erovnuli saswavlo olimpiada
q i m i a
2 0 1 0
S e s a v a l i
saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros iniciativiT 2009
wels Catarda SemoqmedebiTi olimpiada sxvadasxva saganSi, maT Soris,
qimiaSi. olimpiadis mizani iyo gamorCeuli codniTa da niWiT dajildoebuli
moswavleebis gamovlena, maTi waxaliseba da saswavlo procesis stimulireba.
moswavleebs moeTxovebodaT rogorc Teoriuli codna, aseve praqtikuli
Sinaarsis amocanebis amoxsna.
2009 wels qimiaSi erovnuli saswavlo olimpiada or etapad Catarda,
romelSic monawileobda oTxi asakobrivi jgufi: VIII, IX, X da XI_XII
klasebis moswavleebi.
2010 wels qimiaSi erovnuli saswavlo olimpiada sam etapad Catarda da
monawileobda ori asakobrivi jgufi: IX-X da XI_XII klasebis moswavleebi.
2010/11 saswavlo wels qimiaSi erovnuli saswavlo olimpiada kvlav sam
etapad Catardeba da monawileobas miiRebs ori asakobrivi jgufi: IX-X da
XI_XII klasebis moswavleebi.
mocemul krebulSi warmodgenilia 2010/11 saswavlo wels qimiaSi
erovnuli saswavlo olimpiadis I turis programa, aseve 2009 da 2010 wlebis
olimpiadebis yvela turis davalebebi, swori pasuxebiTa da amoxsnebiT.
2
qimiis programa
erovnuli saswavlo olimpiadis I turisTvis
IX-X klasebi
martivi da rTuli nivTierebebi. sufTa nivTiereba da narevi. narevebis
dayofis xerxebi.
gansxvaveba fizikur da qimiur movlenebs Soris. qimiuri reaqciis
mimdinareobis niSnebi da pirobebi.
qimiuri elementi. qimiuri simboloebi. valentoba. qimiuri formulis
Sedgena valentobis mixedviT. fardobiTi atomuri masa da fardobiTi
molekuluri masa. naerTSi elementis masuri wilis gaangariSeba.
moli – nivTierebis raodenobis sazomi. avogadros ricxvi. moluri
masa. gaangariSebiTi amocanebi nivTierebis raodenobisa da masis
dasadgenad.
masisa da Sedgenilobis mudmivobis kanonebi.
qimiur reaqciaTa klasifikacia. daSlis, SeerTebis, Canacvlebisa da
mimocvlis reaqciebi. qimiuri reaqciis tolobis Sedgena.
araorganul naerTTa klasebi. oqsidebi: fuZe da mJava oqsidebi, miReba,
Tvisebebi. hidroqsidebi: fuZe, tute, miReba, Tvisebebi. mJavebi:
Jangbadiani da
uJangbado
mJavebi,
miReba,
Tvisebebi. marilebi:
marilTa klasifikacia da nomenklatura, miReba, Tvisebebi.
xsnarebi,
nivTierebaTa xsnadoba,
xsnadobaze moqmedi faqtorebi.
xsnaris
koncentracia:
nivTierebis
masuri
wili
xsnarSi.
gaangariSebiTi
amocanebi
xsnarSi
nivTierebis
masuri
wilis
dasadgenad.
XI-XII klasebi:
martivi da rTuli nivTierebebi. alotropia. sufTa nivTiereba da
narevi. narevebis dayofis xerxebi.
gansxvaveba fizikur da qimiur movlenebs Soris. qimiuri reaqciis
mimdinareobis niSnebi da pirobebi.
qimiuri elementi. qimiuri simboloebi. valentoba. qimiuri formulis
Sedgena valentobis mixedviT. fardobiTi atomuri masa da fardobiTi
molekuluri masa. naerTSi elementis masuri wilis gaangariSeba.
moli – nivTierebis raodenobis sazomi. avogadros ricxvi. moluri
masa. avogadros kanoni. airis moluri moculoba. airebis simkvriveebis
Tanafardoba. gaangariSebiTi amocanebi nivTierebis raodenobis, masisa
da moculobis dasadgenad.
masisa da Sedgenilobis mudmivobis kanonebi.
3
qimiur reaqciaTa klasifikacia. daSlis, SeerTebis, Canacvlebisa da
mimocvlis
reaqciebi.
qimiuri
reaqciis
tolobis
Sedgena.
gaangariSebiTi amocanebi reaqciis tolobis mixedviT (reaqciaSi
monawile nivTierebis an reaqciis produqtis raodenobis / masis /
moculobis mixedviT sxva nivTierebis raodenobis / masis / moculobis
gamoangariSeba; reaqciis produqtis raodenobis / masis / moculobis
gamoangariSeba, rodesac erT-erTi moreagire nivTiereba aRebulia
Warbad).
atomis aRnagoba. atombirTvis Sedgeniloba. masuri ricxvi. izotopebi.
periodulobis
kanoni.
elementis
rigobrivi
nomeri.
elementTa
perioduli sistema. periodebsa da jgufebSi elementTa gaerTianebis
principebi. I_VII jgufebis mTavari (A) qvejgufebis elementebis
Tvisebebis da naerTTa formebis gansazRvra periodul sistemaSi maTi
adgilmdebareobis mixedviT.
eleqtrouaryofiToba. kovalenturi (arapolaruli da polaruli) da
ionuri bmebi.
araorganul naerTTa klasebi. oqsidebi: fuZe da mJava oqsidebi, miReba,
Tvisebebi. hidroqsidebi:
fuZe, tute, miReba, Tvisebebi. mJavebi:
Jangbadiani da
uJangbado
mJavebi,
miReba,
Tvisebebi. marilebi:
marilTa klasifikacia da nomenklatura, miReba, Tvisebebi. kavSiri
araorganul naerTTa klasebs Soris.
xsnarebi,
nivTierebaTa xsnadoba,
xsnadobaze moqmedi faqtorebi.
xsnaris
koncentracia:
nivTierebis
masuri
wili
xsnarSi.
gaangariSebiTi
amocanebi
xsnarSi
nivTierebis
masuri
wilis
dasadgenad.
eleqtrolituri
disociacia:
mJavebis,
fuZeebis
da
marilebis
eleqtrolituri disociacia. ionuri mimocvlis reaqciebi. sruli da
Sekvecili ionuri tolobebis Sedgena.
qvanturi ricxvebi. energetikul doneebze eleqtronebis ganawileba
(umciresi energiis principi, paulis principi, hundis wesi). I–III
periodis
elementTa
atomebis
eleqtronuli
da
eleqtronulgrafikuli formulebis Sedgena.
alkanebi, alkenebi, alkinebi _ ZiriTadi Tvisebebi. genetikuri kavSiri
naxSirwyalbadebis klasebs Soris.
spirtebi, aldehidebi, karbonmJavebi _ ZiriTadi Tvisebebi. genetikuri
kavSiri funqciuri jgufebis Semcvel naerTebs Soris.
4
2009 weli
VIII klasi
I turi
VIII klasi _ I turi
1. romeli meTodebiT aris SesaZlebeli wvimis wylisa da gafiltruli
mdinaris wylis erTmaneTisagan garCeva? aRwereT TiToeuli meTodi.
pasuxi
I meTodi – eleqtrogamtarobis Sedareba. mdinaris wyali dens gaatarebs,
wvimisa – ara.
II meTodi – amoSrobis Semdeg mdinaris wylisgan darCeba ufro meti mSrali
naSTi, vidre wvimis wylisgan.
2. CamoTvaleT yvela is xerxi, romlis
xsnaridan ujeris miReba da piriqiT.
saSualebiTac
SeiZleba
najeri
pasuxi
najeridan – ujeri: temperaturis momateba, gamxsnelis damateba.
ujeridan – najeri: temperaturis Semcireba, gamxsnelis aorTqleba, gaxsnili
nivTierebis damateba.
3. dawereT TqvenTvis cnobili yvela reaqcia, romlis saSualebiTac miiReba
rkinis (II) sulfati.
pasuxi
Fe+H2SO4→FeSO4+H2
Fe+CuSO4→FeSO4+Cu
FeO+H2SO4→FeSO4+H2O
FeO+SO3→FeSO4
Fe(OH)2+H2SO4→FeSO4+2H2O
Fe(OH)2+SO3→FeSO4+H2O
FeCO3+H2SO4→FeSO4+H2O+CO2↑
FeCl2+Ag2SO4→FeSO4+2AgCl↓
4. xsnars, romelic Seicavda 12 g natriumis hidroqsids, daamates 50 g 19.6%iani gogirdmJavas xsnari. rogor fers miiRebs lakmusi miRebul xsnarSi?
pasuxi daasabuTeT Sesabamisi gamoTvlebiT.
amoxsna
2NaOH+H2SO4→Na2SO4+2H2O
ν(NaOH)=12:40=0.3 moli,
m(H2SO4)=50⋅0.196=9.8 g
ν(H2SO4)=9.8:98=0.1 moli,
5
2009 weli
VIII klasi
I turi
ν(NaOH):ν(H2SO4)=0.3:0.1=3:1, amocanis pirobis mixedviT ki ν(NaOH):ν(H2SO4)=2:1
e. i. Warbia NaOH, amitom lakmusi galurjdeba.
5. kalciumisa da kalciumis karbonatis narevs Warbad daamates marilmJava.
gamoiyo 0.336 l airi (n.p.). igive masisa da Sedgenilobis narevs daasxes
Warbi wyali, ris Sedegadac gamoiyo 0.224 l airi (n.p.). gansazRvreT sawyisi
narevis masa.
amoxsna
I SemTxvevaSi:
Ca+2HCl→CaCl2+H2↑
CaCO3+2HCl→CaCl2+H2O+CO2↑
gamoyofili airebia
ν(H2+CO2)=0.336:22.4= 0.015 moli
V(H2+CO2)=0.336 l
II SemTxvevaSi:
Ca+2H2O→Ca(OH)2+H2↑
CaCO3+H2O⇸
V(H2)=0.224 l
ν(H2)=0.224:22.4= 0.010 moli
ν(Ca)=ν(H2)=0.010 moli; m(Ca)=0.010⋅40=0.4 g
orive reaqciaSi gamoiyofa erTi da igive
raodenobis wyalbadi, amitom:
ν(CO2)= ν(H2+CO2)_ ν(H2)=0.015_0.010= 0.005 moli
ν(CaCO3)= ν(CO2)= 0.005moli; m(CaCO3)=0.005⋅100=0.5 g
m(narevis)=0.5+0.4=0.9 g
pasuxi: 0.9 g
6
2009 weli
VIII klasi
I turi
VIII klasi _ II turi
1.
airTa narevi, romelic Seicavs Jangbads, azots da naxSirbadis (II) oqsids,
15-jer mZimea wyalbadze. ramden % Jangbads (moculobis mixedviT) Seicavs
es narevi?
amoxsna
vTqvaT, 1 mol narevSi aris x moli O2, y moli N2 da z moli CO.
e. i. x + y + z = 1
M(narevis) = 32x + 28y + 28z = 2 D(H2) = 30
32x + 28(y + z) = 30
32x = 30 – 28(y + z)
radgan narevi 1 molia, x + y + z = 1, aqedan y + z = 1 – x
CasmiT miviRebT:
32x = 30 – 28(1 – x)
32x = 30 – 28 + 28x
4x = 2
x = 0.5 moli O2,
e. i. Jangbadi Seadgens narevis moculobis naxevars, anu 50%-s.
pasuxi: 50%-s
2. ra masis alumini unda Sevides reaqciaSi 11.6 g oqsidTan Fe3O4 rkinis
srulad aRsadgenad? rogor gamovyoT miRebuli narevidan sufTa rkina?
daasaxeleT erTi fizikuri da erTi qimiuri meTodi.
amoxsna
11.6 g
3Fe O
3 232
g/moli
x g
+
8Al
⟶ 9Fe + 4Al O
8 27
g/moli
x=
8 · 27 · 11.6
3 · 232
x = 3.6 g alumini
miRebuli narevidan, romelic Seicavs rkinas da aluminis oqsids, sufTa
rkina SeiZleba gamovyoT magnitiT (fizikuri meTodi) da narevis tuteSi
gaxsniT (qimiuri meTodi). tuteSi gaixsneba mxolod aluminis oqsidi:
Al2O3 + 2NaOH → 2NaAlO2+H2O
(an: Al2O3 + 2NaOH +3H2O → 2Na[Al(OH)4])
pasuxi: 3.6 g alumini.
7
2009 weli
VIII klasi
II turi
3. 1.8 g ucnob metalze imoqmedes Warbi marilmJaviT. warmoiqmna am metalis
(III) qloridi da gamoiyo airi moculobiT 2.24 l (n.p). gansazRvreT ucnobi
metali.
amoxsna
1.8 g
2 Me
2.24 l
+
6 HCl
⟶ 2MeCl + 3H ↑
2x
g/moli
x=
3 22.4
l/moli
3 · 2.24 · 1.8
2 · 2.24
x = 27 g/moli, e. i. ucnobi metalia alumini
pasuxi: alumini
4. narevi, romelic Seicavda 11.2 g rkinas da 13 g TuTias, gaacxeles Warb
gogirdTan.
reaqciis
produqtebi
daamuSaves
Warbi
marilmJaviT.
gamoyofili airi gaatares spilenZ(II)-is sulfatis xsnarSi. gansazRvreT
CuSO4-is 10%-iani xsnaris masa, romelic saWiroa gamoyofili airis
srulad STanTqmisaTvis.
amoxsna
Fe + S → FeS
ν(Fe) = 11.2 : 56 = 0.2 moli,
ν(FeS) = ν(Fe) = 0.2 moli
Zn + S → ZnS
ν(Zn) = 13 : 65 = 0.2 moli, ν(ZnS) = ν(Zn) = 0.2 moli
FeS + 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2S↑
ν(H2S) = ν(FeS) = 0.2 moli
ZnS + 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2S↑
ν(H2S) = ν(ZnS) = 0.2 moli
e. i. sul gamoiyo 0.2 + 0.2 = 0.4 moli H2S
x moli
CuSO4
0.4 moli
+
1 moli
H 2S
⟶ CuS ↓ + H SO
1 moli
x = 0.4 moli m(CuSO4)=0.4 · 160 = 64 g
mxsn.(CuSO4) = 64 : 0.1 = 640 g
pasuxi: 640 g.
8
2009 weli
VIII klasi
II turi
5. kalciumis hidridze (CaH2) wylis moqmedebiT miiReba Camqrali kiri da
wyalbadi. adre am reaqcias iyenebdnen savele pirobebSi aerostatis
wyalbadiT asavsebad. iangariSeT, ra masis hidridia saWiro aerostatis
wyalbadiT asavsebad normalur pirobebSi, Tu aerostatis moculobaa
224 m3. ra masis tvirTis awevas SeZlebs aseTi aerostati (n.p)? CaTvaleT,
rom haeris saSualo moluri masaa 29 g/moli.
amoxsna
x kg
CaH2
224 m3
+ 2 H 2O
⟶ Ca(OH)
+ 2H ↑
2 22.4
m3/moli
42
kg/moli
x=
42 · 224
2 · 22.4
x = 210 kg kalciumis hidridi
aerostati haerze msubuqi rom iyos, misi masa tvirTianad ar unda
aRematebodes aerostatis moculobis haeris masas.
n.p. wyalbadiT avsebul 224 m3 moculobis aerostatSi iqneba
(224 : 22.4) 2 = 20 kg masis wyalbadi,
xolo amave moculobis haeris masaa (224 : 22.4) 29 = 290 kg,
amitom wyalbadiT avsebul 224 m3 moculobis
tvirTis masa ar aRemateba 290 – 20 = 270 kg-s.
pasuxi: 210 kg kalciumis hidridi; 270 kg-s.
9
aerostatis
mier
aweuli
2009 weli
IX klasi
I turi
IX klasi _ I turi
1. SeadgineT rkinis sami oqsidis (FeO, Fe2O3 da Fe3O4)
gogirdmJavasTan urTierTqmedebis reaqciaTa tolobebi.
ganzavebul
pasuxi
FeO+H2SO4→FeSO4+H2O
Fe2O3+3H2SO4→Fe2(SO4)3+3H2O
Fe3O4+4H2SO4→ FeSO4+Fe2(SO4)3+4H2O
2. mocemulia marilebis ori narevi. pirveli Seicavs BaCl2-s da Na2SO4-s, meore
ki _ BaSO4-s da NaCl-s. romeli narevis dayofas SeZlebT wylisa da
filtris qaRaldis saSualebiT? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
pasuxi
I narevis wyalSi gaxsnisas warimarTeba reaqcia
BaCl2+Na2SO4→ BaSO4↓+2NaCl
miRebuli xsnaridan BaSO4 da NaCl daiyofa gafiltvriT, magram es ar iqneba
sawyisi narevi.
II narevis wyalSi gaxsnisas NaCl gaixsneba, BaSO4 – ara, amitom es narevi
daiyofa.
3. ganzavebul azotmJavaSi spilenZis gaxsnis
tolobis saxiT SeiZleba warmovadginoT:
reaqcia
Semdegi
ionuri
Cu + NO 3− + H+→ Cu2+ + NO + H2O
gaaTanabreT es
toloba
eleqtronuli
warmoadgineT reaqcia molekuluri saxiT.
balansis
saSualebiT
da
amoxsna
Cu0 + N+5O 3− + H+→ Cu2+ + N+2O + H2O
Cu0 – 2e → Cu2+
N+5 + 3e → N+2
3
2
3Cu0 + 2N+5O 3− + 4H+→ 3Cu2+ +2N+2O + 2H2O
3Cu + 8HNO3 → 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
4. naxSirwyalbadis simkvrive wyalbadis mimarT aris 28. am naxSirwyalbadis
11.2 l (n.p.) dawves da miRebuli airi gaatares xsnarSi, romelic 80 g
natriumis tutes Seicavs. daadgineT miRebuli marilis formula.
amoxsna
10
2009 weli
IX klasi
I turi
Mr(CxHy)=2⋅28=56
12x+y=56
x=4, y=8
C4H8 + 6O2 = 4CO2 + 4H2O
ν(C4H8)= 11.2 : 22.4 = 0.5 moli
ν(CO2)=4⋅ν(C4H8)=4⋅0.5 = 2 moli
M(NaOH)=40 g/moli
ν(NaOH) = 80 : 40 = 2 moli
e. i. reaqciisaTvis NaOH da CO2 aRebulia TanafardobiT:
ν(NaOH):ν(CO2)=2:2=1:1, amitom warimarTeba reaqcia:
NaOH + CO2 = NaHCO3
pasuxi: NaHCO3
5. 25 g spilenZis sulfatis kristalhidrati (CuSO4⋅5H2O) gaxsnes 175.9 ml
wyalSi, ris Semdegac xsnars daamates 4 g natriumis hidroqsidi.
warmoqmnili naleqi moaciles gafiltvriT. rogoria spilenZis sulfatis
koncentracia miRebul filtratSi?
amoxsna
CuSO4 + 2NaOH=Cu(OH)2+Na2SO4
Mr(CuSO4⋅5H2O)=160+90=250
e. i. 250 g CuSO4⋅5H2O-Si aris 160 g CuSO4
25 g CuSO4⋅5H2O-Si iqneba _ x g CuSO4
x=16 g
spilenZis sulfatis sawyisi masa m1(CuSO4)=16 g
x1 g
4g
x2 g
CuSO4 + 2NaOH = Cu(OH)2↓+Na2SO4
160
g/moli
98
2⋅40
g/moli g/moli
reaqciis mixedviT:
80 g NaOH-Tan reaqciaSi Sedis _ 160 g CuSO4
4 g-Tan reaqciaSi Sevidoda _ x1 g
x1=8 g
xsnarSi darCeboda 16_8=8 g CuSO4
xsnaris masa iqneba mxs=175.9+25+4_m(Cu(OH)2)
reaqciis mixedviT:
80 g NaOH-Tan reaqciaSi gamoileqeba _ 98 g Cu(OH)2
4 g-Tan reaqciaSi gamoileqeboda _ x2 g;
x2=4.9 g
mxs=175.9+25+4_4.9=200 g
ω(CuSO4)=8:200=0.04;
ω%(CuSO4)=4%.
pasuxi: 4%.
11
2009 weli
IX klasi
II turi
IX klasi _ II turi
1.
miiReT 12 rTuli nivTiereba, Tu mocemuli gaqvT mxolod Semdegi martivi
nivTierebebi: Mg, H2, O2, N2. dawereT Seabamisi reaqciebi.
pasuxi
2H2 + O2 → H2O
2Mg + O2 → MgO
3H2 + N2 → 2NH3
N2 + O2 → 2NO
2NO + O2 → 2NO2
H2O + 2NO2 → HNO2 + HNO3
MgO + 2HNO2 → Mg(NO2)2 + H2O
MgO + 2HNO3 → Mg(NO3)2 + H2O
NH3 + HNO2 → NH4NO2
NH3 + HNO3 → NH4NO3
Mg + H2 → MgH2
aseve swori pasuxebia:
3Mg + N2 → Mg3N2
Mg3N2+6H2O→ 3Mg(OH)2 +2NH3
2. 21 g orvalentiani metalis karbonatis daSliT gamoiyo 5.6 l CO2 (n.p).
daadgineT marilis formula.
amoxsna
21 g
5.6 l
MeCO3
⟶ MeO + CO ↑
x + 60
g/moli
x=
21 · 22.4
5.6
22.4
l/moli
60
x = 24 g/moli, e. i. ucnobi metalia magniumi
pasuxi: MgCO3.
3.
ozonatorSi Jangbadis gatarebis Semdeg Jangbadis 10% gardaiqmna ozonad.
gansazRvreT miRebul narevSi ozonis moculobiTi wili.
amoxsna
3 O2 ⟶ 2 O 3
vTqvaT, aRebuli iyo 100 l Jangbadi, ozonad gardaiqmneba 100 0.1 = 10 l,
12
2009 weli
IX klasi
II turi
gardauqmneli darCeba 100 – 10 = 90 l.
3 l Jangbadidan miiReba 2 l ozoni
10 l ________________ x l
x
miRebuli narevis moculoba iqneba 90 + 6.67
96.67 l.
6.67 l ozoni
igi Seicavs 6.67 : 96.67 ≈ 0.07, e. i. 7% ozons.
pasuxi: 7%.
4.
kalciumisa da kalciumis karbonatis narevi awones, Semdeg gaavarvares
haerze da kvlav awones. aRmoCnda, rom narevis masa ar Secvlila.
gansazRvreT sawyis narevSi komponentebis moluri Tanafardoba.
amoxsna
2 Ca + O2 ⟶ 2 CaO;
CaCO3 ⟶ CaO + CO2↑
vinaidan masa ar Seicvala, mierTebuli O2-is da gamoyofili CO2-is masebi
tolia.
vTqvaT, ν(Ca)= x mols;
xolo ν(CaCO3)= y mols
maSin:
ν(O2)= 0.5 ν(Ca) = 0.5x mols;
ν(CO2)= ν(CaCO3)= y mols
m(O2)= 32 0.5x = 16x g;
m(CO2)= 44y g
radgan m(O2)= m(CO2)
16 x = 44 y;
x : y = 44 : 16 = 11 : 4 = 2.75 : 1
e. i. ν(Ca): ν(CaCO3)= 2.75 : 1
pasuxi: ν(Ca): ν(CaCO3)= 2.75 : 1.
5.
eTilenisa da eTanis narevi gaatares bromian WurWelSi, ris Sedegadac
WurWlis masa gaizarda 2.8 g-iT. igive moculobis sawyisi narevis sruli
wvisas gamoyofili gazi STanTqes bariumis tutis xsnariT, ris Sedegadac
gamoiyo 98.5 g naleqi. gansazRvreT sawyisi narevis moculobiTi
Sedgeniloba.
amoxsna
C2H4 + Br2 → C2H4Br2
13
2009 weli
IX klasi
II turi
vinaidan bromiani WurWlis masa gaizarda 2.8 g-iT, reaqciaSi Sevida 2.8 g, anu
2.8 : 28 = 0.1 moli eTileni.
C2H4 + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 2H2O
2C2H6 +7O2 → 4CO2 + 6H2O
Ba(OH)2 +CO2 → BaCO3↓ + H2O
gamoiyo 98.5 g naleqi, e. i. warmoiqmna 98.5 : 197 = 0.5 moli BaCO3
ν(CO2)= ν(BaCO3)= 0.5 mols, e. i. wvisas gamoiyo 0.5 moli CO2
0.1 moli C2H4-dan gamoiyofa 0.2 moli CO2, danarCeni 0.5 – 0.2 = 0.3 moli
gamoiyofa C2H6-dan.
2 moli CO2 gamoiyofa 1 moli C2H6-dan,
0.3 moli CO2 gamoiyofa x moli C2H6-dan.
x = 0.15 moli C2H6
amrigad, narevi Seicavs 0.15 mol eTans da 0.1 moli eTilens,
moculobiT: 0.15 : 0.25 = 0.6 anu 60% eTans da 100 – 60 = 40% eTilens.
pasuxi: 60% eTani da 40% eTileni.
14
2009 weli
X klasi
I turi
X klasi _ I turi
1.
berToles marilis formulaa KClO3. romeli reaqciebiT aCvenebT am
marilSi Jangbadisa da qloris arsebobas? dawereT Sesabamisi reaqciebis
tolobebi da miuTiTeT, rogor amoicnobT TiToeuls am elementTagan.
pasuxi
saWiroa gavacxeloT berToles marili katalizatoris Tanaobisas:
2KClO3= 2KCl+3O2↑
gamoyofil Jangbads amovicnobT mbJutavi kvariT, romelic ainTeba;
KCl-s gavxsniT wyalSi da davamatebT vercxlis nitrats, gamoiyofa TeTri
naleqi, romelic qloridis arsebobaze miuTiTebs:
KCl+AgNO3= AgCl↓+KNO3
2. dawereT 8 iseTi marilis formula, romlebic mxolod meore periodis
elementebisgan aris Sedgenili.
pasuxi
LiF; LiNO2; LiNO3; Li2CO3; BeF2; Be(NO2)2; Be(NO3)2; BeCO3.
3. mocemulia nivTierebaTa gardaqmnis sqema:
X
1
C2H5OH
2
CaC2
3
7
C 2 H2
CaCO3
5
Y
6
Z
8
4
polieTileni
daadgineT ucnobi X, Y da Z nivTierebebis formulebi da dawereT sqemaSi
cifrebiT aRniSnuli reaqciebis tolobebi.
pasuxi
1) CaCO3
°
2) CaO +3C
3)
4)
5)
6)
CaO+CO2↑, e. i. X aris CaO
°
=CaC2+CO↑
CaC2 +2H2O=Ca(OH)2+C2H2↑
2C2H2 +5O2=4CO2+2H2O, e. i. Y aris CO2
CaO+CO2=CaCO3
C2H2 +H2
C2H4, e. i. Z aris C2H4
7) C2H4 +H2O
8) nCH2=CH2
°, კატ.
°, კატ.
°, კატ.
C2H5OH
(_CH2_CH2_)n
15
2009 weli
4.
X klasi
I turi
azotisa da wyalbadis sareaqcio narevi (moculobiTi Tanafardoba 1 : 3)
gaatares sakontaqto aparatSi. reaqciaSi monawileoba miiRo narevis 20%ma. gansazRvreT sakontaqto aparatidan gamosul narevSi airebis moluri
Tanafardoba.
amoxsna
vinaidan reaqciaSi Sevida 20%, daixarjeboda 1 ⋅ 0.2 = 0.2 moculoba azoti da
3 ⋅ 0.2 = 0.6 moculoba wyalbadi. reaqciaSi Seusvleli darCeboda:
1 – 0.2 = 0.8 moculoba azoti
3 – 0.6 = 2.4 moculoba wyalbadi.
am airebis garda, sakontaqto aparatidan gamosul narevSi iqneba amiaki,
romelic unda gamovTvaloT reaqciidan:
N2 +3H2=2NH3
1 moc. azotidan miiReba 2 moc. amiaki
0.2 moc. --------------------------- x
x = 0.4 moc.
amrigad, sakontaqto aparatidan gamosul narevSi iqneba:
wyalbadi _ 2.4 moc.; azoti _ 0.8 moc.; amiaki _ 0.4 moc.
maTi moluri Tanafardoba iqneba:
ν(H2) : ν(N2) : ν(NH3)= 2.4 : 0.8 : 0.4, anu
ν(H2) : ν(N2) : ν(NH3)= 6 : 2 : 1
pasuxi: ν(H2) : ν(N2) : ν(NH3)= 6 : 2 : 1.
5.
9.3 g fosforis sruli wviT miRebuli produqti reaqciaSi Sevida 50 ml
20%-ian NaOH-is xnarTan (ρ=1.2 g/sm3). gansazRvreT miRebuli marilis
formula da saxelwodeba.
amoxsna
4P + 5O2= 2P2O5
ν(P) = 9.3 : 31 = 0.3 moli
reaqciis mixedviT
4 moli fosforidan miiReba 2 moli P2O5
0.3 moli --------------------------- x
x = 0.15 moli P2O5
mxs(NaOH) = 50 ⋅ 1.2 = 60 g
mNaOH = 60 ⋅ 0.2 = 12 g
ν(NaOH) = 12 : 40 = 0.3 moli
e. i. ν(NaOH) : ν(P2O5) = 0.3 : 0.15 = 2 : 1
amitom warimarTeba reaqcia:
2NaOH+ P2O5 + H2O = 2NaH2PO4
pasuxi: NaH2PO4 _ natriumis dihidrofosfati
16
2009 weli
X klasi
II turi
X klasi _ II turi
1.
meTani minarevebis saxiT Seicavs airebs: NH3, CO2 da C2H4. am narevidan
qimiuri meTodebiT rogor miviRoT sufTa CH4 ?
pasuxi
narevi unda gavataroT bromis, mJavasa da tutis Warbad aRebul xsnarebSi.
bromiani xsnari STanTqavs eTilens:
C2H4 + Br2 → C2H4Br2
mJava _ amiaks:
2NH3 + H2SO4 → (NH4)2SO4
tute ki naxSirorJangs:
2NaOH + CO2 = Na2CO3 + H2O
ufro racionaluria, Tu narevs jer mJavaSi gavatarebT, Semdeg ki tuteSi.
mJava STanTqavs aramarto amiaks, aramed eTilensac, mag.:
C2H4 + HBr → C3H5Br.
2.
WiqaSi moaTavses 20 g 13.35%-iani aluminis qloridis xsnari da umatebdnen
amoniumis hidroqsids, vidre naleqi srulad ar gamoiyo. amis Semdeg Wiqis
SigTavss daamates natriumis tute, vidre naleqi srulad ar gaixsna da
airis gamoyofa ar Sewyda. iangariSeT, ramdeni moli NaOH daixarja am
dros.
amoxsna
AlCl3 + 3NH4OH → Al(OH)3↓ + 3NH4Cl
Al(OH)3 + NaOH → Na[Al(OH)4]
NH4Cl + NaOH → NaCl + NH3↑
m(AlCl3) = 20 0.1335 = 2.67 g; ν(AlCl3)= 2.67 : 133.5 = 0.02 moli
tutis erTi nawili daixarja aluminis hidroqsidis gaxsnaze:
ν1(NaOH) = ν(Al(OH)3)= ν(AlCl3)= 0.02 moli
meore nawili daixarja amoniumis qloridTan reaqciaze:
ν2(NaOH) = ν(NH4Cl)= 3 ν(AlCl3)= 0.06 moli
sul daixarja 0.02 + 0.06 = 0.08 moli NaOH.
pasuxi: 0.08 moli.
3.
airTa narevi, romelic Seicavda 20% acetilens da 80% wyalbads
(moculobiTi wilebis mixedviT), gaatares platinis katalizatorze.
rogori iqneba miRebuli narevis simkvrive wyalbadis mimarT? ra
moculobis haeria saWiro miRebuli narevis dasawvavad, Tu sawyisi
narevis moculobaa 5 l?
17
2009 weli
X klasi
II turi
amoxsna
C2H2 + 2H2 → C2H6
sawyis narevSi V(C2H2) : V(H2)= 1 : 4,
xolo reaqciaSi V(C2H2) : V(H2)= 1 : 2
e. i. reaqciaSi Seusvleli darCeba 4 – 2 = 2 moc. H2
reaqciis Sedegad miiReba eTani:
V(C2H6) = V(C2H2)= 1 moc.
miRebuli narevis (1 moc. eTani da 2 moc. wyalbadi) saSualo moluri masa
iqneba:
A
M=
1 · 30 + 2 · 2 34
=
≈ 11.33
3
3
xolo D(H2) = 11.33 : 2 = 5.665
vinaidan sawyisi narevia 5 l, miiRebul narevSi iqneba 1 l eTani da 2 l
wyalbadi.
2C2H6 +7O2 → 4CO2 + 6H2O
2H2 +O2 → 2H2O
1 l eTanis dasawvavad saWiroa 3.5 l Jangbadi.
2 l wyalbadis dasawvavad saWiroa 1 l Jangbadi.
e. i. narevis wvaze daixarjeba 3.5 + 1 = 4.5 l Jangbadi, romelsac Seicavs
4.5 5 = 22.5 l haeri.
pasuxi: 5.665; 22.5 l.
4.
specialur hermetul WurWelSi oTaxis temperaturaze aavses 100 ml
wyalbadisa da 100 ml Jangbadis narevi. narevi aafeTqes, ris Semdegac
WurWelSi temperatura daiyvanes sawyis mniSvnelobamde. rogor Seicvala
WurWelSi wneva sawyisTan SedarebiT?
amoxsna
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
2 ml wyalbadTan reaqciaSi Sedis 1 ml Jangbadi;
100 ml wyalbadTan _____________ 50 ml.
reaqciis Semdeg WurWelSi darCeba reaqciaSi Seusvleli 100 _ 50 = 50 ml O2.
sawyis pirobebSi WurWelSi wnevas qmnida 100 + 100 = 200 ml gazTa narevi,
reaqciis Semdeg ki wnevas Seqmnis 50 ml Jangbadi, amitom
sawyisTan
SedarebiT wneva 200 : 50 = 4-jer Semcirdeba.
pasuxi: 4-jer Semcirdeba.
18
2009 weli
5.
X klasi
II turi
2.22 g malaqitis (Cu2(OH)2CO3) gavarvarebiT miRebuli myari naSTi
daamuSaves 20 g 4.9%-iani gogirdmJavas xsnariT. miRebuli xsnari
gafiltres, filtrati amoaSres 100°C-is pirobebSi. ra nivTiereba darCa
filtratis amoSrobis Semdeg da rogoria misi masa?
amoxsna
Cu2(OH)2CO3 → 2CuO + H2O↑ + CO2↑
myari naSTia CuO.
ν(Cu2(OH)2CO3)= 2.22 : 222 = 0.01 moli
ν(CuO)= 2 ν(Cu2(OH)2CO3)= 0.02 moli
CuO + H2SO4 → CuSO4 + H2O
m(H2SO4)= 20 0.049 = 0.98 g
ν(H2SO4)= 98 : 0.98 = 0.01 moli
reaqciaSi ν(CuO) : ν(H2SO4)= 1 : 1, e. i. Warbia CuO, romelic darCeba filtrze,
xolo filtratSi gadava 0.1 moli CuSO4. radgan amoSroba xdeba 100°C-is
pirobebSi, miiReba 0.1 moli kristalhidrati:
CuSO4 +5H2O → CuSO4 5H2O
m(CuSO4 5H2O) = 0.1 250 = 25 g.
pasuxi: 25 g CuSO4 5H2O.
19
2009 weli
XI-XII klasebi
I turi
XI-XII klasebi _ I turi
1. dawereT reaqciebi, romelTa saSualebiTac SesaZlebelia propanol-1-dan
propanol-2-is miReba.
pasuxi
CH3 CH2 CH2
OH
H2SO4 (konc.)
CH3 CH CH2 + H2O
CH3 CH CH2 + H2O
CH3 CH CH3
kat.
OH
2. dawereT C4H10O molekuluri formulis mqone yvela SesaZlo izomeris
struqturuli formula da TiToeuls miuwereT saxelwodeba.
pasuxi
sul 7 izomeri:
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2
OH
CH3 CH2 CH
CH3
OH
butanol-1
butanol-2
CH3
CH3 CH CH2
2-meTil-propanol-1
OH
CH3
CH3 C
CH3
2-meTil-propanol-2
OH
CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 O CH 3
CH3
CH3 CH
CH 3 CH 2 O
O CH3
CH 2 CH 3
meTil-propileTeri
meTil-izopropileTeri
dieTileTeri
20
2009 weli
XI-XII klasebi
I turi
3. 6.0 g najeri erTatomiani spirtis daJangviT miiRes 5.8 g aldehidi,
romelic kvlav daJanges vercxlis (I) oqsidiT. warmoqmnil naerTs daamates
eTanoli da gaacxeles koncentrirebul gogirdmJavasTan erTad. daadgineT
saboloo produqtis formula da daasaxeleT igi.
amoxsna
R_CH2OH + [O] → R_CHO + H2O
Mr(R_CHO) = x + 29
Mr(R_CH2OH) = x + 31;
reaqciidan Cans, rom:
x + 31 g spirtidan miiReba x + 29 g aldehidi
6.0 g spirtidan ---------------- 5.8 g aldehidi
(x + 31) ⋅ 5.8 = (x + 29) ⋅ 6.0
5.8 x + 179.8 = 6.0 x + 174
0.2 x = 5.8
x = 29
amrigad: Mr(R) = 29
vinaidan spirti najeria, R aris CnH2n+1
Mr(CnH2n+1) = 29
12n + 2n + 1 = 29
n=2
e. i. sawyisi spirtia C2H5_CH2OH (propanol-1), xolo aldehidi C2H5_CHO
(propanali). aldehidis Semdgomi daJangviT miiReba propionmJava:
C2H5_CHO + [O] → C2H5_COOH
propionmJava eTilis spirtTan gogirdmJavas Tanaobisas warmoqmnis esters
(rTul eTers):
O
O
+ C2H5OH
CH3 CH2 C
OH
H2SO4 (konc.)
+ H2 O
CH3 CH2 C
O C2H5
propionmJavaeTilesteri
4. sasworis TefSebze gawonasworebulia ganzavebul marilmJaviani ori Wiqa.
erTSi daamates 1.0 g CaCO3. ramdeni g BaCO3 unda daematos meore WurWels
sasworis wonasworobis SesanarCuneblad? (CaTvaleT, rom marilmJava
Warbadaa aRebuli).
amoxsna
pirveli WiqaSi warimarTeba reaqcia:
CaCO3 + 2HCl = CaCl2 + H2O + CO2↑
100
g/moli
44
g/moli
reaqciis mixedviT gazis gamoyofis gamo
100 g CaCO3-is damatebis dros masa moimatebs 100-44=56 g-iT
1 g ---------------------------------------------------------------------- x g-iT
21
2009 weli
XI-XII klasebi
I turi
x=0.56 g-iT
meore WiqaSi warimarTeba reaqcia:
BaCO3 + 2HCl= BaCl2 + H2O + CO2↑
197
g/moli
44
g/moli
sasworis wonasworobis SesanarCuneblad unda davamatoT imdeni BaCO3, rom
masam moimatos 0.56 g-iT.
reaqciis mixedviT:
197 g BaCO3-is damatebis dros masa moimatebs 197-44=153 g-iT
x g ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 0.56 g-iT
x=0.72 g BaCO3
pasuxi: 0.72 g BaCO3.
5. rkinis, aluminisa da spilenZis 4 g Senadnobi gayves 2 Tanabar nawilad.
erTi nawili daamuSaves Warbi marilmJaviT, ris Sedegadac gamoiyo 0.896 l
airi (n.p.). meore nawils daamates Warbi tute. am SemTxvevaSi gamoyofili
airis moculoba 0.672 l-ia (n.p.). gansazRvreT Senadnobis procentuli
Sedgeniloba.
amoxsna
I SemTxvevaSi:
2Al + 6HCl → 2AlCl3+3H2↑
Fe + 2HCl → FeCl2+H2↑
Cu + HCl ⇸
gamoyofili wyalbadi
ν(H2) = 0.896 : 22.4 = 0.04 moli
V(H2) = 0.896 l
II SemTxvevaSi:
2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O → 2NaAlO2+3H2↑
Fe + NaOH ⇸
Cu + NaOHl ⇸
gamoyofili wyalbadi
V(H2)=0.672 l
ν(H2) = 0.672 : 22.4 = 0.03 moli
reaqciis mixedviT tutis damatebisas:
3 moli H2 gamoiyofa 2 moli Al-iT
0.03 moli ------------------ x moli Al-iT
x = 0.02 moli Al
vinaidan I da II SemTxvevebSi aRebulia erTi da imave masis nimuSebi,
I SemTxvevaSi mJavas damatebisas Al-iT gamoiyofa
2 moli Al-iT ------------------- 3 moli H2
0.02 moli Al-iT --------------- 0.03 moli H2
22
2009 weli
XI-XII klasebi
vinaidan I SemTxvevaSi sul gamoiyo 0.04 moli H2, aqedan rkiniT gamoiyofa
– 0.03 = 0.01 moli H2.
1 moli H2 gamoiyofa 1 moli Fe-iT
0.01 moli ------------------ x moli Fe-iT
x = 0.01 moli Fe
e. i. narevSi iqneba:
ν(Fe) = 0.01 moli; m(Fe) = 0.01 ⋅ 56 = 0.56 g
ν(Al) = 0.02 moli; m(Al) = 0.02 ⋅ 27 = 0.54 g
m(Cu) = 2 – (0.56 + 0.54) = 0.9 g
ω(Cu) = 0.9 : 2 = 0.45
ω(Al) = 0.54 : 2 = 0.27
ω(Fe) = 0.56 : 2 = 0.28
ω%(Cu)=45%
ω%(Al)=27%
ω%(Fe)=28%
pasuxi: 45% spilenZi, 27% alumini da 28% rkina.
23
I turi
0.04
2009 weli
XI-XII klasebi
II turi
XI-XII klasebi _ II turi
1. meTanis gardaqmnis produqtebidan miiReT ori sxvadasxva polimeri.
pasuxi
meTanidan unda miviRoT acetileni:
2CH4
C2H2 + 3H2
°C
xolo Semdeg SesaZlebeli iqneba polimerebis miReba:
I.
C2H2 +H2
nCH2=CH2
II.
2C2H2
C2 H 4
კატ.
(_CH2_CH2_)n polieTileni
კატ.
CH2=CH_C CH
კატ.
CH2=CH_C CH +H2
nCH2=CH_CH=CH2
კატ.
კატ.
CH2=CH_CH=CH2
(_CH2_CH=CH_CH2_)n polibutadieni
an:
C2H2 +HCl
nCH2=CHCl
2.
CH2=CHCl
კატ.
(_CH2_CHCl_)n polivinilqloridi
კატ.
ra moculobis eTania saWiro (n.p.) 8.8 g ZmarmJava eTilesteris misaRebad,
Tu TiToeul etapze danakargi Seadgens 50%-s?
amoxsna
C2 H 6
კატ.,
C2 H 4 + H 2 O
C2H5OH
C2 H 4 + H 2
°
კატ., °
კატ.,
CH3CHO + [O]
°
C2H5OH
CH3CHO + H2
CH3COOH
CH3COOH + C2H5OH
H SO (კონც.)
CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
ν(CH3COOC2H5) = 8.8 : 88 = 0.1 moli
0.1 moli ZmarmJava eTilesteris misaRebad saWiroa 0.1 moli ZmarmJava, magram
radgan danakargia 50%, saWiroa 2 0.1 = 0.2 moli CH3COOH.
0.2 moli CH3COOH-is misaRebad saWiroa 0.2 moli Zmris aldehidi, danakargis
gaTvaliswinebiT _ 2 0.2 = 0.4 moli CH3CHO.
0.4 moli CH3COOH-is misaRebad saWiroa 0.4 moli eTilis spirti, danakargis
gaTvaliswinebiT _ 2 0.4 = 0.8 moli C2H5OH.
24
2009 weli
XI-XII klasebi
II turi
garda amisa, eTilis spirti saWiroa bolo etapzec: 0.2 mol ZmarmJavasTan
reaqciisaTvis daixarjeba 0.2 moli C2H5OH, e. i. sul saWiroa
0.8 + 0.2 = 1.0 moli C2H5OH.
1.0 moli C2H5OH-is misaRebad saWiroa 1.0 moli eTileni, danakargis
gaTvaliswinebiT _ 2 1.0 = 2.0 moli C2H4.
2.0 moli C2H4-is misaRebad saWiroa 2.0 moli eTani, danakargis gaTvaliswinebiT
_ 2 2.0 = 4.0 moli C2H6.
V(C2H6) = 4 22.4 = 89.6 l.
pasuxi: 89.6 l .
3.
qimiuri reaqcia 20oC temperaturaze mTavrdeba 27 wm-Si, xolo 40oC-ze _ 3
wm-Si. ramden wm-Si damTavrdeba reaqcia 10oC-ze?
amoxsna
vTqvaT, reaqciaSi Sevida 1 moli/l koncentraciis nivTiereba, maSin:
V
=
γ
1
moli/(l wm);
27
T
T
=
VT
VT
;
V
γ
VT = VT · γ
V
=
1
·3
27
/
=
=
/
T
1
·3
27
=
1
moli/(l wm)
3
γ = 9;
;
γ = 3.
T
=
1
moli/(l wm)
81
e. i. reaqcia damTavrdeba 81 wm-Si.
pasuxi: 81 wm .
4.
ucnobi naxSirwyalbadis 2.24 l auferulebs 16 g bromis Semcvel xsnars.
am naxSirwyalbadis 1 moculobis srulad dasawvavad ixarjeba 6-jer meti
moculobis Jangbadi. dawereT am naxSirwyalbadis yvela SesaZlo
izomeris struqturuli formulebi da saxelwodebebi.
amoxsna
ν(CxHy) = 2.24 : 22.4 = 0.1 moli
ν(Br2) = 16 : 160 = 0.1 moli
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2009 weli
XI-XII klasebi
II turi
ν(CxHy) : ν(Br2) = 0.1 : 0.1 = 1 : 1, e. i. ucnobi naxSirwyalbadi Seicavs erT ormag
bmas. misi formula SeiZleba CavweroT ase: CnH2n
CnH2n + 6O2→ nCO2+ nH2O
aqedan 6 = n + 0.5n
1.5n = 6
n=4
ucnobi naxSirwyalbadis formulaa C4H8. misi izomerebia:
H2C
CH
H 2C
CH2 CH3
C
CH3
CH3
buten-1
2-meTil-propen-1
CH3
H
C
C
trans-buten-2
H3C
H
H3C
CH3
C
C
H
H2C
cis-buten-2
H
CH2
H2C
CH2
ciklobutani
CH2
CH
CH3
meTilciklopropani
CH2
5.
wylis orTqlTan meTanis konversiiT miiReba wyalbadisa
(II) oqsidis narevi. rogor Seicvleba am reaqciis
hermetulad daxurul WurWelSi, mudmivi temperaturis
sawyis narevSi airebis Tanafardobaa 1 : 1 da reaqciaSi
narevis 50%?
da naxSirbadis
Sedegad wneva
pirobebSi, Tu
Sevida sawyisi
amoxsna
CH4 + H2O → CO + 3H2
vinaidan WurWeli hermetulia da sabolood temperatura ucvleli rCeba,
wneva
pirdapirproporciulad
iqneba
damokidebuli
WurWelSi
airad
mdgomareobaSi myofi nivTierebebis raodenobaze.
vTqvaT, aRebuli iyo 1 moli meTani da 1 moli wylis orTqli. ramdenadac
reaqciaSi Sevida 50%, daixarjeboda 1 ⋅ 0.5 = 0.5 moli meTani da 0.5 moli
wylis orTqli (am SemTxvevaSi wyali airad unda CaiTvalos, radgan is
orTqlis saxiT Sedis reaqciaSi). reaqciaSi Seusvleli darCeboda:
1 – 0.5 = 0.5 moli CH4
1 – 0.5 = 0.5 moli H2O
am airebis garda, WurWelSi iqneba CO da H2, romlebic reaqciis Sedegad
warmoiqmneba:
26
2009 weli
XI-XII klasebi
II turi
1 moli meTanidan miiReba 1 moli CO
0.5 moli ------------------------- 0.5 moli CO
1 moli meTanidan miiReba 3 moli H2
0.5 moli --------------------------- 1.5 moli H2
amrigad, reaqciis Semdeg WurWelSi iqneba:
meTani _ 0.5 moli
wylis orTqli _ 0.5 moli
naxSirbad(II)-is oqsidi _ 0.5 moli
wyalbadi _ 1.5 moli
sawyis pirobebSi WurWelSi wnevas qmnida 1 + 1 = 2 moli gazTa narevi, reaqciis
Semdeg ki wnevas Seqmnis 0.5 + 0.5 + 0.5 + 1.5 = 3 moli gazTa narevi, amitom
sawyisTan SedarebiT wneva 3 : 2 = 1.5-jer gaizrdeba.
pasuxi: 1.5-jer gaizrdeba .
27
2010 weli
IX-X klasebi
I turi
IX-X klasebi _ I turi
1. mocemuli reaqciebSi gamotovebulia koeficientebi da/an formulebi.
a) gaaTanabreT reaqciis toloba:
C2H2 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
b) CasviT gamotovebuli formula:
2 ... + 3H2SO4 → Fe2(SO4)3 + 6 ...
g) CasviT gamotovebuli formula da gaaTanabreT reaqciis toloba:
Ba(OH)2 + P2O5 → ... + H2O
d) daasruleT reaqcia da gaaTanabreT toloba:
ZnSO3 + HNO3 → ... + ... + ...
swori pasuxebi
a) 2C2H2 + 5O2 → 4CO2 + 2H2O
b) 2Fe(OH)3 + 3H2SO4 → Fe2(SO4)3 + 6H2O
g) 3Ba(OH)2 + P2O5 → Ba3(PO4)2↓ + 3H2O
d) ZnSO3 + 2HNO3 → Zn(NO3)2 + H2O + SO2↑
an ZnSO3 + 2HNO3 → ZnSO4 + 2NO2↑ + H2O
2. Saqris 200 g 10%-iani xsnaridan aaorTqles 50 g wyali da mis nacvlad
daamates 50 g Saqari. gansazRvreT miRebul xsnarSi nivTierebis masuri
wili.
amoxsna
sawyis xsnarSi iqneboda mნ =
·
%
%
= 20 g Saqari,
xolo miRebul xsnarSi mნ = mნ + 50 = 70 g Saqari.
miRebuli xsnaris masaa mხ = 200
50 + 50 = 200 g
miRebul xsnarSi nivTierebis masuri wilia ω =
= 0.35 anu 35%.
pasuxi: 0.35 anu 35%.
3. erT WurWelSi moTavsebulia 4.48 l naxSirorJangi (n.p.), xolo meoreSi _
5.6 g azoti. romel WurWelSi ufro metia atomTa saerTo raodenoba?
amoxsna
.
ν(CO ) =
ν(N ) =
.
.
= 0.2 moli
= 0.2 moli
rogorc vxedavT, orive WurWelSi molekulaTa toli raodenobebia. radgan
erT molekula naxSirorJangSi 3 atomia, xolo erT molekula azotSi _ 2,
28
2010 weli
IX-X klasebi
I turi
amitom im WurWelSi, romelSic 0.2 moli naxSirorJangia, ufro meti atomi
iqneba, vidre amave raodenobis azotis Semcvel WurWelSi.
an
0.2 moli naxSirorJangi Seicavs 0.2· 3 · NA = 0.6 · NA atoms
0.2 moli azoti Seicavs 0.2· 2 · NA = 0.4 · NA atoms
pasuxi: naxSirorJangian WurWelSi.
4. 50 g kalciumis karbonats daamates Warbi marilmJava, gamoyofili naxSirorJangi Seagroves WurWelSi da normalur pirobebSi gazomes misi
moculoba.
a) dawereT Sesabamisi reaqciis toloba.
b) ra moculobas ikavebs gamoyofili airi n.p.-Si?
g) rogoria am airis simkvrive wyalbadis mimarT?
d) rogor aCvenebT, rom gamoyofili airi naxSirorJangia?
amoxsna
a) CaCO + 2HCl = CaCl + H O + CO ↑
b) rogorc reaqciidan Cans,
ν(CaCO ) =
ν(CO ) = ν(CaCO )
= 0.5 moli, e. i. ν(CO ) = 0.5 moli.
ν(CO ) = 0.5 · 22.4 = 11.2 l
. l.
pasuxi:
(
) = 44
( ) = 44 2 = 22
g)
pasuxi:
.
d) gamoyofili airi aamRvrevs kirian wyals.
da/an
gamoyofili airi Caaqrobs mbJutav kvars.
5. gvaqvs kipis aparati, gogirdmJavas 4.9%-iani xsnari, magniumi da alumini.
saWiroa 2.24 l wyalbadis miReba (n.p.).
a) mocemuli metalebidan romeli ufro naklebi masiT unda aviRoT, rom
gamoiyos saWiro moculobis wyalbadi?
b) ramdeni grami gogirdmJavas xsnari daixarjeba am dros?
amoxsna
a) amoxsnis I gza:
29
2010 weli
IX-X klasebi
g
I turi
2.24 l
Mg + H SO = MgSO + H ↑
24
g/moli
22.4
l/moli
proporciidan
· .
=
= 2.4 g Mg
.
2.24 l
g
2Al + 3H SO = Al (SO ) + 3H ↑
2 · 27
g/moli
3 · 22.4
l/moli
proporciidan
=
·
· .
·
.
= 1.8 g Al
amrigad, 2.24 l wyalbadis misaRebad ufro naklebi masis aluminia saWiro
(1.8 g), vidre magniumi (2.4 g).
amoxsnis II gza:
Mg + H SO = MgSO + H ↑
ν(Mg): ν(H ) = 1: 1
2Al + 3H SO = Al (SO ) + 3H ↑
ν(Al): ν(H ) = 2: 3
rogorc reaqciebidan Cans, 1 moli magniumi da 2/3 moli alumini erTi da
igive raodenobiT wyalbads gamoyofs. 1 moli magniumis masaa 24 g, xolo 2/3
moli aluminis – 18 g, e. i. erTi da igive raodenobis wyalbadis misaRebad
yovelTvis ufro naklebi masis alumini daixarjeba, vidre magniumi.
pasuxi: alumini.
b) rogorc reaqciidan Cans, orive SemTxvevaSi
.
ν(H ) =
.
= 0.1 moli, e. i. ν(H SO ) = 0.1 moli.
m(H SO ) = 0.1 · 98 = 9.8 g.
mხ =
pasuxi:
ნ
%
ν(H SO ) = ν(H )
· 100% =
.
.
· 100 = 200 g
g.
30
2010 weli
IX-X klasebi
II turi
IX-X klasebi _ II turi
1.
mocemulia 6 nivTiereba: Mg, O2, S, HCl (wyalxsnari), NaOH (wyalxsnari) da
CuSO4 (wyalxsnari). miiReT magniumis hidroqsidi 4 iseTi sxvadasxva gziT,
rom saboloo jamSi eqvsive nivTiereba iqnes gamoyenebuli. dawereT
reaqciebi TiToeuli gzisTvis. SegiZliaT sxvadasxva gzaze gamoiyenoT
erTi da igive nivTiereba.
swori pasuxebi
I.
Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2↑
MgCl2 + 2NaOH → Mg(OH)2↓ + 2NaCl
II.
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
MgO + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2O
MgCl2 + 2NaOH → Mg(OH)2↓ + 2NaCl
III. Mg + S → MgS
MgS + 2NaOH → Mg(OH)2↓ + Na2S
an
MgS + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2S↑
MgCl2 + 2NaOH → Mg(OH)2↓ + 2NaCl
IV. Mg + CuSO4 → MgSO4 + Cu↓
MgSO4 + 2NaOH → Mg(OH)2↓ + Na2SO4
2.
mocemulia nivTierebaTa gardaqmnis sqema:
2
Fe
Fe(OH)2
X
1
3
4
FeCl3
5
Fe(OH)3
6
Y
7
dawereT sqemaSi cifrebiT aRniSnuli reaqciebis tolobebi.
swori pasuxebi
1.
Fe + 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2↑
2.
FeCl2 + 2NaOH → Fe(OH)2↓ + 2NaCl
3. 4Fe(OH)2 + 2H2O + O2 → 4Fe(OH)3
4. 2Fe + 3Cl2 → 2FeCl3
5.
FeCl3 + 3NaOH → Fe(OH)3↓ + 3NaCl
6.
7.
2Fe(OH)3 → Fe2O3 + 3H2O
Fe2O3 + 3H2 → 2Fe + 3H2O
31
Fe
2010 weli
3.
IX-X klasebi
II turi
airTa narevi Seicavs 3.2 g Jangbads, 5.6 g azots da 4.4 g naxSirbadis (IV) oqsids. gansazRvreT narevis simkvrive gogirdwyalbadis mimarT.
amoxsna
narevSi aris:
ν(O ) =
.
= 0.1 moli
ν(N ) =
.
= 0.2 moli
ν(CO ) =
.
= 0.1 moli,
aqedan gamomdinare, narevSi aris 0.1+0.2+0.1=0.4 moli airebi.
narevis masaa 3.2+5.6+4.4=13.2 g
narevis saSualo moluri masa iqneba M =
=
xolo simkvrive gogirdwyalbadis mimarT
.
.
= 33 g/moli
(
) = 33 34 = 0.97
pasuxi: 0.97 .
4.
ra moculobis (n.p.) amiaki (NH3) da wyalia saWiro, rom miviRoT 500 g
xsnari, romelSic amiakis masuri wilia 17%?
amoxsna
500 g 17%-iani xsnari Seicavs:
mნ =
ხ·
%
%
=
·
= 85 g amiaks da 500-85=415 g anu 415 ml wyals.
85 g amiaki n.p. daikavebs V(NH ) =
M
· VM =
· 22.4 = 112 l moculobas
pasuxi: 112 l amiaki da 415 ml wyali
5.
ucnobi orvalentiani metalis sulfiti (MeSO3) 40% masur wil Jangbads
Seicavs. gansazRvreT nivTierebis formula.
amoxsna
vTqvaT, ucnobi orvalentiani metalis sulfitis formulas MeSO3
maSin M (MeSO ) = + 32 + 48 =
Jangbadis masuri wili iqneba:
40% =
+ 80
48
· 100%
+ 80
gantolebis amoxsniT miviRebT, rom
= 40, e.i. ucnobi metalia Ca
pasuxi:
32
2010 weli
6.
IX-X klasebi
II turi
Warb JangbadSi dawves 13.6 g fosfini (PH3). wvis produqtebi srulad
gaxsnes 160.8 g wyalSi. gansazRvreT miRebul xsnarSi warmoqmnili naerTis
masuri wili.
amoxsna
2PH3+ 4O2 = P2O5 + 3H2O
ν(PH3) = 13.6 : 34 = 0.4 moli.
rogorc reaqciidan Cans:
ν(P2O5) = ν( PH3):2 = 0.2 moli
m(P2O5) = 0.2 142 = 28.4 g
ν(H2O) = ν( P2O5) · 3 = 0.6 moli
m(H2O) = 0.6 18 = 10.8 g
mx = m(P2O5) + m(H2O) + 160.8 = 28.4 + 10.8 + 160.8 = 200 g
wyalSi gaxsnisas warimarTeba reaqcia:
P2O5 + 3H2O =2H3PO4
rogorc reaqciidan Cans:
ν(H3PO4) = ν( P2O5) · 2 = 0.4 moli m(H3PO4) = 0.4 98 = 39.2 g
ω(H PO ) =
.
= 0.196 anu 19.6 %
pasuxi: 0.196 anu 19.6% H3PO4
7.
gogirdis (VI) oqsidis sinTezisaTvis kontaqtur aparatSi toli
moculobebiT gaatares gogirdis (IV) oqsidi da Jangbadi. aRmoCnda, rom
reaqciiis Sedegad gardaiqmna gogirdis (IV) oqsidis 40%. gansazRvreT
miRebuli airebis narevSi komponentebis moculobiTi Tanafardoba.
amoxsna
2SO2 + O2 = 2SO3
vTqvaT, aRebuli iyo 1 moli SO2 da 1 moli O2
reaqciaSi Sevida 40%, anu 0.4 moli SO2, e. i. darCa 1-0.4=0.6 moli SO2
rogorc reaqciidan Cans, reaqciaSi Sevida ν(O2) = ν( SO2) 2 = 0.2 moli,
e. i. darCa 1-0.2=0.8 moli O2
reaqciis Sedegad warmoiqmneboda ν(SO3) = ν( SO2) = 0.4 moli gogirdis (IV)
oqsidi
amrigad V(SO2) : ν(O2) : ν(SO3) = 0.6 : 0.8 : 0.4 = 3 : 4 : 2
pasuxi: V(SO2) : ν(O2) : ν(SO3) = 3 : 4 : 2
33
2010 weli
IX-X klasebi
III turi
IX-X klasebi _ III turi
1. Jangbadis areSi 28 g rkinis fxvnilis gaxurebis Sedegad misi masa 38%-iT
gaizarda. gansazRvreT, ra nivTiereba warmoiqmna am dros.
amoxsna
FexOy
ν(Fe) = 28 : 56 = 0.5 moli
mierTebuli Jangbadis masaa: ∆m = 28 · 0.38 = 10.64 g
ν(O) = 10.64 : 16 = 0.665 moli
x : y = 0.5 : 0.665 = 1 : 1.33 = 3 : 4
e. i. warmoiqmna Fe3O4 – rkinis (II,III) oqsidi anu rkinis xenji
pasuxi: Fe3O4.
2. qlorwyalbadiT avsebuli (n.p.) Tavdaxuruli kolbis yeli CauSves wylian
WurWelSi da wyalqveS moxades sacobi, ris Sedegadac kolba mTlianad
wyliT aivso. gansazRvreT kolbaSi miRebul xsnarSi marilmJavas masuri
wili, Tu xsnaris simkvrivea 1 g/sm3.
amoxsna
vTqvaT, WurWlis moculobaa 1 l, maSin igi Seicavs
1 : 22.4 ≈ 0.045 mol qlorwyalbads
m(HCl) = 0.045 · 36.5 ≈ 1.64 g
radgan xsnaris simkvrivea 1 g/sm3, wyliT avsebis Semdeg kolbaSi iqneba
1000 g xsnari
ω(HCl) =
.
= .
anu 0.164%.
pasuxi: 0.164%.
3. gogirdmJavas Semcvel 80 g xsnars daamates 22.2 g natriumis karbonati,
ris Sedegadac xsnaris masa gaxda 100 g. gansazRvreT miRebuli xsnaris
procentuli Sedgeniloba.
amoxsna
Na CO + H SO = Na SO + H O + CO ↑
amocanis pirobidan Cans, rom gamoiyo 80+22.2–100=2.2 g CO2.
ν( CO2) = 2.2 : 44 = 0.05 moli
rogorc reaqciidan Cans:
ν(Na2CO3) = ν(CO2) = 0.05 moli, m(Na2CO3) = 106 · 0.05 = 5.3 g
xsnarSi darCeboda reaqciaSi Seusvleli 22.2–5.3=16.9 g Na2CO3.
34
2010 weli
IX-X klasebi
III turi
radgan Na2CO3 Warbia, gogirdmJava srulad daxarjula.
xsnarSi iqneba reaqciis Sedegad warmoqmnili natriumis sulfatic:
ν(Na2SO4) = ν(Na2CO3) = 0.05 moli, m(Na2SO4) = 142 · 0.05 = 7.1 g
amrigad xsnari Seicavs:
ω(Na SO ) =
.
ω(Na CO ) =
= 0.071 anu 7.1% natriumis sulfats da
.
= 0.169 anu 16.9% natriumis karbonats
pasuxi: 7.1% natriumis sulfati da 16.9% natriumis karbonati.
4. xsnars, romelic Seicavda 5.88 g fosformJavas, daumates 8.4 g kaliumis
hidroqsidi. gansazRvreT xsnaridan wylis mTlianad aorTqlebis Sedegad
miRebuli naSTis Sedgeniloba.
amoxsna
ν(H3PO4) = 5.88 : 98 = 0.06 moli
ν(KOH) = 8.4 : 56 = 0.15 moli
reaqciis pirvel safexurze:
KOH + H PO = KH PO + H O,
0.06 mol fosformJavasTan reaqciaSi Seva 0.06 moli kaliumis hidroqsidi,
warmoiqmneba 0.06 moli KH PO . reaqciaSi Seusvleli darCeba 0.15 – 0.06 = 0.09
moli KOH.
reaqciis meore safexurze:
KOH + KH PO = K HPO + H O,
0.06 mol KH PO -Tan reaqciaSi Seva 0.06 moli kaliumis hidroqsidi,
warmoiqmneba 0.06 moli K HPO . reaqciaSi Seusvleli darCeba 0.09 – 0.06 = 0.03
moli KOH.
reaqciis mesame safexurze:
KOH + K HPO = K PO + H O,
darCenil 0.03 mol KOH-Tan reaqciaSi Seva 0.03 moli K HPO , warmoiqmneba
0.03 moli K PO . reaqciaSi Seusvleli darCeba 0.06 – 0.03 = 0.03 moli K HPO .
amrigad, miiReba ori marili: 0.03 moli
da 0.03 moli
.
pasuxi: 0.03 moli
da 0.03 moli
.
5. narevi Seicavs rkinas da mudmivi valentobis mqone ucnob metals moluri
TanafardobiT (Fe) : (Me) = 1 : 2. am narevis marilmJavaSi srulad gaxsnisas
gamoiyofa 4.48 l wyalbadi, xolo igive raodenobis narevis srulad
qlorirebisas ixarjeba 5.04 l qlori (n.p.). daadgineT ucnobi metalis
valentoba.
amoxsna
vTqvaT, ucnobi metalis valentobaa n,
(Fe) =
(Me) = 2
marilmJavaSi gaxsnisas gamoyofili wyalbadis raodenoba:
35
2010 weli
IX-X klasebi
(H2) = 4.48 : 22.4 = 0.2 moli
Fe + 2HCl = FeCl + H ↑,
(H2) = (Fe) =
2Me + 2nHCl = 2MeCl + nH ↑
amrigad: + n = 0.2
qlorirebisas ixarjeba
III turi
(H2) =
(M )·
moli
=
·
= n moli
(Cl2) = 5.04 : 22.4 = 0.225 moli
2Fe + 3Cl = 2FeCl ,
(Cl2) =
2Me + nCl = 2MeCl
(Cl2) =
(F )·
(M )·
=
=
= 1.5
·
amrigad: 1.5 + n = 0.225
miviRebT sistemas:
+ n = 0.2
1.5 + n = 0.225
saidanac 0.5 = 0.025
= 0.05 moli
CasmiT miviRebT: 0.05 + 0.05n = 0.2
n=3
e. i. ucnobi metali samvalentiania.
pasuxi: samvalentiani.
36
=n
2010 weli
XI-XII klasebi
I turi
XI-XII klasebi _ I turi
1. SeadgineT Semdegi sami nawilakis eleqtronuli formulebi:
a) Na
b) K
g) Cl .
swori pasuxebi
a) 1s22s22p63s1
b) 1s22s22p63s23p6
g) 1s22s22p63s23p6
2. mocemulia reaqcia:
Cu + HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + NO + H2O
a) eleqtronuli balansis saSualebiT SearCieT koeficientebi da
gaaTanabreT toloba.
b) miuTiTeT, am reaqciaSi romeli elementia mJangavi da romeli –
aRmdgeni.
swori pasuxebi
a) Cu + HN
O
Cu (NO ) + N
3 Cu
2e
2 N + 3e
O+H O
Cu
N
3Cu(NO ) + 2NO + 4H O
3Cu + 8HNO
b) mJangavia azoti, aRmdgeni _ spilenZi.
3. NaHSO4-is wyalxsnars daamates natriumis tute.
a) dawereT Sesabamisi reaqciis toloba.
b) warmoadgineT reaqcia sruli da mokle ionuri tolobebis saxiT.
swori pasuxebi
a) NaHSO + NaOH
b) Na + H + SO
H + OH
Na SO + H O
+ Na + OH
2Na + SO
H O
37
+H O
2010 weli
XI-XII klasebi
I turi
4. mocemulia nivTierebaTa gardaqmnis sqema:
P
1
P2O 5
4
3
Ca(H 2PO4) 2
5
2
Ca 3(PO 4)2
Ca
dawereT sqemaSi cifrebiT aRniSnuli reaqciebis tolobebi.
swori pasuxebi
1. 4P + 5O2 = 2P2O5
2. 3Ca + 2H3PO4 = Ca3(PO4)2↓ + 3H2↑
3. 3CaO + P2O5 = Ca3(PO4)2
an 3Ca(OH)2 + P2O5 = Ca3(PO4)2 ↓ + 3H2O
4. Ca(OH)2 + P2O5 + H2O = Ca(H2PO4)2
an CaO + P2O5 + 2H2O = Ca(H2PO4)2
5. Ca3(PO4)2 + 4H3PO4 = 3Ca(H2PO4)2
5. 40 g spilenZis (II) oqsids daamates gogirdmJavas 24.5%-iani xsnaris is
raodenoba, rac oqsidis srulad gaxsnisaTvis iyo saWiro.
a) dawereT Sesabamisi reaqciis toloba.
b) ramdeni g gogirdmJavas xsnari daixarja am dros?
g) iangariSeT miRebul xsnarSi marilis masuri wili.
amoxsna
a) CuO + H2SO4 = CuSO4 + H2O
b) rogorc reaqciidan Cans,
ν(CuO) =
M
=
ν(H SO ) = ν(CuO)
= 0.5 moli e. i. ν(H SO ) = 0.5 moli.
m(H SO ) = ν · M = 0.5 · 98 = 49 g.
mხ =
pasuxi:
ნ
%
· 100% =
.
· 100 = 200 g.
g.
g) rogorc reaqciidan Cans,
ν(CuSO ) = ν(CuO), e. i. ν(CuSO ) = 0.5 moli.
m(CuSO ) = ν · M = 0.5 · 160 = 80 g.
mხ = 200 + 40 = 240 g.
ω=
≈ 0.33 anu 33%
pasuxi: 0.33 anu 33%.
38
2010 weli
XI-XII klasebi
II turi
XI-XII klasebi _ II turi
1.
sawyobidan laboratoriaSi gadasatania 8 reaqtivi. esenia: fxvnilebi – Fe,
CaCO3, NaCl, Cu, SiO2 da xsnarebi – NaOH, HCl, H2SO4(ganz.) amisaTvis Tqven
mocemuli gaqvT mxolod 4 qimiuri WurWeli. rogor unda gadaanawiloT 4
WurWelSi es reaqtivebi ise, rom laboratoriaSi mitanis Semdeg
moxerxdes maTi gancalkeveba isev sawyis 8 reaqtivad? miuTiTeT, rogor
gamoyofT reaqtivebs TiToeuli WurWlidan.
swori pasuxebi
radgan reaqtivebs Soris 3 xsnaria, isini unda ganTavsdnen cal-calke
WurWlebSi. maTSi SeiZleba iseTi fxvnilebis moTavseba, romlebic reaqciaSi
ar Seva am xsnarebTan da arc maTSi gaixsneba. meoTxe WurWelSi unda
moTavsdes iseTi reaqtivebi, romlebic advilad dascildeba erTmaneTs.
magaliTad, amocanis pasuxis erT-erTi swori varianti aseTia:
I WurWeli: H2SO4(ganz.) + SiO2 (aq ar SeiZleba Fe, CaCO3-is da NaCl -is moTavseba);
II WurWeli: NaOH (xsnari) + CaCO3 (aq ar SeiZleba SiO2-is da NaCl -is moTavseba);
III WurWeli: HCl (xsnari) + Cu (aq ar SeiZleba Fe, CaCO3-is da NaCl-is moTavseba);
IV WurWeli: NaCl da Fe.
I, II da III WurWlebidan nivTierebebis dacileba SeiZleba gafiltvriT an
dekantaciiT (siTxis gadawurviT), darCenili myari nivTierebebi unda
gairecxos wyliT da gaSres; IV WurWlidan rkina moscildeba magnitiT da
darCeba NaCl.
2.
mocemulia nivTierebaTa gardaqmnebis sqema:
benzoli
3
eTani
1
2
X
Y
4
+ HCl
Z
5
CH2 CH
dawereT sqemaSi cifrebiT aRniSnuli reaqciebis tolobebi.
swori pasuxebi
1) C2H6
2) C2H4
3) 3C2H2
4) HC
°, კატ.
°, კატ.
°, კატ.
CH + HCl
C2H4 + H2
C2 H 2 + H 2
C6H6
კატ.
H C = CHCl
39
Cl
n
2010 weli
XI-XII klasebi
5) n H C = CHCl
3.
კატ.
[ H C
II turi
CHCl ]
airad mdgomareobaSi najeri naxSirwyalbadis simkvrive wyalbadis mimarT
36-is tolia. dawereT misi yvela SesaZlo izomeris
struqturuli
formulebi da daasaxeleT isini. miuTiTeT, am izomerebidan romels
SeuZlia warmoqmnas 4 sxvadasxva monoqlornawarmi.
amoxsna
M(CnH2n+2)=2 36=72, aqedan n=5. e. i. najeri naxSirwyalbadi aris pentani _ C5H12.
misi izomerebia:
*
*
*
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
*
*
*
*
CH3 CH2 CH CH3
CH3
n-pentani
2-meTilbutani
CH3
CH3 C
*
CH3
CH3
2,2-dimeTilpropani
am izomerebidan n-pentans SeuZlia warmoqmnas 3 monoqlornawarmi (qloris
atomi SeiZleba Canacvlebuli iyos * simboloTi aRniSnul lokantebTan),
2-meTilbutans – 4, xolo 2,2-dimeTil-propans – 1.
pasuxi: 2-meTilbutani
4.
dawereT yvela im alkenis struqturuli formula da saxelwodeba,
romlebic warmoiqmneba 2,4,4-trimeTilheqsanis katalizuri dehidrirebiT.
swori pasuxebi:
CH3
CH2 C
CH3
CH2 C
CH2 CH3
CH3
2,4,4-trimeTilheqsen-1
5.
CH3
CH3
CH3 C
CH
C
CH2 CH3
CH3
CH3
2,4,4-trimeTilheqsen-2
CH3 CH CH2 C
CH3
CH
CH2
CH3
3,3,5-trimeTilheqsen-1
3.36 l (n.p.) acetilenis sruli wvisas warmoqmnili naxSirorJangi gaatares
kalciumis hidroqsidis 400 g 3.7%-ian xsnarSi. gansazRvreT warmoqmnili
naleqis masa da miRebul xsnarSi marilis masuri wili.
amoxsna
2C2H2 + 5O2 = 4CO2 + 2H2O
ν( C2H2) = 3.36 : 22.4 = 0.15 moli
reaqciis mixedviT ν(CO2) = ν(C2H2)·2 = 0.3 moli
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2010 weli
XI-XII klasebi
II turi
m(CO2)=0.3·44=13.2 g
m(Ca(OH)2)=
· .
= 14.8 g
ν( Ca(OH)2) = 14.8 : 74 = 0.2 moli
xsnarSi warimarTeba reaqcia
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 = CaCO3↓ + H2O
magram reaqciidan Cans, rom ν(CO2)= ν(Ca(OH)2), amitom 0.3-0.2=0.1 moli CO2
darCeba reaqciaSi Seusvleli. igi imoqmedebs warmoqmnil CaCO3–Tan:
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O = Ca(HCO3)2
am reaqciaSi ν(CO2)= ν(CaCO3)= ν(Ca(HCO3)2),
e. i. 0.1 moli CO2 reaqciaSi Seva 0.1 mol CaCO3-Tan da miiReba 0.1 moli
Ca(HCO3)2.
sabolood miviRebT:
naleqis saxiT 0.2-0.1=0.1 mol CaCO3-s, romlis masaa
m(CaCO3)=0.1·100=10 g
da xsnarSi 0.1 mol Ca(HCO3)2-s, romlis masaa
m(Ca(HCO3)2)=0.1·162=16.2 g
xsnaris masa iqneba:
mx = 400+ m(CO2) – m(CaCO3) = 400 + 13.2 – 10 = 403.2 g.
xolo gaxsnili marilis masuri wili:
ω(Ca(HCO ) ) =
.
.
≈ 0.04 anu 4%
pasuxi: naleqi – 10 g CaCO3 ; gaxsnili marili – 4%
41
(
) .
2010 weli
XI-XII klasebi
III turi
XI-XII klasebi _ III turi
1.
narevi Seicavs spilenZs, alumins, siliciumis (IV) oqsids, magniumis
oqsids da aluminis sulfats. moifiqreT narevidan TiToeuli nivTierebis
sufTa saxiT gamoyofis racionaluri xerxi. aCveneT gamoyofis etapebis
Tanmimdevroba da dawereT Sesabamisi reaqciebis tolobebi.
amoxsnis pirveli gza
I etapi:
narevi movaTavsoT wyalSi. gaixsneba mxolod Al2(SO4)3
gavfiltroT. filtrati warmoadgens Al2(SO4)3-is wyalxsnars, romlidanac
wyals movacilebT gaxurebiT da darCeba sufTa saxiT aluminis sulfati.
II etapi:
filtrze darCenili narevi (Cu, Al, SiO2 da MgO) gavxsnaT ganzavebul mJavaSi.
gaixsneba Al da MgO:
2Al + 6HCl = 2AlCl3+3H2↑
MgO + 2HCl = MgCl2+H2O
gavfiltroT da miRebul xsnarze Warbi tutis damatebiT gamoileqeba
magniumis hidroqsidi:
MgCl2 + 2NaOH = Mg(OH)2↓+2NaCl
xolo aluminis hidroqsidi ar gamoileqeba, radgan igi gaixsneba Warb
tuteSi:
AlCl3+4NaOH = Na[Al(OH)4] + 3NaCl
gafiltvriT movacilebT magniumis hidroqsids, romlis gaxurebiT miviRebT
magniumis oqsids:
Mg(OH)2=MgO + H2O
xolo natriumis aluminati, romelic darCeba filtratSi, SevamJavoT da
Semdeg amoniumis hidroqsidiT gamovyoT aluminis hidroqsidi:
Na[Al(OH)4] + 4HCl = AlCl3 + NaCl + 4H2O
AlCl3+3NH4OH = Al(OH)3↓ + 3 NH4Cl
an (Tu mJavas zustad gansazRvruli raodenobiT davamatebT)
Na[Al(OH)4] + HCl = Al(OH)3↓ + NaCl + H2O
aluminis hidroqsidis gaxurebiT miviRoT aluminis oqsidi:
2Al(OH)3 = Al2O3 + 3H2O
romlis eleqtroliziTac miviRebT alumins:
2Al2O3
ელ ლიზი
4Al + 3O2
III etapi:
II etapis Semdeg darCenili narevi (Cu da SiO2) gavxsnaT tuteSi da
gavfiltroT. filtrze darCeba spilenZi, xolo SiO2 warmoqmnis xsnad
silikats:
2NaOH + SiO2 = Na2SiO3 + H2O
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2010 weli
XI-XII klasebi
romelic gadava filtratSi. filtratze mJavas moqmedebiT
siliciummJava:
Na2SiO3 + 2HCl = H2SiO3↓ + 2NaCl
romlis gaxurebiT miviRebT siliciumis (IV) oqsids:
H2SiO3=SiO2 + H2O
III turi
gamoileqeba
amoxsnis meore gza:
I etapi igivea
II etapze narevi davamuSavoT tutis Warbi xsnariT, romelSic gaixsneba
alumini da siliciumis oqsidi:
2Al + 2NaOH + 6H2O= 2Na[Al(OH)4] + 3H2↑
2NaOH + SiO2 = Na2SiO3 + H2O
mJavas Warbad damatebisas gamoileqeba siliciummJava:
Na2SiO3 + 2HCl = H2SiO3↓ + 2NaCl,
romlis gaxurebiT miviRebT siliciumis (IV) oqsids:
H2SiO3=SiO2 + H2O
marilmJavis damatebis Sedegad aluminati gadava qloridSi, romelzec
amoniumis hidroqsidis moqmedebiT gamoiyofa aluminis hidroqsidi:
Na[Al(OH)4] + 4HCl = AlCl3 + NaCl + 4H2O
da
AlCl3+3NH4OH = Al(OH)3↓ + 3 NH4Cl
aluminis hidroqsidis gaxurebiT miviRoT aluminis oqsidi:
2Al(OH)3 = Al2O3 + 3H2O
romlis eleqtroliziTac miviRebT alumins:
2Al2O3
ელ ლიზი
4Al + 3O2
III etapze darCenili narevi (Cu da MgO) gavxsnaT ganzavebul mJavaSi da
gavfiltroT. filtrze darCeba spilenZi, xolo MgO gaixsneba:
MgO + 2HCl = MgCl2+H2O
miRebul xsnarze tutis damatebiT gamoileqeba magniumis hidroqsidi:
MgCl2 + 2NaOH = Mg(OH)2↓+2NaCl
romlis gaxurebiT miviRebT magniumis oqsids:
Mg(OH)2=MgO + H2O
2.
narevi, romelic Seicavda kaliumis, TuTiis da vercxlis nitratebs,
gaacxeles gavarvarebamde, ris Sedegadac gamoiyo 2.24 l airTa narevi
(n.p.). miRebuli myari naSTi wyliT garecxes, ris Sedegadac naSTis masa
3.4 g-iT Semcirda. amis Semdeg darCenili naSTi garecxes Warbi
marilmJaviT da sabolood miiRes 2.16 g myari nivTiereba. daadgineT
nitratebis sawyisi narevis masa.
amoxsna
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2010 weli
XI-XII klasebi
III turi
2KNO = 2KNO + O ↑
2Zn(NO ) = 2ZnO + 4NO ↑ +O ↑
2AgNO = 2Ag + 2NO ↑ +O ↑
amrigad, gacxelebis Semdeg darCenili myari naSTi Seicavs KNO -s, ZnO-s da
Ag-s. wyliT garecxvisas gaixsneba mxolod KNO , amitom misi masaa 3.4 g.
marilmJaviT garecxvisas gaixsneba ZnO, amitom 2.16 g myari nivTiereba iqneba
vercxli.
ν(KNO2) = 3.4 : 85 = 0.04 moli
reaqciis mixedviT ν(KNO2) = ν(KNO3) = 0.04 moli; m(KNO3) = 0.04 ⋅101 = 4.04 g.
ν(Ag) = 2.16 : 108 = 0.02 moli
reaqciis mixedviT ν(Ag) = ν(AgNO3) = 0.02 moli; m(AgNO3) = 0.02 ⋅170 = 3.4 g.
gacxelebis Sedegad gamoyofili airTa narevis raodenobaa:
ν(narevi) = 2.24 : 22.4 = 0.1 moli
reaqciebidan Cans, rom:
2 moli KNO -idan gamoiyofa 1 moli airi
0.04 molidan ------------------- x
x=0.02 moli;
2 moli AgNO -idan gamoiyofa 2+1=3 moli airTa narevi
0.02 molidan ------------------- x
x=0.03 moli;
danarCeni 0.1–0.03–0.02=0.05 moli airTa
gaxurebis Sedegad. reaqciidan Cans, rom:
narevi
gamoiyofoda
Zn(NO ) -is
2 moli Zn(NO ) -idan gamoiyofa 4+1=5 moli airTa narevi
x molidan ------------------------------ 0.05
x=0.02 moli Zn(NO )
m(Zn(NO ) ) = 0.02 · 189 = 3.78 g.
amrigad, sawyisi narevis masa iqneba 4.04+3.4+3.78=11.22 g.
pasuxi: 11.22 g.
3.
specialur WurWelSi Seuries A da B airebi. A airi miRebuli iyo 4.9 g
berToles marilis sruli daSliT, xolo B _ 6 g kalciumis wyalTan
moqmedebiT. narevi aafeTqes, ris Semdegac WurWlis SigTavsi sawyis
temperaturamde gaacives. gansazRvreT, rogor Seicvala WurWelSi wneva
(wylis moculoba SegiZliaT ugulebelyoT).
amoxsna
airi A Jangbadia:
2KClO3 = 2KCl + 3O2 ↑
ν(KClO3) = 4.9 : 122.5 = 0.04 moli
rogorc reaqciidan Cans,
2 moli KClO3-is daSlisas gamoiyofa 3 moli O ;
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XI-XII klasebi
0.04 moli KClO3-is daSlisas -----------airi B wyalbadia:
Ca + 2H2O = Ca(OH)2 + H2 ↑
III turi
= 0.06 moli O2
ν(Ca) = 6 : 40 = 0.15 moli
rogorc reaqciidan Cans,
ν(Ca) = ν(H2) = 0.15 moli
afeTqebisas warimarTeba reaqcia:
2H2 + O2 = 2H2O
romelSic ν(H2) : ν(O2) = 2 : 1
xolo WurWelSi airebis Tanafardobaa ν(H2) : ν(O2) = 0.15 : 0.06 = 2.5 : 1
aqedan Cans, rom Warbia wyalbadi, amitom reaqciaSi Seva
ν(H2)= ν(O2)⋅2=0.12 moli da WurWelSi darCeba 0.15 – 0.12 = 0.03 moli wyalbadi.
vinaidan sabolood temperatura ucvleli rCeba, wneva pirdapirproporciulad
iqneba
damokidebuli
WurWelSi
airad
mdgomareobaSi
myofi
nivTierebebis raodenobaze.
sawyis pirobebSi WurWelSi wnevas qmnida 0.15 + 0.06 = 0.21 moli airTa narevi,
reaqciis Semdeg ki wnevas Seqmnis 0.03 moli wyalbadi, amitom sawyisTan
SedarebiT wneva 0.21 : 0.03 = 7-jer Semcirdeba.
pasuxi: 7-jer Semcirdeba.
4.
5.3 g aromatuli naxSirwyalbadis (CnH2n-6) sruli wvis Sedegad warmoiqmna
8.96 l naxSirorJangi (n.p.).
a) daadgineT am naxSirwyalbadis formula.
b) dawereT am naxSirwyalbadis yvela im izomeris struqturuli formula
da saxelwodeba, romlebic benzolis homologebs warmoadgenen.
g) erT-erTi izomeris dehidrirebiT miiReba naxSirwyalbadi, romelic
auferulebs
bromian
wyals.
dawereT
am
naxSirwyalbadis
polimerizaciis reaqcia.
amoxsna
a) C H
+ xO2 = nCO2 + (n-3)H2O
ν(CO2)= 8.96 : 22.4 = 0.4 moli
ν(CnH2n-6)= ν(CO2) : n =
.
moli
) = 14n 6
m 5.3
)= =
M(C H
n = 13.25n
ν 0.4
aqedan
14n 6 =13.25n
0.75n = 6
n=8
e. i. aromatuli naxSirwyalbadis formulaa C H .
M(C H
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2010 weli
XI-XII klasebi
III turi
b) am formulis mqone benzolis homologebia:
C2H5
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
eTilbenzoli
g)
1,2-dimeTilbenzoli
anu
orTo-dimeTilbenzoli
1,3-dimeTilbenzoli
anu
meta-dimeTilbenzoli
CH3
1,4-dimeTilbenzoli
anu
para-dimeTilbenzoli
naxSirwyalbadi, romelic auferulebs bromian wyals, miiReba
eTilbenzolis dehidrirebiT:
H2C
CH3
HC
CH2
+ H2
to ,
kat.
esaa stiroli anu vinilbenzoli, romlis polimerizaciis reaqciaa:
n HC
C6H5
5.
HC
CH2
CH2
C6H5
to
n
airTa narevi Seicavs meTanis homologiuri rigis or erTmaneTis momdevno
wevrs, romlebic aRebulia toli moculobebiT. am narevis sruli wvis
Sedegad
miRebuli
produqtebi
gaatares
jer
koncentrirebul
gogirdmJavaSi, Semdeg ki tutis Warb xsnarSi. gogirdmJaviani WurWlis
masam moimata 9 g-iT, xolo tutiani WurWlis masam _ 13.2 g-iT. daadgineT,
romel alkanebs Seicavda narevi.
amoxsna
vTqvaT, erTi wevria C H
x moli raodenobiT.
, meore ki C
maTi wvis reaqciebia:
46
H
da TiToeuli aRebulia
2010 weli
XI-XII klasebi
C H
+ yO2 = nCO2 + (n+1)H2O
C H
+ zO2 = (n+1)CO2 + (n+2)H2O
reaqciebidan Cans, rom:
pirvelis wvisas gamoiyofa n⋅x moli CO2 da (n+1)⋅x moli H2O;
meoris wvisas gamoiyofa (n+1)⋅x moli CO2 da (n+2)⋅x moli H2O.
sul gamoiyofa:
n⋅x +(n+1)⋅x = 2nx + x moli CO2 da
(n+1)⋅x + (n+2)⋅x =2nx + 3x moli H2O.
koncentrirebuli gogirdmJava STanTqavda wyals, e. i.
m(H2O)= 9 g, ν(H2O)= 9 : 18 = 0.5 moli;
xolo tute STanTqavda naxSirorJangs, e. i.
m(CO2)= 13.2 g, ν(CO2)= 13.2 : 44 = 0.3 moli.
miviRebT sistemas:
2nx + 3x = 0.5
(1)
2nx + x = 0.3
(2)
Tu (1) gantolebas gamovaklebT (2) gantolebas, miviRebT:
2x = 0.2
x = 0.1 moli
CasmiT miviRebT: 0.2n + 0.1 = 0.3
n=1
e. i. ucnobi alkanebia CH4 (meTani) da C2H6 (eTani).
pasuxi: CH4 (meTani) da C2H6 (eTani).
47
III turi