The Spanish Empire
• Tension in the Spanish Empire (1790s)
a) Peninsulares v. criollos
• Spain closed its territory to outside
influences
a) Americans traded with California
inhabitants
1) Otter skins and hides
Caribbean
•
80%-90% of sugar produced exported to
Europe
• Slave labor used on sugar plantations
• Haiti revolted in 1791
a) Revolt leader, Toussaint L’Ouverture
b) Haiti 1st independent black nation
American Lifestyle after
Revolution
• Most in small towns and farms
a) Farming for own use
b) Hand tools and animals
• 3% lived in cities
• The South
a) Commercial agriculture (inter. markets)
Atlantic Ports
• Dominated U.S economy
• Examples:
a) New York a commercial center
b) Boston a commercial center
Trans-Appalachia
• West of Appalachian Mountains fastest
growth
a) examples: Kent. and Tenn.
• Negative impact
a) Natives dislocated
Why Shipping Boom?
• British and French war conflict
• American ships were neutral
a) import/export goods
• Americans and ship technology
a) Faster ships
1) example: the clipper ship
Flying Cloud (New York to San
Francisco in 89 days)
Jefferson 1801-09 (views)
• March 4, 1801
a) Walks to inauguration
• Ambassador to France (1780s)
a) Witnesses: extreme poverty/wealth
1) Influenced his views
• Population growth justified expansion
Jefferson
• Political views
a) Agrarian republic
1) Just society
b) Small independent farmers
c) Weak government
Symbol of the
Philadelphia
Society for
Promoting
Agricultural
Monticello (Jefferson’s
plantation)
Jefferson Presidency
• Cut internal tax
• Cutback: government staff
• Cutbacks: military
a) Army
b) Navy
Expansion (neg. impact)
• Constant mobility
• Environmental damage
a) Soil exhaustion
• Violence against Natives
Napoleon Bonaparte (French
general)
• Bonaparte (1799)
a) controlled France
b) War with Britain
• Threat to the U.S.
a) European conflict could use North America
as battleground
• Acquired Louisiana Territory from Spain
Louisiana Purchase
• Napoleon’s goals
a) Re-conquer Haiti to fund European wars
b) Use Louisiana territory
• 1802: 30,000 troops in Haiti
a) Army defeated (yellow fever and rebels)
• April 1803
a) Louisiana Territory sold ($15 million)
Reaction to Louisiana Purchase
• U.S. president can’t purchase territory
• Negative impact
a) Slavery spread
b) Natives lost territory
U.S. and British Conflict
• British seize U.S. ships
a) Problem, U.S. ships neutral
• British deserters
a) Working on American ships
1) Better wages
2) ¼ of 100,000 seamen British
U.S. and Britain
• About 6,000 Americans imprisoned
• Leopard (British ship) 1807
a) Opened fire on Chesapeake (U.S. ship)
1) 3 men died
2) 18 injured
U.S. Reaction
• Non-Importation Act (1806)
a) Boycott of British goods
• Embargo Act (1807)
a) No American ships in foreign ports
• Goal to force neutrality rights
• Impact for the U.S.: a) Smuggling b)
imports down c) economic disaster
Indian Policy
• Jefferson’s views
a) Exposed natives to Christianity
b) Exposed natives to farming lifestyle
c) Read/write English
Native Resistance
• Tecumseh and The Prophet (Shawnees)
a) Staged a Pan-Indian resistance movement
b) Made alliances Native groups and British
• Tecumseh followers
1) Attacked U.S. settlements in the northwest
Tecumseh (Shawnee military
leader)
The Prophet
James Madison (1812)
War of 1812 (June 1812-Jan.
1814)
• Britain vs. U.S.
• Reasons
a) Britain responsible for Native resistance
b) Neutrality issue with ships
c) War Hawks supported war
1) Resented British influence
Andrew Jackson
• August 1813
a) Red Sticks kill 500 Americas (Alabama
River)
• Andrew Jackson defeated Red Sticks
a) Creek War 1814 (battle)
1) 23 million acres ceded to U.S.
Major Battles
• Battle of Thames (Oct. 1813)
a) Tecumseh killed
b) Brits and Natives defeated
• Significant
a) Ends pan-Indian resistance movement
War of 1812 Ends
• British ending war conflict with France
• British sick of warfare
a) End war w/U.S.
• Peace treaty
a) Ghent, Belgium (Dec. 1814)
The Treaty of Ghent
• Dec. 24, 1814
• British
a) Evacuate western posts
b) Abandon natives
• Boost national moral
Western Surge
• End of War of 1812
• Reasons
a) Over population (east)
b) Defeat of Natives
c) Land Act of 1820
1) $1.25 per acre
2) Down payment: $100
Girdling
Trees
Era of Good Feeling (1817-1823)
• James Monroe (1816 and 1820)
a) National unity
1) Northerners and southerners
• Federal government
a) Foster economy
Era of Good Feeling (1817-1823)
• American system
a) Economic development for U.S.
1) Second Bank of U.S.
2) Protective tariff
3) National system: roads and canals
Other Political Developments
• Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817
a) Joint occupation of Oregon by U.S. and
Britain
b) U.S. and Canada border at 49th parallel
• Spain ceded Florida to U.S.
a) why? Spanish empire in shambles
Monroe Doctrine (Dec. 1823)
• Western Hemisphere
a) Closed to Europeans
• U.S. would not interfere in European affairs
• U.S. first to recognized Latin American
independences
Missouri Compromise
• Missouri’s admitted in 1819 (slave state)
a) North did support slave states
1) Tip balance in Senate
b) South wanted slave states to balance the
House
1) Southern view: Congress can’t limit slavery
Missouri Compromise
• compromise:
a) Missouri (slave)
b) Maine (free)
c) No slavery: northern Louisiana Purchase
territory