Q1.
Lichens are pollution indicators.
(a)
Complete the following sentence.
Lichens are indicators of the gas ..................................................................
(1)
The chart shows how much pollution different lichens can tolerate.
(b)
The diagram shows the areas, J, K, L and M, in which different lichen species grew
around a factory. The factory burns coal.
Page 1 of 20
(i)
In which direction does the wind blow the pollution from the factory?
Tick ( ) one box.
Wind direction
Tick
( )
From the factory towards the north
From the factory towards the east
From the factory towards the south
From the factory towards the west
(1)
(ii)
Which row in the table shows a correct distribution of lichens?
Tick ( ) one row.
Lichen in area
J
Lichen in area
K
Lichen in area
L
Lichen in area
M
Xanthoria
Diploicia
Parmelia
Ramalina
Degelia
Bryoria
Lecanora
Xanthoria
Xanthoria
Lecanora
Bryoria
Parmelia
Tick
( )
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
Q2.
Emperor penguins have adaptations that help them to survive in very cold antarctic
conditions.
Emperor penguins catch fish in the sea.
Page 2 of 20
Use this information and information from the drawing to explain how the Emperor penguin is
adapted to survive in the antarctic.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
(Total 3 marks)
Q3.
The drawing above shows the shapes of trees grown on their own and inside a wood.
(a)
Write down two differences you can see between the tree grown on its own and those
growing inside a wood
1 .................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
2 ..................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
Page 3 of 20
(b)
Trees inside the wood have to compete with each other for the things which they need
to grow.
List three things for which the trees compete.
1. .................................................................................
2. .................................................................................
3. .................................................................................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
Q4.
The Arctic fox is a predator that feeds mainly on small mammals. The Arctic fox is adapted
to live in the cold conditions of the snow-covered Arctic.
The Arctic fox has thick, white fur.
Give two ways in which the fur helps the Arctic fox to survive.
1 ............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
2 ............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(Total 2 marks)
Page 4 of 20
Q5.
Swallows and swifts migrate between Britain and South Africa every year.
(a)
Photograph 1 shows a swallow.
Photograph 1
Swallows can fly very quickly.
Use information from the photograph to give one way in which the swallow is adapted for
flying very quickly.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Photograph 2 shows swifts.
Photograph 2
Swallows and swifts both feed on flying insects.
They both spend the summer in Britain and then migrate to South Africa in the autumn.
Suggest one reason why swallows and swifts do not stay in Britain in the winter.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 5 of 20
(c)
The table gives data about swallows and swifts.
Swallows
Swifts
Arrival date in Britain
April
Early May
Leaving date from
Britain
October
Early August
Food
Flying insects
Flying insects
Height at which the
birds feed
Near ground level
Up to 350m above
ground level
Times at which birds
feed
Mainly when it is light
Almost 24 hours per
day
(i)
There is very little competition between swallows and swifts for food.
Use information from the table to suggest two reasons for this.
1 ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Swallows and swifts do compete for some factors.
Suggest one of these factors.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q6.
Squirrels live mainly in woodland. There are two types of woodland in Great Britain:
coniferous woodland containing trees such as Scots pine and Norway spruce, and broad-leaved
woodland containing trees such as Hazel, Beech, Oak, Sycamore and Sweet chestnut.
The red squirrel is a native species, the grey squirrel was introduced at the beginning of this
century. Since the introduction of the grey squirrel, the red squirrel has largely disappeared from
broad-leaved forests in England.
(a)
Suggest two factors which might have caused the fall in the population of red squirrels.
1 .................................................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................................................
(2)
Page 6 of 20
(b)
The drawing gives information about the two types of squirrel.
Using only information given above, suggest two reasons why the population of grey
squirrels has risen whereas the population of red squirrels has fallen.
1 .................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Page 7 of 20
Q7.
The photograph shows a sand gazelle.
The sand gazelle lives in the Arabian Desert where temperatures often reach 45 °C.
(a)
The sand gazelle feeds only at dawn and at dusk. At other times it stays in the shade.
Suggest how this helps the animal to conserve water.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
During the dry season, the sand gazelle’s liver and heart shrink in size. This reduces the
amount of oxygen that the body needs.
Suggest how needing less oxygen helps the animal to conserve water.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Page 8 of 20
Q8.
Animals and plants are adapted in different ways in order to survive.
(a)
Plants may have to compete with other plants.
(i)
Name two things for which plants compete.
1 .......................................................................................................................
2 .......................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
The drawing shows a creosote bush.
This bush lives in a desert.
The creosote bush produces a poison that kills the roots of other plants.
How does this poison help the creosote bush to survive in the desert?
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 9 of 20
(b)
The photograph shows an insect called a katydid.
The katydid is preyed on by birds.
How does the appearance of the katydid help it to survive?
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
Page 10 of 20
Q9.
The gemsbok is a large herbivore that lives in herds in desert areas of South Africa.
Gemsboks feed on plants that are adapted to living in dry conditions. There are not many rivers,
lakes or ponds that can provide drinking water for the animals. The desert areas are hot during
the day but cool at night. As the air cools at night it becomes moist, and the plants absorb the
moisture.
(a)
A few lions live in the desert areas. They hunt and feed on the gemsboks.
Use information from the drawing of the gemsbok to suggest two ways in which it could
avoid being killed by lions.
1 ..................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
2 ..................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
Page 11 of 20
(b)
The graphs show the water content of the desert grass and the times of day that the
gemsboks feed.
(i)
Describe how the water content of the grass changes during the day.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Suggest why the water content of the grass changes.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 12 of 20
(c)
(i)
Between which times of day are more than 25% of the herd feeding?
...................................... and ...........................................
(1)
(ii)
Suggest an advantage to the gemsbok of feeding mainly at these times.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q10.
The drawings show a humming bird and a sun bird feeding.
Page 13 of 20
Both of these birds feed on nectar which is a sugary liquid found inside flowers.
Use the information from the drawings to answer the following questions.
(a)
Describe, as fully as you can, how the humming bird is adapted for feeding on nectar.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
The sun bird has a different method of obtaining nectar.
Describe, as fully as you can, how the sun bird is adapted for feeding on nectar.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Page 14 of 20
M1.
(a)
sulfur dioxide
1
(b)
from the factory towards the east
extra boxes ticked cancels the mark
1
(c)
tick in bottom row
extra boxes ticked cancels the mark
1
[3]
M2.
(the layer of fat under the skin) insulates the penguin
1
(the streamlined body) reduces resistance from water, enabling
the penguin to swim faster to catch fish
1
(the oily feathers) prevent cold water reaching skin
1
[3]
##
(a)
trees in wood (allow converse)
taller
fewer leaves
thinner trunks
fewer branches
branches/leaves at top only
any 2 for 1
mark each
2
(b)
light
water
space
nutrients
(allow up to 2 named substances e.g. CO2/O2/NO3)
any 3 for 1 mark each
3
[5]
Page 15 of 20
M4.
camouflage (when hunting)
accept the idea that the white coat prevents the prey or predator
‘seeing’ the Arctic fox
1
insulation (from cold)
accept an idea that the thick coat retains body heat or traps air or
that air in the fur is a poor conductor or keeps it warm
NEUTRAL RESPONSES –
protection, waterproof
1
[2]
M5.
(a) streamlined / aerodynamic / swept-back / arrow-shaped / dart-shaped
wings / tail
allow pointed / curved wings
ignore pointed tail / beak
OR
large / long wings
ignore large tail
1
(b)
no / fewer insects / food (in winter)
allow too cold
ignore not adapted to cold
ignore day length
1
(c)
(i)
any two from
•
feed / hunt at different heights or swifts feed higher up
•
feed / hunt at different times or swifts feed at night
•
arrive / depart at different times
2
Page 16 of 20
(ii)
nesting sites / territory / habitat
allow homes / space
ignore food unqualified
allow well qualified food answers
eg insects / food near the ground
or
insects / food when it’s light
or
insects / food between early May and early August
1
[5]
M6.
(a) 2 of e.g.
competition for food competition for space disease
2
(b)
e.g.
greys eat greater range of food
greys larger – more effective competitors
2
[4]
M7.
(a)
stays cool
ignore shade
1
less sweat
1
(b)
any two from:
•
breathing rate less
•
less water lost via breath
less can be implied
•
less water from respiration
2
[4]
Page 17 of 20
M8.
(a)
(i)
any two from:
list principle
•
light
ignore oxygen / food / sun
•
water
•
space
•
nutrients / ions / minerals / named
•
carbon dioxide / CO2
2
(ii)
less competition for water
ignore space / light / food
or
more water / nutrients / minerals available
1
(b)
camouflage / same shape as leaf / looks like a leaf
allow ‘blends in’
ignore colour
1
[4]
M9.
(a) long / pointed horns and for defence
long legs and to run away reject strong / powerful legs
long legs and to kick predator
tall and can see predators a long distance away but accept
eyes on side of head and to see predator approaching
large ears and to hear predators approaching
pattern and for camouflage any
two for 1 mark each
2
(b)
(i)
fall in morning / day and rise at night or any reasonable
for 1 mark
description of whole pattern for one mark
1
(ii)
loss due to evaporation or transpiration in day / absorbed from air
at night / when cool
for 1 mark
1
Page 18 of 20
(c)
(i)
19.30 – 20.30 and 07.30 – 08:30
for 1 mark
1
(ii)
highest moisture content in grass
needs water in desert conditions / response to shortage of drinking water
sensible reference to less chance of predation
any two for 1 mark each
2
[7]
M10.
(a) it has a long/thin beak;
which enables it to reach down the long flower tube/OWTTE;
(allow qualified answers in terms of wings)
(allow two adaptations)
2
(b)
it has a sharp beak;
which enables it to peck through the base of the flower tube/OWTTE
(allow qualified answers in terms of feet)
(allow two adaptations)
each for 1 mark
2
[4]
Page 19 of 20
Page 20 of 20