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question
Answer
Type Prediction
Information
Retrieval
Query
expansion
Å u]58:CD\(Kr=OE`=@?-I 583OcrELK4W
Å 10K9t^_C30BCLCDA=OE j K
Answer
Selection
Ranked
Answers
TREC
f 4Z 3ntF?Bt@=OC:Æ5836A674ET=FCDA=FZ43OC©} j 3,=F79ELtN?;C583,^5;t-24Z4EL`=
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DOC
Database
Raw
Named
Text
Entity
Marked
Text
o
M
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45
base
ngr−only
pos
expcat
expcat−markqw
40
35
accuracy
30
25
20
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10
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900
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