.80
0.00
[26,28]
-
0.100
4.4
[34]
0.4
-
0.018
[26,28]
-
[30]
0.050
2.2
[34]
0.4
-
0.009
[26,28]
0.80
FINAL REPORT
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
6-5
[10]
0.04
0.00
[10]
0.011
0.000
0.018
0.08
4.2
[34]
0.3
0.000
-
[30]
0.055
0.000
[30]
0.130
0.130
2.1
[34]
0.3
0.0
[34]
0.0
5.5
[34]
0.5
[10]
0.018
[10]
0.04
0.00
[10]
0.011
0.000
0.023
0.08
5.5
[34]
0.5
0.80
ULEV
[32]
0.08
0.80
[37,40,41]
0.000
0.10
0.80
ULEV
0.00
0.08
0.80
Program
HCHO
0.10
0.41
Fuelled
PM
[29]
0.130
0.41
Clean
CO
0.200
0.80
0.050
0.000
NMOG
[38]
[34]
[1,31]
-
[3]
0.0
0.100
ULEV[42]
NMHC
[2,5]
0.000
0.160
[36,40,41]
THC
[10]
0.023
0.08
-
[30]
0.070
2.8
[34]
0.5
[10]
0.013
0.04
Claude Davis & Associates
Vehicle
Emission
Type
Category
ZEV
Vehicle Useful Life
5 Years / 50,000 Miles
THC
NMHC
[2,5,39]
[3]
0.00
0.00
FINAL REPORT
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
NMOG
CO
10 Years / 100,000 Miles
NOx
PM
[35,39]
0.000
0.0
HCHO
[29]
[34]
0.0
6-6
0.00
0.000
THC
NMHC
[2,5]
[3]
0.00
0.000
NMOG
CO
NOx
[38]
0.000
0.0
PM
HCHO
[29]
[34]
0.0
0.00
0.000
Claude Davis & Associates
Table A6-3
Federal Certification Exhaust Emission Standards for Heavy Light-Duty Trucks: Federal Test Procedure (FTP), Cold CO,
and Highway & Idle Tests (grams/mile)
Vehicle
Emission
Type
Category
Vehicle Useful Life
5 Years / 50,000 Miles
NMHC
NMOG
[3]
Federal
LDT3
LDT4
LDT3
[35,39]
[8]
11 Years / 120,000 Miles
PM
HCHO
0.32
-
4.4
0.7
-
-
Tier 0
LEV
THC
NMHC
[2,5,39]
[3]
0.80
0.39
-
[30]
-
5.0
1.1
-
0.125
3.4
0.4
-
0.015
-
[6]
0.80
[6]
0.67
0.56
0.80
-
NMOG
0.67
0.46
0.80
Tier 1
Federal
NOx
Tier 0
Tier 1
[37,40,43]
CO
-
[30]
CO[38]
10
NOx
1.7
-
6.4
0.98
-
10
1.7
-
7.3
1.53
0.180
5.0
0.6
PM
HCHO
[4]
0.26
0.10
[4]
0.13
0.12
[10]
0.022
0.08
Clean
0-3750
ILEV [33]
-
0.125
3.4
0.2
-
0.015
-
-
0.180
5.0
0.3
[10]
0.022
0.08
Fueled
ALVW
ULEV
-
[30]
0.075
1.7
0.2
-
0.008
-
-
[30]
0.107
2.5
0.3
[10]
0.012
0.04
Vehicle
LDT3
LEV
[30]
0.160
4.4
0.7
-
0.018
-
-
[30]
0.230
6.4
1.0
[10]
0.027
0.10
(CFV)
Program
37515750
ALVW
-
ILEV [33]
0.160
4.4
0.4
-
0.018
-
-
0.230
6.4
0.5
[10]
0.027
0.10
ULEV
-
[30]
0.100
2.2
0.4
-
0.009
-
-
[30]
0.143
3.2
0.5
[10]
0.013
0.05
[37,40]
LDT4
LEV
-
[30]
0.195
5.0
1.1
-
0.022
-
-
[30]
0.280
7.3
1.5
[10]
0.032
0.12
57518500
ALVW
ILEV [33]
-
0.195
5.0
0.6
-
0.022
-
-
0.280
7.3
0.8
[10]
0.032
0.12
ULEV
-
[30]
0.117
2.5
0.6
-
0.011
-
-
[30]
0.167
3.7
0.8
[10]
0.016
0.06
FINAL REPORT
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
6-7
Claude Davis & Associates
Table A6-4
Federal and California Certification Exhaust Emission Standards for Light-Duty Vehicles (Passenger Cars), Light-Duty
Trucks, and Medium-Duty Vehicles: Supplemental Federal Test Procedure (SFTP) (grams/mile)
Vehicle
Emission
Type
Category
4,000 Miles
US06 TEST
NMHC+NOx
Federal
A/C TEST
CO NMHC+N
Ox
COMPOSIT
E
NMHC+N
Ox
CO
A/C
TEST
CO
10 Years / 100,000 Miles
US06 COMPOSIT COMPOSIT A/C US06 COMPOSITE
E
E
TEST
CO
CO
NMHC+N CO
CO
CO
Ox
LDV
Tier 1
[27]
[21]
0.65
3.0
9.0
3.4
[22]
0.91
3.7
11.1
4.2
LDT1
Tier 1
[27]
[21]
0.65
3.0
9.0
3.4
[22]
0.91
3.7
11.1
4.2
LDT2
Tier 1
[12]
1.02
3.9
11.6
4.4
1.37
4.9
14.6
LDT3
Tier 1
[12]
1.02
3.9
11.6
4.4
1.44
[26]
[26]
5.6
16.9
LDT4
Federal
5 Years / 50,000 Miles
Tier 1
1.49
[12]
LDV/PC Tier 1/TLEV
[27]
[21]
0.65
4.4
[8]
3.0
13.2
9.0
5.0
3.4
[26]
[26]
[22]
2.09
0.91
5.5
[26]
6.4
[26]
7.3
[26]
[26]
6.4
19.3
[8]
11.1
4.2
11.1
4.2
14.6
5.5
3.7
NLEV &
LEV/ULEV
[27]
California LDT1
Tier 1/TLEV
[27]
0.14
8.0
0.20
2.7
[21]
0.65
[8]
3.0
9.0
3.4
[22]
0.91
[8]
3.7
Programs
LDT2
LEV/ULEV
[27]
Tier 1/TLEV
[12]
LEV/ULEV
[27]
0.14
8.0
0.20
2.7
1.02
0.25 10.5
0.27
MDV3
11.6
4.4
1.37
4.9
3.5
California MDV1
MDV2
3.9
N/A
LEV/ULEV/SUL
EV
LEV/ULEV/SUL
EV
0.40 10.5
0.31
3.5
0.60 11.8
0.44
4.0
MDV4
N/A
MDV5
N/A
FINAL REPORT
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
6-8
Claude Davis & Associates
1. NMHC for diesel cycle vehicles
2. Total hydrocarbons – ethanol (THCE) for methanol vehicles
3. THCE for tier 0 methanol vehicles, nonmethane hydrocarbons – ethanol
(NMHCE) for other alcohol vehicles
4. Applies to diesel vehicles only
5. Does not apply to compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles
6. CNG vehicles only
7. 1.0 for diesel-fuelled vehicles through 2003 model year
8. Does not apply to diesel-fuelled vehicles
9. 1.25 for diesel-fuelled vehicles through 2003 model year
10. Diesel-fuelled vehicles only
11. Methanol and ethanol vehicles only
12. Gasoline vehicles only
13. 0.7 through model year 1997
14. 1.0 through model year 1997
15. 1.1 through model year 1997
16. 1.5 through model year 1997
17. 1.3 through model year 1997
18. 1.8 through model year 1997
19. 2.0 through model year 1997
20. 2.8 through model year 1997
FINAL REPORT
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
21. 1.48 for diesel-fuelled vehicles
22. 2.07 for diesel-fuelled vehicles
23. Other equivalent schedules allowed.
24. PC/LDV may be combined with ldt1 & ldt2 for tier 1 phase-in
25. PC/LDV & LDT1 combined with ldt2 for SFTP phase-in
26. Standards apply at a useful life of 11 years / 120,000 miles
27. Gasoline and diesel vehicles only
28. Total HC compliance statement allowed (in lieu of test data)
29. Particulates compliance statement allowed for non-diesel cycle vehicles (in lieu
of supplying actual test data)
30. Special nonmethane organic gases (NMOG) standards apply to dual & flexible
fuel vehicles, see 40 CFR 88.104-94(h) & (i)
31. Dual & flexible fuel vehicles may meet next higher (less stringent) NMOG
standard when operating on gasoline.
32. 0.10 gm/mile particulate standard applies to non-diesel vehicles
33. Special evaporative requirements apply (5.0 grams max with the evaporative
system disconnected)
34. Highway NOx emissions shall not exceed 1.33 times the applicable ftp (city)
NOx standards
35. Cold CO emissions for gasoline fuelled vehicles shall not exceed 10.0 g/mi
(LDV, LDT1, LDT2) or 12.5 gm/mi (LDT3 & LDT4) at 50k miles
6-9
Claude Davis & Associates
Table A6-5
Tier 2 Emission Standards, FTP 75, g/mi
Bin#
NMOG
Temporary Bins
MDPVc
10a,b,d,f
0.125
(0.160)
9a,b,e
0.075
(0.140)
Permanent Bins
8b
0.100
(0.125)
7
0.075
6
0.075
5
0.075
4
3
2
1
-
50,000 miles
CO NOx PM HCHO NMOG
3.4
0.4
(4.4)
3.4
0.2
-
0.015
(0.018)
0.015
3.4
0.14
-
0.015
3.4
3.4
3.4
-
0.11
0.08
0.05
-
-
0.015
0.015
0.015
-
120,000 miles
CO NOx* PM
HCHO
0.280
0.156
(0.230)
0.090
(0.180)
7.3
0.9
4.2
0.6
(6.4)
4.2
0.3
0.12 0.032
0.08 0.018
(0.027)
0.06 0.018
0.125
(0.156)
0.090
0.090
0.090
0.070
0.055
0.010
0.000
4.2
0.20
0.02 0.018
4.2
4.2
4.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
0.0
0.15
0.10
0.07
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.011
0.011
0.004
0.000
* - average manufacturer fleet NOx standard is 0.07 g/mi
a - Bin deleted at end of 2006 model year (2008 for HLDTs)
b - The higher temporary NMOG, CO and HCHO values apply only to HLDTs and expire after 2008
c - An additional temporary bin restricted to MDPVs, expires after model year 2008
d - Optional temporary NMOG standard of 0.195 g/mi (50,000) and 0.280 g/mi (120,000) applies for qualifying LDT4s
and MDPVs only
e - Optional temporary NMOG standard of 0.100 g/mi (50,000) and 0.130 g/mi (120,000) applies for qualifying LDT2s
only
f - 50,000 mile standard optional for diesels certified to bin 10
6.5
Table A6-6
APPENDIX 5
EU Emission Standards
EU Emission Standards for Passenger Cars, g/km
Tier
Diesel
Euro 1
Euro 2 – IDI
Euro 2 – DI
Euro 3
Euro 4
Petrol (Gasoline)
Euro 3
Euro 4
Year
1992
1996
1999
2000.01
2005.01
CO
2.72
1.0
1.0
0.64
0.50
2000.01 2.30
2005.01 1.0
HC
HC+NOx
NOx
PM
-
0.97
0.7
0.9
0.56
0.30
0.50
0.25
0.14
0.08
0.10
0.05
0.025
0.20
0.10
-
0.15
0.08
-
FINAL REPORT
6-10
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
Table A6-7
Class
Diesel
N1
<1305 kg
EU Emission Standards for Light Commercial Vehicles, g/km
Tier
Euro 1
Euro 2
Euro 3
Euro 4
Euro 1
N2
1305-1760 kg Euro 2
Euro 3
Euro 4
Euro 1
N3
>1760 kg
Euro 2
Euro 3
Euro 4
Petrol (Gasoline)
Euro 1
N1
<1305 kg
Euro 2
Euro 3
Euro 4
Euro 1
N2
1305-1760 kg Euro 2
Euro 3
Euro 4
N3>1760 kg
Euro 1
Euro 2
Euro 3
Euro 4
Year
CO
1994.10
1998.01
2000.01
2005.01
1994.10
1998.01
2002.01
2006.01
1994.10
1998.01
2002.01
2006.01
2.72
1.0
0.64
0.50
5.17
1.2
0.80
0.63
6.90
1.35
0.95
0.74
1994.10
1998.01
2000.01
2005.01
1994.10
1998.01
2002.01
2006.01
1994.10
1998.01
2002.01
2006.01
2.72
2.2
2.3
1.0
5.17
4.0
4.17
1.81
6.90
5.0
5.22
2.27
HC
HC+NOx
NOx
PM
-
0.97
0.60
0.56
0.30
1.40
1.1
0.72
0.39
1.70
1.3
0.86
0.46
0.50
0.25
0.65
0.33
0.78
0.39
0.14
0.10
0.05
0.025
0.19
0.15
0.07
0.04
0.25
0.20
0.10
0.06
0.20
0.1
0.25
0.13
0.29
0.16
0.97
0.50
1.40
0.65
1.70
0.80
-
0.15
0.08
0.18
0.10
0.21
0.11
-
Note: For Euro 1/2 the weight classes were N1 (<1250 kg), N2 (1250-1700 kg), N3 (>1700 kg).
Useful vehicle life for the purpose of emission regulations is 80,000 km through the Euro 3 stage, and 100,000 km
beginning at the Euro 4 stage (2005).
FINAL REPORT
6-11
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
Table A6-8
Tier
Euro I
Euro II
Euro III
Euro
IV
Euro V
EU Emission Standards for HD Diesel Engines, g/kWh (smoke in m-1)
Date & Category Test Cycle
1992, <85 kW
ECE R-49
1992, >85 kW
1996.10
1998.10
1999.10,
EEVs ESC & ELR
only
2000.10
ESC
&
ELR
2005.10
CO
4.5
4.5
4.0
4.0
1.5
HC
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
0.25
NOx
8.0
8.0
7.0
7.0
2.0
PM Smoke
0.612
0.36
0.25
0.15
0.02 0.15
2.1
0.66 5.0
1.5
0.46 3.5
0.10 0.8
0.13*
0.02 0.5
2008.10
1.5
0.46 2.0
0.02
0.5
* - for engines of less than 0.75 dm3 swept volume per cylinder and a rated power speed of more than 3000
min-1
Changes in the engine test cycles have been introduced in the Euro III standard (year 2000). The old steadystate engine test cycle ECE R-49 will be replaced by two cycles: a stationary cycle ESC (European Stationary
Cycle) and a transient cycle ETC (European Transient Cycle). Smoke opacity is measured on the ELR
(European Load Response) test.
For the type approval of new vehicles with diesel engines according to the Euro III standard (year 2000),
manufacturers have the choice between either of these tests. For type approval according to the Euro IV (year
2005) limit values and for EEVs, the emissions have to be determined on both the ETC and the ESC/ELR
tests.
Table A6-9
Tier
Euro
III
Euro
IV
Euro V
EU Emission Standards for Diesel and Gas Engines, ETC Test, g/kWh
Date & Category
CO
NMHC CH4a NOx
PMb
1999.10,
only
2000.10
3.0
0.40
Test
Cycle
EEVs ETC
0.65
2.0
0.02
5.45 0.78
1.6
5.0
2005.10
4.0
0.55
1.1
3.5
0.16
0.21c
0.03
2008.10
4.0
0.55
1.1
2.0
0.03
ETC
a - for natural gas engines only
b - not applicable for gas fuelled engines at the year 2000 and 2005 stages
c - for engines of less than 0.75 dm3 swept volume per cylinder and a rated power speed of more than 3000
min-1
FINAL REPORT
6-12
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
6.6
APPENDIX 6
Table A6-10
Japanese Emission Standards for Diesel Cars, g/km
Vehicle Weight
Date
< 1250 kg*
1986
1990
1994
1997
2002a
2005b
1986
1992
1994
1998
2002a
2005b
> 1250 kg*
Japan Emission Standards
Test
CO
mean (max)
10-15 mode 2.1 (2.7)
2.1 (2.7)
2.1 (2.7)
2.1 (2.7)
0.63
New modec 0.63
10-15 mode 2.1 (2.7)
2.1 (2.7)
2.1 (2.7)
2.1 (2.7)
0.63
New modec 0.63
HC
mean (max)
0.40 (0.62)
0.40 (0.62)
0.40 (0.62)
0.40 (0.62)
0.12
0.024d
0.40 (0.62)
0.40 (0.62)
0.40 (0.62)
0.40 (0.62)
0.12
0.024d
NOx
mean (max)
0.70 (0.98)
0.50 (0.72)
0.50 (0.72)
0.40 (0.55)
0.28
0.14
0.90 (1.26)
0.60 (0.84)
0.60 (0.84)
0.40 (0.55)
0.30
0.15
PM
mean (max)
0.20 (0.34)
0.08 (0.14)
0.052
0.013
0.20 (0.34)
0.08 (0.14)
0.056
0.014
* - equivalent inertia weight (EIW); vehicle weight of 1265 kg
a - 2002.10 for domestic cars, 2004.09 for imports
b - full implementation by the end of 2005
c - full phase-in by 2011
d - non-methane hydrocarbons
Commercial Vehicles
Emission standards for new diesel fuelled commercial vehicles are summarized in Table A6-11.
Light-duty trucks are tested on the 10-15 mode cycle. The test procedure for heavy-duty vehicles
is the 13-mode cycle, which replaced the earlier 6-mode cycle. The test procedures and units of
FINAL REPORT
6-13
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
Table A6-11
Vehicle
Weight*
≤ 1700 kg
Japanese Emission Standards for Diesel Commercial Vehicles
Date
Test
Unit
10-15 mode g/km
> 1700 kg
1988
1993
1997
2002
2005b
1988
> 2500 kg
1993
1997a
2003
2005b
1988/89
New modec
6 mode
ppm
1994
13 mode
1997e
2003f
2005g
New modec
6 mode
ppm
10-15 mode g/km
JE05
CO
mean (max)
2.1 (2.7)
2.1 (2.7)
2.1 (2.7)
0.63
0.63
790 (980)
HC
mean (max)
0.40 (0.62)
0.40 (0.62)
0.40 (0.62)
0.12
0.024d
510 (670)
2.1 (2.7)
2.1 (2.7)
0.63
0.63
790 (980)
0.40 (0.62)
0.40 (0.62)
0.12
0.024d
510 (670)
g/kWh 7.40 (9.20)
2.90 (3.80)
7.40 (9.20)
2.22
2.22
2.90 (3.80)
0.87
0.17h
NOx
mean (max)
0.90 (1.26)
0.60 (0.84)
0.40 (0.55)
0.28
0.14
DI: 380 (500)
IDI: 260 (350)
1.30 (1.82)
0.70 (0.97)
0.49
0.25
DI: 400 (520)
IDI: 260 (350)
DI: 6.00 (7.80)
IDI: 5.00 (6.80)
4.50 (5.80)
3.38
2.0
PM
mean (max)
0.20 (0.34)
0.08 (0.14)
0.052
0.013
0.25 (0.43)
0.09 (0.18)
0.06
0.015
0.70 (0.96)
0.25 (0.49)
0.18
0.027
* - gross vehicle weight (GVW)
a - 1997: manual transmission vehicles; 1998: automatic transmission vehicles
b - full implementation by the end of 2005
c - full phase-in by 2011
d - non-methane hydrocarbons
e - 1997: GVW ≤ 3500 kg; 1998: 3500 < GVW ≤ 12000 kg; 1999: GVW > 12000 kg
f - 2003: GVW ≤ 12000 kg; 2004: GVW > 12000 kg
g - full implementation by the end of 2005
h - non-methane hydrocarbons
FINAL REPORT
6-14
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
Table A6-12
Japanese Emission Standards for Gasoline/LPG Cars, g/km
Category
Passenger
cars
Test
Mode
4-cycle and 2-cycle 10·15M
(g/km)
11M
(g/test)
Trucks and 4-cycle
mini-size 10·15M
buses
motor vehicles
(g/km)
11M
(g/test)
2-cycle
mini-size 10·15M
motor vehicles
(g/km)
11M
(g/test)
Light-duty vehicles 10·15M
(g/km)
(GVW#1.7t)
11M
(g/test)
Medium-duty
vehicles
(1.7t # GVW #
2.5t)
10·15M
(g/km)
Heavy-duty
vehicles
(2.5t # GVW)
G13M
(g/kWh)
11M
(g/test)
Components
Current Regulation
Enforceme
Standard
nt year
value
CO
HC
NOx
CO
HC
NOx
CO
HC
NOx
CO
HC
NOx
CO
HC
NOx
CO
HC
NOx
CO
HC
NOx
CO
HC
NOx
CO
HC
NOx
CO
HC
NOx
CO
1975
1975
1978
1975
1975
1978
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1988
1988
1988
1988
1988
1988
1998
1998
1994
1998
1998
1994
1998
2.70 (2.10)
0.39 (0.25)
0.48 (0.25)
85.0 (60.0)
9.50 (7.00)
6.00 (4.40)
8.42 (6.50)
0.39 (0.25)
0.48 (0.25)
104 ( 76)
9.50 (7.00)
6.00 (4.40)
17.0 (13.0)
15.0 (12.0)
0.50 (0.30)
130 ( 100)
70.0 (50.0)
4.00 (2.50)
2.70 (2.10)
0.39 (0.25)
0.48 (0.25)
85.0 (60.0)
9.50 (7.00)
6.00 (4.40)
8.42 (6.50)
0.39 (0.25)
0.63 (0.40)
104 ( 76)
9.50 (7.00)
6.60 (5.00)
68.0 (51.0)
HC
NOx
1998
1995
2.29 (1.80)
5.90 (4.50)
Notes
2-cycle
vehicles
are
not currently
in production.
No longer in
production.
LPG-fuelled
105(76)
Notes:
1. Carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM)
2. The value 2.70(2.10) indicates 2.70 as the maximum permissible value for the vehicle and 2.10 as the average
value for the vehicle type.
3. 10·15-mode (10·15M) represents a typical driving pattern in urban areas. 11-mode (11 M) is typical driving
pattern of cold-started vehicle travelling from suburbs to the urban centre.
4. For diesel motor vehicles, the "small-size vehicles" are vehicles with an equivalent inertia weight (EIW) of 1.25t
(vehicle weight of 1.265t) or less, and the "medium-size vehicles" are vehicles with EIW of more than 1.25t
(vehicle weight of 1.265t).
5. "MTM" and "ATM" stand for manual transmission and automatic transmission respectively.
6. "ID" and "IDI" stand for direct injection and indirect injection respectively.
*Enforcement year
(i) Motorcycle type I, mini-size two-wheel motor vehicle: 1998
(ii) Motorcycle type II, two-wheel motor vehicle: 1999
FINAL REPORT
6-15
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
Table A6-13
Japanese Emission Standards (as of May 2003) For Gasoline/LPG Vehicles
Motor
Vehicle
Category
Passenger cars
Nitrogen
oxides
0.08g/km
HC
0.08 g/km
Carbon
Monoxide
0.67 g/km
GVW < 1,700kg
1,700kg < GVW
< 3,500kg
GVW > 3,500kg.
0.08g/km
0.13g/km
0.08 g/km
0.08g/km
0.67 g/km
2.1 g/km
1.4 g/kWh
0.58 g/ kWh
16.0g/ kWh
Notes: GVW = Gross vehicle weight. A G13 test mode is used for gasoline CVs with GVW of over 3.5 tons and a D13
mode for diesel CVs with GVW of over 2.5 tons; otherwise, a 10-15 test mode is used.
Figures are applicable to new domestic models. Existing domestic models and imports are granted certain grace periods
on part of the above standards. Figures in parentheses are applicable from October 2003.
Sources: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Ministry of the Environment.
FINAL REPORT
6-16
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
6.6.1
Korean Emission Standards
Table A6-14
Korean Diesel Emission Standards
Category
Diesel Passenger Cars
Light
Duty
Trucks
GVW<3t
19931997
1998 and
later
LW<1.7t
1998 and
later
LW>1.7t
Heavy Duty Diesel
Engines
GVW>3t
Test
US FTP75
Unit
g/km
Japanese
6-mode
ppm
US FTP75
US FTP75
g/km
US FTP75
Japanese
6-mode
ECE R49
(13-mode)
g/km
Date
1993.1.1
1996.1.1
1998.1.1
2000.1.1
1993.1.1
HC
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
670
NOx
0.62
0.62
0.62
0.62
350
IDI
750
DI
1996.1.1 0.50 6.21 1.43
PM
0.120
0.080
0.080
0.050
-
1998.1.1
2000.1.1
2004.1.1
1998.1.1
2000.1.1
2004.1.1
1993.1.1
0.140
0.110
0.080
0.250
0.140
0.080
-
0.25
0.25
0.21
0.50
0.50
0.33
670
CO
2.11
2.11
1.50
1.20
980
2.11
2.11
1.27
2.11
2.11
1.52
980
1.40
1.02
0.64
g/km
1.40
1.06
0.71
ppm
350
IDI
750
DI
g/kWh 1996.1.1 1.20 4.90 11.0
1998.1.1 1.20 4.90 6.0
(9.0)*
2000.1.1 1.20 4.90 6.0
2002.1.1 1.20 4.90 6.0
0.310
0.900
0.250
(0.500)*
0.250
(0.100)*
0.150
(0.100)*
* - applies to buses
GVW - gross vehicle weight
LW - loaded weight = curb weight + 130 kg
FINAL REPORT
6-17
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
6.7
APPENDIX 7
Table A6-15
State
U.S. State Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) Programs
Major Elements of Operating I/M Programs
Network
Type
Test &
Repair(85%
Test Only
credit)
Test Only
Program Type
Test Type
Cutpoints
Visual Checks
Decentralised
2 speed Idle
220/0.5/9
99
Centralised
($18.50, $27.50
HDDV)
81+:
IM240<81:
Idle
2/30/322
0/1.2
Arizona
(Tucson)
California
basic
Test Only
Centralised
($10)
Decentralised
Idle
220/1.2
2 speed Idle
220/1.2
California
enhanced
Hybrid
Decentralised
ASM
120/1.0
Colorado
(Denver &
Boulder)
Test Only
Centralised
($24.25)
5/25/830
0/3.0
Colorado (Co
Springs Greely
Ft Collins)
Test &
Repair(50%
Test Only
credit)
Centralised
($15)
Connecticut
Test Only
Centralised
($10)
82+:
IM240<82:
Idle OBD
MIL check
81+: 2
speed
Idle<81:
IdleOBD MIL
check
ASM2525
Catalyst
Air pump
EGRPCV
Evap disable
Catalyst
Air pump
PCV
Evap disable
Catalyst
Air pump
Catalyst
Air pump
EGR
Fuel Inlet
Catalyst
Air pump
EGRPCV
Evap disable
OBD II
O2 sensor
Catalyst
Air pump
Fuel Inlet
O2 sensor
Catalyst
Air pump
Fuel Inlet
Alaska
Arizona
(Phoenix)
Test &
Repair
400/1.5
220/1.2
Delaware
Test Only
Centralised
Idle
220/1.2
Florida
Test Only
Decentralised
Idle
220/1.2
Georgia
Hybrid(100%
Decentralised
2-speed for
220/1.2
FINAL REPORT
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Catalyst
Air pump
EGRPCV
Evap disable
fuel inlet
Gas Cap
Catalyst
Fuel Inlet
Catalyst
Fuel Inlet
Catalyst
6-18
Evaporative
Tests
none
Tech
Training
Frequency
Biennial
Purge
pressure
Gas Cap
Gas Cap
Vehicle
Types
LDGVs
LDGTs
Model Years
Anchorage
1968+Fairba
nks 1975+
Estimated
Start Date
7/85
Annual
196780Biennial
1981+
Biennial
All
1967+<5
exempt
1/95
All
1967+<5
exempt
1974+<4
exempt
1/95
1974+<4
exempt
7/1998
1996+
All except<4
exempt
1/2002
1/95
Gas Cap
100%T
TC
Biennial
LDGVs
LDGTs
HDGVs
1995
Gas Cap
100%T
TC
Biennial
LDGVs
LDGTs
HDGVs
Gas Cap
82+:
Biennial<82:
Annual
LDGVs
LDGTs
HDGVs
Gas Cap
82+:
Biennial<82:
Annual
LDGVs
LDGTs
HDGVs
All except<4
exempt
1/95
Gas Cap
81+:
Biennial<81:
Annual
LDGVs
LDGTs
1968+
1/1998
1968+
ongoing
1975+
4/91
1975+<2
10/98
HDDV
Gas Cap
Pressure
none
Biennial
Gas Cap
Biennial
Annual
LDGVs
LDGTs
LDGVs
LDGTs
LDGVs
Claude Davis & Associates
State
Network
Type
Test Only
credit)
Program Type
Test Type
Decentralised
na/1.2
Catalyst
Air pump
Fuel inlet
none
Illinois
Test &
Repair(50%
Test Only
credit)
Test Only
<5 years old
ASM for
older
Idle
Centralised
IM240
220/1.2
Catalyst
Fuel Inlet
Indiana
Test Only
Centralised
81+: 93 sec
IM240
test<81: Idle
2/30/322
0/1.2
Kentucky
Test Only
Centralised
($20)
Idle
220/1.2
Catalyst
Air pump
EGRPCV
Evap disable
OBD II
Catalyst
Air pump
Louisiana
Test &
Repair
Decentralised
fill pipe
pressure test
na
Maine
Test &
Repair
Test Only
Decentralised
no tailpipe
test
77-83:
Idle84+:
IM240
Decentralised
Minnesota
Test &
Repair(100%
Test Only
credit)
Test Only
Missouri
Test Only
Centralised
Idaho
Maryland
Massachusetts
Vehicle
Types
LDGTs
Model Years
Annual
LDGVs
LDGTs
HDGVs
1965+
ongoing
Gas Cap
Biennial
1968+
2/99
Gas Cap
Biennial
LDGVs
LDGTs
HDGVs
LDGVs
LDGTs
1976+
1/1997
Purge
Pressure
Annual
1996+
1968+
2002
1999
Gas Cap
Pressure
Annual
1980+
1/00
na
Catalyst
Air pump
EGRPCV
Fuel Inlet
Evap disable
Catalyst
Gas Cap
Annual
220/1.21.
2/20/2.5
Catalyst
Gas Cap
Biennial
BAR31
1.2/20/2.
5
Catalyst
Fuel Inlet
Gas Cap
Pressure
Purge
OBD II
Pressure
Purge
Idle
220/1.2
Catalyst
Gas Cap
81+:
IM240<81:
Idle
0.8/15/2.
0300/3.0
Catalyst
Air pump
EGRPCV
Fuel Inlet
OBD II
FINAL REPORT
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Cutpoints
Visual Checks
Evaporative
Tests
Tech
Training
Frequency
Gas Cap
6-19
OBD II
none
Purge Gas
Cap
100%T
TC
LDGVs
LDGTs
HDGVs
MC
LDGVs
LDGTs
LDGVs
LDGTs
LDGVs
LDGTs
HDGVs
Biennial
LDGVs
LDGTs
HDGVs
Annual
LDGVs
LDGTs
Biennial
LDGVs
LDGTs
Estimated
Start Date
exempt
1/99
<3
exempt1977
+
1996+
1984+
10/97
2002
10/1999
1996+
<5
exempt1976
+
1971+
7/2002
7/91
1996+
2003
4/2000
Claude Davis & Associates
State
Nevada
New
Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
Network
Type
Test &
Repair(50%
Test Only
credit)
Test &
Repair
Hybrid(80%
Test Only
credit)
Test &
Repair(50%
Test Only
credit)
Test &
Repair(81%
Test Only
credit)
Program Type
Test Type
Cutpoints
Visual Checks
Decentralised
2 speed Idle
220/1.2
no tailpipe
test
81+:
ASM1<81:
Idle
2 speed Idle
na
Catalyst
Air pump
EGR
Fuel Inlet
OBD II
Catalyst
OBD II
Catalyst
Hybrid
Decentralised
1.2/20/2.
5220/1.2
Annual
100%T
TC
Biennial
Biennial
81+
:NYtest<81
:Idle
1.2/20/2.
5220/1.2
Catalyst
Fuel Inlet
Air pump
EGRPCV
Gas Cap
Evap disable
Purge
Pressure
Catalyst
Air pump
EGRPCV
Fuel Inlet
Evap disable
OBD II
Catalyst
none
Annual
Pressure
Purge
Biennial
Catalyst
Pressure
Purge
Biennial
Catalyst
Air pump
EGRPCV
Evap disable
Catalyst
Air pump
EGRPCV
Evap disable
none
Annual
Purge in
Portland
Gas Cap
Biennial
220/1.2
Ohio
(Cincinnati)
Test Only
Centralised
2/30/622
0/1.2
Test Only
(25)
Centralised
81+:
IM240<81:
Idle
ASM2525
81+:
ASM2525<8
1: Idle
visual
inspection
only
2-speed idle
1975-80 and
2-5 year old
vehiclesBAR
311981-6yrs
220/1.0
Centralised
($10, $21)
FINAL REPORT
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
na
6-20
Vehicle
Types
LDGVs
LDGTs
Model Years
1968+
50%TT
C
Annual
LDGVs
LDGTs
HDGVs
LDGVs
LDGTs
HDGVs
LDGVs
LDGTs
HDGVs
HDDV
LDGVs
LDGTs
HDGVs
LDGVs
LDGTs
HDGVs
All
LDGVs
LDGTs
HDGVs
LDGVs
LDGTs
LDGVs
LDGTs
HDGVs
Estimated
Start Date
1995
1996+
ALL
2003
1/99
2001
12/99
1975+
3/89
Up to 25
years old
12/1998
Annual
Decentralised
($25)
2 speed Idle
Oregon
Pressure
Purge
Gas Cap
Decentralised
($30)
Test &
Repair(50%
Test Only
credit)
Test Only
Frequency
1996+
Catalyst
Air pump
Fuel Inlet
Test &
Repair(50%
Test Only
credit)
Oklahoma
Tech
Training
none
220/1.2
North Carolina
14 counties
Ohio(Clevelan
d/Dayton)
Evaporative
Tests
none
1968+
1996+
up to 25
years old
up to 25
years old
1/1999
ongoing
1/1996
2000
7/98
1979+
ongoing
1975+
Fall 1997
Claude Davis & Associates
State
Network
Type
Program Type
Test Type
Pennsylvania
Test &
Repair(100%
Test Only
credit)
Decentralised
Rhode Island
Test &
Repair
Decentralised
($47)
RI2000
Tennessee
Test Only
Centralised
($10)
Idle
220/1.2
Texas
Test &
Repair(100%
Test Only
credit)
Decentralised
($27)
2 speed Idle
220/1.2
Utah(Weber
and Utah
Counties)
Test &
Repair(100%
Test Only
credit)
Decentralised
2-speed idle
220/1.2
Utah (Salt
Lake County)
Test &
Repair(100%
Test Only
credit)
Decentralised
ASM
Utah(Davis
county)
Test Only
Decentralised
Vermont
Test &
Repair(100%
Test Only
credit)
IM240(3, 6, 9
year-old
vehicles )(all
others get
annual
2-speed idle)
catalyst 1/97
Gas Cap
1/98
OBD
old
ASM1 in
Philadelphia
(75-80 get
idle)2 Speed
idle in
Pittsburgh(7
5-80 get idle)
FINAL REPORT
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Cutpoints
0.8/15/2.
0220/1.2
na
Visual Checks
OBD II
Catalyst
Fuel Inlet
EGRPCV
Evap disable
Evaporative
Tests
Tech
Training
Frequency
Vehicle
Types
Pressure
and Purge
in Philly,
none in
other areas
100%T
TC
Annual
LDGVs.
LDGTs
LDGVs
LDGTs
LDDV
LDGVs
LDGTs
HDGVs
None
Gas Cap
Biennial
Catalyst
Fuel Inlet
Gas Cap
OBD II
Catalyst
Air pump
EGRPCV
Evap disable
OBD II
Catalyst
Air pump
EGRPCV
Fuel Inlet
Evap disable
Catalyst
Air pump
EGRPCV
Fuel Inlet
Evap disable
Catalyst
Air pump
EGRPCV
Fuel Inlet
Evap disable
none
Annual
Catalyst
Gas Cap
none
Model Years
1996+
1975+
1967+
except <2 y
Estimated
Start Date
11/15/97
for
Philly/Pitt
areas16
OTR
counties to
start
Philly-like
program11
/15/99
6/99
1975+
2002
Ongoing
1996+
2-24 yrs
7/2002
11/97
Gas Cap
100%T
TC
Annual
LDGVs
LDGTs
HDGVs
Gas Cap
100%T
TC
Biennial
LDGVs
LDGTs
HDGVs
1968+
2002-2004
Early 1997
Gas Cap
100%T
TC
Biennial
LDGVs
LDGTs
HDGVs
1968+
Early 1997
Gas Cap
100%T
TC
Biennial
LDGVs
LDGTs
HDGVs
1968+
Early 1997
Annual
LDGVs
LDGTs
1968+
1/97
1996+
6-21
Claude Davis & Associates
State
Network
Type
Test &
Repair(94%
Test Only
credit)
Program Type
Test Type
Cutpoints
Visual Checks
Decentralised
($28)
81+:
ASM2<80: 2
Speed Idle
220/1.2
Washington
Test Only
Centralised/Hyb
rid ($15)
ASM
idle
220/1.2
Catalyst
Air pump
EGRPCV
Evap canister
Gas Cap
OBD II
none
Washington DC
Test Only
1.2/20/2.
5300/1.5
Fuel Inlet
Catalyst
Wisconsin
Test Only
84+:
IM240<83:
Idle
IM240
OBD scan
2/30/3
Catalyst
Air pump
EGRPCV
Fuel Inlet
Evap disable
Virginia
Evaporative
Tests
Gas Cap
Purge
Pressure
Tech
Training
100%T
TC
Gas Cap
Gas Cap
Purge
Pressure
Gas Cap
Frequency
Biennial
Biennial
100%T
TC
Biennial
Biennial
Vehicle
Types
LDGVs
LDGTs
HDGVs
LDGVs
LDGTs
HDGVs
LDGVs
LDGTs
HDGVs
LDGVs
LDGTs
HDGVs
Model Years
up to 25
years old
Estimated
Start Date
5/98
1996+
<2
exempt1968
+
up to 25
years old
2001
Early 1997
1968+
1/95
4/99
Based on EPA420-B-99-008, December 1999, Office of Mobile Sources; column for Program Type added.
FINAL REPORT
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
6-22
Claude Davis & Associates
6.7.1
URLs for U.S. State (I/M) Programs
Alaska
http://www.state.ak.us/dmv/reg/imtest.htm
Arizona
http://www.adeq.state.az.us/environ/air/vei/overview.html
California
http://www.smogcheck.ca.gov/
Connecticut
http://www.ct.gov/dmv/taxonomy/ct_taxonomy.asp?
DLN=30150&dmvNav=|30150|
Colorado
http://www.mv.state.co.us/emissions.html
D.C.
http://www.dmv.washingtondc.gov/serv/inspections.shtm
Delaware
http://www.dnrec.state.de.us/air/aqm_page/inspect.htm
Georgia
http://www.cleanairforce.com/
Idaho
http://www.emissiontest.org/
Illinois
http://www.epa.state.il.us/air/vim/
Indiana
http://www.state.in.us/bmv/platesandtitles/cleanAir.html
Kentucky
http://www.nr.state.ky.us/nrepc/dep/daq/ emissionscheck-main.htm
Maryland
http://www.mde.state.md.us/environment/air/veip/index.html
Massachusetts
http://http://vehicletest.state.ma.us/home.html
Missouri
http://www.dnr.state.mo.us/alpd/apcp/gcap/imhome.htm
Nevada
http://nevadadmv.state.nv.us/emission.htm
New Hampshire
http://www.des.state.nh.us/ard/mobilesources/
New Jersey
http://www.state.nj.us/mvs/inspection.htm
New Mexico
http://www cabq.gov/aircare
New York
http://www.nydmv.state.ny.us/vehsafe.htm#Emissions Inspection
Ohio
http://www.epa.state.oh.us/dapc/mobile.html
Oregon
http://www.deq.state.or.us/aq/vip/index.htm
Pennsylvania
http://www.drivecleanpa.state.pa.us/
Rhode Island
http://www.riinspection.com/
Tennessee
http://www.state.tn.us/environment/apc/emission.htm
Texas
http://www.tnrcc.state.tx.us/air/ms/vim.html
Utah
http://dmv.utah.gov/registerrequirements.html#emission
Vermont
http://www.anr.state.vt.us/dec/air/Pages/mobile_sources.htm
Virginia
http://www.deq.state.va.us/mobile/
Washington
http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/air/cars/Automotive_Pages.htm
Wisconsin
http://www.dot.state.wi.us/dmv/im.html
FINAL REPORT
6-23
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
6.8
APPENDIX 8
Glossary of Terms
ASM Test: A loaded-mode test that measures tailpipe emissions when a vehicle is running under
marginal load and at a steady rate or revolutions per minute (rpm). This test is often used as an
alternative to the more comprehensive IM 240 technology.
BAR 84: Gas analysis technology designed to meet specifications developed by the California
Bureau of Automotive Repair in 1984 for use in their smog check program.
BAR 90: Gas analysis technology designed to meet specifications developed by the California
Bureau of Automotive Repair in 1990 for use in their smog check program.
Basic Area: The EPA designation for a "moderate" ozone nonattainment area, which is subject to
less stringent emissions controls than an Enhanced area.
Centralized System: A state-appointed contractor or state agency purchases and constructs testonly stations, hires inspection personnel, and performs all other functions of vehicle emissions
testing.
Decentralized System: Testing is conducted by independently owned businesses not exclusively
dedicated to vehicle testing (e.g., repair shops).
Dynamometer: A treadmill-like device that simulates vehicle inertia and road load to derive
results under conditions similar to everyday driving.
EPA Designation: The classification given to a state area based on its level of air pollution. This
classification determines the strictness of the area's vehicle testing program (e. g., Basic,
Enhanced).
Enhanced Area: The EPA designation for a "severe" and /or "extreme" ozone nonattainment
area (over 12.7 ppm) with an urbanized population greater than 200,000. In the case of the
Northeast Ozone Transport Region, this number is lowered to 100,000.
High-Tech Test: Includes all of the dynamic, loaded-mode inspections, like IM 240, ASM, RG
240, etc.
Hybrid Program: An emissions inspection program utilizing both centralized test-only sites and
decentralized test-and-repair facilities.
IM 240 Test: A transient high-tech inertia weight dynamometer I/M test for HC, CO, and NOx
tailpipe emissions, which lasts for 240 seconds and utilizes lab quality bench analyzers.
Pressure Test: A test that checks for leaks in the evaporative system that would allow fuel
vapours to escape into the atmosphere.
Purge Test: A test that determines if fuel vapours in the evaporative canister and fuel tank are
being properly drawn into the engine for combustion.
FINAL REPORT
6-24
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates
RG 240 Test: A "light" version of IM 240 employing less costly equipment designed for use in
repair shop bays.
Shop Certification: Indicates whether shops are required to be certified by state authorities to
perform emissions repairs.
Technician Certification: Indicates whether technicians are required to be certified by state
authorities to perform emissions repairs.
Waiver: Waivers for emissions compliance are granted to motorists usually when they have
expended a state-determined amount of money towards repairs to correct the emissions failure
(usually around $450).
FINAL REPORT
6-25
Motor Vehicle Emission Standards for Jamaica - Update
Claude Davis & Associates