Kingdom Animalia
• Eukaryotic, heterotrophic, multicellular, no
cell walls
• ingestive nutrition
Fig. 33.5
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Modern Phylogeny
Acoelomorpha
Spiralia
Ecdysozoa
Spiral cleavage
Molting
Coelom
Bilateria
Metazoa
Radial
cleavage
Chordata
Chaetognatha
Onychophora
Pseudocoelom
Pseudocoelom
Acoelomate
Arthropoda
Tardigrada
Nematoda
Kinorhyncha
Loricifera
Nemertea
Mollusca
Bryozoa
Brachiopoda
Platyhelminthes
Cycliophora
Rotifera
Micrognathozoa
Ctenophora
Cnidaria
Porifera
Acoela
Pseudocoelom
Annelida
Lophotrochozoa
Platyzoa
Choanoflagellates
Deuterostomes
Echinodermata
Parazoa
Protista
Eumetazoa
Protostomes
Kingdom Animalia
• Define the major branches of the phylogeny
by the evolution of the following traits:
–
–
–
–
–
Presence of tissues (Parazoa or Eumetazoa)
Symmetry
Body cavity
Embryonic development
segmentation
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Radial Symmetry
Radial vs
Bilateral
Symmetry
Fig.
33.2
a.
Bilateral Symmetry
Dorsal
Sagittal plane
Posterior
Frontal plane
Anterior
Transverse
plane
Ventral
b.
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Acoelomate
Ectodermally
derived tissue
Endodermally
derived tissue
Digestive
cavity
Mesodermally
derived tissue
Flatworm
Pseudocoelomate
Endodermally
derived tissue
Ectodermally
derived tissue
Digestive
cavity
Roundworm
Pseudocoelom
Mesodermally
derived tissue
Coelomate
Ectodermally
derived tissue
Endodermally
derived tissue
Digestive
cavity
Annelid
Coelom
Mesodermally
derived tissue
Fig.
33.3
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Fate of
Embryonic Cells
Cleavage
Determinate
development
Spiralian Protostomes
Four-cell
embryo
Fate of
Blastopore
Fig. 33.4
Blastopore
becomes mouth
Axis
Side view
Formation of
Coelom
Archenteron
Cell
excised
Mouth
Top view
Mesoderm
Development
arrested
Spiral cleavage
Four-cell
embryo
Indeterminate
development
Mesoderm
Anus
Deuterostomes
Cell
excised
Axis
Blastopore
becomes anus
Side view
Top view
Radial cleavage
Normal
embryos
Coelom
Archenteron
Figure 31.7 Segmentation
Table
33.1
Fig. 33.5
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Modern Phylogeny
Acoelomorpha
Spiralia
Ecdysozoa
Spiral cleavage
Molting
Coelom
Bilateria
Metazoa
Radial
cleavage
Chordata
Chaetognatha
Onychophora
Pseudocoelom
Pseudocoelom
Acoelomate
Arthropoda
Tardigrada
Nematoda
Kinorhyncha
Loricifera
Nemertea
Mollusca
Bryozoa
Brachiopoda
Platyhelminthes
Cycliophora
Rotifera
Micrognathozoa
Ctenophora
Cnidaria
Porifera
Acoela
Pseudocoelom
Annelida
Lophotrochozoa
Platyzoa
Choanoflagellates
Deuterostomes
Echinodermata
Parazoa
Protista
Eumetazoa
Protostomes
Figure 31.3 A traditional view of animal diversity based on body-plan grades
Phylum Porifera
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Osculum
Water
Fig.
33.7
Epithelial
wall
Amoebocyte
Pore
Choanocyte
Spongin
fiber
Spicule
Ostium
Choanocyte
Flagellum
Collar
a.
b.
Nucleus
a: © Andrew J. Martinez/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Phylum Cnidaria
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Fig.
33.8
Mouth
Tentacles
Gastrodermis
Epidermis
Nematocyte
Trigger
Undischarged
nematocyst
Discharged
nematocyst
3.3 mm
Hydra
Sensory
cell
(inset): © Roland Birke/Phototake
Mesoglea
Nematocyte
with nematocyst
Tubule
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Gastrovascular cavity
Mesoglea
Fig. 33.9
Gastrodermis
Epidermis
Mouth
Tentacles
Gastrodermis
Gastrovascular cavity
Mesoglea
Epidermis
Polyp
Mouth
Medusa
Fig. 33.10
Fig. 33.11
Fig. 33.12
Fig. 33.13
Fig. 33.14
33.15
Phylum Platyhelminthes
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Fig. 34.3
10 mm
Protruding pharynx
Mouth
Eyespot
Circular
muscles
Longitudinal
muscles
Parenchymal
muscle
Testis
Oviduct
Sperm
duct
Nerve cord Intestine
Epidermis
Excretory
System
Nervous
System
Anterior
cerebral
ganglion
Reproductive
System
Ovary
Intestine
Testis
Nerve
cord
(Top): © Tom Adams/Visuals Unlimited
Phylum
Nematoda
Phylum
Mollusca
Fig. 34.8
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a.
b.
c.
d.
a: © Marty Snyderman/Visuals Unlimited; b: © Alex Kerstitch/Visuals Unlimited; c: © Douglas Faulkner/Photo Researchers, Inc.; d: © agefotostock/SuperStock
Phylum Annelida
Fig. 34.23
Fig. 34.24
Fig. 34.25
Phylum Arthropoda – Class Arachnida
Phylum
Arthropoda
Class Crustacea
Phylum Arthropoda – Class Insecta
Fig.
34.43
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Order: Lepidoptera
a.
Order: Homoptera
b.
Order: Diptera
d.
Order: Coleoptera
c.
Order: Orthoptera
e.
Order: Isoptera
f.
a: © Cleveland P. Hickman; b: © Valorie Hodgson/Visuals Unlimited; c: © Gyorgy Csoka, Hungary Forest Research Institute, Bugwood.org;
d: © Kjell Sandved/Butterfl y Alphabet; e: © Greg Johnston/Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images; f: © Nature’s Images/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Phylum
Echinodermata
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Class: Asteroidea
Class: Holothuroidea
Fig.
35.3
a.
b.
Class: Echinoidea
c.
Class: Crinoidea
d.
Class: Ophiuroidea
e.
a: © Alex Kerstitch/Visuals Unlimited; b: © Randy Morse/GoldenStateImages.com; c: © Daniel W. Gotshall/Visuals Unlimited;
d: © Reinhard Dirscherl/Visuals Unlimited; e: © Jeff Rotman/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Figure 34.4 Chordate characteristics
Figure 34.2 Chordate characteristics
Phylum Chordata
Phylum Chordata
• Two Invertebrate Groups
– Urochordates
– Cephalochordates
• Subphylum Vertebrata
Fig. 35.7
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Excurrent
siphon
Nerve ganglion
Hypophyseal
duct
Incurrent
siphon
Mouth (incurrent siphon)
Atriopore (excurrent siphon)
Dorsal nerve cord
Pharynx
Intestine
Endostyle
Gill slit
Genital duct
Tunic
Stomach
Heart
a.
Stomach
Gonad
b.
Heart
Pharynx with gill slits
c.
a. © Rick Harbo
Notochord
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Oral hood with tentacles
Notochord
Dorsal nerve cord
Fig.
35.6
Pharynx
Muscle blocks
Pharyngeal slits
Intestine
Anus
Postanal tail
Subphylum Vertebrata
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Head with brain (including endocrine
glands) encased in skull
Vertebral column
(part of skeletal system)
Dorsal nerve cord
Kidney
Heart-powered
closed circulatory
system
Liver
Limbs (or fins)
Postanal tail
Fig.
35.10
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Myxini
(hagfish)
Cephalaspidomorphi
(lampreys)
Chondrichthyes
(cartilaginous fishes)
Actinopterygii
(ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii
(lobe-finned fishes)
Amphibia
(amphibians)
Mammalia
(mammals)
Mammary glands,
4-chambered heart,
hair, synapsid skull
Rayed fins
Vertebral column
Jaws, two pairs
of appendages
Lobed fins
Legs with
multiple digits
Internal
bony skeleton
Head with 3 pairs of sense organs
Chordate ancestor
Testudines
(turtles)
Lepidosauria
(lizards, snakes,
tuataras)
Anapsid skull,
bony shell
Crocodilia
(crocodiles,
alligators)
Diapsid
skull
Aves
(birds)
Feathers
Skull with
two additional
openings
Amniotic egg
Fig.
35.11
Table
35.1
A sea lamprey
Cartilaginous fishes (class Chondrichthyes): Great white shark (top left), silky shark
(top right), southern stingray (bottom left), blue spotted stingray (bottom right)
The Bony Fish: Actinopterygii (Rayfinned) and Lobe-finned
Class Amphibia
Old Class Reptilia
Class
Aves
Monotreme Mammals
Marsupial Mammals
Placental
Mammals