l To measure the Earth-Sun distance using ob

Pa g e 1 o f 8
"!
#$&%'$&(*)+-,/.102.43658790:.4365<;>="3@?A3@B/;C?>; 5EDF;CGH0@IJA;CH*0@K
LNM/O $&P:QSRT%9$&UV)
,4.40:3@GXJAH0Y587A0[Z3@H\5<79]S+-J^_KA;>G*5<3@^9=X02JGX;C^A`4,BGX0:H\aV3658;C,@^9G,Xb58790
H3@^GX; 5c,6bd0@^9JGbeH,@.f58gh,2iA?C3@=X0@G,/^
W
587A0[Z3@H\5<71? D-;C^A`1,@^[email protected]@H*;>KA;C3@^jAkl5N;CGi,@G"GX;>B?m0Y58,[=X3@?C=XJ?C36580Y5<7A0[ZA3@H\5<79]e+VJ^_K;>G5<3@^9=60bH*,/.
,@BGX0@HTa&3658;C,^G5<3@n:0@^bH*,/.o5<gp,4i?>3@=X0@Gqgp; 5r7_KA; bsb0@H0t^u5c?>,/^A`; 58J9K/[email protected]:.4365<;>=XGq;>Gq.1J=X7_.1,/H*0
K/; bsbe;>=XJA? 5tj
,4J^9K/0@H*G5<3@^K13a-0@HTDFG6;m.4iA?>; b;C0@Ka-0@H*GX;>,/^_B/3@G"0:K4,^58790Yb;CHG5c.40:3@GXJ9H*[email protected]^u5c=X3@H*H;>0@K4,J"5c;C^ uw 587_=X0@^"5<JHTDj
l W
x 70[,/BGX0:H\aV3658;C,@^93@?KA365r3qbH*,@.
yAz9{ gp;C?>?AB02J9GX0tK5<,[`A0|5c3[^AJA.40@H*;C=X3@?H0:G"J? 58} j
W
l
W
~UtU@€‚VQSRTƒV„U-)
k^_,@H*KA0@H-5<,4,[email protected]<7,/K13@=X=X0tG"GX;>BA?C0Y58,[GX0@=X,@^AKA3@H\DFGX="7,@,?G5<JKA0t^u58Gqgp023@GXG"JA.40Y5<7A365t…
l
l
3@}5<705<gp,[,@BAG60@HTa-;C^`1?C,@="3658;C,@^9G6†5<70@;mHiAH*,6‡0@=58;C,/^AG,/^5r7902+-J9^ˆ>GG6JAH\bS3@=60[3@^K5<702=X0@^u5rH02,Xb5<70[ZA3@H\5<7A†
587A0[+-J^_3@^9Kqd0@^AJAG3@H02;C^587A0[[email protected]/?m3@^A0-j
B/}‰587902,@H*BA; 58Gq,6bd0@^J9G3@^AK587A0[Z3@H\5<7_3@H,@JA^AKq5<7A02+VJA^13@H02=X;CH*=XJA?C3@H6j
x +-;>.1i?C020|ŠViA?>3@^A3658;C,@^9G,XbV5<7A0[[email protected]"58;C,@^9G3@H*02`A; a-0@^_BXD‹3
5879H*0:0 ] K/;C.10:^AGX;C,@^93@?.4,/K0:? } j
Œ&P:Ž&<ƒ-‰„‘’)
“v36a-;C^A`4.13@K0Y5<7A023@B,"a&0[[email protected]"5<;>,/^GX†A5<702G5<JAK0@^"5<G^90:0@Kq5<,4n:^,/g”,@^A? D…
jo•2&QS–$&€—VQeR\P:-(VPtƒV„QS$&„Q
7A02GXJA.˜,Xb5<70Y5<7AH*0@023@^9`/?C0@G,Xb’358H*;m3@^`?m020:IJ93@?>G
¡ W
06be;C^; 5<;>,^4,Xb›GX;>^AJAGq3@^K5<3@^`A0@^"5
¡ š
;mH*0@=5ci/H,/i,@HT5<;>,/^G
¡ š
x ,/i"58;C,@^93@?>}
D:5<73@`A,@H*3@G"ˆX5<7A0@,@H*0@.
¡ œ
 jo~UtQS6ƒ-„‰ƒ-€žRTP:&(VP:ƒ-„‰QS$&„Q
0@iA?>0@H*ˆ>G
7A;CH*K1 u3@g
¡ Ÿ
W
06be;C^; 5<;>,^4,Xb›7,H*;>¡",@^u5r3@?Ai3@H3@?C?>36Š
¡ š
•2&QS$&<Rs&(\U¢N$&$&‘$&‘)
l
£
l
¤
JA?C0:H
3@?>="JA?C3658,/H
¥$&Utƒ6P:$&U-)
h ttp ://w w w .v t-2 0 0 4 .o rg /E d u c a tio n /E d u S h e e t3 _ p f.h tm l
"w9™
K0:`H0@0@G@j
Pa g e 2 o f 8
F5<7AH*0@0@]SK/;C.10:^AGX;C,@^93@?.4,/K0:?
|›
+-;>H’ZKA.4,@^9K1“v3@?C?>06D‹GXJ`A`0@G580@[email protected]@;>`A^AG5<,2,BGX0:H\aV0Y58790Y5<H*3@^AG6; 5rG,6bd0@^AJAG;m^ yAz 3@^K y9z{ 3@^9K 0@3@^9]
v;>=X,/?>3@G 0:?C;>G"?>02`A365<70@H*0:K13@?C?"5<7A02H*0@GXJA? 58G’58,/`0|5<70@HX
j 10[gp;C?>?J9GX0Y5<70@GX02,@BAGX0@H\a-365<;>,/^G›5r,4=X3@?C=XJ?C365<0Y587902Z3@HT5<7A]S+-JA^
š
K/;CG583@^9=60[B"D‹32GX;C.1i/?C; bS;>[email protected],@Kbe,@Hƒ M U@$&<%'$&<UƒV„‚Qe–$ U:&€‚$ €ž$&<RT‘RT&„c
j ’BAG60@HTa-0@H*Ggh0:H02?C,@=X3X580@K4&Q
(\&QSRTQS‰‘V$&U&
U *&N
 1
 *<ƒV€
ƒV„$ &„ƒQS–$&N&UƒVU@UtR M (T$V†5<,[;>.1iH,6aV0Y587A023@=X=XJ9H*3@=DF,Xb5r7902=X3@?>=XJA?m365r;m,@^AG/j
!"#$&%')( "+*,"-( /.10 ( 23( #54#&%'"1( 76829,6:876<;=*0 0 ->"?<( 6+?@=A+B?761%C>
7A02GX0@?C0:=*5<0@K1,@BGX0@HTa&;m^`1G6; 5r0@Ggc0@H*02,6bs5<0@^1;>^a-0@H\D—H*0:.4,"5r04i/?C3@=X0@G3@^9Kq‡*,/JAH*^906D-G365v5<7365v5<;m.[0[gh0@H*02K/3@^9`0:H,/JG
B/0@=X3@JG"0[,6b’G58,/H*.1G3@^9K4gp3@HGqB0|5<gp0@0@^1^9365r;m,/^GX†‰3@Ggh3@G5<7A02=X3@G60[;C^5r7902k^9K;>3@^’=X0@3@^_gp7A0:H02ZA^A`?>3/^AK43@^9K
DtH*3@^=X02gc0:H*0YbS;>`7"5<;m^`jk\5N.4JAG*[email protected]/793@G6;m¡60@K587A3655r790 uyz 5rHe3@^GX; 5Ngp3@G5<70qb;>H*Ge5h,/=X=X3@GX;C,@^5<7365c34GX=6;>0@^ 5<; b;C=
EA™ K/; bTbe0:H*0@^u5
[email protected]@;C`^17A3@K1B0:0@^_,/H`/3@^A;>GX0@K1,/^_3@^4;m^"5<0@H*^A365<;>,/^3@?AB3@GX;CG3@^9K4; 5N;C^"aV,@? [email protected],@H0Y5<73^ F
0|ŠVi/0@K; 5<;>,^Gq3@?>?A3@H*,/JA^AK5<702gh,/H*?CKjk*^ uy9z{ †58790:H*02gc0tH0[,@BAG60@HTa-0@H*G365
,/^AK;C=X7A0@H\D‹;>
^ GN3@KH*3@G†‰365c+@5
,.[;C^A`,
œ
š
;>^587AH
0 _0@G5ck^9K;>0@GX†‰365c+-3@!
^ ,@=
G I2K/0@?
3@BA,[;>
^ JV36‡3
3@?C; be,@H*^9;>3/†365N“JKAGX,@^Aˆ>)
G J36D‹;>^
3@^93@K3@†365
3/i/0@065802;C^
¤
¤
¤
œ
3@7A; 58;C†‰365vd3@H*
K K[;>^_ u3@i?C3@^AK†365
36‡3@^90:B,/JAH*`1,/^q5<7A0
,?C3
0@^;m^GXJA?>343@^K_365hk*3@n:,/J 5<GXn2;>^_+V;>B0:H;C3VL
j ? 58,/`/065<7A0@H
¤
W
Ÿ
œ
M ,@BGX0@H\a-0@H*G365 yAy K; b b0@H*0:^u5c?>,/=X365<;>,/^AG@L
587A0:H02gh0:H*0 L
j ?m?"587A0[0<ŠVi0@K; 5<;C,@^9G73/K1K/; bsbe0:H*0@^ 5ciH,/B/[email protected]†GX,/.102,6b
587A0:.fa-0@H\DF=X793@?>?C0@^`A;C^`A†3@^9K5<702H0@G6JA? 58GqK;>KA^ˆ 5c3@?mgp36DVG?C; aV02JAiq5<,406Š&iA0:=*5<365<;>,^
G N
W
OQPR )
Sv
’ RUT <V
v
)|
6
0 58ˆCG=X,/^AG6;mK0:H5rgh,[,/BAG60:HTaV0tHGq,@^5<702Z93@H\587_GX; 58JA36580@K1365ci?>3=60:GW 3@^AKXJ—,@^5<[email protected][?C,@^A`A; 5<JKA0 x .40@H;>K;>3/^A}e†‰B/Ju5
365aV0@H\DFKA; bTb0@H0@^"5c?m365r; 5rJ9K0:G/j d0@^J9G;CGGX0@0@^_3@G32G".[3?>?K;>GX=q,@^5<7A0Ybe3@=X02,6b5<702+VJA^_365v58gh,[K; bTbS0:H*0@^"5Ni,/;>^u58GWˆ
3@^X
K JVˆsj
7A;CG;CGBA0t="3@JAGX0Y5<702?m;>^A0:Gq,6b›GX;C`7 5c,6Y
b
3@^X
K J[5<,@gh3@H*KG’d0@^J9G3@H*0[K; bTbe0@H*0@^"5tj
W
J"5E58;C^A`q5<7A0Y5<gp,4,/BGX0:H\aV3658;C,@^9G5<,@`0658790tH’; 5c;mGi,/GXGX;>B?C05r,4.40@3@GXJAH*0Y5<7A02i3@H3@?C?>36Š‹K;mG6i?C3@[email protected]:^u5ujL-b 580@H
GXJiA0tH;C.1i,@GX;C^`5<705<gp,[+J^_=X0@^"5<H*0:Gq365
†A587A02GX0@i/3@H365<;C,@^_,6bYˆ3@^KJ-ˆ;CG5<704K/;CG583@^A=X02BA0<5<gh0@0@^58790Y58gh,
¤
i/,/GX; 5<;C,@^9G,6bd0@^AJAGq,@BGX0@HTa&0@K1GX;>.4J9? 5<3@^0@,JGX? DbeH,@.Z 3@^9K[Jj
œ
h ttp ://w w w .v t-2 0 0 4 .o rg /E d u c a tio n /E d u S h e e t3 _ p f.h tm l
Pa g e 3 o f 8
klb›gp02,/BG"0tHTaV0Y587A0[.4,6aV0:.10@^"5c,Xbd0:^9JGqKAJH*;m^`5<7020@^ 5<;>H*058H3@^AGX; 5cgc02=X3@^1KH*3@g 5<702?C,@=XJ9G,Xb; 5<Gi,@GX; 5<;>,/^AG
K/J9H*;>^9`q587902=X,@.4iA?C0|5<02,/B/GX0@HTa&365<;m,@^‰jk\b›gp02,@BAG60@HTa-0YbeH,@.
i/?C3@=X0@G
3@^AK[J—gh0[gp;C?>?`A0|5v5<gp,[iA3@H*3@?C?>0@?A?>;C^0@GX†‰,@^90Yb,/H
0:3@=X71iA?>3@="0-j
7A02GX0:i3@H365<;>,/^_,6b587902?C;>^90:Gq;>G’587A0[i3@H*3@?>?m36Š‹K/;CGXi?>3@[email protected]@^"5
j
W
hƒY˜Qeƒ‹€‚$'&U@6$
.-"=( ,-2&"#4-&%'*701.1- "+-297%CB==% >,% *6"1( *>
V&|QS–„ž‘R\U@Qe&„‰P:$
QS–$
W
6
0 58ˆCG=X,/^AG6;mK0:H5r7902i/?m3@^02KA06b;C^0@K1B"D[5r79H*0:02iA,/;>^u5rG/…A587902Z3@HT5<7ˆ>Gq=X0@^ 5<H*0H’†5<702+J^9ˆ>G=60@^ 5<H*0
3@^AKqd’0t^9JGXˆ
¤
=X0:^ 58H*0djk\b5r790Y58gh,[,/BGX0:H\aV0:H*G3@H*02,/^5<70[G"[email protected]:H*;CK;C3@^_365ci?>3@=X0@G
3@^AKXJ-†A587A0:;CH;C.13@`0:Gq,6bd0@^J9G3@H*023"5
i/,/;>^u58W
G ˆA3@^X
K JVˆ/,/^5<70[+VJ^9ˆ>GGXJAHTb3@=X0Vj x =*5<JA3@?C? D25<7A02=X0@^"5<H*0@G,6b5<70[ZA3@HT5r79†d0:^AJAGq3@^K5<70[+VJ^_3@H02^,X5N;C^q5<7A0
[email protected][i/?C3@^0[3/GD-,/J_=63@^_GX0:02;C^587A0[.4,@KA0@? x ?>;C^n }S†‰B/Ju5v587A;>[email protected]"5<;>,^13@?>?m,@ghGJ9G5<,2GX;C.4iA?>; bTD25<7A0
.[365<790:.4365<;>=X3@?AiH*,B/[email protected]}"j
7A0Y5<H*;>3@^9`?>0@G
œ
d
3@^9K[J
œ ¤
7936a-0Y5<702GX3/.40[0|Š@580@H*;>,/H3@^9`?>0@G365
3@^K1G6;m^A=X0Y587902GXJ.
œ
B06583
4 @ " h ttp ://w w w .v t-2 0 0 4 .o rg /E d u c a tio n /E d u S h e e t3 _ p f.h tm l
,6b5r790:;CH3@^A`A?>0@G;CG0@IJA3@?C†
Pa g e 4 o f 8
587A0:H06b,/H*0
" ]
4
]
@ gp7A0@H*0Y5<7A023@^A`?C0
_.40@3@G6J9H*0:G’587902GX0@i/3@H*365<;m,@^1,6b5<70[K; bTbe0@H*0@^"5Ni,@GX; 5<;>,/^AGq,6bd0@^J9G6ˆ>GiA365<74,"a&0@HV5<70be3@=X02,Xb5<70
+-JA^‰j
0@3@HH*3@^9`/;C^9`q587902?>3@G5c0@IJA365<;>,/^_`/; a-0@G
£
xSx
}›] }
0658ˆCG5<3@n:02H
3@G5<7A02Z93@H\587A]S+-JA^_K;>G5<3@^A=X023@^AK4H
d0:^AJAGXˆi/3@He3@?>?C36Š
" xSx H
H
4
J x ?>;C^An
H
†790t^9=X0
}
}›]
_;>G’587902i/3@H3@?C?C36ŠFK;mG6i?C3@[email protected]:^u5r†A5<7A365c;CG5<,[GX36D5<7A0[GX0:i3@H*365<;>,^1,6b587A05rgc,[?>;C^A0@G/j
_02=X3@^_=63@?>=XJ9?>3X580Y5<70[H*365<;>,[H 4 H d0:^9JGq3@^AK4,Xb587A0[Z3@H\5<7_3@H
9 j y
JGX;C^A`
0@i?>0@H*ˆ>G
7;CHK4 3@g 3@Ggc02n:^A,@g
Ÿ
W
K36D-Gq3@^AK E9z M j  M K36DVGH0@G6iA0:=*5<; aV0@?sj
x H
H
}
4
587A0:H06b,/H*0
x A
E z
M j 
H
H
4
587A0:H06b,/H*0
" ^AKqbS;>^A3@?>? D-†‰JG";>^9`5r7902i/3@H3/?>?C36ŠFKA06b;C^; 5r;m,/^
E
x ?C;m^n
H
+-,4gp02^90t0@K5<,YbS;>^AK587A02KA;>G5<3@^="0
,6b5r790Y58H*3@^9GX; 5 j
M
A j y }
587A3655r7902iA0tH;C,@KG,6b’H06a&,@?mJ"5<;C,@^_,6b
jA
E w  w
‰GX;C^A`587A;>GH*0:GXJA? 5c;m^587902GX,@?C3@Hi3@H*3@?m?>36Š‹H*0@?>3X58;C,@^9GX7;Ci†gc02`/065
" xSx H H 4 }›] } -–$
"
4 J x H ]hH 4 }›3@^AK5r7902+-JA^Aˆ>GiA3@H*3@?C?>36Š x ?m;>^An2+VJ^_K06b;>^9; 58;C,@^9}›;CG " 4 " H x H ]›H 4 }"j+-J9BG58; 58J 58;C^A`5r79;>Gq;>^u58,5<70[0@IJ365<;>,^13@B,Xa-02`; a-0@G
" xSx H x H ]hH 4 }S}›] } " H 4 x H ]›H 4 }
k^_i3@HT58;C=XJ?C3@H†gh02=X3@^1`A0|5v5<702GX,/?m3@HiA3@H*3@?>?C36Š
v,65<0Y5879365
4
3@G5<70Yd’0t^9JG"]S+-JA^_K;>G5<3@^A=X0-j
v,/g
4
i/3@H3@?C?>3XŠFK06be;C^; 58;C,@^9}›;CG
587A0[I/JA,65<;>0@^u5
"
™ j
E w  w
x j9
E w  w
]
}
}r†/5<7A02K;CG583@^9=60bH*,/.o5<7A02ZA3@HT58758,q5<702+J^_H
J B/065<3
"
J—B/065<gp0@0:^5<705<gp,[,/BG60@HTa-0@H*Gq3@^AKq5<,4.40:3@GXJAH0
bH,@.
;>G
,@BGX0@H\a-365<;>,/^A3@?KA365<3
ƒ M U@$&<%'&QSRTƒ-„‰Uƒ
k^_,@H*KA0@H-5<,4K/[email protected],/^G5<H*36580279,@g 5<702H0@G6JA? 58Gq3@H*0[=63@?m=6JA?C36580@K†gh02gh;C?>?J9GX0Y587A02,@BAGX0@H\a-365<;C,@^9G,6b5<7A0 y9z{ [email protected]@;C`/^
i/J9B/?C;CGX7A0@K4;>
^ “;>G5<,@H\D‹,XY
b G58H*,/^A,/.DhB"Dj 3@^A^A0:n@,@0@n-jA“v;CGB,,@n2GX7,/gpGK/H*3@gc;>^A`AG3@^AK583@B?C0:Gqgp; 5r75<7A0
œ
=X,@^ 583@=5v5<;>.10@GH*0@=X,/HK/0@K4365a&3H*;>,/JAGq?>,/=X3658;C,@^AG;m^ yAz 3@^K y9z{ j
_02gp;C?C?JAGX0Y5<7A0 yAzA{ ,/BG"0tHTaV3658;C,@^AG,"bVd3@HK K
x 3@i?m3@^K}›3@^9K
3@i0@0|5<0 x 3@79; 5<;>}‰b,/HV5<702KA0:.4,/^AG5<H*365<;>,/^‰j
œ
W
h ttp ://w w w .v t-2 0 0 4 .o rg /E d u c a tio n /E d u S h e e t3 _ p f.h tm l
Pa g e 5 o f 8
F6="9( 6 ( 681*&=( ( *"6*7+#*
=( "+( +
W
hRTU@QS&„P:$
M $&Q _
$&$'„—ƒ M U@$&|%9$'6U&Q›V(T&P:$&U~
&„‘‹Œ
7A02K;CG583@^9=60) ‹
J =X3@^_B0[K/0@KJA=60@KbH,/.o5<702?C3658; 5<JAK0:Gq,6b5<70Y5<gh,[,/B/GX0@HTa&;m^`_i/?C3@=X0@G/j/k^5r7902KA;>3@`H*[email protected]†
3@H*05r7902?>365<; 5<JAK0@G,Xb
3@^9K[JV†3@^AK
£
;CG5<7A02H*3@KA;>JAG,"b587902Z3@HT5<7j
k^587A0[H*;C`/7u5c3@^A`?>0@K5<H*;>3@^9`?>0Y5<7A365cK; a-;>KA0@G5<702;CGX,/GX=X0:?C0@G5<H*;>3@^9`/?C0
x
GX;>^ xSx
}  }
@ h ttp ://w w w .v t-2 0 0 4 .o rg /E d u c a tio n /E d u S h e e t3 _ p f.h tm l
J£ J
 }
£
@
3@^K
Pa g e 6 o f 8
7A0@^587902K/;CG5<3@^A=60) F
J ;mG
W
J

xSx
GX;C^
£
@ }
 }
J-02=X3@H06bJA? N&k\bBA,X587_=6; 5r;m0tG3@H*02;C^5<70[G"[email protected]@.4;>GXiA7A0:H*0@†A5879023@^`A?>02;CG
x
GX; 5<J365<;>,/^_=X73@^9`/0@Gq; b587A0[=6; 5r;m0tG3@H*02,@^_K; bTb0@H*0@^ 5c?C,@^9`/; 5<JAK0:G/j
_02JGX02,BGX0:H\aV3658;C,@^9GbeH*,@. uyAz9{ †‰;>^_i3@HT5<;>=XJA?>3@Hd3@HK [
K 3@^AK
587A0[.4;>KA^;C`A7"5c+-J9^_gp3@GaV;>GX;CB?>0[365vd3@HK K
W
d3@HK K
3@^AK
x 3@iA?C3@^KA}›3@^AK
"yE  ˆ/+’j
œ
3@i0@0|5<0
x
W
7A0@^587902`/0@,/.10|5<H\D‹,6b587A0[iH*,@BA?>0@.˜="73@^9`/0@G3@^AK5<70[^0@g”3@^`?m0
xr{™ ]
{A™
}
3@^K1J9G6;>^9`5r7902H3@K;>J9G,XbV5<7A02ZA3@HT587
£
z 9
E yAw
J

@
}

3@^AK13@?CGX,587902`/0@,/.10|5<H*;>=X3@?
x .10:H*;CKA;>3@^A}›3@^9Kq58790:;CH?m365<; 5<JK0@G3@H0
ž58,[=X,/^AG6;mK/0@H;mG
 y1 ˆ
n:.1†gh02=X3@?C=XJ?C36580
 }
9 
GX;C^ x
£
]
3@7A; 5<;Agp7A;>=X7_gh0:H02;C^587A0Ya-;CGX;>BA?C023@H*0@3Vj v
,X580Y5<7A365
W
3@79; 5<;>}p3@H02365v587A0[[email protected]?C,@^9`/; 58J9K0
@
h ttp ://w w w .v t-2 0 0 4 .o rg /E d u c a tio n /E d u S h e e t3 _ p f.h tm l
M
n@.
y9™
 ˆ
Pa g e 7 o f 8
hRTU@QS&„P:$
*.? *7( 63*#"
- "/:.( 9( 768 ,-*7=( ( "?,
M $&Q 1
$&$&„—Q _
ƒFƒ M U:$&<%'$&‘—V&Qr–Uƒ
k^ub,@+V7A0@065
2 % %C( 62 7% *-( 6
$&„‰U
k^_,@H*KA0@H-5<,4=X3@?>=6J9?>3X580
4B"D‹K;>H0@=*5N.40@3@[email protected]:^u5<†gc02.10t3@GXJ9H*0Y587902K;>[email protected]@H,"b587902+-J9^
†‰3@^K5<70
š
GX0:i3@H*365<;>,^1,6b587A05rgc,[i/365<7AG
9†5r79365h;CG’58,4G636D ˆCJVˆ>†,/^_32KH3@gp;C^A`4,/H3[iA7,65<,/`H*3@i7j
7A0[3@^`J9?>3@H’K/;[email protected]@H,Xb
W
587A0[+-J^9†GX0@0@^bH,/.o5r7902ZA3@H\5<7_;>G E™ ˆ x .1;>^AJ 5<0:Gq,6b’3@H=q,@H E™zA™ } j
J:D‹.10:3@^AG,"bG";>.1i?>02iAH*,/i/,H\5<;>,/^A†58790
GX0:i3@H*365<;>,^1,6b587A0[i36587AG;mG?C;>^An:0@K58,5<70[+VJ^9ˆ>GK;>3.[065<0:H’BXD
<E™ ˆ ˆ'J-ˆ š
587A0:H06b,/H*0
x A
E ™ ˆ>} x ˆCJVˆ
š
}
B/Ju5v587A0b,/H*.1J?m32H*0@I/J9;>H*0@G›5r7902+-JA^Aˆ>G3@^9`JA?C3@HK;>[email protected]<0tH58,[BA0206Š-iH0tGXGX0@K1;C^_H*3@K/;C3@^9G/j
7A0@H0<bS,@H*0
W
x EA™
"™9wA™A™ } x ˆCJVˆ }
x
LEAzA™ } x ˆCJVˆ } š
š
h ttp ://w w w .v t-2 0 0 4 .o rg /E d u c a tio n /E d u S h e e t3 _ p f.h tm l
Pa g e 8 o f 8
GN0t3@G"JAH*;C^A`4KA;>H*0@=5<? D25<7A02K;>Ge583@^9=60[B/065<gp0@0:^5<702G5<H*3@;m`/7
,@^587A02KAH*3@gp;m^`1;CG
š
y9™
.4.1†/5<7A0@H*06b,H*0:†
x Ez9™ } x j
5N?>;C^0@G
MyA™
}
E
3@^9K
†gc02`0|5
™ j ™™9™‰ {
j
M
.[.
3@^AKq5<7A02K;[email protected]|5<0@H
H3@K;C3@^AG
klb›gp02.10@3@GXJH*0
_K/;CH0:=e5r? D&†‰gp0[;C^"5<H,@KJ="0[3@^40@HH*,/HB0:="3@JGX02; 5c;>Gq^,"5c0:3@G*D[5<,[.10t3@GXJ9H*0Y587902GX0@i/3@H*365<;m,@^1,6b5<70
58gp,[?m;>^A0@G/j+@58JAK0@^"5<Ggh7A,[n@^A,/g
D:58793@`,@H*3@GXˆ
7A0:,/H0:.
=63@^_JAG60[3[.1,@H*023@=X=XJAH36580[.[065<7A,/K x 3[.4,/H023@=X=XJH*365<0
œ
W
.[065<7A,/Kb,/H.40@3@GXJH;C^`
4;>Gq`; a-0@^1;>^5<7A0 i/iA0@^KA; Š }"j
‰GX;C^A`587A0[G6,@?m3@HiA3@H*3@?C?>36Š‹gh027A36a-0
3@^K1J9G6;>^9`5r790
" i/3@H3@?C?>3XŠbS,@H*.1JA?>3 †5<70[K;CG583@^A=X0YbeH*,/.o5<70[Z3/HT5r758,5<7A02+VJA^_H
‰GX;C^A`587A0[K/365<3YbeH,@.f587A0
yAz9{
J H
B/065<3
"
u™
LMAy
B/065 5<0@HH*0@GXJ? 58GqJAGX;C^`_.[,H*023@=X=XJAH365802.40@3@GXJ9H*0:.10@^"5<G,Xb
j
n:.
5879365v587A;>G›a&3@?mJ02,Xb’ZA3@HT5<7]r+-JA^_K;>G5<3@^A=X02;>G=6JAH*H0@^"5<? D‹H
A}
;>G
0|ŠVi0:K; 58;C,@^9Ggp04=63@^1="3@?>=XJA?>365<05r790Ya-3@?CJA0[,6b›H
H
kl5c;mGgp0@?C?n:^A,/g
™ j
E w  w
x ?>;C^n
{ jz
™
n:.žjAkl5N;CGi,/GXGX;>B?m0Y58,[`065
3[.4,/H023@=X=XJAH365r0[.4065879,@KqbS,@H.10:3@GXJAH;>^A`
!"#%$&')(+*!,-()./)#)'01'1'*2354764'98:";0<%;*>=>'79?@ACB"*>DE'"1'F?@1'6C*
,(+'G?@#>(<>("0'$H*2I@1'HJ%'K@LM'K7*2=)#%/DN=)#%PORQ0I@I@QS
™ M A
T
?>[email protected],/K/; b;m0@K…  ™9™
™
ZA
+ ZKAJ=X365<;>,/^
JAB?C;>=
0@?>365<;>,/^G
0@[email protected]@^u5
œ
£
š
w U 3@H*="7A;C^`A†
3/H?C]S+-=X7gc3@H*¡XGX=679;>?CKA]e+@5rH3@GXG"0  †
] w
MAy Ÿ
š
U
0:H*.13@^ D
h ttp ://w w w .v t-2 0 0 4 .o rg /E d u c a tio n /E d u S h e e t3 _ p f.h tm l