University of Kentucky UKnowledge Pediatrics Faculty Publications Pediatrics 1-2015 Factors Facilitating Constructive Coping with Stress Kamilla Bargiel-Matusiewicz University of Warsaw, Poland Hatim A. Omar University of Kentucky, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://uknowledge.uky.edu/pediatrics_facpub Part of the Pediatrics Commons Repository Citation Bargiel-Matusiewicz, Kamilla and Omar, Hatim A., "Factors Facilitating Constructive Coping with Stress" (2015). Pediatrics Faculty Publications. 171. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/pediatrics_facpub/171 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Pediatrics at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pediatrics Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Factors Facilitating Constructive Coping with Stress Notes/Citation Information Published in International Journal of Child and Adolescent Health, v. 8, no. 1, p. 41-47. © 2015 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. The copyright holders have granted the permission for posting the article here. 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