8/17/2010
Who Cares About Insects?

Pollination (squash, cucumbers, and citrus)
 Roughly
INTRODUCTION TO
ENTOMOLOGY
STACEY BEALMEAR
Extension Agent, Urban Horticulture
Yuma County
1/3 possible due to insect pollinators

Decomposition (nutrient recycling)

Insect product (silk, honey, shellac)

Food for humans and other animals

Detrimental (diseases, damage goods…)
The Most Diverse Group
Tree of life
How do insects fit?
http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/biodiversity/chart1.jpg
http://byunews.byu.edu/releases/archive04/Nov/crandall/crandall1-h.jpg
Insect Classification
Insect Relatives-Uniramia

Chilapoda- Centipedes



One pair legs/body segment
15-181 pairs of legs
Diplopoda- Millepedes
http://www.richard-seaman.com/Wallpaper/Nature/Horrors/HouseCentipede.jpg
Two pair legs/body segment
 375 pairs of legs

http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/arthropod_chart.gif
http://bitsandpieces1.blogspot.com/2005/10/i-dont-thinks-thats-eyebrow.html
http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/780/20362904.JPG
1
8/17/2010
Insect Relatives-Chelicerata








Acari-ticks
Xiphosura-horseshoe crab
Opiliones-daddy long legs
A
Araneae-spiders
id
Uropygi-wipe scorpion
Solifugae-wind scorpion
Pseudo-scorpiones
Scorpiones-scorpion
Insect Relatives-Crustacea





Lobster
Crab
Shrimp
Pill Bug
B
Cray Fish
http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1391/537477396_2c0861d1b5.jpg
http://www.wide-eyed.org/images/articles/daddylonglegcloseup.jpg
http://www.geocities.jp/ideryusei/crayfishDM_468x346.jpg
http://www.blue-crab.info/images/blue-crabs.jpg
http://www.shrimp.vn/images/Fresh_Water_Shrimp_From_Vietnam.jpg
http://sciencecastle.com/sc/app/webroot/img/userexperiments/1521.jpg
http://kodiak.asap.um.maine.edu/lobster.jpg
Insect Classification
Insect Classification

Kingdom = Animalia
Phylum = Arthropoda
Class = Insecta
(Hexapoda)
Order =


~30 orders
Grouped
p byy similarities
Morphology and DNA
http://web.pdx.edu/~stul/images/insectdiversitysmall.gif
http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/arthropod_chart.gif
http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/jcabbott/abbottlab/images/website.jpg
Insect Classification
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Nymphalidae8.jpg
Insect Anatomy and Metamorphosis
Kingdom = Animalia
Phylum = Arthropoda
Class = Insecta
O d = Lepidoptera
Order
L id
Family = Nymphalidae
Genus = Aglais
Species = urticae
http://imagecache2.allposters.com/images/pic/SOM/01-P52~Insect-Metamorphosis-Posters.jpg
http://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/nymphalids/uk8.htm
2
8/17/2010
Insect Anatomy
Insect Anatomy

Legs
Important for identification
Always connected from
thorax


All Insects Have:
3 Body Segments
3 Pairs of Legs
1 Pair of Antenna
http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/Entomology/images/Topics/extMorphology/leg_master.gif
http://web.localnature.com/articles/backyardnature/pics/insectDesign/cockroch.jpg
http://www.backyardnature.net/in_order.htm
Insect Anatomy

Insect Anatomy
Antennae

Sensory organ
 Helps with identification

Wings
None, one or two sets
Outgrowths of the exoskeleton
 Found on the thorax
 Important for
identification


http://www.cynical-c.com/archives/bloggraphics/aedes.jpg
http://www.news.wisc.edu/newsphotos/images/fruit_fly_mont-droso04.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/200px-Ant_SEM.jpg
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=63162&rendTypeId=4
Copyright
© 2007 L. Shyamal, license cc-by-SA 2.5
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Maybug.jpg
Insect Anatomy

Mouth Parts

Important for identification
Used to capture, manipulate
and chew food

Insect Internal Anatomy
Chewing
Mouthparts

Circulatory system
moves nutrients, salts,
hormones, and
metabolic wastes


http://z.about.com/d/insects/1/0/A/0/-/-/mouthparts.jpg


Open circulatory system
I
Insect
t blood
bl d
(Hemolymph) does not
deliver oxygen
Digestive system
extracts nutrients and
other substances from
the food
Nervous system is a
network of specialized
"information highway“
Side view of body showing relative position of
circulatory (yellow), digestive (green), and
nervous (blue) systems.
http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/mastergardener/mg0012.htm
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8/17/2010
Metamorphosis
(What is it?)
Insect Internal Anatomy

http://www.earthlife.net/insects/images/anatomy/trachea-ts.gif

Respiration:
Oxygen is
delivered
through a
group of
internal tubes



Grow by molting
Juvenile to Adult
Hard outer shell (Exoskeleton)
No veins or
arteries
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Actias_selene_5th_instar_spiracles_sjh.jpg/8
00px-Actias_selene_5th_instar_spiracles_sjh.jpg
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=93289&rendTypeId=4
http://www.earthlife.net/insects/anatomy.html
Holometabolism
Hemimetabolism


Incomplete Metamorphosis
Complete Metamorphosis
~5 larval instar
Do not resemble adults
 Lack wings

~Five nymphal instar
 Resemble adults
 Lack wings


http://www.saburchill.com/ans02/chapters/chap048.html
Metamorphosis

http://www.saburchill.com/ans02/chapters/chap047.html
Insect Orders
Most go through complete metamorphosis
http://web.pdx.edu/~stul/images/insectdiversitysmall.gif
Matthew C. Wilson
4
8/17/2010
Coleoptera-Beetles

Coleoptera-Beetles
Over 600,000 species have been identified
Complete metamorphosis
Chewing mouthparts
Two pairs of wings





One hardened (elytra)
One soft
h //
http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/877/45001086.JPG
dki
/di
/
i /877/45001086 JPG
http://www.bccranberrygrowers.com/ipm/images/beetle.jpg
http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/916/55046138.JPG
Lepidoptera-Butterflies, Moths and
Skippers
Coleoptera-Beetles

Larvae with head capsule
and three pairs of legs



C-shaped grubs

Complete metamorphosis
Siphoning mouthparts
Two pairs of membranous
wings
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Beetle_larvae_filtered_sw.jpg
Lepidoptera-Butterflies, Moths and
Skippers
Lepidoptera-Butterflies, Moths and
Skippers

Butterflies
Frenulum
http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/tutorial/frenulum.gif
http://magickcanoe.com/butterfly/skipper-antennae.jpg
www.austmus.gov.au/factSheets/butterfly_moth.cfm
http://farm1.static.flickr.com/235/456444401_4ff3f66ad8.jpg
Skippers
Moth
Butterfly
Moths
http://magickcanoe.com/blog/2006/06/07/antennae/
http://oliviahorner.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/giant-leopard-moth.jpg
http://www.geocities.com/kishan_nie/photos/butterfly1.jpg
5
8/17/2010
Lepidoptera-Butterflies, Moths and
Skippers

Larvae
Diptera-Flies

Three pairs of true legs
 5 or less pairs of prolegs
 Prolegs
g with crochets



Complete metamorphosis
Sponging/piercing
1 pair of wings
http://www.macrophotos.com/charleskrebs/prolegs.jpg
http://www.dddi.org/enttutorial/keyimmature/keyimmature3.html
http://www.news.wisc.edu/newsphotos/images/fruit_fly_mont-droso04.jpg
http://www.dkimages.com/discover/Home/Animals/Invertebrates/Arthropods/Insects.html
http://www.bccranberrygrowers.com/ipm/images/fly.jpg
Diptera-Flies
Diptera-Flies

Larvae lack



Legs
Head capsule
Mouth hooks
http://www.deathonline.net/decomposition/images/250/mouth_hook.jpg
http://rebekahusry.files.wordpress.com/2008/02/mosquito_bite.png
Hymenoptera-Bees, Wasps and Ants



Complete metamorphosis
Chewing mouthparts (Most)
Two pairs of wings
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Fruit_fly_larva_01.jpg
Hymenoptera-Bees, Wasps and Ants

Most with thread waist
http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/GARDEN/IMAGES/INVERT/rassawfly.jpg
http://www.extermital.com/images/Paper%20wasp%20diag.jpg
http://www.dkimages.com/discover/Home/Animals/Invertebrates/Arthropods/Insects/Bees.html
http://photo.bees.net/biology/ch3/mouthparts.jpg
Hemuli
Sawfly Larvae: 6-8 prolegs
http://www.tolweb.org/tree/ToLimages/Fig-1-Aulacid-wings.jpg
http://www.kendall-bioresearch.co.uk/general3.htm
http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425.html
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Ant_closeup.jpg
http://i.pbase.com/u46/crocodile/large/29990428.cooperativeeffort.jpg
6
8/17/2010
Hymenoptera-Bees, Wasps and Ants

Ants or Wasp?
Hymenoptera-Bees, Wasps and Ants

Ichneumonid Wasps-
http://www.entomology.wisc.edu/diaglab/02images/78iwasp.jpg
http://web.utk.edu/~extepp/profiles/insects/velvetant.htm
http://www.graciagroup.com/images/sci_ichneumonid.jpg
Ants - Pedicel on waist
- Elbowed antennae
http://www.spc.int/lrd/images/RIFA-ant_small.jpg
http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1053/990130537_a2ccd17aa8.jpg?v=0
http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2110/2123060109_9893091d13_o.jpg
Hemiptera-True Bugs, Cicadas…..



Incomplete metamorphosis
Sucking mouthparts
Two pairs of wings
Hemiptera-True Bugs, Cicadas…..

Half leathery and half membranous wing
http://www.ento.csiro.au/education/Assets/images_hemiptera/bug_life_cycle.gif
http://magickcanoe.com/stinkbugs/predatory-stinkbug-3-small.jpg
http://schmidling.com/lfbug1.jpg
http://www.salk.edu/labs/mnl-t/clh/bug%20RNAi.html
Hemiptera-True Bugs, Cicadas…..

Suborder Heteroptera- True Bugs
Hemiptera-True Bugs, Cicadas…..

Suborder Auchenorrhyncha- Cicadas and hoppers
http://www.isledegrande.com/giimages9/largemilkweedbug.jpg
UC Statewide IPM Program
http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/~dietrich/leafhopp.gif
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/Fankhauser/Animals/Insects..JPG
http://princesslilo.files.wordpress.com
http://farm1.static.flickr.com/90/256658220_65d987dc14.jpg?v=0
7
8/17/2010

Hemiptera-True Bugs, Cicadas…..
Orthoptera-Grasshoppers, Crickets
and Katydids
Suborder Sternorrhyncha- Whiteflies, aphids and
scales



Incomplete metamorphosis
Chewing mouthparts
Two pairs of wings
http://www.saburchill.com/ans02/chapters/chap048.html
http://www.dl-digital.com/images/z_oldimages/2002-10-d28-aphids2-fr4-ed1.jpg
http://www.solarnavigator.net
http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/image/81041/Scale_insect_on_Bursaria_620.JPG
http://www.nku.edu/~biosci/CostaRica2003/Punta%20Marenco/Day3/Punta%20Marenco1.htm
Mantodea-Mantids
Mantodea-Mantids



Incomplete metamorphosis
Chewing mouthparts
Two pairs of wings
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=62575&rendTypeId=4
http://www.ivyhall.district96.k12.il.us/4TH/KKHP/1INSECTS/bugpix/mantis2/NYMPH_5icon.jpg
http://www.bugsincyberspace.com/mantids/mantid_images/mantis_oothecae_perch.jpg
http://www.finiteinsight.com/redmantis/plumAB_black_hiweb.jpg
Blattodea-Cockroaches



Blattodea-Cockroaches
Incomplete metamorphosis
Chewing mouthpart
Two pairs of wings
German
Brown Banded
http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/Entomology/images.jpg
American
http://www.nhm.ac.uk/about-us/news/2006/may/images/m-blaberoides-370_8130_1.jpg
Oriental
http://www.ento.csiro.au/education/Assets/images_insects/cockroach_lifecycle.gif
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8/17/2010
Isoptera-Termites



Dermaptera-Earwigs
Incomplete metamorphosis
Chewing mouthparts
Two pairs of wings (reproductive)



Incomplete metamorphosis
Chewing mouthparts
Two pairs of wings
http://www3.telus.net/conrad/images3/ch_8-04a.gif
http://agspsrv34.agric.wa.gov.au/Ento/_fpclass/termites1.gif
http://www.orchidboard.com/community/attachments/pests-diseases.jpg
http://www.feelsecure.com.au/pests/tets/pages/Termite20Casts.jpg
http://www.earthlife.net/insects/images/orthopta/earwig.jpg
http://bexar-tx.tamu.edu/HomeHort/F1Column/2005%20Articles.jpg
Thysanoptera-Thrips



Thysanura-Silverfish
Unique metamorphosis
Rasping-Sucking mouthparts
Two sets of wings



Nonmetamorphosis
Chewing mouthparts
No wings
http://attra.ncat.org/images/thrips/figure1.jpg
Eats glue, book bindings, paper, photos, sugar and hair
Been in existence for 300 million years
http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/images/Biosecurity_GeneralPlantHealthPestsDiseaseAndWeeds.jpg
Collembola-Springtail



Time for a break
Nonmetamorphosis
Chewing and sucking mouthparts
No wings
http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/ent/notes/Urban/images/springtail.jpg
http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent525/soil/soilpix/images/collembola.jpg
Feed on decaying matter
9
8/17/2010
What is IPM?

Integrated Pest
Managment
Managment
The intelligent selection & use of pest control actions
that will ensure favorable economic, ecological and
sociological consequences.
Holistic view
http://www.uky.edu/Ag/IPM/teachers/outdoorclassrm/scat.jpg
The Best Part of IPM
IPM: Not Just for Ag Crops!
Entomologist or Detective?
Who cares we don’t eat ornamental plants?


Identify the plant

Identify injury

Identify the pest

Take steps to manage pest
Public awareness

Public demand

Stricter regulations
http://www.henningtonfamily.com/photogallery/DSCN2386.JPG
Identify Injury
 Piercing-Sucking
Mouthparts
 Chewing Mouthparts
 Siphoning
 Sponging
S
i
Chewed Leaves or Blossoms

Chewing Injury
Defoliation
Shot holes
 Margin notching
 Skeletonization
 Leaf mining


http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/00095f4.jpg
http://www.hiltonpond.org/images/LeafSkeleton02.jpg
http://www.rainbowscivance.com/graphics/Sycamore_Anthracnose/syc_lead.jpg
http://apps.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/graphics/crops/agriphones/uploaded/berry081806f1.
jpg
http://www.bgiusa.com/images/pests/leafminers_lg.jpg
http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/mastergardener/mg001
2.htm
10
8/17/2010
Discolored Leaves or Blossoms
Dieback of Shoots, Twigs or Branches

Chewing Injury
Sucking Injury

Shoot dieback
 Branch dieback
 Exit holes
Stippling
Streaking
 Leaf yellowing
y
g



http://buckeyegardening.com/images/invasives/bfbshootdieback.j
pg
http://picasaweb.google.com/gardenpunks/02192007/photo#5033381350461
781570
http://www.apsnet.org/Education/IllustratedGlossary/PhotosS-V/stippling.jpg
http://www.emnrd.state.nm.us/fd/santafetrees/images/twigdamage
2.jpg
http://entweb.clemson.edu/cuentres/cesheets/fruit/ce206.jpg
http://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/LSO/images/Thrips/ChilliDamage/Chilli%20Thrips.html
Distorted Leaves, Branch or Trunk

Insect Products

Sucking and Chewing
Injury
Signs
Honeydew
Exoskeletons
 Sooty mold
 Fecal spots
 Silk
 Protective cases
 Frass
 Fluffy white wax


Leaf galling
 Twig
g galling
g
g
 Leaf cupping
 Bark rippling
 Bark cracking

http://www.rec.udel.edu/Update02/Issue%2013%202002_files/image00
6.jpg
http://www.plantengallen.com/imagesnederlands/hartigiola_ann_nessbg_060804_
http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1337/1022645685_2c2059f132.jpg?v=0
3.jpg
http://www.extension.iastate.edu/newsrel/garden/OakRoughBulletGa
ll.jpg
http://oregonstate.edu/dept/nurspest/Images/insects/lacebugdamageoemeleriafecalspotsthumbnailJ
PG.jpg
http://www.uky.edu/Ag/IPM/sponsprj/county02/02marshall/mealybugs.jpg
http://www.oznet.k-state.edu/entomology/extension/KIN/Kin_2007/kin-12/Frass.jpg
http://mgonline.com/sootymold.jpg
http://ipm.ncsu.edu/cotton/InsectCorner/photos/images/Honeydew_from_aphids.jpg
http://www.biokids.umich.edu/images/signs/build/tent_caterpillar_nes
t.jpg
http://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/images/hcbc_042b.jpg/$FILE/hcbc_042b.jpg
Which mouth parts?
 Piercing-Sucking
Common Pests
Mouthparts
 Chewing Mouthparts
 Siphoning
 Sponging
S
i
http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/mastergardener/mg0012.htm
11
8/17/2010
Piercing--Sucking Mouthparts
Piercing
Aphids



Pests of many plants
Feed on all plant parts
Injury caused
Yellowing
L f curll
Leaf
 Vector plant disease



Insect products
Shed skins
Honeydew
 Sooty mold


Alex Wild
http://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/LSO/images/aphids/APHIDFEEDING.jpg
Whitefly
•
•

Pests of many plants
Feed on foliage

•
Pests of many
plants
Feed on foliage


Injury Caused
•
Injury Caused
Yellowing
Leaf curl
 Vector plant diseases

True Bugs and Hoppers

Stippling
Insect Products
Shed skins
 Honeydew
 Sooty mold

http://www.ext.vt.edu/departments/entomology/ornamentals/1-58.jpeg

Insect Products

Fecal spots
http://www.brisbaneinsects.com/brisbane_cicadas/images/wpeA7.jpg
Mealy Bugs
 Pests
 Injury



of many plants
Caused
Discoloration
Dieback
Insect Products
Wax
 Honeydew
 Sooty mold

Scale Insects
Pests of many plants
Feed on many plant parts
 Injury Caused





Yellowing
Dieback
Insect Products
Wax
Honeydew
 Sooty mold
 Ants found on plant


Steve Hise
12
8/17/2010
Spider Mites



Rasping--Sucking Mouthparts
Rasping
Pests of many plants
Feed on many plant parts
Injury Caused
Stippling
Discoloration
 Dieback



Insect Products

Webbing
http://ag.arizona.edu/yavapai/diagnostics/Assets/Images/Insects/thrips.JPG
http://entweb.clemson.edu/cuentres/cesheets/veg/ce29.htm
Thrips



Chewing Mouthparts
Pests of many plants
Flowers and foliage
Injury Caused
Streaking
C
Cupping
i
 Vector plant diseases



Insect Products

Fecal spots
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=65596&rendTypeId=4
Beetles
Caterpillars



Pests of many plants
Flowers and foliage
Injury Caused


Defoliation
Shot holes
 Skeletonization
 Mining
 Bark rippling
 Shot and branch dieback



Insect Products


Shot holes
Margin notching
 Skeletonization
 Bark rippling
 Bark cracking
 Branch dieback


http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2255/2516808592_a6763d9eff.jpg

Pests of many plants
Flowers and foliage
Injury Caused
http://images.google.com/imgres
Frass
Protective covers
13
8/17/2010
Leaf Miners



White Grubs
Pests of many plants
Foliage
Injury Caused



Mining

Pest of many plants
Feed on plant roots
I j
Injury
C
Caused
d
Wilting
Discoloration
 Turf death


http://farm1.static.flickr.com/104/270060746_7f8d6ed5df.jpg?v=0
http://www.ensisjv.com/Portals/0/sawfly006.jpg
Most Effective Management?
Design,
Prevention
i &
Education
Insect Control
Landscape Design

Design/Maintenance


Prevention
Resistant Hosts

Sanitation
Plant Selection

Well adapted


Plant Placement

Remove pest source
Clean equipment
 Pickup old fruit
 Remove alternate hosts (weeds)
http://lh5.ggpht.com/_JI73l40Hi2s/SHlJmas2onI/AAAAAAAABQE/9RYb8fN1A2A/IMG_0792.JPG
http://www.desertgreenturf.com/photos.html


Naturalistic
Appropriate microclimates
http://homeharvestseeds.com
http://www.modernphoenix.net/gatztips.htm
Pest insects love stressed plants!!!!
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8/17/2010
Education: Understand the pest
Insect Management

Cultural


Mechanical



The Good Guys!


Predaceous on a wide variety of small to mediumsized insects
Not commercially available
Row covers, traps (sticky, pheromone
…), heat
Aphidius


Assassin Bug
Hand removal
Physical Control

Natural Enemies
Pruning, thinning, plant health, crop
rotation, sanitation
Aphids
Commercially available
Big Eyed Bug


Predaceous on a wide variety of small insects
Commercially available
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8/17/2010
Brown Lacewing


Predaceous on a wide variety of small insects
Not commercially available
Convergent Lady Beetle


Damsel Bug


Predaceous on a wide variety of small insects
Commercially available
Praying Mantis


Generalist predators on wide variety of insects
Commercially available
aphids and occasionally on whiteflies, other softbodied insects and insect eggs
Commercially available
Green Lacewing


Predaceous on a wide variety of small insects
Commercially available
Mealybug Destroyer


Mealybugs and scales
Commercially available
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8/17/2010
Minute Pirate Bug


Predaceous on a wide variety of small insects
Commercially available
Syrphid


Tachinid Fly


Some are host specific and others have various host
insects
Not commercially available
Ordering Biological Controls

http://greenmethods.com/site/
Predaceous on aphids and other small, soft-bodied
insects
Not commercially available
Twice Stabbed Lady Beetle


Predaceous on many species of scale insects on
many fruit, nut, and ornamental trees including
Not Commercially available
Pesticide

A chemical used to kill pests (not always an insect).
Insecticide- Insects
Herbicide- Weeds
M
Miticide- M
Mites
 Acaricide- Ticks and Mites
 Fungicide- Fungus
 Rodenticide- Rodents


The Green Spot Ltd.
93 Priest Rd.
Rd
Nottingham, NH
03290-6204 USA
Phone: 603.942.8925
Fax: 603.942.8932

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8/17/2010
Read the label

Danger-Warning-Caution
Follow all directions for
Recommended concentration
Safety
 Disposal
p


Safety equipment

Wear the
correct
protective
equipment
Storage





Disposal




Never dump pesticides
Consult label for proper disposal
Never reuse empty containers
T i l rinse
Triple
i
sprayers b
before
f
rinsing
i i
Store in original
container
Tightly closed
Out of reach
(children and
pets)
Clean, dry, well
vented area
Out of sun and
freeze
After use



Take off shoes before
entering the house
Wash yourself with soap
and water
Wash clothes

Separate from other
clothes
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8/17/2010
Things to Remember
Pesticides
Never spray on a windy day!
 If a little is good, more is NOT better!


Depends on the plants use

Safer brand products


Horticultural
H
ti lt l oils
il and
d soaps
Pyrethrins
http://www.parkorchids.com/safer%20soap.jpg
Wrap up
Pesticides

Bayer Advanced Tree and Shrub



Systemic insecticide
Imidacloprid
Bacillus thuringiensis
http://www.bayeradvanced.com
Entomopathogenic bacteria
 Caterpillars; some beetle and fly larvae
 Larvae stop eating, become limp and shrunken, die and
decompose

Insects are AWESOME
Questions
19