Spring 2011 | Vol. 15, Issue 1 Special Edition Florida Institute of Technology • College of Engineering Newsletter for the Department of Marine and Environmental Systems A CELEBRATION OF LIFE OF TWO DEDICATED PROFESSORS LEE HARRIS AND BETH IRLANDI Dr. Lee Harris, P.E. Dr. Lee Harris started his career at Florida Tech in 1980. He received his Ph.D in 1996 in ocean engineering from Florida Atlantic University. Dr. Harris taught at the Jensen Beach campus from He has worked on many projects and received many grants and awards. He authored more than 30 publications and was engaged in 82 projects and studies all over the world in places such as Antigua, Dominican Republic, New Zealand, Cayman Islands and the Turks and Caicos Islands. He traveled throughout the world with his installation of reef balls, and presented many papers and publications. He was an invited guest lecturer on many occasions. Some highlights from his career include: Sebastian Inlet District (SID) Dr. Harris received over $350,000 in grants from SID dating back to the 1990s. In the summer of 1996, Dr. Harris and Dr. George Maul, professor and DMES department head, installed a wave, tide and weather collection system at the Sebastian Inlet. Directional wave spectra, water-level variations and meteorological data were collected and used to further understanding of the physical processes interacting at this complex site. He continued this work through grants for many years. 1980 to 1986 and at the Melbourne campus from 1987 until his death. He was named in Who’s Who in Frontier Science and Technology, and he also served as a United Nations’ consultant to the Trinidad and Tobago Institute of Marine Affairs. His work centered on research and consulting with respect to coastal structures, ocean engineering design and physical oceanography. Dr. Harris was a coastal engineer, but he was as much a scientist as he was an engineer. In 2005, Dr. Harris stated, “We have collected wave and weather data there since 1996 and have been responsible for the design, installation, operation, maintenance, data processing and report of data for the SITD.” Dr. Harris and his research team collected wave data from an offshore-submerged wave gauge during Hurricanes Frances and Jeanne. Hurricane Frances caused the researchers to lose their weather and tide gauge instrumentation from the north jetty in Sebastian Inlet State Park. His grant enabled him to continue his research on wave, weather and tide data collection systems at Sebastian Inlet. Recent data from this project during Hurricanes Frances and Jeanne in September 2004 and Hurricane Wilma in 2005 are providing coastal storm data from offshore that is greatly adding to our knowledge of coastal effects due to hurricanes. The Coastal Engineering Lab, under Dr. Harris, maintains meteorological instruments on the north jetty of Sebastian Inlet State Park as well as acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) offshore north of the inlet. In July 2008, the meteorological instruments were upgraded to allow for realtime data transmission via cellular modem. The data are available to view in tabular and graphical format at http://research.fit.edu/ wave-data. The operation of the ADCP is a continuing project funded by the Sebastian Inlet District. The instruments are swapped out every six months, and the recovered data are made available for the end-user. Upon installation of a shore cable connecting the ADCP to a land computer, the wave and current data will be displayed in real time. Beginning in October 2009, a water level sensor was installed below the north jetty to record water level, water temperature and conductivity. These data were coupled with the meteorological data and are displayed in real time on the Internet. In the spring of 2003, Dr. Harris signed a contract with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to assist with monitoring the structural performance of the RIBS. The system was installed off Cape Canaveral in November/December of 2002. Dr. Harris supported engineers and scientists from the U.S. Army Research and Development Center, Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory. They tested the structural and wave attenuation performance of the RIBS in providing a calm harbor area in the lee of the “V”-shaped temporary “harbor” area. Dr. Harris, graduate students, Captain Rich Gurlek and engineer Steve Thomas aboard the R/V Delphinus assisted the Corps of Engineers with the testing of the latest Rapidly Installed Breakwater System offshore Port Canaveral from November to January. The work consisted of deploying and recovering wave gauges, monitoring the deployment and performing underwater inspections of the RIBS. Reef Ball Professor Harris and some of his graduate students assisted with the deployment of over 150 Reef Balls units in 70 feet of water approximately 16 miles east of Port Canaveral during May and July, 1995. Pre-, during- and post-deployment inspections and underwater video were taken to document the installation. He gave a presentation on the “Engineering Design of Artificial Reefs” to the Down Under Dive Club in Palm Bay. He presented examples of artificial reef units with which he has been involved, including those designed for the Mexican Caribbean and offshore Miami. Professor Harris received a $1,000 donation from the Reef Ball Development Group, Ltd. as a contribution to the efforts that he and his students have made in the technology of artificial reefs in 1995. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Dr. Harris participated in a workshop on Geotextile Tube Technology in Galveston, Texas, in 1995. He documented the performance of sand-filled container systems used for beach erosion and scour control for numerous projects used around Florida over the past 15 years. He also performed work for the Waterways Experiment Station (WES) Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC) in Vicksburg, Miss. With his grant in 2001, he assisted with monitoring the structural performance of a Rapidly Installed Breakwater (RIB) system. The system was tested four miles offshore of Fort Pierce. Dr. Harris supported engineers and scientists from the U.S. Army Research and Development Center, Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory in testing the structure of two 75-foot sections of the RIB system. 2 The LINK The LINK Newsletter Editor George A. Maul Assistant Editor Tonya Mitchell Contact DMES (321) 674-8096 | Fax: (321) 674-7212 E-mail: [email protected] www.fit.edu/dmes Thomas Waite Dean, College of Engineering George A. Maul Head, Department of Marine and Environmental Systems and Acting Program Chair, Ocean Engineering John G. Windsor Jr. Associate Department Head and Program Chair, Environmental Sciences and Oceanography This newsletter is available in full color on the DMES home page. In October 1997, Dr. Harris was invited to speak at a workshop on artificial reefs in Punta Gorda, Fla. The workshop was sponsored by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection’s Office of Fisheries Management. He presented information on the engineering design of artificial reefs, emphasizing the need to design for both environmental enhancement and structural stability. In June 1998, Dr. Harris and undergraduate students participated in the Marine Fields Project ocean cruises, where they dove and inspected the Reef Ball artificial reef units deployed offshore Port Canaveral in 1995. Dr. Harris traveled to the Cayman Islands to inspect Reef Ball artificial reef units that are being deployed as a submerged breakwater for shoreline stabilization of Seven Mile Beach. In the spring of 2004, Dr Harris spent several weeks helping to restore the world’s largest fringing coral reef. Working with him were several graduate students. The two-month-long project of the Reef Ball Foundation, working with Stanford Development Group, created more than 5,000 coral colonies of 30 different species. Dr. Harris said, “we re-established four new coral species lost during a category 5 hurricane five years ago.” They also relocated and saved more than 3,000 rose corals and populated the Reef Balls with over 500 sea urchins to create optimal conditions for coral recruitment. Between May and July, he traveled to La Romano, Dominican Republic, and Antigua to advise on beach erosion and to St. Maarten where he served as adviser for installation of artificial reef units. animals and dangerous sea conditions. He also presented information on beach and reef restoration to the Barbados Department of Coastal Zone Management and to a group of oceanfront hotel owners. Later that year, along with graduate students, they volunteered for a Reef Ball Foundation coral reef restoration and coral propagation project on Grand Cayman Island. Grand Cayman suffered severe damage from category 5 Hurricane Ivan, including some damage to the shallower, near-shore reef areas. Work performed by the Florida Tech volunteers included defabrication and deployment of artificial units. Dr. Harris was the engineer who designed, permitted and oversaw installation of the Reef Ball artificial reef breakwater, which has performed very well in stabilizing this highly eroding beach. He oversaw the deployment of additional Reef Ball units at both the Grand Cayman Marriott Beach Resort and offshore at the hurricane damaged reef, Cemetery Reef. Both sites are offshore of Grand Cayman’s famous Seven Mile Beach. During the fall of 2007, Dr. Harris visited the Coastal and Offshore Institute (COEI) of the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia in Kuala Lumpur and presented a two-hour seminar on “New technologies for the enhancement of the coastal environment and marine habitat.” Dr. Harris served as a consultant to the construction company for determining the location and layout of the breakwater. This Reef Ball breakwater project location is offshore Palau Selingan, one of the small “Turtle Islands” located off the north coast of Sabah, Malaysia, on the island of Boreno. The Reef Ball units were deployed using two barges and two cranes to place 600 three-ton units to construct a breakwater approximately 150 meters long using three and four rows of reef units to obtain widths of 6 to 8 meters. During spring/summer of 2007, Dr. Harris visited Barbados where he gave a two-hour lecture on beach and reef restoration to a group of students studying to become Stewards for the Barbados Marine Trust. As Stewards, the students will be patrolling the beaches in Barbados, educating beachgoers about the environment and reporting problems such as pollution, trash, injured The Reef Ball Foundation is planning a worldwide event of building and dedicating reefs to Dr. Harris to culminate in deployments one year after his passing. A fund is being set up at the Reef Ball Foundation if anyone would like to contribute to that effort, www.reefball. org or www.reefball.com. Reefs will be in a variety of locations that Dr. Harris worked at around the world, and will include a memorial plaque, possibly an The LINK 3 underwater sculpture of Dr. Harris (by a famed underwater artist, Jason Taylor) and of course Reef Balls (perhaps some special ones with a concrete surf board). For further information, contact Todd R. Barber, chairman, Reef Ball Foundation, at [email protected]. Other highlights In January 1997, Dr. Lee Harris was an invited speaker at the workshop sponsored by Indian River County. The workshop was in response to the severe beach erosion experienced in the Vero Beach area recently and different types of beach erosion control alternatives were also discussed. Dr. Harris presented information on sand-filled container systems for beach and dune erosion control, including the 14-row sandfilled geotextile container system installed in Vero Beach in 1989. The 1997 International Submarine Race (ISR) was an extremely successful event for Florida Tech ocean engineering students and their faculty advisers, Drs. Lee Harris and Graeme Rae. The ISR is designed to inspire students to delve into areas of underwater technology advancement and to increase public awareness of subsea vehicles. Dr. Harris became the director of the Indian River Marine Science Research Center (IRMSRC). He brought to the position a wealth of experience and expertise in coastal processes, artificial reefs and the engineering of structures for the near-shore environment. In August of 1997, Dr. Harris visited Nigeria to advise the government on the performance of hydrographic surveying and 4 The LINK proposed dredging of the Niger River for improved navigation and the development of three new ports. Also in August 1997, Dr. Harris attended a dedication for the retrofitted underwater habitat, Aquarius 2000, held at the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute (HBOI). Aquarius is the only active open ocean underwater habitat in the world. Dr. Lee Harris was an invited speaker and participant at the 12th annual “MarMeeting Mediterranean Sea” held in Salerno, Italy, in July 1998. Dr. Harris presented a paper titled “Reducing Coastal Erosion and Risk” and inspected the Companion coastlines. Dr. Harris was invited as an adviser to the MarMeeting Conference in Amalfi, Italy, July 1999. He assisted the “Association MarMeeting” with their development of a coastal research center, for “Problemi e soluzioni per de coste” (Coastal Problem Solving). In the spring of 2000, Dr. Harris and graduate student Nikki Hoier participated in grants totaling $60,000 from the state of Florida to deploy and study artificial reefs off the coast of Sebastian Inlet. Ms. Hoier lead biological and environmental studies and Dr. Harris monitored the reef structures. Dr. Harris and two graduate students and 24 undergraduates spent the final week of May 2000 conducting research on three artificial reefs deployed in the summer seven to 11 miles offshore of Sebastian Inlet. According to Dr. Harris, the artificial reefs are designed to provide new sanctuaries for marine life and boost fish populations in the area. Dr. Harris stated, “These artificial reefs, and the four new ones put in place in the same area this summer, provide an invaluable resource for all forms of marine life and we’ve found great numbers of grouper, snapper and at least a dozen other varieties of fish and coral at the new reefs since their deployment.” The state of Florida provided $50,000 to construct the four additional reefs. In November 2000, Dr. Harris attended the 7th Annual Cities and Ports International Conference on Port Cities and Sustainable Development, held in Marseilles, France. In addition to participating in the conference, Dr. Harris visited some of the adjacent coastal and port areas on France’s Mediterranean coast. During 2004, Dr. Harris was invited by the Lt. Governor of St. Eustatius, a Caribbean island in the Dutch West Indies (also known as Statia), to investigate and advise them on their beach erosion problems. During spring/summer of 2006, Dr. Harris was invited to join a special task committee of the Coasts, Oceans, Ports and Rivers Institute (COPRI). The committee’s task is to determine the requirements of a coastal engineering certification for civil, coastal and ocean engineers. He was one of only two people chosen from academia in the United States to become a member of this committee. COPRI is a division of the American Society of Civil Engineers. He was also appointed for the third year as a member of the Tourist Development Council Beach Committee of Brevard County. Dr. Lee Harris traveled to Indonesia while on sabbatical leave in the fall of 2008. He visited coastal sites, reefs, attended seminars and was a guest at lectures at universities. Memorials and Donations If you care to donate in Dr. Lee Harris’ memory—your choices are: Shepherd’s Heart Ministries—Lee’s home church 511 N. Harbor City Blvd., Melbourne, FL 32935 Christian Surfers International—the organization that publishes The Surfer’s Bible, the Bible that made sense to Lee and helped launch his faith when he really needed it. See www.christiansurfers.net/ ShopList.aspx?id=6 and scroll to bottom of book list. Endowment Fund—special memorial endowment fund has been set up for Dr. Harris within the department and marine and environmental systems: Faculty Memorial Fellowship. Make checks payable to: Florida Institute of Technology, and mail to: Florida Institute of Technology, Office of Development, 150 W. University Blvd., Melbourne, FL 32901-6975. Please write Faculty Memorial Fellowship in the memo line of your check. Statement from family The following was a statement made by Jo Ann Harris and family: “Dr. Lee Harris recently passed away peacefully on Oct. 30, 2010, after a nearly two-year battle with inoperable brain cancer. As fit his character, he just kept looking for the best from life, until it could no longer be done. At one point, he was determined to return to the classroom to teach and to mentor his grad students. And so he did! In the middle of the illness, he had to try to surf—because the ocean was there. When that activity was no longer possible, he enjoyed kayaking on the river instead. Defying the odds, he even made a dive this past summer to celebrate Father’s Day. When scuba diving was no longer an option, he looked forward to lap swimming in the community pool, a half-mile a day, 2–3 times a week. The same encouragement he offered others to pursue their life dreams, he also received from us, his family. He was given the support that enabled him to finish his life well. Our family appreciates the love and respect others have had for Lee. We think he was a pretty neat guy ourselves. You can find a family YouTube tribute to Lee at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ttAG0PXUGVg. The background song reflects the personal faith theme our family carried in our hearts throughout this difficult journey. We hope you enjoy the pictures of the Dr. Lee Harris you knew.” Dr. Elizabeth (Beth) Irlandi-Hyatt a National Research Council Postdoctoral Associate at the National Marine Fisheries Service in Beaufort, N.C. She completed her B.S. in biology from Auburn University and both the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in marine sciences at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Dr. Irlandi taught courses in biological oceanography. She also worked with students on many projects and presented papers and posters throughout her career. Some highlights from her career include: Grants and Research Dr. Elizabeth Irlandi joined oceanography in August 1998. Dr. Irlandi came from the University of Miami where she served as a senior research associate. Prior to her University of Miami experience, she was Under a grant from the National Science Foundation, Dr. Irlandi led the Summer Research Experience for Undergraduates; Science in Support of Resource Management the summer of 1999. Dr. Irlandi and graduate student Kimberly Taplin attended the Estuarine Research Federation meeting in New Orleans, where they presented a poster titled “Potential Consequences of Eutrophication to Thalassia testudium Meadows in Biscayne Bay, FL.” Dr. Irlandi received a National Science Foundation grant of more than $73,000 for geographic information systems (GIS) training. Dr. Irlandi intended to incorporate GIS platforms into determining the effects of land use on coastal waters. GIS is a way of managing, analyzing and displaying location-related data. To train herself in using GIS, Dr. Irlandi compiled existing data on land-use coverage and explored relationships between the land-use coverage of water sheds, adjacent water quality and health of submerged aquatic vegetation in the Indian River Lagoon. She also received a grant of $15,000 from the University of Miami. Through this grant, she participated in a project to access the effects of anthropogenic impacts on the structure and function of coastal ecosystems. In April 2000, Dr. Irlandi started a Sea Grant-funded project to evaluate a new method for stock enhancement of hard clams in the Indian River Lagoon— “Evaluation of the efficacy of introducing The LINK 5 hatchery spawned larvae directly to the water column for stock enhancement of hard clams.” Dr. Irlandi received a renewal of the REU Program: Science and Management of Coastal Resources, sponsored by the National Science Foundation, in the amount of $51,822. Dr. Irlandi also participated in a $111,000 Florida Sea Grant-funded research project on hard clams in the Indian River Lagoon. Dr. Irlandi joined in this work by researchers from the University of Miami and the Florida Fish and Wildlife Commission. The goal of the effort, she said, “is to evaluate the efficiency of introducing hatchery-spawned hard clam larvae directly to the water as a costeffective way to enhance the IRL’s stock of hard clams.” In summer of 2001, Dr. Irlandi conducted a National Science Foundation-sponsored summer internship program focused on applied research in science, engineering and management of coastal zones. Interns participated in an eight-week program working with DMES faculty on projects including inlet management, biofouling, sustainable development, remote sensing, water quality, evaluation of clam restocking efforts and coastal sedimentary processes. During the spring of 2005, Dr. Irlandi was involved in research assessing if low salinity can act as a natural barrier to the invasion of Caulerpa brachypus (a nonnative invader to Florida) into the Lagoon. Graduate students assisted with research activities examining competitive interactions between 6 The LINK Caulerpa prolifers (a taxonomic relative of C. brachypus) and Halodule wrightii, the dominant seagrasss in the Indian River Lagoon. In 2006, Dr. Irlandi-Hyatt was awarded a Faculty Professional Development Grant. The grants provide opportunities for faculty members to enrich their teaching and professional development by participating in the technology-related projects and travel. She supported “Incorporation of Mobile Geographic Information and Global Positioning Systems into Coastal Resource Management Research and Education.” During the fall of 2008, Dr. Irlandi-Hyatt obtained a grant to study anthropogenic impacts to coastal habitats. Dredge and fill projects for inlet maintenance and beach nourishment activities have the potential to impact the health and function of coastal habitats including intertidal sandy beaches, near-shore subtidal rock reefs and submerged aquatic vegetation. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service through the Florida State Wildlife Grants Program funded a study of populations of beach habitat indicator species including mole crabs, coquina clams and ghost crabs for baseline ecological data, and for assessment of impacts from dune construction and beach nourishment activities in Indian River County. Dr. Irlandi received a renewed contract for submerged hard bottom habitat monitoring at Sebastian Inlet from the Sebastian Inlet District. In the spring of 2004, she received a $34,000 grant from the Sebastian Inlet District to continue monitoring and assessing the inlet’s biological recourses that could be impacted. Dr. Irlandi also worked with the Sebastian Inlet District on biological monitoring of seagrass habitats in the lagoon. In spring/summer of 2006, Dr. Irlandi-Hyatt earned a $40,000 grant from the Sebastian Inlet District for permit compliance monitoring of near-shore habitats. She monitored surf zone fish populations and rock reef growths. In the spring/summer of 2007, she received a $61,500 grant from the Sebastian Inlet District to explore new methodologies to support her efforts in permit-compliance monitoring. The focus of this project was to assess the benthic communities of the very near-short hardbottom habitats, which can be potentially impacted by beach nourishment activities. During the fall of 2008, Dr. Irlandi-Hyatt obtained a grant to study anthropogenic impacts to coastal habitats. Dredge and fill projects for inlet maintenance and beach nourishment activities have the potential to impact the health and function of coastal habitats including intertidal sandy beaches, near-shore subtidal rock reefs and submerged aquatic vegetation. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service through the Florida State Wildlife Grants Program currently funds a study of populations of beach habitat indicator species including mole crabs, coquina clams and ghost crabs for baseline ecological data and assessment of impacts from dune construction and beach nourishment activities in Indian River County. Summer Camp During the summer of 2004, Dr. Irlandi held the first DMES summer camp for students in grades 9–12 who are interested in the environment. The camp related to how humans have hindered—or in some cases helped—the Indian River Lagoon. Students learned about beach erosion and sand re-nourishment, the consequences of freshwater entering into the Indian River and the transportation and fate of pollutants in coastal systems. Dr. Irlandi ran the summer camp until her death. Projects on BC47 Dr. Irlandi and the department of marine and environmental systems adopted BC47 in September 2009. Since then, the island has been a target of student and volunteer projects aimed at enhancing the island ecologically and recreationally. Florida Tech students worked with volunteers and FDEP staff to remove exotics and add native plants to the island. The addition of native plants helps to increase biodiversity, restore ecological function and create habitat for native fauna. A student from Dr. Irlandi’s Coastal Mitigation and Restoration class designed educational signage and, with the help of Florida Tech volunteers, erected and installed an educational kiosk last year. Current projects include an experiment adding shoreline grasses and red mangroves along a shoreline and creating seagrass transects for continued monitoring. For more information on this project, contact Marc Virgilio, estuarine ecologist, Florida Department of Environmental Protection, at [email protected] or visit www.spoilislandproject.org. Statements from students Kelli Zargiel, a doctoral student who worked extensively with Dr. Iralndi-Hyatt, stated, “Beth’s open door policy helped many students over the years with projects, statistics and experimental designs. I have never seen her turn down a question because she was too busy. And busy she was, balancing numerous research projects, advisor responsibilities and teaching both undergraduate and graduate courses. She was a source of inspiration for all female graduate students— showing us it was possible to not only be an amazing benthic ecology expert, but also be an amazing mother and wife at the same Sign posted on BC47. Adopted by Dr. Elizabeth A. Irlandi, Florida Institute of Technology, Department of Marine and Environmental Systems time. Beth was a mentor, a committee member, a teacher and someone who I could always count on! Her presence will be missed by all in DMES and throughout the ecology field.” Dr. Nancy Sloan, professor at Brevard Community College, a former student of Dr. Irlandi-Hyatt, stated, “Beth was a wonderful mentor, teacher and friend. I have been with her since 2003 and met her in 2002. She was the reason I choose Florida Tech as my graduate school. She was so involved with the community doing local research and presentations at schools that I had a desire to have my life emulate hers. She had a way of never making you feel dumb even if you had a hard time understanding a concept, and she was always ready to give students a second chance when no one else would. She loved to laugh; she loved chocolate and ice cream; she loved science especially ecology; and she loved me and that made my life a lot brighter. She will be missed greatly; she was truly a life changer.” The LINK 7 Memorials and Donations Special Thanks The Florida Academy of Sciences will hold a special session in memory of Dr. Irlandi-Hyatt during the 2011 meeting being held at Florida Tech on March 11–12, 2011. A special thank you to all who contributed to this special edition of The Link, especially Christine Chura (Cyphers) who previously worked for DMES and now works in Construction Management. She volunteered her time to work on this dedication Link to honor Drs. Harris and Irlandi-Hyatt. Also working on this issue was Tonya Mitchell, office administrator, Dr. George Maul, several graduate students, Marc Virgilio and Todd Barber. A special memorial endowment fund has been set up for Dr. Irlandi-Hyatt within the department of marine and environmental systems: Faculty Memorial Fellowship. Make checks payable to: Florida Institute of Technology, and mail to: Florida Institute of Technology, Office of Development, 150 W. University Blvd., Melbourne, FL 32901-6975. Please write Faculty Memorial Fellowship in the memo line of your check. TO ALL ALUMNI Please drop us a line to let us know what you are currently doing and we will print it in our ALUMNI NEWS section. This is a good way to keep in touch with other alumni and friends. YOUR ATTENTION PLEASE! PLEASE CONTRIBUTE TO OUR ALUMNI JOB SURVEY! Send us your latest job description, address and company information. Mail information to Florida Tech, Department of Marine and Environmental Systems, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne FL 32901-6975, or e-mail [email protected]. This information will assist us in updating our alumni records, as well as providing insight for course and curriculum changes. Any special comments or suggestions are strongly encouraged and appreciated. HAVE YOU MOVED RECENTLY? Maybe that’s why you haven’t received your copy of The Link! Please take a moment to send us your new address or e-mail [email protected]. EN-074-111 College of Engineering Department of Marine and Environmental Systems 150 W. University Blvd. | Melbourne, FL 32901-6975 Non-Profit Org. U.S. POSTAGE PAID Melbourne FL Permit No. 55
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