Nationalism in Africa and the Middle
East
Chapter 12
Section 2
Africa
Europeans in Africa
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Europe ruled over most of Africa during the early 1900s
Improved farming methods meant more exports
However, this mostly benefited colonial rulers
Europeans kept the best lands, and African farmers were
forced to grow cash crops instead of food
• They also were forced to work in mines and then pay taxes
to the colonial governments
How did whites treat the Africans?
• Racial discrimination
• White settlers forced Africans off the best land
• Only white Europeans could grow the profitable
crops
• British forced Africans to carry ID cards
• Africans had to pay taxes
• Europeans restricted Africans’ travel and places to
live
How did whites treat the Africans?
• Africans forced to grow cash crops – not
food
• Africans died of starvation
African Hopes
• Millions of Africans fought for Allies in
WWI
• Africans hoped their support would earn
them more rights and opportunities
• After WWI, the Allies treated Africans the
same or worse despite African wartime
support
Educated Africans
• Educated Africans who studied in Europe decried
the injustice toward Africans
• Best jobs went to Europeans living in Africa, not
the native Africans
• Africans wanted their independence from
European colonial masters
• Africans began protesting against European
imperialism (domination of one country over the
politics/economy of another country/region)
Apartheid
• Many Africans began criticizing imperial rule, but their
freedoms only eroded further
• An example was the system of apartheid in South Africa
• Under this policy, black Africans were denied many of
their previous rights, such as the right to vote
South African Blacks
• Forced to carry ID passes at all times
• Evicted from the best lands reserved for the
white race
• Forced to live on crowded reserves where
crops grew poorly
Apartheid
A policy of rigid segregation of the races that
continued until 1994 in South Africa!
African National Congress
• Africans formed a political party - the
African National Congress, or ANC
• Designed to promote greater fairness for
blacks and protest unfair laws
• ANC’s efforts had no effect on the white
S.African government
Pan-Africanism
• During the 1920s, the Pan-Africanism movement called
for the unity of Africans and people of African descent
around the world
• During the first Pan-African Congress, delegates asked
world leaders at the Paris Peace Conference following
WWI to approve a charter of rights for Africans
• Their request was ignored
• The members of the negritude movement in West Africa
and the Caribbean protested colonial rule while expressing
pride in African culture
• These movements, however, brought about little real
change
Pan-Africanism
Egypt
• Britain ruled Egypt
• Egyptians suffered greatly during WWI
• Following protests, strikes, and riots, Britain
granted Egypt independence in 1922
• Many Egyptians joined a nationalist movement
called the Muslim Brotherhood that promotes
Islamic nationalism and rejects Western culture
• (Egypt’s current president Morsi is a member of
the Muslim Brotherhood)
Asia Minor
• In Asia Minor, Mustafa Kemal overthrew the Ottoman
ruler and established the republic of Turkey
• Kemal was also known as Ataturk (father of the Turks), his
government promoted industrial expansion by building
factories and railroads
• Inspired by Ataturks successes, Reza Khan overthrew the
shah of Persia
• Khan sought to turn Persia into a modern country
• Khan built factories and railroads
Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk)
Reza Khan
Map of Iran
Asia Minor
• Khan also demanded a bigger portion of profits for Persia
from British-controlled oil companies
• Both leaders pushed aside Islamic traditions, replacing
them with Western alternatives
Pan-Arabism
• Pan-Arabism was a movement based on a shared history
of Arabs living from the Arabian Peninsula to North Africa
• Leaders of Arab nations and territories had hoped to gain
independence after WWI, but felt betrayed when France
and Britain were given control over their lands
• In Palestine, Arab nationalists faced Zionists, or Jewish
nationalists
Balfour Declaration
• To win the support of European Jews, Britain issued the
Balfour Declaration
• The Balfour Declaration supported a national home for the
Jewish people in Palestine
• Arabs felt the declaration favored the Jews
• As a result, an ongoing conflict developed in the Middle
East still witnessed today
Homework
• Watch the following You Tube video “The
Legacy of Apartheid”
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y9WB5
nOnHIY
• Answer the following questions on the next
slide
Video Questions
1. Define “apartheid”
2. Identify the specific laws that discriminated
against blacks in South Africa
3. What was the name of the African political
organization created to combat apartheid and
improve conditions for blacks?
4. Which archbishop fought to end apartheid?
5. In what year did the South African government
reject apartheid?
Powerpoint Questions
6. What did the Africans expect for having supported the
Europeans during World War I?
7. Explain the goal of the Pan-Africanism movement
8. Identify the negritude movement
9. Which leader overthrew the Ottoman ruler and established
the republic of Turkey?
10. What was Pan-Arabism? Explain.
11. What was the British goal of issuing the Balfour
Declaration? Explain.
The End