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Obesity Research & Clinical Practice (2012) 6, e121—e127
Appetite after rope skipping may differ between
males and females
Hiroshi Kawano a,∗, Fumiya Motegi b, Takafumi Ando c, Yuko Gando a,
Mayuko Mineta c, Shigeharu Numao a, Masashi Miyashita a,
Shizuo Sakamoto a, Mitsuru Higuchi a
a
Faculty of Sport and Sciences, Waseda University, Japan
College of Sport and Sciences, Waseda University, Japan
c Graduate School of Sport and Sciences, Waseda University, Japan
b
Received 1 April 2011 ; received in revised form 30 June 2011; accepted 4 July 2011
KEYWORDS
Rope skipping exercise;
Gender;
Hunger
∗
Summary
Background: When previously sedentary males and females follow the same exercise
training programs with ad libitum feeding, males reduced body mass, but females
do not, which suggests that females may increase appetite in response to exercise
training compared with males. Rope skipping is traditional exercise modality that
everyone had experienced during elementary school years in Japan. The purpose
of this study was to determine whether there is a sex difference on appetite after
acute rope skipping exercise.
Methods and results: Thirteen healthy young males (22.5 ± 0.8 years,
172.2 ± 1.7 cm, 68.8 ± 2.3 kg, 18.4 ± 0.9%) and 13 females (22.9 ± 0.8 years,
160.6 ± 1.5 cm, 52.9 ± 1.6 kg, 25.0 ± 1.0%) participated in this study. Subjects
consumed their lunch by 13:00, and performed a total of 20 min rope skipping
exercise (2 sets × 10 min with 5 min interval) from 16:00. In females, appetite
significantly increased from immediately after the exercise to 30 min after the
exercise (from 13 mm to 30 mm), but remained unchanged in males. Although heart
rate, ratings of perceived exertion, and lactate concentrations increased from
baseline to immediately after exercise, there were no differences in the increase
between males and females. Blood glucose concentrations at baseline and 30 min
after exercise were higher in females than in males.
Conclusion: These results indicated that rope skipping exercise induces an increase
in appetite in females, but not in males. This increased appetite in females after the
rope skipping exercise was induced without change in blood glucose concentrations.
© 2011 Asian Oceanian Association for the Study of Obesity. Published by Elsevier
Ltd. All rights reserved.
Corresponding author at: 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan. Tel.: +81 4 2947 6833; fax: +81 4 2947 6833.
E-mail address: [email protected] (H. Kawano).
1871-403X/$ — see front matter © 2011 Asian Oceanian Association for the Study of Obesity. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.orcp.2011.07.003
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e122
Introduction
Body mass is regulated by a balance between food
intake and energy expenditure [1]. Recently, in
developed countries, a prevalence of obesity in
adult humans is increasing, which is caused by
energy unbalance (i.e., both physical inactivity and
excessive eating).
Habitual exercise or physical activity is widely
recognized as playing an important role in weight
management. However, although an acute bout of
exercise is an effective treatment tool of increasing
energy expenditure, and it may, paradoxically, lead
to a short-term hunger suppression [2—7], chronic
exercise or increase in physical activity alone (i.e.,
no restriction of energy intake) tend to be ineffective in causing weight reduction [8], which
may be induced by exercise-related increased
appetite. With regard to exercise-induced body
mass reduction, both the reporting of weight reduction as mean values and the failure to differentiate
between males and females distort the exerciseinduced body mass reduction effect. For example,
Donnelly et al. [9] have reported that although
supervised aerobic exercise 5 days/week for 16month reduced body mass in males who are ad
libitum, females did not demonstrate change in
body mass with this exercise program. These data
suggest that when increasing physical activity,
males do not sufficiently increase energy intake
to balance their new higher energy expenditure.
In contrast, females more precisely match energy
intake with energy expenditure and therefore maintain body mass, which suggest that females may
increase appetite response to exercise compared
with males. However, it is unclear that whether this
sex difference in appetite in response to aerobic
exercise is immediately affected.
Rope skipping is traditional exercise modality
that everyone who had experienced in Japanese
school program. Previous studies have reported
that oxygen consumption during rope skipping was
reached more than 70% of maximal oxygen consumption [10,11], suggesting that rope skipping
is a relatively high-intensity aerobic exercise. In
addition, although walking or jogging, be needed
safety course and road, must perform in wider field,
rope skipping can be performed in field area less
than walking and jogging. Moreover, to play rope
skipping, it does not need to use too expensive
technical machine, and it does only need a jump
rope. These suggest that if there is a jump rope,
everyone can play relatively high-intensity aerobic
exercise at every time. However, it has never been
reported the effect of acute rope skipping exercise
on appetite in males and females.
H. Kawano et al.
Accordingly, we hypothesized that, compared
with males, females would keep and enhance their
appetite after acute rope skipping exercise, when
characteristics of rope skipping is similar aerobic
and endurance exercise such as jogging or bicycle
exercise. The purpose of this study was to determine whether appetite after acute rope skipping
exercise is different between males and females.
Methods
Subjects
Thirteen healthy young males (22.5 ± 0.8 years,
172.2 ± 1.7 cm, 68.8 ± 2.3 kg, 18.4 ± 0.9%) and
13 females (22.9 ± 0.8 years, 160.6 ± 1.5 cm,
52.9 ± 1.6 kg, 25.0 ± 1.0%) participated in this
study. All subjects gave their written, informed consent to participate in this study. All procedures were
reviewed and approved by the Human Research
Committee of Waseda University.
Procedure
Measurements in each subject were carried out
in a day. In the morning, subjects were examined physical fitness parameters such as handgrip
strength, and 3-min walk. At 3-h after lunch, they
were determined body mass, blood glucose and lactate concentrations, heart rate (HR) at the standing
position, ratings of perceived exertion and hunger
assessed by questionnaire. The subjects then performed the rope skipping test.
Physical fitness tests
Handgrip strength
Handgrip strength was measured with a handheld
dynamometer (Grip-D; Takei Instruments, Niigata,
Japan), with the subject standing and the arms
extended by their sides [12]. The subjects then
gripped the dynamometer as strongly as possible
for 3 s without pressing the instrument against their
body or bending at the elbow, and values (in kg)
were recorded as the averages of two trials for each
arm. The 2 values for the right and left arms were
averaged to obtain the value of handgrip strength.
3-min walk
To determine endurance fitness of each subject,
the 3-min walk was measured by using 20 m straight
course. All subjects were instructed to walk at the
13 of ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). From
distance (m) covered by this 3-min walk, maximal
oxygen consumption (VO2max ) in each subject was
Author's personal copy
Rope skipping and appetite
estimated by using equation reported by Cao et al.
[13].
Rope skipping test
Protocol
All subjects were instructed to avoid exercise
except for physical fitness tests in the testing day.
Subjects were performed two, 10 min rope skipping
exercise at a rate of 120 min−1 separated by an
interval of 5 min. Before first bout of exercise, and
immediately and 30 min after second bout of exercise, blood glucose and lactate, heart rate, and RPE
and hunger assessed by questionnaire were measured. In addition, RPE, heart rate and hunger were
also determined between first and second bouts of
exercise.
Glucose and lactate concentrations
To measure glucose and lactate concentrations,
capillary blood was taken by pricking a third
or fourth fingertip with a lancet (BD Microtainer
Contact-Activated Lancet, Becton Dickinson Co.
Ltd. Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). The first drop of
capillary blood was discarded. Blood glucose and
lactate concentrations were measured by OneTouch ASYST (LIFESCAN Inc., Milpitas, CA, USA) [14]
and Lactate Pro (ARKRAY Inc., Kyoto, Japan) [15],
respectively. Blood samples were collected before,
immediately and 30 min after rope skipping exercise.
Heart rate
HR was determined by using manipulation method
by their self for 20 s in each subject, and following
evaluated per minute. HR was measured before, at
immediately after the first bout of rope skipping
exercise, at immediately and at 30 min after the
second bout of rope skipping exercise.
Hunger
At the beginning of rope skipping exercise, subjects
rated how hungry they felt using a 10 cm visualanalog scale (VAS) that ranged from left edge ‘‘not
hunger’’ to right edge ‘‘very hunger’’ [16]. Hunger
scales were recorded before the first bout of rope
skipping exercise, at interval periods, immediately
and 30 min after the second bout of rope skipping
exercise.
Statistics
Changes were assessed by two-way analysis of
variance (sex × time) with repeated measures. In
the case of significant F-values, a post hoc test
(Newman—Keuls Method) was used to identify significant differences among mean values. Gender
e123
Table 1 Comparisons of subject’s characteristics
between male and female.
N
Age (years)
Height, cm
Body mass (kg)
Body fat (%)
Body mass index
(kg/m2 )
Handgrip strength
(kg)
3-min walk distance
(m)
Estimated VO2max
(mL/kg/min)
Males
Females
13
22.5 ± 0.8
172.2 ± 1.7
68.8 ± 2.3
18.4 ± 0.9
20.5 ± 0.5
13
22.8 ± 0.8
160.8 ± 1.6*
53.1 ± 1.8*
24.8 ± 1.1*
23.1 ± 0.5*
48.5 ± 1.5
29.3 ± 1.2*
347 ± 11
333 ± 7
42.7 ± 1.0
33.8 ± 0.7*
Data are means ± SEM, N: no. of subjects, and VO2max : maximal oxygen consumption.
Menstrual cycle, luteal phase (N = 7), follicular phase (N = 4),
and menstrual disorder (N = 2).
* Significant at P < 0.05 vs. male.
differences in various variables were analyzed using
the unpaired t-test. Relations of interest were
identified by univariate correlation and regressional analyses. All data are presented as the
means ± SEM. Statistical significance was set at
P < 0.05 for all comparisons.
Results
Table 1 shows the comparison of subject characteristics between males and females. In males,
height, body mass, handgrip strength, and estimated VO2max were higher, and percentage of body
fat and body mass index were lower, as compared
with females (all P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in age and 3-min walk distance
between males and females.
Table 2 shows HR, RPE, glucose, and lactate concentrations in response to rope skipping exercise.
Although, the interactions between group and time
were not significant for HR, RPE, glucose and lactate concentrations, there were significant effects
of time for HR, RPE, and lactate concentrations
(all P < 0.0001). These parameters increased during
rope skipping and at immediately after rope skipping exercise, and returned to baseline at 30 min
after rope skipping exercise.
Table 3 shows appetite and desires to eat sweet
foods, salty foods, fatty foods and sour foods in
response to rope skipping exercise, and Table 4
shows the appetite in response to rope skipping
exercise of each subject. There were no significant
interactions for all parameter (Table 3). However,
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e124
Table 2
H. Kawano et al.
Heart rate, RPE, blood glucose, and blood lactate in response to rope skipping.
Before
Interval
Immediately
after
30 min
after
Group
effect
Time
effect
Interaction
80 ± 3
84 ± 4
153 ± 4
145 ± 5
160 ± 4
158 ± 5
98 ± 5
91 ± 5
NS
P < 0.0001
NS
Heart rate
(bpm)
Males
Females
RPE (arbitrary
unit)
Males
8.4 ± 0.5 17.4 ± 0.4 17.9 ± 0.4
Females 7.9 ± 0.4 16.9 ± 0.4 17.5 ± 0.5
10.5 ± 0.5
9.8 ± 0.5
NS
P < 0.0001
NS
Glucose
(mmol/L)
Males
5.3 ± 0.1 —
Females 5.9 ± 0.1 —
5.5 ± 0.2
5.3 ± 0.2
5.0 ± 1
5.7 ± 0.2
NS
NS
NS
Lactate
(mmol/L)
Males
1.9 ± 0.2 —
Females 1.9 ± 0.2 —
7.1 ± 1.0
7.6 ± 0.9
2.7 ± 0.3
2.9 ± 0.4
NS
P < 0.0001
NS
Interaction
Data are means ± SEM; RPE: ratings of perceived exertion.
Table 3
Food cravings in response to rope skipping.
Before
Interval
Immedietly 30 min
after
after
Group
effect
Time
effect
Appetite (mm)
Males
Females
29 ± 8
18 ± 4
22 ± 5
14 ± 6
21 ± 6
14 ± 5
29 ± 8
32 ± 6
NS
P < 0.0001 NS
Desire to eat sweet
foods (mm)
Males
Females
32 ± 6
23 ± 7
22 ± 5
13 ± 5
20 ± 6
17 ± 6
32 ± 8
26 ± 6
NS
P < 0.01
NS
Desire to eat salty
foods (mm)
Males
Females
25 ± 5
21 ± 5
24 ± 8
16 ± 7
19 ± 7
17 ± 6
22 ± 6
28 ± 6
NS
NS
NS
Desire to eat fatty
foods (mm)
Males
Females
14 ± 4
6±2
12 ± 4
2±1
11 ± 6
2±1
12 ± 5
5±2
NS
NS
NS
Desire to eat sour
foods (mm)
Males
Females
31 ± 8
28 ± 7
39 ± 7
23 ± 8
37 ± 9
30 ± 7
48 ± 9
41 ± 7
NS
P < 0.01
NS
Data are means ± SEM.
Discussion
The present study was the first to show that effect
of acute rope skipping exercise on appetite in young
males and females. The main finding of this study
was that the change in appetite after rope skipping exercise augments in females compared with
males. This result may support the previous findings that when sedentary males and females follow
the same exercise training programs with ad labium
feeding, males lose body mass and fat mass, but
females do not [9]. Given these results, it may be
necessary to care diet for weight reduction through
exercise program in females.
Lactate concentration is one of parameters
to objectively evaluate exercise intensity. In the
*
20
ΔVAS hunger rating (mm)
there were significant effects of time for appetite
and desire to eat sweet foods and sour foods (all
P < 0.05). In addition, the magnitude of change
in VAS hunger ratings in females increased 30 min
after rope skipping exercise compared with interval
period and immediately after rope skipping exercise (P < 0.05), but unchanged it in males (Fig. 1).
There were no significant relationships between
hunger and RPE, glucose or lactate concentrations.
Group effect; NS
Time effect; P<0.0001
Interaction; P<0.05
*
Males
Females
10
0
–10
Rope skipping Rope skipping
10 min
10 min
–20
Pre
Interval
Post
Post 30min
Time
Figure 1 The amount of change in visual-analog scale
hunger rating in males (䊉) and females (). Data are
mean ± SEM.
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Rope skipping and appetite
Table 4
e125
Appetite in response to rope skipping in each subject.
Males
Sub1
Sub2
Sub3
Sub4
Sub5
Sub6
Sub7
Sub8
Sub9
Sub10
Sub11
Sub12
Sub13
Females
Sub14
Sub15
Sub16
Sub17
Sub18
Sub19
Sub20
Sub21
Sub22
Sub23
Sub24
Sub25
Sub26
Before
Interval
Immediately after
30 min after
40
10
18
12
16
6
65
10
79
6
10
92
15
48
2
1
9
19
32
45
21
42
7
0
50
14
50
2
0
9
23
2
35
7
65
9
0
54
15
68
8
31
30
17
5
60
6
62
7
0
73
8
20
6
17
8
39
3
19
3
28
8
37
0
50
0
13
23
0
8
4
7
3
0
0
62
11
51
0
16
5
14
7
3
6
0
0
8
60
31
33
10
39
31
47
23
28
12
17
9
31
75
34
61
Unit is mm.
present study, there was a large variation in
values obtained for lactate concentrations in
both genders (males: 1.7—15.0 mmol/L, females:
2.2—13.2 mmol/L). Similarly, there was a large variation in values obtained for RPE in both genders
(males: 14—20, females: 13—20). Considering that
the acute effects of exercise on appetite or satiety sensation depends on the intensity of exercise
[17,18], it is speculated the significant association
between lactate concentrations and appetite at
immediately after rope skipping exercise. However,
our results indicated that the increase in lactate
concentrations with exercise was not significantly
related with appetite enhancement observed after
30 min rope skipping exercise, and there were no
differences in change in lactate concentrations
between males and females. Therefore, our results
suggest that in the case of rope skipping exercise,
increase in appetite after exercise may not depend
on exercise intensity. Furthermore, we speculate
idea that intense pumping with rope skipping may
affect the exercise intensity-mediated change in
appetite.
We found that appetite in females increased at
30 min after rope skipping exercise, as compared
with at the interval and immediately after rope
skipping exercise. Generally, it is thought that the
appetite or satiety is affected by glucose changed
at fasting or feeding via appetite-related hormones
such ghrelin [19,20]. Although we did not measure insulin and free fatty acid concentrations, at
least, trend of glucose was not linked with change
if appetite with rope skipping exercise, in particular, at 30 min after rope skipping exercise. This
suggests that an increased appetite at post rope
skipping exercise in females may be independent
from glucose concentrations.
Several hormones play an important role
of appetite regulations in the short-term; for
example, ghrelin, cholecystokinin, peptide YY,
glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), or pancreatic
polypeptide [21]. Although these hormones were
not measured in the present study, in the previous studies focusing on effects of acute exercise
on appetite regulating hormones [4,17,19,22—24],
it is reported that exercise-induced increase or
Author's personal copy
e126
decrease in appetite was related with the changes
in ghrelin, cholecystokinin, peptide YY, GLP-1,
and pancreatic polypeptide. Moreover, we speculate that the increase in appetite at 30 min
after rope skipping exercise in females observed
in the present study may also affected by
these appetite-associated hormones. Stensel has
described in the previous review that a possible explanation in detail for sex difference of
appetite after rope skipping exercise may be
the necessity for females to maintain sufficient
body mass or fat stores for reproductive success [25]. Hagobian et al. observed compensatory
increases in acylated ghrelin in females but not
males after 4 days of exercise training designed
to induce an energy deficit [26]. Differences in
the insulin response to a meal tolerance test
after 4 consecutive days of exercise training were
also observed between male subjects and female
subjects indicating a tendency for lower circulating concentrations of insulin in female subjects
[26]. In another study, 12 weeks of exercise
training lowered leptin concentrations in females
but not males [27]. These differences observed
in previous studies [26,27] suggest that a tendency for appetite to be stimulated by exercise
in females in contrast with males. Thereby, we
speculate that compared with males, females
may be more sensitive to energy deficit induced
by exercise for maintaining body mass and/or
body fat. Nonetheless, because it have never
been determined these appetite-associated hormones during or after rope skipping exercise, the
results of the present study must be confirmed in
future prospective exercise study focusing on these
hormones.
Although some studies reported that hunger is
suppressed during and at immediately after exercise [4,19,22,23], we found no reduction in hunger
during and at immediately after rope skipping
exercise. To simulate realistic condition in daily
living, exercise in the present study was performed at 3-h after lunch. Several studies have
carried out exercise at morning with 12-h fasting [4,17,19,22,24,28]. Although this experimental
procedure as a 12-h fasting, is valid and useful to
focus on the decrease in appetite with acute exercise, it is thought that many people do not exercises
in the morning with fasting in daily living. Therefore, rope skipping exercise in the present study
was proposed and carried out at afternoon, simulating the time after business or during tea break.
From these, we think significance of this study that
sex difference in appetite in response to exercise
presented under the realistic condition by using
rope skipping exercise.
H. Kawano et al.
Study limitation
The reader should be aware of one limitation associated with the present study. Because our study
was small sample size, the present finding should
be confirmed by further study using larger sample
size. Nevertheless, we cannot deny the possibility
that the appetite in females increase after acute
exercise.
Conclusion
The present study was designed to elucidate the
sex different effects of acute exercise on appetite
by using rope skipping. As a result, we found
that appetite ratings at 30 min after rope skipping
exercise in females were higher than immediately
after rope skipping exercise, but not in males.
Furthermore, this increased appetite in females
after the rope skipping exercise was induced without change in blood glucose concentrations. These
results support thought that for body mass control,
a combination of exercise and diet may be effective in successful body mass control, particularly in
females.
Acknowledgment
We specially thank all subjects in the present study.
This study was supported by Grants-in-Aid for global
COE program ‘‘Sport Sciences for the promotion of
Active Life’’ from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan.
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