Index
Entries rendered in bold upper case are to the 50 sites. Page numbers where more detailed or explanatory
information can be found (where there are several references to choose from) are given in bold. Numbers
in italics refer either to an illustration or to information found in caption text.
A
Abu Simbel (Egypt) 40–44, 40, 41
Abydos 10, 40
Academy of Plato 90, 91
Actium, battle of 14, 97, 110, 132
Adam, Robert 183
Aelius Aristides, orator 158
Aeneas 170
Aeschylus, dramatist 82
Africa Proconsularis 189
Agamemnon, king of Mycenae 64, 64; (mask
of) 66, 66
Agilkia island, Egypt 49
Aglibol, Palmyrene god 193
Agricola, governor of Britain 159
Agrigento (Sicily) 98, 100–102
Agrippa, Roman general 89, 146, 149, 158
Agrippina, mother of Nero 170
Ahmose, ruler of Egypt 13, 25
Aix-en-Provence 149
Akragas (see Agrigento)
Alba Longa 170
Akhenaten, ruler of Egypt 8, 14, 34ff, 34, 35,
36, 37
Akhetaten (see Tel el-Amarna)
Alexander the Great 14, 45, 72, 108, 109,
118, 121, 124
Alexander, bishop of Alexandria 208
Alexander of Aphrodisias, philosopher 168
Alexandria 14, 45, 109; (library of) 116;
(lighthouse of) 109; (Serapeum) 109, 116,
209
Alma-Tadema, Sir Lawrence 148, 149
Amarna (see Tel el-Amarna)
Amarna Letters 38, 38
Ambrose, St 209
Amenhotep III, ruler of Egypt 14, 34;
(temple at Luxor) 25; (temple at Karnak)
26; (Colossi of Memnon) 31, 31; (Amarna
Letters) 38
Amenhotep IV (see Akhenaten)
Ammut, Egyptian god 23, 23
Amphitheatres 144, 158
240 Index
Amun, god of Thebes 13, 25, 28, 28, 236;
(temple at Karnak) 26–27, 27, 28; (temple
at Western Thebes) 29; (destruction of
cult by Akhenaten) 34; (restoration of cult
of by Tutankhamun) 39; (oracle of) 45
Amun-Ra, Egyptian god 13, 43, 43, 236
Animal hunts (Roman games) 145, 199
Anthemius of Tralles, architect 222
Anthony, St 227, 227
Antigonus I, Hellenistic king 163
Antinous, favourite of Hadrian 182
Antioch, Syria 184, 194, 200
Antiochus IV, Seleucid king 210
Antipater of Sidon, poet 124
Antonianus, sculptor 168
Antoninus Pius, emperor 133, 141, 141
Anubis, Egyptian god 23, 23, 236
Apamea 193, 193
Aphrodisias 168–71, 191
Aphrodite, cults of 96, 168, 169; (Aphrodite
of Cnidos) 183, 183
Apollo, god 74, 81, 93; (temple at Delphi)
74, 76; (oracle at Delphi) 74, 78; (sanctuary at Epidaurus) 80ff; (sanctuary on
Delos) 93ff
Apollodorus of Damascus, architect 140,
141, 149, 182
Apotheosis of emperors 141
Apuleius, Roman novelist 178
Aqueducts 115, 160
Aquincum 185
Ara Pacis (Rome) 133
Arch of Constantine (Rome) 142–43, 217
(for other arches, see Septimius Severus,
Titus)
Archaic Age (Greece) 58; (sculpture of) 59
Archelaus, king of Judaea 135, 212
Archimedes, mathematician 109
Arches in architecture 161
Aretas III, ruler of Petra 163, 166
Aretas IV, ruler of Petra 163, 166
Ariadne 63, 82
Arianism, Arius 208, 209, 218, 219, 220, 220
Aristophanes, dramatist 82, 88, 92
Aristotle, philosopher 90, 117
Ark of the Covenant 210
Arles 158, 203
Artemis, temple at Ephesus 124, 124
Asceticism 227–28
Asclepius, god 81
Ashur-uballit, Assyrian king 38
Assyrians 38
Astarte, Near Eastern goddess 168, 238
Atargatis, Syrian goddess 95, 238
Aten, Egyptian god 34, 34, 236; (demise of
cult of) 39
Athanasius of Alexandria 227, 227
Athena, goddess 84; (temples to in Athens)
86; (worship at Pergamon) 114, 115;
(temple at Priene) 118–20, 119
Athens (Acropolis) 84–87, 85; (Agora)
88–92; (emergence of) 58; (democracy of)
92; (drama at) 82; (philosophical schools)
90; (shipping) 96; (control of Delos) 94
Atreus, king of Mycenae 64
Attalids, rulers of Pergamon 110, 112ff
Attalus I, king of Pergamon 106, 112–13
Attalus II, king of Pergamon 89, 113
Attalus III, king of Pergamon 113
Augustine, St 209, 225
Augustus, emperor (known as Octavian
before 27 bc) 14, 110, 121, 132–33, 133,
134, 135, 138, 142, 152, 156, 158, 168,
170, 173, 189, 200
Augustus, imperial title 196
Aurelian, emperor 194
Avaris 13
B
Baalshamin, Palmyrene god 193, 193
Babylonians 210
Baptisteries, baptism 219, 220
Bar Kochba, rebel Jew 212
Basilicas in architecture 217, 217, 220
Bath, England 149
Baths of Caracalla (Rome) 147, 148–51
Bel, temple of (Palmyra) 193
Belzoni, Giovanni, adventurer 30, 30, 41, 42
Benedict, St 230
Bent Pyramid 16, 16
Berenike 46
Bes, Egyptian god 33, 236
Birth houses (Dendera) 47–48, 47
Boat pits (Great Pyramid) 19
Borders of the Roman empire 135, 184
Breasted, James Henry 32
Brigantes 185
Britain 159, 184, 185, 200
Burckhardt, Johann Ludwig 41, 164
Burial customs, Christian and Jewish 225
Byzantine art 143, 208, 217, 218, 220, 220,
221
Byzantine empire 213, 218
Byzantium 222 (see also Constantinople)
C
Caesar, imperial title 196
Caesar, Julius (see Julius Caesar)
Caesarea 210, 212
Caiaphas, high priest 212
Calixtus, St, catacomb of 215, 215
Caligula, emperor 73, 133
Canopus, Egypt 32, 175, 182, 183
Cappadocian Fathers 209
Caracalla, emperor 142, 190, 190; (Baths of)
148–51
Carter, Howard, Egyptologist 14, 14
Carthage, Carthaginians 189, 190; (wars
against Greeks) 99, 100, 102; (wars
against Rome; see also Punic Wars) 97, 100,
132, 189
Caryatid porch, Athens 84, 84
Cassian, theologian 230
Castalian Spring (Delphi) 74, 78
Catacombs (see Rome)
Catherine of Alexandria, St 228
Cecilia, St 215
Celts 112, 156, 156, 159
Ceres, temple at Paestum 104 (see also
Demeter)
Chaironeia, battle of 59, 72
Chalcedon, Council of 125, 218
Champollion, Jean-François, Egyptologist
12, 51
Chandler, Richard 70
Chateaubriand, François René de 64
Charioteer (Delphi) 75
Cheops (see Khufu)
Chesters fort (Hadrian’s Wall) 187
Christianity, emergence of 207; (early art of)
215, 216–17, 216, 217, 220
Chrysippus, philosopher 111
Cicero, orator 101, 136
Classical Age (Greece) 58
Classical sculpture 59, 86, 87
Claudius, emperor 152, 170, 170
Claudius II, emperor 194
Clement of Alexandria, philosopher 216
Cleopatra, queen of Egypt 14, 45, 110, 132
Clytemnestra 64
Cnidos, Aphrodite of 183
Codex Sinaiticus 230
Colosseum (Rome) 140, 144–45
Colossi of Memnon 31, 31
Colossus of Rhodes 109
Concord, temple of (Agrigento) 100,
101–102, 102
Concrete, invention of 147
Constantia, daughter of Constantine 215, 225
Constantine the Great, emperor 196, 203,
208; (Arch of) 142, 217; (defeats rivals)
135, 141, 203; (and Christianity) 135,
135, 141, 208, 217; (bans games) 145;
(and Constantinople) 135, 222; (at Trier)
200, 202–03, 202
Constantinople 135, 222–24; (Council of)
208
Constantius, emperor 200
Copts 218
Corinth, Corinthians 56, 71, 96, 98; (sack
of) 110
Corinthian order 159
Council of Chalcedon 125
Council of Ephesus 125
Crete 56, 68
Croton, Greek colony 103
Crucifixion 207, 212; (site of) 214
Cumae, Greek colony 103
Cybele, earth goddess 124, 136, 155, 238
D
Dacia, Dacians 133, 140, 140, 141
Daedalus 63
Dahshur (Egypt) 16
Danube 133, 134, 184
Darius III, king of Persia 109
David, king of Israel 210
Degas, Edgar 58
Deir el-Bahri 13, 29
Deir el-Medina 33, 33
Delia, festival 94
Delos (Greece) 93–96
Delphi (Greece) 74–78; (games at) 71, 74,
75; (oracle at) 74, 76, 78
Demosthenes, orator 59, 92
Dendera (Egypt) 47–48; (Zodiac) 48, 48
Demeter, goddess 101; (temple at Paestum;
‘Temple of Ceres’) 104
Diocletian, emperor 51, 134, 184, 194, 196,
200, 207; (divides empire) 196
Diocletian’s Villa (Split) 196–97, 197
Dionysius of Syracuse 99
Dionysus, god 82, 94, 95, 101, 178, 179
Diver, tomb of (Paestum) 105
Djoser, Egyptian king 10; (pyramid of) 16, 17
Dodona (Greece) 78, 79
Dome construction 147, 161, 224
Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem 213, 213
Domestic architecture, Roman 152, 174–76,
176
Domitian, emperor 140
Doric order 98
Drama, Greek 82
Dura-Europus 207, 218, 219
Dying Gaul, Hellenistic sculpture, 113
E
Eastern Thebes (Egypt) 25–28
Edfu (Egypt) 45–46
Edwards, Amelia 27, 49
Egeria, Christian pilgrim 228
Egyptian desert 227–28
El Djem, Tunisia 145, 189
Elephantine, Egypt 49
Eleusis, mysteries of 101
Elgin Marbles 86
Elis, Greece 71
Index 241
Ephesus (Turkey) 121–25; (Library) 122,
123; (Temple of Artemis) 124, 124; (Christianity at) 125; (Council of) 125, 230;
(Seven Sleepers of) 125
Epictetus, philosopher 70
Epicurus, philosopher 111
Epidaurus (Greece) 80–83
Erechtheion, Athens 84, 84
Erechtheus, king of Athens 84
Erotica, Roman 177
Etruscans 130, 131, 142, 144, 172
Euclid, mathematician 109
Eumenes I, ruler of Pergamon 112
Eumenes II, ruler of Pergamon 110, 113,
114, 115, 116
Euphrates, river 193
Euripides, playwright 51, 82, 92, 178
Europa, myth of 59, 63
Eusebius, Church historian 205, 208, 214,
222
Evans, Sir Arthur, archaeologist 60, 62, 63
F
Fausta, wife of Constantine 208
Fiorelli, Giuseppe 174
Forum, Roman 136–41
Franks 135, 184, 203
Freedmen, Roman, status of 179
Frontiers of the Roman empire 184
Funerary customs (Egypt) 23
G
Galatians, Celtic tribe 113, 113, 115
Gallia Belgica 200
Gallienus, emperor 194
Games (Greek athletic contests) 71, 75, 171,
209; (Roman) 131, 171
Gardon river 160
Garum (Roman fish sauce) 177
Gaul, Roman 132, 200, 203
Gauls (see Galatians)
Gela, Sicily 98
Geta, son of Septimius Severus 142, 190, 190
Giardini Naxos, Sicily 98
Gilliéron, Emile, 61
Giza (Egypt) 18–21
Gladiatorial contests 131, 144–45, 145
242 Index
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 102, 104, 172
Gordian, emperor 184
Gospels 207, 207
Goths 184, 226 (see also Ostrogoths)
Great Pyramid 18, 19, 19, 20
Greeks (in Egypt) 14, 45; (in Sicily) 98ff; (in
Italy) 103ff; (in Asia Minor) 108ff
H
Hadrian, Roman emperor 133, 133, 152,
168, 180, 193; (in Egypt) 31; (in Greece)
78; (in Asia Minor) 122; (in the Holy
Land) 212, 214; (architecture of) 141,
146, 182; (consolidates borders) 184
Hadrian’s Villa (Tivoli) 180–83
Hadrian’s Wall (England) 184–87
Haghia Sophia, Constantinople 222–24, 223
Hakim, caliph 214
Halicarnassus, Mausoleum at 119, 120
Hannibal, Carthaginian general 173
Harendotes, Egyptian god 49
Harpocrates, Egyptian child deity 49, 49,
236
Hathor, Egyptian goddess 22, 22, 33, 33, 44,
236; (temple at Dendera) 47, 47
Hatshepsut, ruler of Egypt 13–14, 14, 29;
(temple at Deir el-Bahri) 15, 29, 29, 105
Helen, mother of Constantine 135, 203, 213,
214, 228
Helena, daughter of Constantine 225
Heliopolis, Egypt 43
Hellenistic age 108ff; (art of) 110
Hephaistos, god 84; (temple to) 88, 89
Hera, temple of (Agrigento) 102, 102; (Paestum) 103, 104, 104
Herculaneum 174
Hermits 227
Herod, governor of Judaea 163, 210
Herodes Atticus, romanised Greek 72, 75
Herodotus, historian 8, 32, 58,
Herri met de Bles 227
Hieroglyphics, Egyptian 10, 12
Hipparchus, mathematician 109
Hippocrates, physician 81
Hippodamus of Miletus, urban planner 117
Hit, port on the Euphrates 193
Hittites 14, 38, 40, 43
Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem 214, 214
Homer 51, 63, 64, 80, 82, 92
Horemheb, Egyptian general 42
Horus, Egyptian god 22, 43, 236; (temple at
Edfu) 46, 46, 49
Huns 184
Housesteads fort (Hadrian’s Wall) 186–87,
186
Hyksos, invaders of Egypt 13
Hypocaust, heating system 185
Hypostyle Hall (Karnak) 26, 27
I
Iconoclasm 218, 230, 230
Ictinus, architect 86
Idumaeans 210
Ihy, Egyptian child deity 47, 47
Imhotep, architect and god 16, 17, 236;
(temple at Philae) 49
Ionic order 120
Irenaeus, bishop of Lyons 207
Isidore of Miletus, architect 222
Isis, Egyptian goddess 23, 48, 175, 178, 236;
(temple at Dendera) 48; (temple at Philae)
49, 50
Islam, Islamic world 213
Israelites 210
J
Jerusalem 210–14
Jesus 207, 212
Jews 155, 210ff, 215, 218
John Chrysostom, St 124
John Climakos, St 229, 229
Josephus, historian 192, 210
Judaea 132, 184, 210, 212
Julian the Apostate, emperor 212
Julius Caesar 132, 132, 135, 138, 156, 168,
170, 189
Jupiter, temple of (Rome) 136
Justinian, emperor 222, 226, 228; (closes
pagan institutions) 51, 90
K
Kahun Medical Papyrus 12
Kamares ware, pottery 60, 60
Karnak (Egypt) 26–28
Kenher-khepshef, Egyptian scribe 33
Khafra, ruler of Egypt 20, 20; (pyramid of)
21
Khnum, Egyptian god 27, 27, 31, 31, 237
Khons, Egyptian god 28, 28, 237
Khufu, Egyptian ruler 20; (Great Pyramid)
18, 19, 19, 20
Kiya, Egyptian queen 36, 39
Knossos (Crete) 56, 60–63, 82
Kos, Greece 81
Kouroi 59
L
Lambaesis 189
Latium, Italy 130
Leptis Magna (Libya) 189–91
Leuctra, battle of 59
Libraries (Alexandria) 116; (Ephesus) 122,
123; (Pergamon) 116
Ligorio, Pirro 183
Linear A, script 60, 68
Linear B, script 68, 68
Lion Gate (Mycenae) 66
Luxor (Egypt) 24, 25
Lysimachus, general 112, 121
Lysippus, sculptor 58
M
Ma’at, Egyptian ideal (and goddess) of harmony 13, 237
Maccabee brothers 210
Macedonia 108, 110
Madaba mosaic 214, 214
Madradag aqueduct, Pergamon 115
Magna Graecia 103
Malakbel, Palmyrene god 193
Malia, Crete 60
Manetho, Egyptian priest 10
Marathon, battle of 58
Marcus Aurelius, emperor 111, 133, 133
Mariette, Auguste 46
Mark Antony, Roman general 110, 116, 132,
136, 193
Martyria 225–26
Masada, Israel 210
Massilia (Marseilles) 56, 156
Mastaba tombs 16, 17
Mauretania 189
Mausolea 197, 225–26, 225
Mausoleum at Halicarnassus 119, 120
Maxentius, rival of Constantine 135, 135,
141, 196, 198, 203
Maximian, co-emperor 196, 198, 200
Maximus Magnus, usurper 203
Medinet Habu 29
Medusa, image of, 188, 189
Memphis, Egypt 25
Menkaura, pyramid of 20
Mentuhotep II, ruler of Egypt 13, 25, 29
Meritaten, Egyptian princess 36, 36, 39
Middle Kingdom (Egypt) 13
Milan 200
Miletus, Asia Minor 58, 104, 117
Millard, David 18
Milos, Greece 96
Milvian Bridge, battle of 135, 135, 203
Minoans 56, 60ff; (art of) 56, 57, 61, 62, 63;
(shipping) 96
Minos, king of Crete 56, 63
Minotaur 63
Mithras, Mithraism 155, 155, 238
Mithridates, king of Pontus 96
Mohammed, prophet of Islam 213
Monasticism 227–28, 230
Monica, St 155
Montu, Egyptian god 26, 237
Mosel, river 200
Mouseion (Alexandria) 116
Mukkadasi, geographer 213
Mummies, Egyptian 32
Mut, Egyptian goddess 28, 237; (temple of)
26
Mycenaeans 56, 62, 66ff
Mycenae (Greece) 64–69
Myron, sculptor 71
Mystery religions 178, 220
N
Nabataeans 163ff
Narmer, Egyptian ruler 10
Naucratis, Egyptian city 14
Naxos, Naxians 20, 94
Neapolis, Greek colony 103
Nefertari, Egyptian queen 41, 44
Nefertiti, Egyptian queen 34, 36, 36, 39
Nemean Games 71
Neoplatonism 209
Nephthys, Egyptian goddess 23, 23, 237
Nero, emperor 78, 133, 145, 170, 170;
(Domus Aurea) 140
New Kingdom (Egypt) 13–14
Nicaea, Council of 208
Nicene Creed 208, 209
Nîmes (France) 156–59
Novantae 185
Nubia, Nubians 13, 14, 41, 42, 42,
Nuceria 145
Numidia 189
O
Obodas, ruler of Petra 163, 166, 167
Octavian (see Augustus)
Odenathus, ruler of Palmyra 194
Old Kingdom (Egypt) 12
Olympia (Greece) 70–73
Olympic Games 70, 71, 209
Opet, festival of 28
Oracles (Delphi) 78; (Dodona) 78, 79
Orestes 64
Origen, theologian 111
Osiris, Egyptian god 39, 43, 46, 46, 237
Ostia (Italy) 152–55
Ostrogoths 218
Oxyrhynchus papyri 51
P
Pachomius, early monk 228
Paestum (Italy) 103–105
Painted Stoa (Athens) 88, 111, 182
Palmyra (Syria) 192–95; (art of) 194
Pantheon (Rome) 146–47, 147, 161, 215
Papyrus 25, 25; (see also Oxyrhynchus)
Parchment 112, 116, 116
Parthenon, Athens 86
Parnassus, Mt 74
Parthians 142, 142, 184, 190
Pasiphaë 63
Paul, St 125, 207, 207, 216, 216, 226; (basilica in Rome) 217
Paul III, pope 151
Paul the Silentiary 224
Index 243
Pausanias, geographer 64, 70, 78, 80, 96, 106
Peloponnesian War 58–59
Pelops, Greek hero 72
Pergamon (Turkey) 110, 112–16, 112; (Altar
of Zeus) 109, 110, 114–15, 114; (library)
116
Pericles, Athenian leader 84, 86, 89, 92
Persephone, worship of 101
Persians (in Egypt) 45; (war with Greece) 58,
84; (war with Alexander the Great) 108,
109, 121, 210; (war with Rome) 134, 184
Peter, St 217, 226, 226
Petra (Jordan) 162–67
Phaistos, Crete 60
Pheidias, sculptor 58, 70, 73, 86
Philae (Egypt) 49–50
Philetairus 112
Philip of Macedon 59, 72
Philosophy (ancient Greek) 90; (Hellenistic)
111; (Neaoplatonist) 209
Phocas, Byzantine emperor 142, 146
Piazza Armerina (Sicily) 145, 198–99, 198,
199
Piero della Francesca 135
Pilate, Pontius 212
Pindar, poet 53, 71, 75, 100
Piranesi, Giovanni Battista 183
Pi-Ramesses, Egypt 40
Pithoi, storage jars 60, 60
Pius II, pope 183
Plataea, battle of 58
Plato, philosopher 90, 92, 209, 227
Pliny the Elder 113, 177
Pliny the Younger 174
Plotinus, philosopher 209
Plutarch, historian 51, 86
Polyclitus, sculptor 58, 59
Pompeii (Italy) 140, 145, 172–79; (Villa of
the Mysteries) 178–79
Pompey the Great 132, 210
Pont du Gard (France) 160
Poseidon, temple at Paestum 104
Poseidonia (see Paestum)
Pottery styles (Greek) 59, 59
Praxiteles, sculptor 58, 183, 183
Priene (Turkey) 117–20, 117
Procopius, historian 224, 227
244 Index
Ptah, Egyptian god 43, 43, 237
Ptolemies, Ptolemaic dynasty 14, 45ff, 73,
108, 110, 210
Ptolemy I, ruler of Egypt 14, 45, 116
Ptolemy II, ruler of Egypt 46, 47, 116
Ptolemy V, ruler of Egypt 51
Ptolemy VIII, ruler of Egypt 45
Punic Wars 100, 132
Punt, land of 14
Pydna, battle of 110
Pylos, Greece 68
Pyramid Age (Egypt) 12
Pyramids (Egypt) 16–22
Pyramid Texts 22
Pyrrhus, king of Epirus 79
Pythagoras,philosopher 103
Pytheos, architect 118–20, 120
Pythia,priestess of Apollo 74, 78
Pythian Games (see Delphi)
Q
Qadesh, battle of 14, 43
R
Ra, Egyptian god 13, 31, 31, 43, 237
Ra-Horakhty, Egyptian god 22, 22, 43, 43,
237
Ramesses I, ruler of Egypt 42
Ramesses II, ruler of Egypt 14, 28, 40, 42,
43; (temple at Luxor) 24, 25; (temple at
Karnak) 26, 27; (Ramesseum) 29; (temple
at Abydos) 40; (temples at Abu Simbel)
40ff; (battle of Qadesh) 43
Ramesses III, ruler of Egypt 29
Ravenna (Italy) 207, 217, 218–21, 219, 226
Rhea Sylvia 136
Rhine 134
Rhodes, Colossus of 109
Rhône 184
Riace Warrior 59
Roberts, David 49
Rome, Romans 130ff; (history of) 130–35;
(army) 134; (administration) 135; (urban
administration) 177–79; (portraiture) 132,
133, 143, 208; (shipping) 97, 97; (in Sicily) 99, 100, 132; (relationship with Greek
culture) 130, 172, 176; (in Asia Minor and
the Hellenistic world) 110, 113, 121, 121,
122, 132, 168ff, 170, 170; (borders of empire) 134, 184; (division of empire) 134;
(ceases to be capital) 200; (and Christianity) 215–17
Rome, sites in (Basilica of Maxentius) 141,
217; (Baths of Caracalla) 147, 148–51;
(Catacombs) 207, 215, 215; (Colosseum) 140, 144–45; (Forum) 136ff,
217; (Domus Aurea) 140, 140, 147, 161;
(Palatine Hill) 140; (Pantheon) 146, 161,
215; (Santa Costanza) 225, 225, 226, 226;
(Santa Croce in Gerusalemme) 217; (Santa
Pudenziana) 216, 216; (St John Lateran)
217; (St Peter’s) 217, 217; (Santo Stefano
Rotondo) 225, 225
Romulus and Remus 136, 136
Romulus Augustulus, emperor 218
Rosetta Stone 51
Rubicon, Caesar’s crossing of 132
S
Sacred lakes 27
St Catherine’s Monastery (Sinai, Egypt)
227–30, 228
St John Lateran, Rome (see Rome)
St Mark’s, Venice, horses of 224, 224
St Peter’s, Rome (see Rome)
Salamis, battle of 58, 84, 96
Salonae (Split) 196
Samaria 210
Samnites 172
Santa Costanza (see Rome)
Santa Pudenziana (see Rome)
Santo Stefano Rotondo (see Rome)
Saqqara (Egypt) 10, 16
Sasanians 184, 194
Scarab, symbolism of 23
Sceptics, philosophers 111
Schliemann, Heinrich, excavator 64, 66
Scipio Africanus, Roman general 132, 132
Scotland 185, 191
Sculpture, development of (Greek) 59, 71,
77, 86; (Hellenistic) 110; (Roman) 132,
133, 143, 208
Scribes, Egyptian 12
Scythia 193
Sea Peoples 14
Segesta (Sicily) 99, 99
Seleucids, Seleucus 108, 110, 112, 121, 163,
210
Selgovae 185
Selinunte (Sicily) 99
Seneca, philosopher and statesman 111, 151
Senenmut, Egyptian official 13
Septimius Severus, Roman emperor 151, 189,
189, 190; (Arch of in Rome) 138, 143;
(Arch of at Leptis Magna) 142, 191, 191;
(in Egypt) 31; (embellishment of Leptis
Magna) 191; (at Constantinople) 222, 224
Serapeum (Alexandria) 109, 116, 209
Serapis, Hellenistic god 109, 237
Seth, Egyptian god 43, 46, 237
Seti I, ruler of Egypt 40, 237; (tomb of) 30,
31
Seven Sleepers of Ephesus 125
Severe Style (Greek sculpture) 71
Shapur I, Sasanian king 184
Shipping, general 96–97
Simeon, St 203
Sinai, Mt (Egypt) 227–30
Siphnian Treasury (Delphi) 76, 77
Sirmium, Serbia 200
Siwa, Egypt 45
Smenkhkara, Egyptian ruler 39
Sneferu, pyramid of 16
Socrates, philosopher 89, 90, 92
Solomon, temple of 210
Solway Firth 186
Sophists, philosophers 90
Sophocles, dramatist 82, 101
Sosus of Pergamon, mosaicist, 113, 183
Sparta, Spartans 58, 58, 59
Sphinx (Egypt) 20, 21
Split (Croatia) 196–97
Stephen, St 225
Stephens, John Lloyd 31, 163
Stepped Pyramid 16, 17
Stoa Poikile (see Painted Stoa)
Stoicism, Stoics 88, 111
Strabo, geographer 96
Suetonius, historian 140
Sybaris, Greek colony 103
Syracuse, Sicily 98
T
Tacitus, historian 159
Tetrarchs, Tetrarchy 200, 201
Tarquinia, House of Tarquin 131
Taweret, Egyptian goddess 33, 33, 237
Tel el-Amarna (Egypt) 34–39
Temples (Egyptian) 28; (Etruscan) 131;
(Greek) 105, 105
Thamugadi (Timgad) 190
Theatres, Greek 82
Thebans (Greek) 59
Thebes (Egypt) 13, 25–33
Themistocles, Athenian general 78, 92
Theodoric, king of Italy 218, 219
Theodosius, emperor 202, 208, 209, 218;
(suppression of pagan cults) 14, 46, 70,
78, 155, 209
Thermopylae 58
Theseus, Athenian hero 63
Tholos tombs 68, 69
Thoth, Egyptian god 23, 23, 237
Thucydides, historian 59, 63, 92, 96
Thutmose I, ruler of Egypt 13, 30, 33
Thutmose III, ruler of Egypt 13, 13–14, 26,
29
Thutmose IV, ruler of Egypt 20
Thysdrus (see El Djem)
Tiberius, emperor 140
Titus, emperor 212; (Arch of) 138, 142, 212
Trajan, emperor 133, 140–41, 140, 149, 163,
184
Treasury of Atreus (Mycenae) 68, 69
Treveri 200
Trier (Germany) 200–03
Tripolitana 189
Triumph, Roman victory procession 136,
138, 142
Triumphal arches (see Constantine, Septimius
Severus, Titus)
True Cross, finding of 135, 213
Tungrians 187
Tutankhamun, ruler of Egypt 14, 36, 36, 39;
(canopic jar of) 12; (tomb of) 23, 30, 32
Tyche, goddess 109
U
Utica 189
V
Vaballathus, son of Zenobia 194
Valentinian I, emperor 184, 196, 203
Valerian, emperor 184
Valley of the Kings (Egypt) 30
Vandals 184
Venice (Horses of St Mark’s) 224; (Tetrarchs)
201
Ventris, Michael 68
Vespasian, emperor 140, 142, 144, 212, 212
Vesta, Vestal Virgins 138
Vesuvius, eruption of 174
Villa of Diocletian (Split) 196–97
Villa of Hadrian (Tivoli) 180–83
Villa of the Mysteries (Pompeii) 178–79, 179
Villa of Piazza Armerina (Sicily) 198
Vindolanda 187; (tablets) 187, 187
Virgil, poet 126
Vitruvius, architect 118, 159, 174, 175
Vivant, Dominique, Baron de Denon 26, 48
Volney, Comte de 195
W
Wailing Wall, Jerusalem 210, 211, 212
Wallsend (Hadrian’s Wall) 186
Warrior Vase 56, 67
Western Thebes (Egypt) 29
Wonders of the Ancient World 73, 124
X
Xenophon, historian 94
Xerxes, king of Persia 58, 84
Y
York, England 187, 190
Z
Zeno, philosopher 111
Zenobia, queen of Palmyra 194
Zeus (myths concerning) 63, 81, 175; (statue
and temple at Olympia) 70, 71, 73, 73;
(foundation of Delphi) 74; (sanctuary of
at Dodona) 79; (temple at Agrigento) 101;
(altar at Pergamon) 109, 110, 114–15, 114
Zodiac of Dendera 48, 48
Zoilus, freedman of Aphrodisias 168, 171
Index 245