B3KnowledgeTestAnswers
1. Wherethereisnotenoughfoodforthepopulationoftheworld
2. Reducingthenumberofpestspeciesusingacoordinatedtreatmentofdifferentpestcontrol
methods.
3. Producingnewplantsbyusingthenaturaltechniqueofcrossbreedingtwoplants.
4. Advantages
Disadvantages
Biofuelsarerenewable
Requireslargeamountofland
Biofuelsarecarbonneutral(theCarbon
Dioxidetheytakeinduringtheirgrowthis
equaltothattheyreleasewhenburned)
Thisreducestheamountoflandthatbe
usedforgrowingcrops
5. Agrobacteriumplasmidmodified.PlasmidinsertedintoAgrobacterium,Agrobacterium
infectsplantcell,plantgenomeincorporatesplasmidintoDNA,Plantstartstoproducenew
protein.
6. Advantages
Lessinsecticidehastobeused
Reduceddamagetotheenvironmentthroughlessinsecticideuse
Higheryieldsbecauseoflessinsectdamage
7. Theflavonoidswerefoundthehelpmicewithcancerlivelonger.Thismightbeusefulfor
humans.
8. Armsshortened,brainsizeincreased
9. Bydatingthelayersofrocktheyarefoundin.
10. mtDNAismoreabundantthatnuclearDNA.
mtDNAislesslikelytohavedegradedovertime.
mtDNAmoreusefulthanfossilevidencefortrackingevolution.
11. Hasanacrosomecontainingenzymes;Hasahaploidnucleuscontainingonesetofthe
geneticmaterial;Middlesectioncontainsmitochondriatoreleaseenergy;Hasatailfor
motility
12. Hascytoplasmtoprovidenutrients;Hasahaploidnucleuscontainingonesetofthegenetic
material;Immediatelyafterfertilisationitundergoeschangestothecellmembranetoblock
entryofothersperm
13. Fertility
Treatment
Advantage
Disadvantage
Donationof
eggs
Allowswomenwhodonot
haveviableeggstohavea
baby.Mothercarriesthebaby.
Somewomenreactbadlytothehormones
usedtomakethemovulate
Invitro
fertilisation
Usesthemotherandfathers
ownsexcells
Babiesoftenbornprematurelywhichcan
causeproblems
Naturalmothercarriesthe
baby
Useof
surrogate
mothers
Allowsacoupletohaveababy
whootherwisemaynotbeable
to.
Handingthebabyovercancauseproblems
Useof
hormones
Helpsthewomanconceive
naturally.
Somewomenreactbadlytothehormones.
Babiesoftenbornprematurelywhichcan
causeproblems.Oftenresultsinmultiple
births.
14. XXXY
15. .
16. 17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
Aresponsetochangingdaylength
Reproduction,growth,germination
Abiologicalrhythmthattakesplaceoveraboutaday
Water,urea,carbondioxide
BreakdownofAminoAcids
23. Dialysis,transplant
24. Takesalongtime,expensive
25. .
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
.
Filtrationofsmallmoleculesunderhighpressure
Regulationofwatertoformurine
Pituitarygland
Kidneysabsorbmorewaterandproduceasmallvolumeofconcentratedurine
Thealterationofnaturalbiomoleculesusingscienceandengineeringtoprovidegoodsand
services.
32. Conditionin
the
fermenter
Whyneeded?
Effectonmicrobialgrowth
Aseptic
conditions
Topreventcontaminationand
spoilage
Nutrients
Formicrobialdivisionand
growth
Morenutrientsmeansmore
microbialgrowth
Optimum
Temperature
Toensuremaximalgrowth
becauseofmaximalenzyme
activity
Astemperatureincreases,
microbialgrowthwillbefasteruntil
theoptimumisreached,after
whichgrowthrateswillfalland
stop
OptimumpH
Toensuremaximalgrowth
becauseofmaximalenzyme
activity
AspHgetsfurtherfromthe
optimum,microbialgrowthwill
slow
Oxygenation
Toensureaerobicconditionsfor
respiration
Aerobicconditionsfavourmicrobial
growth
Agitation
Tomixtheliquidtoensureeven
distributionofnutrients,oxygen
etc.
Optimalgrowthisensured.
33.
34.
35.
36.
Rapidpopulationgrowth,easeofmanipulation,productionindependentofclimate,uses
wasteproductsfromotherindustrialprocesses.
Mycoproteinismadein40metrehighfermenterswhichruncontinuouslyforfiveweeksata
time.
Thefermenterissterilisedandfilledwithawaterandglucosesolution.Thenabatchof
Fusariumvenenatum,thefungiattheheartofMycoprotein,isintroduced.
Acontinuousfeedofnutrients,includingpotassium,magnesiumandphosphateaswellas
traceelements,areaddedtothesolution.ThepHbalance,temperature,nutrient
concentrationandoxygenareallconstantlyadjustedinordertoachievetheoptimum
growthrate.
TheorganismandnutrientscombinetoformMycoproteinsolidsandtheseareremoved
continuouslyfromthefermenter.
TheMycoproteinisheatedto65°Ctobreakdownthenucleicacid.Wateristhenremoved
leavingtheMycoprotein.
TheMycoproteinisthenmixedwitheggandseasoningtohelpbindthemix.Itisthensteam
cookedforabout30minutesandthenchilled,beforebeingchoppedintopiecesormince.
Theproductisthenfrozen.Thisisacrucialstepintheprocessbecausetheicecrystalshelp
topushthefibrestogether,creatingbundlesthatgiveMycoproteinitsmeat-liketexture.
Bacteriaconvertlactose-->lacticacid.Temperature,pH,typeofmilk,nutrientsinthemilk,
typeofbacteriaused
Invertaseusedtoproducesoftcenteredsweets,chymosinusedtomakevegetariancheese.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
Attachedtoaninertmaterialtoaidrecoveryafteruse.
Toattract/findasuitablemate
Deer–ensuresvariationandchancesofsurvivalincreased.
increasedchanceofsurvival,increasedchanceofparentsgenesbeingpassedon.
Innate–inborn.E.g.reflexesthathelpsurvival.Increasingthechancesofsurvivalandgenes
beingpassedon.
Imprinting–animalsbecomingattachedtothefirstthingtheysawandinteractedwith.
Operantconditionninginvolvesareward,classicalconditionningislearnedtoassociatea
specificbehaviourwithanunrellatedstimuli
Visual,sound,chemical(pheromones)
Fosseyinterprettedgorillascommunications,Goodallfoundchimpshuntingroupsanduse
tools.
Evolvedbrightlycolouredchemicalsinpetals.
Producechemicalscents.
EthyleneisproducedbyAccaciatrees.Thispromotesothertreesnearbytoproduce
distastefulpoisonouschemicalstodeterotherinsectsevenbeforetheystarttoattack.
Wheretwospecieschangetogetherovertime
Whereachangeinonefactorcausesanoppositechangetokeepthingsconstant.
OestrogenandProgesterone
Menstruation,uterusliningthickens,ovulation
Corpusluteumcontinuestoreleaseprogesteronetokeepthishormonelevelhighand
maintaintheuteruslining
Progesterone
LH
Developedtheswanneckedflasktostopbacterialcontaminationofcultures
Asprin,quinnine,digioxin
Adiseasecausingmicroorganism
Reducesfoodsupply
58. Tookpusfromcowpoxblisterandrubbeditintoskin,boygotasmallfever,repeatedwith
thesmallpoxblister,nosymptomsexperienced
59. Thecowpoxpathogenisasimilarshapetosmallpoxpathogensothememorylymphocyes
recogniseitaproduceantibodiesquickly.
60. Harmlessantigenicmaterialinjected,antigenstriggerimmuneresponsewhichresultsin
antibodyproduction,memorylymphocytesremain.
61. Harmlessantigenorpathogeninjected
Antigenstriggerimmuneresponseandproductionofantibodies
Antigenstriggerproductionofmemorylymphocytes
62. AdvantagesofImmunisation
DisadvantagesofImmunisation
Achildcanbecomeimmunetoadisease
withoutsufferingfromit
Somemildsymptomsofthedisease
associatedwithimmunisation
Reduceschancesoflongtermharmfrom
dangerousdiseasese.g.measles,mumps,
rubella
Swellingorrednessaroundtheinjection
site
Ifenoughchildrenareimmunised,the
diseasebecomessorare–herdimmunity
Allergicreaction
63. Remaininblood,immediatelyproduceantibodiesifthesameantigenisdetectedsothe
persondoesn’tgetill.
64.
65. Pregnancytesting,locationofbloodclotsandcanceroustumours,drugandradiotherapy
treatmentofcancer