1 lntroduction to Chemistry
BIGIDEA
Write the Big ldea for this chapter.
Use the"What I Know"column to list the things you know about the Big ldea.Then list the
questions you have about the Big ldea in the"What I Want to Find Out'column. As you read the
chapter, fill in the"What I Learned"column.
KwL
What t
Know
What
twantto Find
Out
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Science Notebook. lntroduction to Chemistry
1
What
t
Leorned
1 lntroduction to Chemistry
1 Chemistry
and Matter
tffizat
IMAINIDEA
Write the Main ldea for this lesson.
REvruwYocreuuRv
Recall the definition of the ReviewVocabularyterm.
technology
te_q\19tqgy
Nrw VoTnBULARY
Defi ne each New Vocabulary
chemistry
chernyfu
term.
science
mass
weight
5Aefi0e
model
lui,eigtt1t
model
Science Notebook. lntroduction to Chemistry
2
1
Chemistry and Matter (continued)
Use
with pages 4-5.
Malter and fts
Charaoteristlos
,
,
,
Compare and contrast mass and weight using theVenn diagram below.
.
.
.
does not reflect gravitational pull on matter
a measure of the effect of gravitational pull on matter
a measurement that reflects the amount of matter in an object
chemislry Eludies malter
and rts changes
science uses evidenceto
develop teslable
explandions
Weight
Mass
Both
a hYPolhesis is a Ieslable
explanation
.
mass is a meast,vemerrt ot
lhe amount of malter
,
weight is graurtational pull
on
malter
9truoture aod obsew able
oharaoterishos
.
,
,
,
macroscoPi c obsew ations
ldentify two additional types of models that are used by
scientists.
donl need a microscope
qtorns are submicroscopic-
they can't be seen wrlh an
oplical microscope
sLtbmicroscopic events
explain maorosoopic
obsewatrons
a model is a physical,
c
on
ceVtual, or m ath em ati c al
Organize the following terms by arranging them from largest to smallest.
macroscopic, submicroscopic, microscopic
represertafion
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Explain a chemical model by completing the following sentences.
The
,
composition,
and
level. All that we observe
be explained on a
o
depends
of all matter can
on
and
the
they undergo.
seeks to explain the submicroscopic events that lead
.
One way to do this is by making a chemical
ofa
model, which is a
Science Notebook. lntroduction to Chemistry
3
to
1 Chemistry
Use
and Matter (continued)
with page 6.
ldentif-y six substances mentioned in the book that are important in
everyday life and are made of chemicals.
C)t(fligtryzthe &ntral
9oienoe
'
.
,
basic underslanding ol
chemislry is oer{nallo olher
soiences
chemislry is broken down
ifio Nanches
1.
4.
2.
5.
3.
eachbranch of ohemislry
has an area ol em?hasis
REAL-WORLD CONN
Analy-ze the importan<e
in our society using the branches of chemistry as examples.
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Science Notebook. lnrsduction to Chemistry
4
1 Chemistry
and Matter (continued)
REV|EW TTl
I.
MAINIDEA Define science.Why
2. Summarize why it is important
is chemistry called
the centralscience?
for chemists to study changes in the world at
a
submicroscopic level.
3.
Infer why chemists use models to study submicroscopic matter.
4. tdentify
three models that scientists use, and explain why each model is useful.
5. Evaluate
How would your mass and weight differ on the Moon?The gravitational force
of the Moon is one-sixth the gravitational force on Earth.
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5. Evaluate
lf you put a scale in an elevator and weigh yourself as you ascend and then
Oes.end, does the scale have the same reading in both instances? Explain your answer.
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Science Notebook. lntroduction to Chemistry
5
1 lntroduction to Chemistry
2
Scientific Methods
@2(B),2(C),2(D)
MAINIDEA
Write the Main ldea for this lesson.
tn-ms?*ceBUL[*?
Recall the definition of the ReviewVocabularyterm.
systematic approach
rytq$yqw@____
IlmYs*=uLrnY
Defi ne each New Vocabulary term.
scientific method
scierftrtic mdhod
qualitative data
quantitative data
qLryfryg dara
hypothesis
experiment
independent variable
ryNfrtve!49
dependent variable
hypothesis
control
conclusion
exPerimefir
scientific theory
scientific law
independert variable
dependent variable
cortral
conclusion
s_9!95!cJhe,gry
scierrtrtic law
Sdence Notebook. lnftoduction to Chemistry
6
2
Scientific Methods (continued)
Use
with pages 7-10.
Compare the terms independent variable and dependent variable.
A Syslemaho AVproaoh
.
a scientitic mdhod is a
syslematic aVVroaoh
,
mdhods musl be reported
wrth results
Analyze whether the characteristics listed below represent qualitative
data, quantitative data, or both.
Obsewatron
,
can be qualitalive or
qu a(rtft div e (n u m er c al)
i
, tenlative,teElable
.
statem enl or predi cti on
acce?ted il suP?orIed b\
evidence
reiected or rdined
TyPe of Data
the rate at which a candle burns
Hypothasis
,
Characteristic
it
not
a blanket with varying degrees
of
softness
sand with a reddish-brown color
suppofied by evidence
,*::,ri:.
Experiments
,
.
,
.
Anolusiofie
=
.
=
o
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o
,
''" lnfer why
a hypothesis is tentative.
hypothesis
independer* v ariable is
ch anged by fhe researcher
de?endentvariable
responds to the change in
th e in depen dent v ari able
a corftrol is a rtandard tor
comparison
=
r':
cor*rolled obsewalions Io
Ieslthe
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c\ficluei7ns are ludgmenrs
based on ifiormation
oblaioed
conclttsions are reported lor
peer reuiew
Sequence the steps of the scientific method.
PIan and set up one or more experiments to test one variable
at a time.
Gather information using both qualitative data and quantitative
data.
Observe, record, and analyze experimental data.
Develop a hypothesis, or tentative explanation based on
observations.
Develop
a
theory or a scientific law.
Compare findings to the hypothesis, and form a conclusion.
Science Notebook. lntroduction to Chemistry
7
2
Scientific Methods (continued)
Use
with page 10.
The Lirnitations
Gtr
[T-? Explainthe difference between a dependent and an
independent variable.
oP
Soicnoe
.
.
notall queshonscanbe
tested
queliofis thal oannot be
fusfed are nal subleollo
saierrlrfic inquiry
dtr
JT? Predict the steps a scientist might take if her or his research
not validated by peer review.
is
Explain whether each of the following questions can be tested using
scientific methods.
1. Why does poison
ivy cause some people to get a rash?
2.
ls Citizen Kane a great movie?
3.
Do more people like movies that are comedies or movies
that are dramas?
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ca
o
deT [T-? Oifferentiate
between the types of questions scientists can
test and those they cannot
Science Notebook. lntroduction to Chemistry
8
)6'
2
Scientific Methods (continued)
REVIEW
tr!
7. MAINIDEA
Explain why scientists do not use a standard set of steps for every
investigation they conduct.
8. Differentiate
Give an example of quantitative and qualitative data.
9. Evaluate
You are asked to study the effect of temperature on the volume of a balloon.
The balloont size increases as it is warmed. What is the independent variable?
The dependent variable? What factor is held constant? How would you construct
a control?
1O. Distinguish Jacques Charles described the direct relationship between temperature
and volume of all gases at constant pressure. Should this be called Charlest hypothesis,
Charles's law, or Charles's theory? Explain.
11. Analyze Why does the study of science have limitations? lllustrate your answer with
examples of questions that can be studied scientifically and of questions that cannot be
studied scientifically. Explain your reasoning for each of the examples that you provide.
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Science Notebook. lntroduction to Chemistry
9
1 Introduction to Chemistry
3
Scientific Research
E5l
1(A), 1(8), 3(A), 3(B),3(C)
MAINIDEA
Write the Main ldea for this lesson.
B=vrss
Yrcnsu**v
Recall the definition of the ReviewVocabularyterm.
synthetic
sqfifhetlc
J*rry Uot*ruLABY
Define each New Vocabulary term.
pure research
?w!g2garch
applied research
appltg4 yqlgaych
lfo*o O*rctr
Define the following term.
recover
rec,ver
Science Notebook. lntroduction to Chemistry
10
3
Scientific Research
Use
with pages '12-14.
(continued)
Describe scientific investigations by completing the following sentences.
when scientists develop
Pure research becomes
Tyges
ol9oienltiio
lnveshgattons
o
pU@
,
sake of knowledge
a??lied research is to solue
a specitic problem
W1aofth
a hypothesis based on the data and try
to solve a specific problem.
have been made when a scientist reaches
istorthe
a conclusion far
different than anticipated. Some wonderful scientific
discoveries have been made
Aaooe disooveries
.
some discoveries are
unexpecled
ReviewTable 2 in your text. Write an A if you agree with the statement.
Write a D if you disagree with the statement.
Return unused chemicals to the stock bottle.
Sladents in the
It is not safe to wear contact lenses in the lab.
l-aboralory and io
lhe Field
,
.
Only a major accident, injury, incorrect procedure, or damage to
equipment needs to be reported.
beres?onsibletorlhe
satdy of selt and others in
thelab andtield
know and tollow the satdy
Graduated cylinders, burettes, or pipettes should be heated with
a laboratory burner.
rules
Analyze laboratory safety by responding to the following situations.
1.
Explain in your own words why safety goggles and a
laboratory apron must be worn whenever you are in the lab.
2.
State why bare feet or sandals are not permitted in the lab.
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Science Notebook. lntroduction to Chemistry
11
3
Scientific Research
Use
with pages 14-16.
(continued)
3.
Describe how you would explain to another student why
you should not return unused chemicals to the stock bottle.
Safely io ltte Laboratory
,
.
be res?onsible tor the
satdy of selt and olhers
the lab and tield
in
know andtollowthe satety
rules
4.
Explain why is it important to keep the balance area clean.
Student-Driven
6oient*io In4uiry
,
develo? research plans
,
mdhods
askquestlonsto guide
based on sciertilic
procedures and reVorts
Design a simple experiment.
Dala oolleoll.oo and
oommuoioqlton
,
analw and evaluate dala
to torm ir*erences and
Ask a question that interests you and that can be studied using scientific
methods. Form a hypothesis, and develop a procedure to test your
hypothesis. Identify the independent variable, the dependent variable,
and the controls.
conclusions
,
tables, charfs, diagrams,
and graphs help organiu
and communicate data
Cansider the use
al
Question:
Hypothesis:
Procedure:
ree0uroes
.
(Ee reusable equipnerft
andtools
b'
!
. use small quantrties
. use res?onsiblewaste
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disposal mdhods
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Science Notebook. lntroduction to Chemistry
12
3 Scientific Research (continued)
Use
with pages 16-17.
ldentify the lab safety symbols below. Write the letter of the hazard next
to the matching symbol.
So*.efy Symbols and
M5D5
.
.
saiely symbols and warning
slalemerfts alefi tor
specitic dangers in a lab
know lhe location ot, and
how to use, all lab satdy
equipmert
Lab satety lorm
,
readthe procedure andtill
out Ihe lab satdy torm
bdore each lab
, the M5D5lisls
h
specitic
azards an d pr e c auti ons
g
E
a
A.
Substances that can irritate the skin or mucous
membranes of the respiratorytract
B. Objects that can burn skin by being too cold
or to hot
C.
Use of tools or glassware that can easily
puncture or slice skin
tr
D. Possible danger from electrical shock
E
E.
tr
F.
or burn
Possible danger to respiratory tract
from fumes
Specialdisposal procedures need to be
followed.
tor chemicals
List three things covered by a Material Safety Data Sheet.
Describe how scientific literacy-combining a basic
understanding of science with critical thinking skills-might help
person make everyday choices.
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Science Notebook. lntroduction to Chemistry
13
a
3
Scientific Research
Use
with pages 19-20.
goienlrtio ksearoh aod
(continued)
Sequence the steps necessary for the formation of ozone.
1.
the Ozone Hole
oune cotfinual)y torms and
breaks down
slralosVhere
inthe
2.
the stratosphere is
measured in Dobson un;rts
(DU)
oznne in
rouqhlY b1o DU is
3.
considered normaltor
awne inlhe slratoEhere
the Follow-Ug
.
CfCs break down
.
slralospheric oune
ather com?ounds, such as
som e bromine- conlaining
lllustrate the balance between oxygen gas and ozone levels in the
stratosphere, using Figure 1 1 in your text as a model. Give it a title and
labelthe parts of your model.
compounds, also break
down owoe
th e l,tontreal Pr otoool
.
siqned in 198'7, phases ofi
aune-h arming compounds
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Analyze Figure
13 and the caption information on Molina and Rowland's
model. Explain in words what the modelvisually predicts about the effect
of ultraviolet radiation on CFCs.
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Science Notebook. lntroduction to Chemistry
14
3
Scientific Research
REVIEW
(continued)
If!
12. MAINIDEA Name three technological products that
have improved our lives or the
world around us.
13. Compare and contrast the verbs
14. Classify
ls
analyze, evaluate, and critique.
technology a product of pure research or applied research? Explain.
15. Summarizethe reason behind each of thefollowing.
a. Wear goggles and an apron in the lab even if you are only an observer.
b. Do not return unused chemicals to the stock bottle.
c.
d.
Do not wear contact lenses in the laboratory.
Avoid wearing loose, draping clothing and dangling jewelry.
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15. lnterpret Scientific Diagrams What safety precautions should you take when the
tr8trtr
following safety symbols are listed?
Science Notebook. lntroduction to Chemistry
15