Is it too Late to Help my Middle/High
School Student with Reading?
Stephanie Cork, CALP
Master Trainer
Reading and Language Arts Centers, Inc.
Bloomfield Hills, MI 48304
(800)READ-211 ac.com
[email protected]
Is it a reading fluency or a
reading comprehension
difficulty?
Reading fluency = rate & accuracy
Reading:
Decoding and Fluency Simulation
World
, many stains of S. aureus are already restaurant to all
except vancomycin. Emergency of forms lacking sen
to vancomycin signals that very untable by ever knows
are on their way. S. aureus, a major cause of
hospital, has thus moved one step closer to becoming an usual killer.
The looming treat of
S. aureus is just the latest twisted
in an internal public health nightmare: increasing ba
l resident to
many
that once cured ba
l dises readily. Ever since
became widely able in the 1940s, they have been handled as miracle
drugs--magic bullets able to elevate
without doing
much
to the cells of treat individes. Yet with each passing decade,
bakery that deaf not only signal but multiple antibots --and therefore are extra
to control--have become increaly common.
Think About It…
Why do context clues work better in early
grades?
What happens when reading complex text?
How does fluency promote comprehension?
How does spelling fluency promote Written
expression?
Skill Sequence Development
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Consonants
Digraphs
Short Vowels: a, e, i, o, u
ROOTS
Long Vowels: a, e, i, o, u
Silent-e: a-e, e-e, i-e, o-e, u-e
and
Consonant-LE: ble, fle, tle, dle, etc.
AFFIXES
Vowel Teams: ea/ee, ai/ay, oa/oe
throughout
R-Control: er, ir, ur, ar, or
Diphthongs: ou/ow, igh, oo, au/aw, oi/
oy
ü  Spelling Rules
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Dr. Jeanne Chall:
A Leader in the Field of Reading
Founder of the Harvard Reading
Laboratory in 1966
Books:
Learning to Read: The Great
Debate 1967
Stages of Reading Development
1983
7
The Stages of Reading
Development
Stage 3 Reading to Learn (Ages 9-13, Gr. 4-8)
Stage 2 Confirmation and Fluency (7 to 8, gr. 2-3)
Stage 1 Initial Reading or Decoding (6 to 7, gr. 1-2)
Stage 0 Pre-Reading/Reading Readiness (Birth to 6)
8
The Stages of Reading
Development
Stage 5 Reconstruction
(Ages 19+, College +)
Stage 4 Multiple View Points
(14 to 18, gr. 9-12)
Stage 3 Reading to Learn (9 to 13, gr. 4-8)
Stage 2 Confirmation and Fluency (7 to 8, gr. 2-3)
Stage 1 Initial Reading or Decoding (6 to 7, gr. 1-2)
Stage 0 Pre-Reading/Reading Readiness (Birth to 6)
3
9
Why Are the Stages Important
to Know?
Average readers move through levels at
age/grade shown
Instruction geared toward stage student is in
Learning to Read = Mastery of print
Reading to Learn = Mastery of ideas
Layers of
Language
GREEK
Specialized
words used mostly
in science though
some, like television, are
common
65%
LATIN / ROMANCE
Technical sophisticated words used
primarily in more formal settings
such as literature and textbooks
ANGLO-SAXON
Common, everyday “down-to-earth” words
used frequently in ordinary situations and
found in school primary texts.
Layers of the English Language from Calfee R.C., et al.
(1981-1984)
30%
Word Study Through Roots and Affixes
“The truth is that if borrowing foreign words could
destroy a language, English would be dead
(borrowed from Old Norse), deceased (from
French), defunct (from Latin), and kaput (from
German). When it comes to borrowing, English
excels (from Latin), surpasses (from French),
and eclipses (from Greek) any other tongue,
past or present!”
(Clairborne, 1983, p.4. Our Marvelous Native Tongue)
4
Study of Roots and
Affixes Improves:
Decoding – recognize meaningful word units
Fluency – read word “chunks” more efficiently
Spelling – learn to spell more complex words
Vocabulary – one root leads to hundreds of
meanings
Comprehension –increases vocabulary, which
in turn impacts comprehension
Oxford Dictionary
615,000 words in
Oxford Unabridged:
30% Anglo-Saxon
65% Romance and
Greek
5% Other
The average student
needs to acquire ~3000
words per year to
graduate HS
The Decoding/Encoding Continuum
K
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
8th
Compound
Words
ABC’s
Phonemic
Awareness
Anglo-Saxon
Consonants Vowels
Prefixes/
Suffixes
Latin
Greek
Sound
Syllable
Pattern
Marcia Henry 1997
é  3rd-6th Decoding 
Mastery
What Is Multisensory Teaching?
ª Uses all (multi) of the senses (sensory) to reach
all avenues to brain.
ª Strengthens learning pathways in brain
ª Simultaneously links visual, auditory, tactilekinesthetic pathways.
ª Strongest pathways engaged - weaker pathways
strengthened
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Why Teach Multisensory?
All students benefit from multisensory instruction to
stimulate these learning pathways. However, the use
of multisensory instruction is critical for a student
who struggles to learn; almost always making the
difference between success and failure.
We remember 20% of what we read, 30% of what we
hear, 40% of what we see, 50% of what we say, 60% of
what we do, and 90% of what we simultaneously see,
hear, say, and do.
pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis
pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis
1. 
pneumono = lung/breathe
2. 
ultra
= beyond/exceeding/super
3. 
micro
= small/little
4. 
scopic
= see
5. 
silico
= flint/quartz
6. 
volcano
= volcano/fire
7. 
coni
= dust
8. 
osis
= disease/condition
A lung disease caused by inhaling dust like silicon and
volcanic ash particles that are extra small and can be seen
only with a microscope.
Did You Know…
14 Roots Unlock 100,000 Words
20
far
sound
telephone
phon
21
self
move
automobile
22
life
write
biography
23
auto bio
self
life
graphy
write
24
Three-Part Drill with Roots
Visual:
Say the root you see
“bio”; Give meaning
Auditory:
Write the root you hear
“b-i-o…bio…life”
Microscope…biology
Blending:
Read words from the word
lists
8
bio
Blending
Read the words
microscope
autograph
biology
microscope
telegraph biologist
gram
phonograph
telephone microgram
autoscope*
biophone*
Practice – Building Root Words
tele
tele
phone
gram/graph/graphy
scope
auto
graph
phon/phone
bio
micro phone
micro
ology/ologist
tele
bio
scope
ology
o
auto
27
tract
distracted
subtraction
contract
contracting
extraction
unattractive
28
Word Builder Ladders
Root Lessons
Three-part-drill
Visual (show cards-students say root and meaning)
Auditory (hide cards-say root or meaning-students
write root while spelling it out)
Blending (Students read word lists at end of
modules)
Root Introduction
Show card (discuss meaning)
Keyword
Multisensory activity for the keyword
Dictation (10 words, 3 sentences)
Words (from next lesson in blending lists)
Sentences (insert words into sentences from
previous lessons)
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Thank you for your
participation!
Reading and Language Arts Centers, Inc.
36700 Woodward Ave., Suite 20
Bloomfield Hills, MI 48304
800 READ 211
RLAC.com
[email protected]