Al Andalus Education Complex
Writing for Grade 12
English Society
‫بعض رؤوس األسئلةالمهمة‬
What is the purpose of ……… ‫ ……………اسم الراوي أو القائل لعبارة ما‬repetition when he said, “………………..,
………………….”? Use details and information from the listening passage to support your answer.
The purpose of the repetition is to emphasize on the strong feeling of (happiness – sadness – anger - worry – fear
…etc ) As ……… ‫ ………الشخص‬had been ………………………….. ‫اذكر من أحداث القصة‬
Which phrase best expresses the theme of this story?
‫أي عبارة مما يلي هي األفضل تعبيرا عن موضوع القصة‬
What was …………… ‫’…شخص‬s…………motive for/ to ………………………………..?
.................................. ‫عندما فعل‬........................‫ماذا كان دافع‬
Look at paragraph .............. ‫ رقم‬what was the most likely reason for ……………………………….?
................................ ‫ ما هو السبب األكثر مالئمة ل‬...................... ‫انظر إلى الفقرة رقم‬
Which of the following sentences would be the most effective topic sentence for this paragraph?
Which sentence is off topic ( inappropriate/ irrelevant) and should be deleted/ removed?
Which of the following would be the most effective ( concluding sentence ) conclusion for this paragraph?
How many supporting sentences are there?
Which word would best replace the word Besides in sentence 5?
Which sentence is punctuated correctly?
Which of the following has a punctuation error?
Which word goes in the blank?
Which sentence is grammatically correct?
What is best conjunction to replace "as a result of"?
Which underlined word is misspelled?
Which of the following best states the theme of the story?
What persuasive technique did the speaker use?
To what extent do you agree that………….?
Which of the following expressed the sentence in indirect speech?
Based on the lecture, what ……………………………? According to the lecture, why …………………..?
Based on the text, which of the following sentences is correct?
Which of the following sentences best expresses the main idea of paragraph 3?
What kind of evidence does the author use, in the paragraph, to support this claim?
A. a statistic
B. an opinion
C. a rhetorical question
D. a personal experience
From paragraph 7, it can be inferred that the author is ………………………….
Based on the text, which statement would the author of the article most agree with?
What kind of writing does the paragraph best introduce?
A.
B.
C.
D.
critical
narrative
descriptive
persuasive
What is the synonym / antonym of the word ……………..?
Which sentence is the correct passive form of the above sentence?
Which sentence is the correct reported form of the quotation?
Which of the following is used to start a very formal / informal letter ?
Which is the best way to rewrite the sentence to make it more formal?
Cluster A
Al Andalus Education Complex
Writing for Grade 12
English Society
Narrative Structure
A plot arc is shown below.
X2
X1
X3
Which event belongs at point (X)?
1. the events happening in the introduction ‫أحداث المقدمة‬
2. the climax, the turning point ‫قمة األحداث أو نقطة التحول في القصة‬
3. the resolution , the ending ‫النهاية – حل العقدة التي حدثت في القصة‬
A narration tells a story. It has these elements:
A Plot with a Conflict/Climax
A Narrator
A Setting
Characters
D
C
E
F
A
B
Narratives also have special names for each part, some of which are familiar. The letters match the ones on the
graph diagram above.
Introduction
situation.
(A): Also called the exposition, this part of the story introduces the setting, characters and opening
Inciting Action (B): Also called the crisis, this single, sudden or special event starts the story going because
something changes.
Rising Action (C): The interest level increases usually due to problems, setbacks or complications which are also
called crises (plural of crisis)
Climax
(D): The point of highest interest. Everything else that happens is affected by the moment or event
in the climax. In Hollywood movies the climax usually comes in the last five minutes of the film.
Falling Action (E): Events unravel or unfold because of something that happened in the climax. Think of
dominoes that are sent tumbling in a row.
Denouement
(F): The final resolution of the plot in which some or all of the loose ends of the plot are tied up.
Al Andalus Education Complex
Writing for Grade 12
English Society
Characterization
Primary characters are the heroes of the story whose actions determine the plot of the story. Secondary
characters have supporting roles to provide the main characters with information, material goods, services or
whatever is needed in order to advance the plot.
Major characters can be categorized as:
The Protagonist: a hero or heroine of a story, whose progress in life is the storyline of a story. The protagonist is
usually blessed with virtues that place him on the side of 'good'.
The Tragic Hero: a type of a character whose personality has some tragic flaw (hamartia) that prevents him from
being what he wants to be causing him constant suffering.
The Antagonist: a hero or heroine of a story who actively opposes the protagonist hindering the protagonist's
progress toward a resolution of his problem. The antagonist represents an opposing force that is depicted as 'evil'.
The Villain: the most stereotypical type of an antagonist, depicted as an utterly evil person. The villain has no
scruples and hates everyone and everything.
Points of view
From what point of view was the story told?
First person point of view
Second person point of view
Third person point of view
I – My – Mine – We – Our – Us
You – Your – Yours
He – him – his – she – her – hers – they – their – theirs
Read the following passages, write the narrator’s point of view, and explain your answer.
1. “Sunday was my only leisure time. I spent this in a sort of beast-like stupor, between sleep and wake, under
some large tree. I sank down again, mourning over my wretched condition. I was sometimes prompted to take
my life, and that of Covey, but was prevented by a combination of hope and fear.”
Narrator’s Point of View: …………………………………………………………………………………………………….
How do you know? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. “A Child was standing on a street-corner. He leaned with one shoulder against a high board-fence and swayed
the other to and fro, the while kicking carelessly at the gravel. Sunshine beat upon the cobbles, and a lazy
summer wind raised yellow dust which trailed in clouds down the avenue. Clattering trucks moved with
indistinctness through it. The child stood dreamily gazing.”
Narrator’s Point of View: …………………………………………………………………………………………………….
How do you know? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Before each practice begins, make sure you check the court and remove any debris from the playing surface.
When your players arrive, check that they have the proper footwear and that they’ve removed any jewelry,
which could injure the player wearing the jewelry or another player. Always carry a list of emergency phone
numbers for your players, and know where the nearest phone is located. You should also have a first-aid kit,
and you might want to take a first-aid course.
Narrator’s Point of View: …………………………………………………………………………………………………….
How do you know? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Al Andalus Education Complex
Writing for Grade 12
English Society
Figurative language
Simile: Comparison of two things using “like” or “as.”
Examples:
The metal twisted like a ribbon.
The baby is as sweet as honey.
Metaphor: Two things are compared without using “like” or “as.”
Examples
The entire world is a stage.
Men are dogs.
She has a stone heart.
Personification: Giving human traits to objects or ideas.
Examples
 The sunlight danced.

Water on the lake shivers.

The streets are calling me.
Pun - A word is used which has two meanings at the same time, which results in humor.
Examples
 I'm reading a book about anti-gravity. It's impossible to put down.

Did you hear about the guy whose whole left side was cut off? He's all right.

I used to have a fear of hurdles, but I got over it.
Alliteration - The repetition of the initial consonant. There should be at least two repetitions in a row.



Randy Rathbone wrapped a rather rare red rabbit.
Shelly Sherman shivered in a sheer, short, shirt.
Greta Gruber grabbed a group of green grapes.
Assonance - The repetition of similar vowel sounds in a sentence.

Fleet feet sweep by sleeping geeks.

"The setting sun was licking the hard bright machine like some great invisible beast on its knees."
Foreshadowing - hints of what is to come in the action of a play or a story .
Al Andalus Education Complex
Writing for Grade 12
English Society
Allusion – A reference to a famous person or event in life or literature.

She is as pretty as the Mona Lisa.
Analogy - The comparison of two pairs which have the same relationship.


shoe is to foot as tire is to wheel
hot is to cold as fire is to ice OR hot: cold fire: ice
Hyperbole - a figure of speech involving exaggeration.

He's got tons of money.

Her brain is the size of a pea.

He is older than the hills.

She is as big as an elephant!
Onomatopoeia - The use of words to imitate the sounds they describe.


The burning wood crackled and hissed.
Ding dong! the bells are going to chime."
Oxymoron - Putting two contradictory words together.
i.e. bittersweet, jumbo shrimp, and act naturally
A Fine Mess
A new classic
Abundant poverty
Academic sorority
A just war
Absolutely unsure
Academic fraternity
Accidentally on Purpose
What type of figurative language is used below?
1. Knowledge is a kingdom and all who learn are kings and queens…………………………..
2. Knowledge is like a kingdom and all who learn are like kings and queens…………………………..
3. Knowledge came to me and smiled as I was being questioned………………………….
4. I'm a black ocean…………………………..
5. Ali is as strong as a lion.
6. The rain was knocking on my window to wake me up…………………..
7. The wind whistled and played a lovely tone ……………………….
Al Andalus Education Complex
Writing for Grade 12
English Society
Writing Activity:
Write a short story of (15 to 20) sentences (approx. from 350 to 500 words) Compose narratives based on known or
imagined stories that happened to you or to a member of your family. You can use the following story planning
form. OR write a story of a film you have watched recently
At the beginning of my story:
Background:
It is a matter of fact that ………………………….(holidays) provide a lot of fun for people.
A working title:
………………………………………………………
WHERE/WHEN (the setting)
WHO (the main characters) & What they’re Like.
Places : ……………………………
1- …………………….. kind, bad…etc
…………………………………………
2- ………………………
3- ………………………
Time: ………………………………
4- ………………………
Complication: The problem or conflict:
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
In the middle of my story: often longest part
*Situations, activities and events involving main character are expanded upon.
stated.
1st major event
2nd major event
3rd major event
*the problem is
4th major event
At the end of my story: the complication or problem is resolved satisfactorily but not necessarily happily.
The solution:
__________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion
Rephrase the introduction
Al Andalus Education Complex
Writing for Grade 12
English Society
Write your final copy below.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
Suggested topics for writing:
Choose one of the following topics and write a narrative.



Write a story about the best celebration you have ever had; tell why this is your favorite.
Think of a time when you were nervous. It might be your first plane ride or the first time you slept over
night with a friend. Tell what happened and how you reacted.
Write a fictional story about being an eyewitness at a historical event.
Al Andalus Education Complex
Writing for Grade 12
English Society
Sample essay, a narrative
Learning something new can be a scary experience. One of the hardest things I've ever had to do was learn how to
swim. I was always afraid of the water, but I decided that swimming was an important skill that I should learn. I also
thought it would be good exercise and help me to become physically stronger. What I didn't realize was that
learning to swim would also make me a more confident person.
New situations always make me a bit nervous, and my first swimming lesson was no exception. After I changed into
my bathing suit in the locker room, I stood timidly by the side of the pool waiting for the teacher and other
students to show up. After a couple of minutes the teacher came over. She smiled and introduced herself, and two
more students joined us. Although they were both older than me, they didn't seem to be embarrassed about not
knowing how to swim. I began to feel more at ease.
We got into the pool, and the teacher had us put on brightly colored water wings to help us stay afloat. One of the
other students, May, had already taken the beginning class once before, so she took a kickboard and went
splashing off by herself. The other student, Jerry, and I were told to hold on to the side of the pool and shown how
to kick for the breaststroke. One by one, the teacher had us hold on to a kickboard while she pulled it through the
water and we kicked. Pretty soon Jerry was off doing this by himself, traveling at a fast clip across the short end of
the pool.
Things were not quite that easy for me, but the teacher was very patient. After a few more weeks, when I seemed
to have caught on with my legs, she taught me the arm strokes. Now I had two things to concentrate on, my arms
and my legs. I felt hopelessly uncoordinated. Sooner than I imagined, however, things began to feel "right" and I
was able to swim! It was a wonderful free feeling - like flying, maybe - to be able to shoot across the water.
Learning to swim was not easy for me, but in the end my persistence paid off. Not only did I learn how to swim and
to conquer my fear of the water, but I also learned something about learning. Now when I am faced with a new
situation I am not so nervous. I may feel uncomfortable to begin with, but I know that as I practice being in that
situation and as my skills get better, I will feel more and more comfortable. It is a wonderful, free feeling when you
achieve a goal you have set for yourself.
Al Andalus Education Complex
Writing for Grade 12
English Society
Cluster B
Persuasive Techniques( 5.5 A) (7.6 F)
Study these persuasive techniques, then do the activities below:
Alliteration – Groups of Three – Emotive language – Repetition – Rhetorical questions – Exaggeration – Personal
pronouns – Criticise the other person’s point of view – Superlative – Contrast – Mix of facts and opinions
TASK ONE: Match the persuasive technique to the definition.
1. Alliteration
(
) Using words like ‘we’, ‘you’, ‘our’ and ‘us’ to make your audience think
you are talking only to them.
2. Groups of Three
(
) When you pick holes in your opposition’s argument so that your point
of view sounds better.
3. Emotive language
(
)To go over the top and make things sound better or worse than they
are.
4. Repetition
(
) When three adjectives or phrases are used together to make them
stand out.
5. Rhetorical questions
(
) Repeating words or phrases so that they stick in your audience’s mind.
6. Exaggeration
(
) Using words that make people feel sad, angry, upset, sympathetic or
guilty.
7. Personal pronouns
(
) Repeating the consonant sounds at the beginning of words to make
them stand out.
8. Criticise the other
person’s point of view
(
) Using questions that don’t need an answer to get the audience to think.
Al Andalus Education Complex
Writing for Grade 12
English Society
Read each statement, determine whether it is a fact or an opinion. Indicate your responses by writing (F) if it is a
fact (O)if it is an opinion.
1. July 4 celebrates American Independence Day.
(
)
2. Mr. Lopez is a good music teacher.
(
)
3. The boiling point for water is 212° F or 100°C.
(
)
4. Skateboarding is good exercise.
(
)
5. Puppies are cuter than kittens.
(
)
6. The Elementary Media Center has 432 books about pets.
(
)
7. Michael’s Social Studies notebook is in his backpack.
(
)
8. Kirsten is wearing a blue sweater today.
(
)
9. Independence Day is the most important American holiday.
(
)
10. The English test we took on Tuesday was very difficult.
(
)
11. It’s too cold in this classroom.
(
)
12. Three buses transported students on the field trip.
(
)
Al Andalus Education Complex
Writing for Grade 12
English Society
Inference
Hint: Sometimes someone will try to tell you something without coming right
out and saying it. He will imply it. Persuasive
When you
understand what is implied, you
texts
infer. Sometimes you can infer the truth even when the speaker or writer isn’t
posters, letters etc)
trying to be helpful. That’s(Including
called adverts,
“reading
between the lines.”
To understand how inference works, pay attention to key words or phrases in
the text. Particular words will give clues that point the way to a passage’s
implied meaning.
Example: Greg turned on the car’s headlights because it was starting to get
1) The sun’s light began to filter into the kitchen just as Peter began to sip
his first coffee of the day.
Question: What part of the day is it?
Answer:
_________________________________________________
Key words: _________________________________________________
2) I forgot to check on the roast potatoes. By the time I remembered, it was too late. They were burnt. They were
only meant to be in the oven for 20 minutes.
Question: How long were the potatoes in the oven?
Answer:
_____________________________________________
Key words: _____________________________________________
3) Turner almost wished that he hadn’t listened to the radio. He went to the closet and grabbed his umbrella. He
would feel silly carrying it to the bus stop on such a sunny morning.
What probably happened?
a. Turner realized that he had an unnatural fear of falling radio parts.
b. Turner had promised himself to do something silly that morning.
c. Turner had heard a weather forecast that predicted rain.
d. Turner planned to trade his umbrella for a bus ride.
4) “Larry, as your boss, I must say it’s been very interesting working with you,” Miss Valdez said. “However, it seems
that our company’s needs and your performance style are not well matched. Therefore, it makes me very sad to
have to ask you to resign your position effective today.”
What was Miss Valdez telling Larry?
a. She would feel really bad if he decided to quit.
b. He was being fired.
c. He was getting a raise in pay.
d. She really enjoyed having him in the office.
5) Bill and Jessica were almost done taking turns choosing the players for their teams. It
was Jessica’s turn to choose, and only Kurt was left.
Jessica said, “Kurt.”
We can infer that ________
a. Kurt is not a very good player.
b. Jessica was pleased to have Kurt on her team.
c. Kurt was the best player on either team.
d. Jessica was inconsiderate of Kurt’s feelings.
Al Andalus Education Complex
Writing for Grade 12
English Society
Writing activity:
Write an essay of approximately 300 words on “ Does advertising make you buy things that you do not need?”
Planning a persuasive essay (9.4 – 9.5)
Main Idea& Title
Introduction and your thesis statement: (Three sentences: for , against and your opinion)
Many people are affected by …………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Others ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
In this essay, I will look at some of the reasons for the 1st / 2nd opinion.
Paragraph 2
Reason 2
Paragraph 1
Reason 1
1a
Explanation
1b
statistics, …etc
2a
Examples
2b
Mix of opinion and facts
Conclusion: (Three sentences: for , against and your opinion)
In conclusion, although
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
In my opinion, I think that …………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Al Andalus Education Complex
Writing for Grade 12
English Society
Write your final draft here
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Al Andalus Education Complex
Writing for Grade 12
English Society
Writing Prompt
Some people think that modern inventions [ mobiles , the internet , television and computers]
play an important part in our life. Others think they cause a lot of problems. Write an essay on
one of the modern inventions discussing the two viewpoints.
Your essay will be evaluated on the basis of clear and organized ideas, strong details, effective sentences,
and correct writing skills.
Use the space below to plan what you are going to write (notes, outline, map, or other).
Introduction
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Paragraph 1
For
Paragraph 2
Against
Conclusion
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Write your final essay on the page below.
Al Andalus Education Complex
Writing for Grade 12
English Society
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Al Andalus Education Complex
Writing for Grade 12
English Society
Writing Prompt
The mass media including newspapers, magazines, radio and television has a great influence on people and especially
on the younger generation. It plays an important role in shaping the opinions and positions of the younger
generation. Write a persuasive essay to show whether you are for or against this argument.
Your essay will be evaluated on the basis of clear and organized ideas, strong details, effective sentences,
and correct writing skills.
Use the spaces below to plan what you are going to write.
Introduction
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Paragraph 1
Paragraph 2
Paragraph 3
(If needed)
Conclusion
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Write your final essay on the page below
Al Andalus Education Complex
Writing for Grade 12
English Society
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Al Andalus Education Complex
Writing for Grade 12
English Society
Cluster C
Making Inferences and Drawing Conclusions (3.3 – 1.1 Read with purpose and meaning
Drawing conclusions refers to information that is implied or inferred. This means that the information is never
clearly stated.
Read the following extract and answer the questions that follow
Read the following paragraphs and answer the questions below.
A) Julio and his father had been looking forward to
their fishing trip for weeks. They didn't take
much food with them on the trip. When they
started fishing they were quickly approached
by a forest ranger. He asked Julio's father if
he had a fishing license. Julio's father reached
into his wallet and suddenly got a terrified look
on his face. Julio was disappointed that night as
he ate dinner.
1. Why did Julio and his father not take much food with them on the trip?
a. they didn't want to eat too much
b. they didn't have any food at their house
c. they were planning on eating the fish that they caught
d. they don't like to eat fish
2. Why did Julio’s father get a terrified look on his face?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. Why was Julio disappointed?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Al Andalus Education Complex
Writing for Grade 12
English Society
Writing a memorandum (memo)
What is a memo?
 a hard-copy (sent on paper) document
 used for communicating inside an organisation
 usually short
 contains To, From, Date, Subject Headings and Message sections
 does not need to be signed, but sometimes has the sender's name at the bottom to be more friendly, or
the sender's full name to be more formal.
Why write memos?
Memos are useful in situations where e-mails or text messages are not suitable. For example, if you are sending an
object, such as a book or a paper that needs to be signed, through internal office mail, you can use a memo as a
covering note to explain what the receiver should do.
How to write a memo
Memos should have the following sections and content:
1. A 'To' section containing the name of the receiver. For informal memos, the receiver's given name; e.g. 'To:
Andy' is enough. For more formal memos, use the receiver's full name. If the receiver is in another department, use
the full name and the department name. It is usually not necessary to use Mr., Mrs., Miss or Ms unless the memo is
very formal.
2. A 'From' section containing the name of the sender. For informal memos, the sender's other name; e.g. 'From:
Bill' is enough. For more formal memos, use the sender's full name. If the receiver is in another department, use
the full name and the department name. It is usually not necessary to use Mr., Mrs., Miss or Ms unless the memo is
very formal.
3. A 'Date' section. To avoid confusion between the British and American date systems, write the month as a word
or an abbreviation; e.g. 'January' or 'Jan'.
4. A Subject Heading.
5. The message.
Unless the memo is a brief note, a well-organised memo message should contain the following sections:
a. Situation - an Introduction or the purpose of the memo
b. Problem (optional) - for example: "Since the move to the new office in Kowloon Bay, staff have difficulty in
finding a nearby place to buy lunch."
c. Solution (optional) - for example: "Providing a microwave oven in the pantry would enable staff to bring in their
own lunchboxes and reheat their food."
d. Action - this may be the same as the solution, or be the part of the solution that the receiver needs to carry out;
e.g. "we would appreciate it if you could authorise up to $3,000"
e. Politeness - to avoid the receiver refusing to take the action you want, it is important to end with a polite
expression; e.g. "Once again, thank you for your support.", or more informally "Thanks".
6.Signature
This is optional.
Al Andalus Education Complex
Writing for Grade 12
English Society
Look at the following example
MEMO
To:
From:
Date:
Subject:
Katherine Chu, Regional Manager
Stephen Yu, Sales
30 April 2012
Notification of My Resignation
I am writing to inform you of my intention to resign from G & S Holdings.
I have appreciated very much my four years working for the company. The training has been excellent and I have
gained valuable experience working within an efficient and professional team environment. In particular, I have
appreciated your personal guidance during these first years of my career.
I feel now that it is time to further develop my knowledge and skills base in a different environment.
I would like to leave, if possible, in a month's time on Saturday, 2 June. This will allow me to complete my current
workload. I hope that this suggested arrangement is acceptable to the company.
Once again, thank you for your support.
Writing task
Write a memo to students in your school, inviting them to join a new school club. Make sure you have included
the following:
1. an appropriate heading, including who you are addressing, the subject of the memo and the date.
2. a brief description of the new club, including proposed activities and meeting times.
3. an invitation to the club’s first meeting, including time date and place.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Al Andalus Education Complex
Writing for Grade 12
English Society
Writing an editorial
An editorial is an article that presents the newspaper's opinion on an issue. It reflects the majority vote of the
editorial board, the governing body of the newspaper made up of editors and business managers. It is usually
unsigned. Much in the same manner of a lawyer, editorial writers build on an argument and try to persuade
readers to think the same way they do. Editorials are meant to influence public opinion, promote critical thinking,
and sometimes cause people to take action on an issue. In essence, an editorial is an opinionated news story.
Editorials have:
1. Introduction, body and conclusion like other news stories
2. An objective explanation of the issue ‫شرح موضوعي للموضوع‬, especially complex issues
3. A timely news angle
4. Opinions from the opposing viewpoint that refute directly the same issues the writer addresses
5. The opinions of the writer delivered in a professional manner. Good editorials engage issues, not personalities
and refrain from name-calling or other petty tactics of persuasion.
6. Alternative solutions to the problem or issue being criticized. Anyone can gripe about a problem, but a good
editorial should take a pro-active approach to making the situation better by using constructive criticism and giving
solutions.
7. A solid and concise conclusion that powerfully summarizes the writer's opinion. Give it some punch.
Four Types of Editorials Will:
1. Explain or interpret: Editors often use these editorials to explain the way the newspaper covered a sensitive or
controversial subject. School newspapers may explain new school rules or a particular student-body effort like a
food drive.
2. Criticize: These editorials constructively criticize actions, decisions or situations while providing solutions to the
problem identified. Immediate purpose is to get readers to see the problem, not the solution.
3. Persuade: Editorials of persuasion aim to immediately see the solution, not the problem. From the first
paragraph, readers will be encouraged to take a specific, positive action. Political endorsements are good examples
of editorials of persuasion.
4. Praise: These editorials commend people and organizations for something done well. They are not as common as
the other three.
Al Andalus Education Complex
Writing for Grade 12
English Society
Writing activity, an editorial: persuasive
Situation
Your school is considering forming a debate club.
Task
Write an editorial for your school newspaper arguing for or against the formation of a debate club. Give specific
reasons for your opinion. Use persuasion to convince the readers that a debate club would or wouldn’t be
beneficial for students and the school as a whole.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Al Andalus Education Complex
Writing for Grade 12
English Society
Writing an application letter
Writing an application form‫نموذج للحفظ‬
Below is an example of a covering letter that could be sent without a CV. The arrangement or format of the page
should always be the same as this.
Your address. …………………………………
…………………………………
…………………………………
Business address
…………………………………
…………………………………
…………………………………
Date………………………………..
Dear Sirs, OR Dear Mr. ………………….,
I wish to apply for the job of ……………………………….as advertised in ………Newspaper ……….. on …………Date of
advertising…………….
I am ……………. years old. I am eager to start work and get settled as quickly as possible.
I finished my civilian service ………………. years ago and have been working in ………………………. I have
…………………………..certificate in…………………………………….. I am reliable and I like to work hard. I think you would find
me a valuable worker.
I enclose the following names as referees:
Name
Job
Establishment
Address
Contact No
Name
Job
Establishment
Address
Contact No
I am available for interview at your convenience.
Yours faithfully,_______________
Al Andalus Education Complex
Writing for Grade 12
English Society
Writing a complaint letter (9.8)
Introduction
Letters of complaint usually include the following stages:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Background
Problem - cause and effect
Solution
Warning (optional)
Closing
1.Background
This section describes the situation; e.g.
I am writing to inform you that the goods we ordered from your company have not been supplied correctly.
2.Problem
Cause; e.g.
On 6 May 2011 we placed an order with your firm for 12,000 ultra-super long-life batteries. The consignment
arrived yesterday but contained only 1,200 batteries.
Effect:
This error put our firm in a difficult position, as we had to make some emergency purchases to fulfil our
commitments to all our customers. This caused us considerable
3.Solution; e.g.
I am writing to ask you to please make up the shortfall immediately and to ensure that such errors do not happen
again.
4.Warning (optional)
Otherwise, we may have to look elsewhere for our supplies.
5.Closing
I look forward to receiving your explanation of these matters.
Al Andalus Education Complex
Writing for Grade 12
English Society
Look at the following sample and discuss the characteristics of a complaint letter.
Fortune Goods
317 Orchard Road
Singapore
Attn: Mr David Choi
Sales Manager
Everlong Batteries
171 Choi Hung Road
Hong Kong
13 May 2011
Dear Mr. Choi,
Re. Order No. 768197
I am writing to complain about the goods we ordered from your company. They have not been supplied correctly.
On 6 May 2011 we placed an order with your firm for 12,000 ultra-super long-life batteries. The consignment
arrived yesterday but contained only 1,200 batteries.
This error put our firm in a difficult position, as we had to make some emergency purchases to fulfill our
commitments to all our customers. This caused us considerable inconvenience.
I am writing to ask you to please make up the shortfall immediately and to ensure that such errors do not happen
again. Otherwise, we may have to look elsewhere for our supplies.
I look forward to hearing from you by return.
Yours sincerely
J. Wong
Purchasing Officer
Al Andalus Education Complex
Writing for Grade 12
English Society
Writing Activity, complaint letter
Directions
Writing: In this section you will respond to 1 writing prompt. Your writing will receive three scores: idea
development, planning, and writing strategies.
You intended to spend your holiday in a summer hotel. Unfortunately you were dissatisfied with the room you stayed
A.
in; it was inconvenient.
Write a complaint letter to Mr. Ahmed Ben Ali, the hotel manager, whose address is Sheraton Hotel, Doha, Qatar.
P.O. Box 222.
Your letter will be evaluated on the basis of clear and organized ideas, strong details, effective sentences,
and correct writing skills.
Your address
…………………………………
…………………………………
…………………………………
…………………………………
Manager’s address
…………………………………
…………………………………
…………………………………
Date…………………….
Dear……………………,
Background
Problem
Solution
Closing and signature
Write your final letter on the page below
Al Andalus Education Complex
Writing for Grade 12
English Society
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Al Andalus Education Complex
Writing for Grade 12
English Society
Writing Prompt
Directions: Writing: In this section you will respond to 1 writing prompt. Your writing will receive three scores:
idea development, planning, and writing strategies.
You have recently bought a lap top computer from one of the megastores. Unfortunately, it did not work properly.
There were some problems with the sound and the keyboard. Write a complaint letter to Mr. Muhammed Ben
Jassim, the head of customer service department in Sony Corporation which is located in15 Salwa road, Doha.
Your letter will be evaluated on the basis of clear and organized ideas, strong details, effective sentences,
and correct writing skills.
Use the spaces below to plan what you are going to write.
Your address
…………………………………
…………………………………
…………………………………
…………………………………
Company’s address
…………………………………
…………………………………
…………………………………
………………………………
Dear……………………,
Background
Problem
Solution
Closing and signature
Write your final letter on the page below
Al Andalus Education Complex
Writing for Grade 12
English Society
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Al Andalus Education Complex
Writing for Grade 12
English Society
Writing emails
Write an email to a friend whom you have not seen for a long time. Make sure you have included the following:
1. A greeting
2. An explanation of how you found your friend’s email address
3. A suggestion for when and where to meet
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------