ΑΓΓΛΙΚΑ ΙΙΙ
Ενότητα 4: Conductors - Insulators
Σταυρούλα Ταβουλτζίδου
Τμήμα Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών ΤΕ
Άδειες Χρήσης
•
Το παρόν εκπαιδευτικό υλικό υπόκειται σε άδειες χρήσης Creative Commons.
•
Για εκπαιδευτικό υλικό, όπως εικόνες, που υπόκειται σε άλλου τύπου άδειας
χρήσης, η άδεια χρήσης αναφέρεται ρητώς.
Χρηματοδότηση
•
Το παρόν εκπαιδευτικό υλικό έχει αναπτυχθεί στα πλαίσια του εκπαιδευτικού
έργου του διδάσκοντα.
•
Το έργο «Ανοικτά Ακαδημαϊκά Μαθήματα στο TEI Δυτικής Μακεδονίας
και στην Ανώτατη Εκκλησιαστική Ακαδημία Θεσσαλονίκης» έχει
χρηματοδοτήσει μόνο τη αναδιαμόρφωση του εκπαιδευτικού υλικού.
•
Το έργο υλοποιείται στο πλαίσιο του Επιχειρησιακού Προγράμματος
«Εκπαίδευση και Δια Βίου Μάθηση» και συγχρηματοδοτείται από την
Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση (Ευρωπαϊκό Κοινωνικό Ταμείο) και από εθνικούς πόρους.
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Περιεχόμενα
1.
Σκοποί ενότητας ................................................................................................ 4
2.
Περιεχόμενα ενότητας........................................................................................ 4
3.
PART I: WARMING UP ..................................................................................... 4
4.
PART II: READING AND COMPREHENSION ................................................... 4
5.
PART III: INFORMATION TRANSFER ............................................................. 7
6.
PART IV: USE OF LANGUAGE......................................................................... 8
7.
Glossary .......................................................................................................... 10
8.
Modals: Can, Must, Have to............................................................................. 11
8.1
Can ........................................................................................................... 11
8.2
Must – Have to .......................................................................................... 12
9.
Glossary .......................................................................................................... 13
10.
Βιβλιογραφία................................................................................................. 15
11.
Παράρτημα ................................................................................................... 15
Περιεχόμενα εικόνων
Εικόνα 1: Match the words on the left with their synonyms on the right. .................... 6
Εικόνα 2: Match the words on the left with their antonyms on the right. ..................... 6
Περιεχόμενα Πινάκων
Πίνακας 1: List the materials below under the correct heading. ................................. 4
Πίνακας 2: Glossary. ............................................................................................... 10
Πίνακας 3: Σχηματισμός του ρήματος can. ............................................................. 11
Πίνακας 4: Σχηματισμός του ρήματος must. ............................................................ 12
Πίνακας 5: Σχηματισμός του ρήματος have to. ....................................................... 12
Πίνακας 6: Glossary. ............................................................................................... 13
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1. Σκοποί ενότητας
Εισαγωγή στην ορολογία των μηχανικών στην θεματολογία Conductors - Insulators.
2. Περιεχόμενα ενότητας
PART I: WARMING UP.
PART II: READING AND COMPREHENSION.
PART III: INFORMATION TRANSFER.
PART IV: USE OF LANGUAGE.
3. PART I: WARMING UP
List the materials below under the correct heading.
salt water, nylon, silicon, germanium, metals, porcelain, rubber, copper, air,
thermistor, carbon.
Πίνακας 1: List the materials below under the correct heading.
Source: Writer (2015).
conductors
insulators
semiconductors
..
..
..
..
4. PART II: READING AND COMPREHENSION
Conductors.
An Electrical Conductor, is any material that offers little resistance to the flow of an
electric current. The difference between a conductor and an insulator, which is a poor
conductor of electricity or heat, is one of degree rather than kind, because all
substances conduct electricity to some extent. A good conductor of electricity, such
as silver or copper, may have a conductivity a billion or more times as great as the
conductivity of a good insulator, such as glass or mica. A phenomenon known as
superconductivity is observed when certain substances are cooled to a point near
absolute zero, at which point their conductivity becomes almost infinite. In solid
conductors the electric current is carried by the movement of electrons; in solutions
and gases, the electric current is carried by ions.
Insulators.
An Insulator, is any material that is a poor conductor of heat or electricity, and that is
used to suppress the flow of heat or electricity.
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Electric Insulation.
The perfect insulator for electrical applications would be a material that is absolutely
nonconducting; such a material does not exist. The materials used as insulators,
although they do conduct some electricity, have a resistance to the flow of electric
current as much as 2.5 Χ 1024 greater than that of good electrical conductors such
as silver and copper. Materials that are good conductors have a large number of free
electrons (electrons not tightly bound to atoms) available to carry the current; good
insulators have few such electrons. Some materials such as silicon and germanium,
which have a limited number of free electrons, are semiconductors and form the
basic material of transistors.
In ordinary electric wiring, plastics are commonly used as insulating sheathing for the
wire itself. Very fine wire, such as that used for the winding of coils and transformers,
may be insulated with a thin coat of enamel. The internal insulation of electric
equipment may be made of mica or glass fibers with a plastic binder. Electronic
equipment and transformers may also use a special electrical grade of paper. Highvoltage power lines are insulated with units made of porcelain or other ceramic, or of
glass.
The specific choice of an insulation material is usually determined by its application.
Polyethylene and polystyrene are used in high-frequency applications, and mylar is
used for electrical capacitors. Insulators must also be selected according to the
maximum temperature they will encounter. Teflon is used in the high-temperature
range of 175° to 230° C (350° to 450° F). Adverse mechanical or chemical conditions
may call for other materials. Nylon has excellent abrasion resistance, and neoprene,
silicone rubber, epoxy polyesters, and polyurethanes can provide protection against
chemicals and moisture.
“Conductor” "Insulation," Microsoft (R) Encarta. Copyright (c) 1994 Microsoft
Corporation. Copyright (c) 1994 Funk & Wagnall's Corporation.
II.2. SCANNING- CHECKING FACTS AND IDEAS.
Decide if these statements are TRUE or FALSE. Quote from the passage to support
your decisions.
1. An electrical conductor, is any material that offers little resistance to the flow
of an electric current.
2. The difference between a conductor and an insulator, which is a poor
conductor of electricity or heat, is one of kind.
3. Glass is a good conductor of electricity.
4. All insulators for electrical applications are materials that are absolutely
nonconducting.
5. Semiconductors form the basic material of transistors.
6. In ordinary electric wiring, enamel is commonly used as insulating sheathing
for the wire itself.
7. High-voltage power lines are insulated with units made of porcelain or other
ceramic, or of glass.
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1. The specific choice of an insulation material is usually determined by its
application.
II.3 MATCHING INFORMATION.
Match the words on the left with their synonyms on the right:
Εικόνα 1: Match the words on the left with their synonyms on the right.
Source: Writer (2015).
II.3.2.MATCHING INFORMATION.
Εικόνα 2: Match the words on the left with their antonyms on the right.
Source: Writer (2015).
II.4 VOCABULARY EXPANSION.
Each of the following words has several meanings. After reading the text decide with
which meaning the word is used in your text. Tick the correct answer.
1. Poor.
a. having very little money.
b. less than is needed or expected.
c. low in quality.
2. Solution.
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a. an act or way of finding an answer to a difficulty or problem.
b. a liquid containing solid or gas mixed into it without chemical change.
c. the state or action of being mixed into liquid like this.
3. Coat.
a. an outer garment with long sleeves.
b. a covering spread over a surface.
4. Conduct.
a. to direct the course of.
b. to lead or guide (a person / tour).
c. to stand before and direct the playing of musicians or a musical work.
d. to act as a path for (electricity, heat, etc).
e. to collect payments from the passengers on.
5. PART III: INFORMATION TRANSFER
All ……………1 can be classified according to how readily they permit an electric
current to flow. These are: conductors, insulators, and semiconductors. In the
………..2 category are substances which provide an easy path for an electric current.
All ………….3 are conductors, however some metals do not conduct well. Manganin
for example, is a ……….4 conductor. Copper is a …………..5 conductor, therefore it
is widely used for cables. A …………….6 which conducts well is carbon. Salt water is
an example of a …………..7 conductor. A material which does not easily release
electrons is called an…………..8. Rubber, nylon, porcelain and air are all insulators.
There are no ……………..9 insulators. All insulators will allow …………..10 flow of
electrons, however this can usually be ignored because the flow they permit is so
small. …………..11 are midway between conductors and insulators. Under certain
conditions they allow a current to flow easily, but under others they behave
as…………….12.
1. A. metals B. Alloys C. materials.
2. A. second B. First C. third.
3. A. alloys B. Metals C. materials.
4. A. poor B. Good C. fine.
5. A. poor B. Good C. fine.
6. A. non-metal B. Metal C. alloy.
7. A. solid B. Gas C. liquid.
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8. A. conductor B. semiconductor C. insulator.
9. A. poor B. Fine C. perfect.
10. A. no B. much C. some.
11. A. conductors B. Semiconductors C. insulators.
12. A. conductors B. Semiconductors C. insulators.
6. PART IV: USE OF LANGUAGE
IV.1. Look at the prompts below and write sentences about metals using can or can't.
Be shiny; exist in pure form; conduct heat and electricity, occur in the form of crystal;
replace hydrogen in acids to form salts; have the same properties with alloys; be
inorganic substances.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
IV. 2. Write sentences about the materials below, using can or cannot (can't).
1.
Glass see through.
………………………………………………………………………………….
2.
Metal see through / light pass through.
………………………………………………………………………………….
3.
Steel break.
………………………………………………………………………………….
4.
Rubber bend.
………………………………………………………………………………….
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5.
Wood burn.
………………………………………………………………………………….
IV.3. Read the situations below and make a request using can I / you?
1.
You need a screwdriver.
……………………………………………………………………………
2.
Your computer does not work.
……………………………………………………………………………
3.
You have some problems with mathematics.
……………………………………………………………………………
4.
You need new design equipment.
……………………………………………………………………………
5.
You need information about new drilling methods.
……………………………………………………………………………
IV.4. Rewrite the sentences below using must or mustn't.
1. Switch off the mains.
. ……………………………………………………………………..
2.
Don’t touch this.
……………………………………………………………………..
3.
Don't touch bare wires near water.
……………………………………………………………………..
4.
Don't use metal ladders for electrical work.
……………………………………………………………………..
5.
Use new tools.
……………………………………………………………………..
IV.5. Look at the Library Rules and make sentences with must or mustn't.
Library rules.
1. Don't make any noise. ……………………………………
2. Be quiet. ……………………………………
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3. Don't eat or drink. ……………………………………
4. Be careful with books.……………………………………
5. Put the books back in the right place. ……………………………………
IV.6. Fill in the correct form of must or have to.
1.
Shall I check the lift? - No, you ……………… check it; I think it's O.K.
2.
You ………….. leave your tools here.
3.
Shall we order new tools? - No, we ……………. order any.
4.
Productivity is high. We …………….. to increase it.
5.
Shall I repair the equipment? - Yes, you …………. do it very soon.
IV.7. Read the signs below and write instructions about them using can / cannot or
mustn't.
No smoking. 1. You……………………………….
No Camping. 2. You…………………………………
Don’t eat here. 3. You……………………………….
Camp here. 4. You……………………………………….
Pay here. 5. You…………………………………………
7. Glossary
Πίνακας 2: Glossary.
Source: Writer (2015).
GLOSSARY
Bare
γυμνό
Bend
λυγίζω
break
σπάζω
burn
καίω
glass
γυαλί
ladder
σκάλα
leave
αφήνω, φεύγω
mains
κεντρική παροχή ρεύματος
need
χρειάζομαι
quiet
ήσυχος
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GLOSSARY
rubber
λάστιχο, καουτσούκ
see through
διακρίνω, βλέπω δια μέσω
steel
χάλυβας
switch off
σβήνω
through
ανάμεσα
touch
αγγίζω
wire
καλώδιο
wood
ξύλο
8. Modals: Can, Must, Have to.
Τα ρήματα can, must, have to λέγονται βοηθητικά (modal auxiliary verbs) και γι' αυτό:

ακολουθούνται από γυμνό απαρέμφατο, δηλ. απαρέμφατο χωρίς to (bare
infinitive).
π.χ. They can design machine tools.

δε σχηματίζουν όλους τους χρόνους - δεν έχουν Continuous χρόνους.
π.χ. I must find a new job now.

δεν παίρνουν κατάληξη -s στο γ' ενικό του S. Present.
π.χ. He must measure the finished goods.

σχηματίζουν τον ερωτηματικό και αρνητικό τύπο χωρίς βοηθητικό, π.χ. Can
you operate a computer?
Π.χ. We cannot increase temperature.
8.1 Can
Ι. Σχηματισμός.
Πίνακας 3: Σχηματισμός του ρήματος can.
Πηγή: Writer (2015).
AFFIRMATIVE
I can
you can
he / she/ it can
we can
you can
they can
QUESTION
can I?
can you?
can he / she / it?
can we?
can you?
can they?
NEGATIVE
I cannot (can't)
you cannot (can't)
he / she / it cannot (can't)
we cannot (can't)
you cannot (can't)
they cannot (can't)
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ΙΙ. ΧΡΗΣΗ.
Το can χρησιμοποιείται για να εκφράσει:



ικανότητα στο παρόν (ability), π.χ. I can speak four languages.
παράκληση ή άδεια, π.χ. Can you repair the machine, please?
στην άρνηση, αρνητικό συμπέρασμα, π.χ. He is ill. He can't be at work.
8.2 Must – Have to
Must.
Πίνακας 4: Σχηματισμός του ρήματος must.
Source: Writer (2015).
AFFIRMATIVE
I must
you must
he/she/it must
QUESTION
must I?
must you?
must he/she/it
we must
you must
they must
must we?
must you?
must they?
NEGATIVE
I must not (mustn't)
you must not (mustn't)
he/she/it must not
(mustn't)
we must not (mustn't)
you must not (mustn't)
they must not (mustn't)
Have to.
Πίνακας 5: Σχηματισμός του ρήματος have to.
Source: Writer (2015).
AFFIRMATIVE
I have to
you have to
he/she/it has to
we have to
you have to
they have to
QUESTION
do I have to?
do you have to?
does he/she/it have to?
do we have to?
do you have to?
do they have to?
NEGATIVE
I don't have to
you don't have to
he/she/it doesn't have to
we don't have to
you don't have to
they don't have to
ΙΙ. ΧΡΗΣΗ.
Το must και το have to εκφράζουν υποχρέωση (obligation) και αναγκαιότητα
(necessity). Σημαίνουν και τα δυό πρέπει, αλλά διαφέρουν στη χρήση, ως προς το
ότι το must δηλώνει υποχρέωση που επιβάλλεται από το ίδιο το άτομο και το have to
υποχρέωση που επιβάλλεται από εξωτερικούς παράγοντες.Το must δηλώνει επίσης
και θετικό συμπέρασμα.
π.χ. I think I must go back home.
The computer is broken. I have to repair it.
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
To must έχει μόνο S. Present. Τους υπόλοιπους χρόνους τους δανείζεται από το
have to.
π.χ. I'll have to work late tomorrow.

To mustn't εκφράζει απαγόρευση.
π.χ. You mustn't smoke in the lab.

Το don't / doesn't have to εκφράζει έλλειψη αναγκαιότητας.
π.χ. The computer is O.K. You don't have to repair it.
9. Glossary
Πίνακας 6: Glossary.
Source: Writer (2015).
GLOSSARY
abrasion
ξύσιμο/γδάρσιμο
absolute
απόλυτος
absolutely
απόλυτα
adverse
δυσμενής/ενάντιος/αντίθετος
bound
δεμένος/υποχρεωμένος/δεσμευμένος
capacitor
πυκνωτής
choice
εκλογή/επιλογή/προτίμηση
coat
παλτό/πανωφόρι/τρίχωμα/επάλειψη/
επίστρωμα
commonly
συνήθως
conduct
οδηγώ/είμαι αγωγός/άγω
conductivity
αγωγιμότητα
cool
κρύος/κρυώνω
degree
μοίρα/βαθμός θερμοκρασίας /πτυχίο /βαθμός
determine
καθορίζω
electric wiring
ηλεκτρική
καλωδίωση
(ηλεκτρική
εγκατάσταση)
electrical conductor
ηλεκτρικός αγωγός
enamel
σμάλτο/βερνίκι/εμαγιέ
encounter
συναντώ τυχαία/αντιμετωπίζω
epoxy polyester
εποξικός πολυεστέρας
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GLOSSARY
fiber /AmE/ - fibre /BrE/
ίνα/υφή/δομή
fine
καλός/καθαρός
(για
μέταλλα)/λεπτός
/οξύς/ευγενής/κομψός/ωραία
flow
ρέω/ροή
gas
αέριο
grade
κλάση/κατηγορία/βαθμίδα/ταξινομώ
infinite
άπειρος/τεράστιος
insulator
μονωτήρας
internal
εσωτερικός
kind
είδος/καλός/ευγενικός
material
υλικό
mica
μίκα/μαρμαρυγίας
moisture
υγρασία
mylar
πολυστερίνη
nonconducting
μη-αγώγιμο
observe
παρατηρώ
offer
προσφέρω
ordinary
συνηθισμένος
polyethylene
πολυαιθυλένιο
polystyrene
πολυστερίνη
polyurethane
πολυουραιθάνιο
rather
μάλλον
sheathing
θήκη/περίβλημα/κάλυμμα
προστατευτικό
καλωδίων
solid conductor
συμπαγής αγωγός
solution
λύση/διάλυμα/διάλυση
specific
ειδικός/σαφής/συγκεκριμένος
substance
ουσία/υλικό/ύλη
superconductivity
υπεραγωγιμότητα
suppress
καταστέλλω/καταπνίγω/απαλείφω/
αποκλείω
teflon
τεφλόν
tightly
σφικτά/στενά/εφαρμοστά
to some extent
ως ένα βαθμό/ως ένα σημείο
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GLOSSARY
μονάδα/συσκευή
unit
10.
Βιβλιογραφία
Ταβουλτζίδου, Σ. (n.d.). Ορολογία για Ηλεκτρολόγους Μηχανικούς.
11.
Παράρτημα
Σημείο αναφοράς.
Copyright ΤΕΙ Δυτικής Μακεδονίας, Σταυρούλα Ταβουλτζίδου. «ΑΓΓΛΙΚΑ ΙΙΙ».
Κοζάνη 2015. Έκδοση: 1.0. Κοζάνη 2015.
Σημείωμα Αδειοδότησης.
Το παρόν υλικό διατίθεται με τους όρους της άδειας χρήσης Creative Commons
Αναφορά, Μη Εμπορική Χρήση Παρόμοια Διανομή 4.0 [1] ή μεταγενέστερη, Διεθνής
Έκδοση. Εξαιρούνται τα αυτοτελή έργα τρίτων π.χ. φωτογραφίες, διαγράμματα
κ.λ.π., τα οποία εμπεριέχονται σε αυτό και τα οποία αναφέρονται μαζί με τους όρους
χρήσης τους στο «Σημείωμα Χρήσης Έργων Τρίτων».
[1] http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Ως Μη Εμπορική ορίζεται η χρήση:

που δεν περιλαμβάνει άμεσο ή έμμεσο οικονομικό όφελος από την χρήση του
έργου, για το διανομέα του έργου και αδειοδόχο.

που δεν περιλαμβάνει οικονομική συναλλαγή ως προϋπόθεση για τη χρήση ή
πρόσβαση στο έργο.

που δεν προσπορίζει στο διανομέα του έργου και αδειοδόχο έμμεσο
οικονομικό όφελος (π.χ. διαφημίσεις) από την προβολή του έργου σε
διαδικτυακό τόπο.
Ο δικαιούχος μπορεί να παρέχει στον αδειοδόχο ξεχωριστή άδεια να χρησιμοποιεί το
έργο για εμπορική χρήση, εφόσον αυτό του ζητηθεί.
Διατήρηση Σημειωμάτων.
Οποιαδήποτε αναπαραγωγή ή διασκευή του υλικού θα πρέπει να συμπεριλαμβάνει:

το Σημείωμα Αναφοράς.
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
το Σημείωμα Αδειοδότησης.

τη δήλωση Διατήρησης Σημειωμάτων.

το Σημείωμα Χρήσης Έργων Τρίτων (εφόσον υπάρχει).
μαζί με τους συνοδευόμενους υπερσυνδέσμους.
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