Road traffic accidents
April 2013
Dan King
April 2013
Public Health Intelligence Briefing: Road traffic accidents – April 2013
Southampton Road Traffic
Accident Reports Data Briefing
1
Public Health Intelligence Team, Public Health Southampton,
Southampton City Council, Lower Ground Floor,
Municipal Block – East, Civic Centre, Southampton, SO14 7LT
Tel: 02380 832493
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.publichealth.southampton.gov.uk
Road traffic accidents
April 2013
Introduction:
All road traffic accidents (RTAs) involving human death or personal injury occurring on the highway
and notified to the police within 30 days of occurrence, and in which one or more vehicles are
involved, are reported to local authorities via the police STATS19 dataset. This briefing summarises
the main findings from this dataset in order to help public health professionals and commissioners
better understand the health implications of RTAs in the city. All data presented in this briefing relates
to accidents occurring within the Southampton City boundary rather than all accidents involving
Southampton residents.
Trends in the number of accidents, injuries and vehicles involved:
RTA data has been collected in the city for many years. Figure 1 below illustrates the trend in the
number of accidents occurring within the city, as well as the number of vehicles involved and number
of people injured between 2000 and 2012. Over this period:
However, although these numbers have fallen steadily over the period studied, the number of
casualties suffering serious injury or death has not (see appendix A for STATS19 definition of serious
injury). Figure 2 shows the proportion of all RTA casualties killed or seriously injured (KSI) between
2000-02 and 2010-12 (3-year pooled data). The proportion of casualties KSI remained fairly constant
up until 2007-09, but has slowly increased in the last three 3-year pooled periods. For example, in
2010-12, 16.2% of casualties were KSI, compared to 10.5% in 2000-2, a statistically significant
increase. Of these, the majority were seriously injured, with very few deaths occurring on
Southampton roads in recent years. In fact the number of deaths from RTAs has gradually fallen over
time from 20 in 2000-02 to 6 in 2010-12 (see table 1).
Figure 1
Public Health Intelligence Briefing: Road traffic accidents – April 2013
The annual number of accidents fell from 870 in 2000 to 632 in 2012; a 27.4% reduction.
The annual number of casualties fell from 1089 in 2000 to 777 in 2012; a 28.7% reduction.
The annual number of vehicles involved fell from 1613 in 2000 to 1160 in 2012; a 28.1%
reduction.
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Public Health Intelligence Team, Public Health Southampton,
Southampton City Council, Lower Ground Floor,
Municipal Block – East, Civic Centre, Southampton, SO14 7LT
Tel: 02380 832493
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.publichealth.southampton.gov.uk
Road traffic accidents
April 2013
Figure 2
2001-03
2002-04
2003-05
2004-06
2005-07
2006-08
2007-09
2008-10
2009-11
2010-12
No. Deaths
20
19
17
12
10
13
14
10
8
5
6
Figures 3 & 4 show the number of RTAs by day and time of occurrence respectively during the 2010
to 2012 pooled period. Perhaps unsurprisingly, both show that accidents are more likely to occur
when there are more vehicles on the road:
Accidents occur more frequently during week days (Monday to Friday) compared with
weekends. Fridays had the highest number of recorded accidents (17.4%), whilst Sundays
had the lowest (9.1%).
There are two clear peaks in RTAs in Southampton coinciding with rush hour periods;
between 7:00am and 9:00am, and between 3:00pm and 6:00pm which account for 16.3%
and 35.9% of daily accidents respectively.
Figure 3
Public Health Intelligence Briefing: Road traffic accidents – April 2013
Period
2000-02
Table 1 – Trend in the number of recorded deaths resulting from an RTA
3
Public Health Intelligence Team, Public Health Southampton,
Southampton City Council, Lower Ground Floor,
Municipal Block – East, Civic Centre, Southampton, SO14 7LT
Tel: 02380 832493
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.publichealth.southampton.gov.uk
Road traffic accidents
April 2013
Figure 4
Analysis by vehicle type and casualty:
During the 2010 to 2012 (pooled) period there were 1,953 accidents recorded on Southampton roads,
involving a total of 3,559 vehicles and resulting in 2,378 casualties. Table 2 summarises the number
and proportion of vehicles involved in accidents by vehicle type.
Accident
type
Car
Motorcycle
Pedal cycle
Goods
vehicle
Coach, bus
or minibus
Taxi/Priva
te hire car
Unknown
All
2407 (67.6%)
347 (9.7%)
382 (10.7%)
223 (6.3%)
100 (2.8%)
83 (2.3%)
17 (0.5%)
KSI
336 (52.8%)
115 (18.1%)
99 (15.6%)
48 (7.5%)
20 (3.1%)
15 (2.4%)
3 (0.5%)
Figure 5 below shows the proportion of accidents that involve each type of vehicle, along with how
they change with the severity of the accident. Please note that these proportions will differ from the
table above as they consider the proportion of all accidents rather then the proportion of all vehicles.
Over 83% of all accidents involved a car, 19.4% involved a cyclist and 17.6% involved a motorcycle.
Figure 5
Public Health Intelligence Briefing: Road traffic accidents – April 2013
Table 2 – Number and proportion of vehicles involved in accidents: Southampton 2010-2012 (pooled)
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Public Health Intelligence Team, Public Health Southampton,
Southampton City Council, Lower Ground Floor,
Municipal Block – East, Civic Centre, Southampton, SO14 7LT
Tel: 02380 832493
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.publichealth.southampton.gov.uk
Road traffic accidents
April 2013
Compared to all accidents, those that resulted in death or serious injury (KSI) involved a larger
proportion of cyclists (26.1%; a difference of 6.7%) and motorcyclists (29.5%; a difference of 11.9%)
suggesting they are more vulnerable to serious injury. This is further demonstrated in figure 6 which
considers the proportion of vehicles involved in accidents resulting in KSI by vehicle type. Of all
vehicles involved in an accident, almost a third of all motorcycles and a quarter of all pedal cycles are
involved in accidents resulting in death or serious injury, compared to only 14% of all cars.
Table 3 and figure 7 show the number and proportion of casualties in Southampton by casualty type
and severity of injury for the period 2010 to 2012 (pooled). Overall, drivers and riders account for
63.5% of all casualties, whilst passengers account for 19.6% and pedestrians 16.9%. However, when
considering only those casualties who are killed or seriously injured in accidents, pedestrians account
for over a quarter of all casualties (26.8%).
Table 3 – Number and proportion of casualties involved in accidents by casualty type and severity of
injury: Southampton 2010-2012 (pooled)
Casualty type
Driver or rider
Pedestrian
Vehicle passenger
All casualties
1510 (63.5%)
402 (16.9%)
466 (19.6%)
KSI casualties
270 (61.2%)
118 (26.8%)
53 (12%)
Figure 7
Public Health Intelligence Briefing: Road traffic accidents – April 2013
Figure 6
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Public Health Intelligence Team, Public Health Southampton,
Southampton City Council, Lower Ground Floor,
Municipal Block – East, Civic Centre, Southampton, SO14 7LT
Tel: 02380 832493
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.publichealth.southampton.gov.uk
Road traffic accidents
April 2013
Accident locations, road types and conditions:
The majority of accidents in Southampton occur on single carriageway roads. During the 2010 to
2012 period these accounted for 80.2% of all accidents, with 13.1% occurring on dual carriageways
(1.8% on motorways), 5.2% on roundabouts and less than 1% on both slip roads and one way streets
(see table 4 below).
Table 4 – Number of accidents by road type: 2010 to 2012 (pooled)
Road type
No. Accidents
% of total
Dual
Carriageway
One Way
Street
Roundabout
Single
Carriageway
Slip Road
256
17
101
1567
12
13.1%
0.9%
5.2%
80.2%
0.6%
Overall during the 2010-12 (pooled) period, over 87% (1709) of accidents occurred on 30mph limited
roads, with 5.9% (116) on 40mph limited, 4.4% on 50mph (85) limited and only 1.5% (29) on roads
with a 70mph limit. Figure 8 below illustrates how these proportions change by road type.
Figure 9 shows the proportion of accidents resulting in death or serious injury (KSI) by road speed
limit. Roads with a 30mph speed limit appear to have the highest proportion of KSI (over 20%), with
this proportion falling gradually as the road speed limit increases (10.3% for 70mph roads). However,
the figures for higher limit roads should be treated with caution as they are based on fairly small
numbers and therefore are subject to a greater degree of natural variation.
Figure 9
Public Health Intelligence Briefing: Road traffic accidents – April 2013
Figure 8
6
Public Health Intelligence Team, Public Health Southampton,
Southampton City Council, Lower Ground Floor,
Municipal Block – East, Civic Centre, Southampton, SO14 7LT
Tel: 02380 832493
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.publichealth.southampton.gov.uk
Road traffic accidents
April 2013
Over 85% (1675) of accidents occurred during fine weather, with only 13% (256) happening during
rain. Similarly, 75% (1470) of accidents happened on dry roads, with 23.5% (459) happening on wet
or damp roads and just over 1% (23) on frosty or icy roads.
Figure 10 below shows the location of all recorded accidents in Southampton by severity for the 2010
to 2012 (pooled) period. Although accidents are distributed throughout Southampton, the central area
of the city appears to show a higher density of accidents. This is more clearly illustrated in figure 11,
which shows the number of accidents over the same period broken down by electoral ward. Bargate
ward has by far the highest number of accidents with 328 in total recorded over the 3 year period; this
is almost twice as many as any other ward and 16.9% of the total accidents for the city (19% of KSI).
Bevois (170 8.7%) and Freemantle (168 8.6%) wards had the second and third highest number of
accidents, whilst Coxford (46 2.4%) and Bitterne (61 3.1%) wards had the lowest.
Public Health Intelligence Briefing: Road traffic accidents – April 2013
Figure 10
Figure 11
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Public Health Intelligence Team, Public Health Southampton,
Southampton City Council, Lower Ground Floor,
Municipal Block – East, Civic Centre, Southampton, SO14 7LT
Tel: 02380 832493
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.publichealth.southampton.gov.uk
Road traffic accidents
April 2013
Figures 12 and 13 show the geographic distribution of accidents involving vulnerable road users (i.e.
pedestrians, motor cyclists and pedal cyclists) over the same period. Once more the central part of
the city, and especially Bargate ward, had the highest number of accidents involving pedestrians (86;
22.3% of total for the city), cyclists (79; 21.1%) and motorcyclists (41; 12.4%). Over a third (36.5%) of
all accidents resulting in pedestrian injury occurred in Bargate and Bevois wards alone. Outside of the
city centre, Sholing ward had a high number of accidents involving motorcyclists (33; 10%) and
Portswood had a high number of accidents involving pedal cyclists (36; 9.6%).
Public Health Intelligence Briefing: Road traffic accidents – April 2013
Figure 12
Figure 13
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Public Health Intelligence Team, Public Health Southampton,
Southampton City Council, Lower Ground Floor,
Municipal Block – East, Civic Centre, Southampton, SO14 7LT
Tel: 02380 832493
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.publichealth.southampton.gov.uk
Road traffic accidents
April 2013
Accident contributory factors:
For every reported RTA, the investigating officer records up to six ‘contributory factors’; These are the
key actions and failures that led directly to the actual impact. They show why the accident occurred
and give clues about how it may have been prevented. Although there are clear guidelines for
recording contributory factors to minimise the scope for differences in reporting, it is worth noting that
they are largely subjective and depend on the skill and experience of the investigating officer to
1
reconstruct events . Therefore, any analysis of ‘contributory factors’ should take this into account. In
an attempt to minimise any uncertaintly and in order to help identify the most important primary
causes of accidents, only those factors recorded as ‘very likely’ (rather than ‘possible’) to have
contributed to an accident are considered in the following analysis.
Figure 14 above shows the proportion of accidents in Southampton by type of contributory factor and
accident severity for the pooled period 2010 to 2012. It is worth noting that the proportions in the chart
will not necessaily add up to 100% as more than one factor, or factor category can be recorded for
any single accident. It is clear that the majority of accidents (62.8%) involved some form of driver
error, such as failing to look properly, signal, judge anothers path or speed, sudden braking or loss of
control. Pedestrian action (19.1%) was the second most common type of factor, whilst driver
injudicious action (illegal or dangerous) and driver behaviour/experience (careless, aggressive,
inexperience, nervous etc) were reported in 15.7% and 11.1% of accidents respectively. Very few
accidents were reported to be as a result of external factors such as road conditions (5.7%) or vehicle
defects (0.8%). There is a broadly similar distribution of contributory factor types when considering
accidents resulting in death or serious injury (KSI). However, ‘pedestrian action’ is more common;
reported in 32.9% of KSI accidents. This is likely to be a result of pedestrians being more vulnerable
and therefore more likely to be involved in accidents resulting in serious injury.
Tables 5 and 6 provide more detail by showing the top 10 contributory factors for all accidents and
accidents resulting in death and serious injury respectively. The tables are colour coded to show
which category each factor belongs to (the colour key is shown in figure 15). Drivers failing to look
properly (28.1%) and failing to judge anothers direction or speed (15.6%) feature in the top two, whilst
pedestrians failing to look properly (7.7%) was third for ‘all accidents’ and ‘those resulting in KSI’. As
discussed above, factors involving pedestrians are more prevalent in the top 10 causes of serious
accidents. Interestingly, 5% of serious accidents were partly caused by a pedestrian ‘imparied by
alcohol’.
1
Department for Transport (2004) STATS 20 Instructions for the completion of road accident reports.
Public Health Intelligence Team, Public Health Southampton,
Southampton City Council, Lower Ground Floor,
Municipal Block – East, Civic Centre, Southampton, SO14 7LT
Tel: 02380 832493
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.publichealth.southampton.gov.uk
Public Health Intelligence Briefing: Road traffic accidents – April 2013
Figure 14
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Road traffic accidents
April 2013
Figure 15
Driver Injudicious Action
Driver Error
Pedestrian Contributed
Driver Behaviour or Experience
Driver Vision Affected
Road Environment
Table 5 – Top 10 factors ‘very likely’ to have contributed to an accident: All accidents 2010 to 2012
(pooled)
Pos
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
All Accidents: Top 10 contributory factors
Driver failed to look properly
Driver failed to judge others path or speed
Pedestrian failed to look properly
Driver careless, reckless, or in a hurry
Driver poor turn or manoeuvre
Driver loss of control
Slippery road due to weather
Sudden braking
Driver disobeyed Give Way or Stop
Vision affected by stationary or parked vehicle
No.
Accidents
548
304
150
134
114
80
77
69
67
66
% of
Accidents
28.1%
15.6%
7.7%
6.9%
5.8%
4.1%
3.9%
3.5%
3.4%
3.4%
Pos
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
KSI Accidents: Top 10 contributory factors
Driver failed to look properly
Driver failed to judge others path or speed
Pedestrian failed to look properly
Driver careless, reckless, or in a hurry
Driver loss of control
Pedestrian impaired by Alchohol
Driver poor turn or manoeuvre
Vision affected by stationary or parked vehicle
Crossing road masked by static/parked vehicle
Pedestrian careless, reckless or in a hurry
No.
Accidents
107
49
48
28
25
19
18
17
17
14
% of
Accidents
28.2%
12.9%
12.6%
7.4%
6.6%
5.0%
4.7%
4.5%
4.5%
3.7%
Table 7 – Top 10 factors ‘very likely’ to have contributed to an accident: All accidents resulting in
pedestrian injury 2010 to 2012 (pooled)
Pos
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
All Accidents: Top 10 contributory factors
Pedestrian failed to look properly
Driver failed to look properly
Crossing rd masked by static or parked vehicle
Pedestrian failed to judge vehicles path or speed
Pedestrian impaired by Alchohol
Pedestrian careless, reckless or in a hurry
Pedestrian dangerous action in carriageway
Driver failed to judge others path or speed
Wrong use of pedestrian crossing facility
Driver passing too close to cycle, horse, rider, ped
No.
Accidents
148
51
48
47
40
37
19
15
15
12
% of
Accidents
37.9%
13.0%
12.3%
12.0%
10.2%
9.5%
4.9%
3.8%
3.8%
3.1%
Public Health Intelligence Briefing: Road traffic accidents – April 2013
Table 6 – Top 10 factors ‘very likely’ to have contributed to an accident: Accidents resulting in death
or serious injury 2010 to 2012 (pooled)
10
Public Health Intelligence Team, Public Health Southampton,
Southampton City Council, Lower Ground Floor,
Municipal Block – East, Civic Centre, Southampton, SO14 7LT
Tel: 02380 832493
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.publichealth.southampton.gov.uk
Road traffic accidents
April 2013
Figure 16 shows the distribution of contributory factor types over the same period for only those
accidents resulting in pedestrian injury in Southampton. The vast majority of these accidents (93.6%
total and 100% KSI) record at least one factor where the pedesrian was at fault. Only 22.3% of these
accidents report driver error (falling to 16.7% for KSI), whilst driver injudicious action and driver
behaviour/experience were reported in only 5.9% and 3.8% of accidents respectively.
Table 7 provides more detail of the top 10 contributory factors. ‘Pedestrians failing to look properly’ is
the most common contributory factor, reported in 37.9% of accidents resulting pedestrian injury, whilst
‘driver failing to look properly’ is only reported in 13%. One in ten (10.2%) accidents are partly caused
nd
by ‘pedestrians impaired by alcohol’, which rises to 15.8% (2 most common factor) for those
accidents resulting in death or serious injury.
Profile of drivers / riders involved in accidents:
The STATS19 dataset records a number of personal details for each driver/rider involved in an
accident (including age, gender and postcode of residence), allowing a basic profile to be built up of
those involved in accidents on Southampton roads. It should be noted that the STATS19 data does
not directly attach blame to any accident, and so the following analysis merely profiles those involved
in accidents rather than those at fault.
Over half of drivers/riders (59.7%) involved in accidents occurring in Southampton are resident within
Southampton local authority, with 8% living in Eastleigh, 4.8% in the New Forest and 2.7% in Test
Valley. A further 9.3% come from other Local Authority areas, whilst 15.6% were untraced or had an
unknown postcode. At least a quarter of all drivers/riders (24.7%) come from outside the city.
Figure 17 shows the proportion of drivers/riders living in Southampton and elsewhere by vehicle type.
A greater proportion of those travelling by motorbike (70.6%) or pedal cycle (84.6%) are resident in
Southampton, whilst perhaps unsurprisingly a larger proportion of goods vehicle (36.3%) and coach,
bus or minibus drivers (29%) come from areas outside of the city, indicative of the greater distances
travelled by these types of vehicle.
Public Health Intelligence Briefing: Road traffic accidents – April 2013
Figure 16
11
Public Health Intelligence Team, Public Health Southampton,
Southampton City Council, Lower Ground Floor,
Municipal Block – East, Civic Centre, Southampton, SO14 7LT
Tel: 02380 832493
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.publichealth.southampton.gov.uk
Road traffic accidents
April 2013
Figure 17
Figure 18
Figure 19 shows the gender split by selected vehicle type over the same period. The split for car
drivers is more equal, with 59.3% male and 40.7% female. For other vehicle types, the gender split is
more heavily weighted towards males, with males accounting for 78.2% of pedal cyclists, 88.1% of
motorcyclists, 84.4% of coach, bus or minibus drivers, 95% of goods vehicles drivers and 96.2% of
taxis drivers involved in an accident. This may be partly a result of more males driving/riding these
types of vehicle compared to females.
Public Health Intelligence Briefing: Road traffic accidents – April 2013
Figures 18 shows the gender profile of vehicle drivers and riders involved in accidents on
Southampton roads. For all recorded accidents during the 2010 to 2012 (pooled) period 68.1% of
drivers/riders were male compared to 31.9% who were female. When considering only those
accidents that resulted in death or serious injury the proportion of drivers/riders who were male
increased to 72.4%. This suggests that males are over 2.5 times more likely to be involved in serious
accidents compared to females, assuming an equal number of male and female drivers on the road.
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Public Health Intelligence Team, Public Health Southampton,
Southampton City Council, Lower Ground Floor,
Municipal Block – East, Civic Centre, Southampton, SO14 7LT
Tel: 02380 832493
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.publichealth.southampton.gov.uk
Road traffic accidents
April 2013
Figure 19
Figures 20 and 21 show the number of accidents occurring in Southampton by age group for the
period 2010 to 2012. Those in the younger age groups are involved in the largest number of accidents
in the city, with 62% aged under 39. The 20-24 age band has the highest number of accidents (448;
14.6%) amongst this group. Accidents resulting in death or serious injury have a slightly younger age
profile with an larger number involving drivers/riders aged 19 or under (80; 14.5%).
An analysis by vehicle type highlights that the majority (63.8%) of those in the 0-19 age group
involved in accidents were riding motorcycles or pedal cycles. This age group accounted for 26.6%
and 39.1% of all accidents involving a pedal cyclist and motorcylist respectively. The age profile for
car drivers was more evenly split between age groups, whilst those for coach, bus, minibus, goods
vehicles and taxi drivers is weighted more in favour of the older age groups. The full breakdown can
be seen in figure 22.
Public Health Intelligence Briefing: Road traffic accidents – April 2013
Figure 20
13
Public Health Intelligence Team, Public Health Southampton,
Southampton City Council, Lower Ground Floor,
Municipal Block – East, Civic Centre, Southampton, SO14 7LT
Tel: 02380 832493
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.publichealth.southampton.gov.uk
Road traffic accidents
April 2013
Figure 21
Figure 23 below shows the number of car, van and taxi drivers involved in accidents per 1,000
cars/vans available to households by electoral ward in the city. Bitterne Park (9.7) and Portswood
(9.5) wards have a significantly lower rate compared to the city average (14.0), whilst Bevois ward
stands out as having a rate significantly higher than the average (26.6). As this is a rate per 1,000
registered vehicles, any differences observed should not be due to the fact there are more drivers or
vehicles in any one area of the city. More accidents occur in the center of the city (see figures 11 and
13), which may in part help to explain why residents of Bevois have a high accident involvment rate
as they are more likely to be driving in the areas in which they live. However, Bargate ward has the
highest number of recorded accidents in the city, yet Bargate residents do not have a similarly high
accident involvement rate (14.9). When interpreting this data it must be remembered that the rate is
based on the number of vehicles available to households and may not reflect the number of drivers
(multiple drivers per vehicle) or levels of local traffic. Both of these factors may help to explain why
Bevois has such a high rate as it has a relatively low number of vehicles available to households
(4741 compared to ward average of 6347).
Public Health Intelligence Team, Public Health Southampton,
Southampton City Council, Lower Ground Floor,
Municipal Block – East, Civic Centre, Southampton, SO14 7LT
Tel: 02380 832493
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.publichealth.southampton.gov.uk
Public Health Intelligence Briefing: Road traffic accidents – April 2013
Figure 22
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Road traffic accidents
April 2013
Figure 24 shows the same data by local deprivation quintile. There does appear to be a relationship
between deprivation and accident involvement, with those car/van drivers living in the 20% most
deprived areas of the city having the highest accident involvement rate (20.8 per 1,000; significantly
higher than all other quintiles), whilst those living in the 20% least deprived have the lowest rate (10.1
per 1,000). Again this might in part be explained by relatively low levels of car ownership yet relatively
high levels of traffic in some of the most deprived areas of the city.
Public Health Intelligence Briefing: Road traffic accidents – April 2013
Figure 23
Figure 24
15
Public Health Intelligence Team, Public Health Southampton,
Southampton City Council, Lower Ground Floor,
Municipal Block – East, Civic Centre, Southampton, SO14 7LT
Tel: 02380 832493
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.publichealth.southampton.gov.uk
Road traffic accidents
April 2013
2
Appendix A – STATS19 Severity of casualty definition :
Public Health Intelligence Briefing: Road traffic accidents – April 2013
The STATS19 dataset codes each RTA casualty as ‘Fatal’, ‘Serious’ or ‘Slight’.
Fatal injuries include only those cases where death occurs in less than 30 days as a result of
the accident. It does not include death from natural causes or suicide.
Serious injuries include: Fractures, internal injuries, severe cuts, crushing, burns (exclusing
friction burns), concussion, severe shock (requiring hospital treatment), detention in hospital
as an in-patient, injuries to casualties who die 30 or more days after the accident from injuries
sustained in that accident.
Slight injuries include: Sprains, neck whiplash injury, bruises, slight cuts and slight shock
requiring roadside attention.
Persons who are merely shaken and who have no other injury are not included unless they
receive or appear to need medical treatment.
2
Department for Transport (2004) STATS 20 Instructions for the completion of road accident reports.
Public Health Intelligence Team, Public Health Southampton,
Southampton City Council, Lower Ground Floor,
Municipal Block – East, Civic Centre, Southampton, SO14 7LT
Tel: 02380 832493
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.publichealth.southampton.gov.uk
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