Chapter 13:
INDUSTRIAL GROWTH IN THE NORTH
(1790-1860)
Section 1: The Industrial Revolution and America
Section 2: Changes in Working Life
Section 3: The Transportation Revolution
Section 4: More Technological Advances
Section 1: The Industrial Revolution and America
Samuel Slater
Samuel Slater improved the textile industry, which led to large profits and the
building of textile mills.
Eli Whitney
Eli Whitney improved the manufacturing industry in two ways:
interchangeable parts
mass production
The War of 1812
The War of 1812 aided free enterprise and manufacturing by encouraging
Americans to buy from American manufacturers and encouraging industrial growth.
Section 2: Changes in Working Life
The Rhode Island and Lowell Systems
Rhode Island System
Hired entire families
Divided factory work into simple tasks
Lowell System
Hired young, unmarried women
Built looms that could weave thread and spin cloth in the mill
Influence of Factories
on the Northeast United States
new wave of immigration
bad working conditions
trade unions formed
strikes
labor reform
Sarah G. Bagley
Sarah G. Bagley and other labor reformers fought for a l0-hour workday.
Section 3: The Transportation Revolution
The Transportation Revolution:
greater speed and convenience in travel
expanded free enterprise
reduced shipping time and cost
led to development of new towns
steamboat ferry service
encouraged settlers to move to the Midwest
Gibbons v. Ogden
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) – Supreme Court ruling that federal law has priority over
equivalent state law; expanded definition of interstate commerce
Growth of American Railroad
made travel easier and faster
aided economy and trade/lowered prices for consumers
linked cities in Eastern U.S. and helped other cities grow
Section 4: More Technological Advances
Samuel Morse
Samuel Morse combined electricity and magnetism to invent the telegraph.
New Developments Benefit
Factory and Farm Workers
factories could be built anywhere
l o w l ab o r an d s h i p p i n g co s t s
movement from rural to urban areas and to the west
growth of machine-tool industry
made planting and harvesting easier
Inve nt ors
Cyrus McCormick – reaper
Isaac Singer – sewing machine
CHAPTER 14:
AGRICULTURAL CHANGES IN THE SOUTH
(1790–1860)
Section 1: The Growth of Cotton
Section 2: The Southern Economy
Section 3: Southern Society
Section 4: The Slave System
Section 1: The Growth of Cotton
Agriculture declined following the American Revolution leading to:
a fall in production and prices
the end of slavery
Effects of Cotton Gin
on the South and Slavery
revolutionized the cotton industry and increased Southern agriculture
led to greater use of slave labor
Southern Economy
The Southern economy improved as cotton became a major cash crop.
Section 2: The Southern Economy
Effect of Trade on Southern Economy
Trade and economy in the South improved and led to the growth of major port
ci t i es .
Other Crops
Other crops important to the southern economy were corn, rice, sweet potatoes,
sugarcane, wheat, tobacco, hemp, and flax.
Factories in the South
rope industries
lumber industries
steam-powered sawmill
factories to process crops, such as the sugar-processing factory
iron works factory
Section 3: Southern Society
Life for Planters and Farmers
Life for planters and farmers centered around religion, farming, and varied
according to social class.
The Southern Cities
built water systems and streets
offered public education
d ep en d ed o n s l av e l ab o r
Discrimination
Free Africans in the South faced discrimination and limited rights.
discrimination – difference in attitude or treatment
Section 4: The Slave System
Slaves faced:
hard labor and long hours
harsh living conditions
Slave culture helped them cope with the slavery system by reminding them of their
h er i t a g e.
They formed strong ties through:
family
folktales – oral stories that often provide a moral lesson
spirituals – emotional Christian songs sung by slaves in the South that mixed African and
European elements and usually expressed slaves’ religious beliefs
Challenging Slavery
slaves worked slower
slaves revolted (Nat Turner).
Chapter 15:
NEW MOVEMENTS IN AMERICA
(1815–1850)
Section 1: America’s Spiritual Awakening
Section 2: Immigrants and Cities
Section 3: Reforming Society
Section 4: The Movement to End Slavery
Section 5: Women’s Rights
Section 1: America’s Spiritual Awakening
Second Great Awakening
During the Second Great Awakening, church membership and religious faith spread
across the country.
Transcendentalists’ View
of American Society
simple
spiritual
free from material objects
equality for men and women
Ideas of American Romantics
spirituality
simple life
nature
i n d i v i d u al i s m
democracy
Section 2: Immigrants and Cities
Wave of Immigrants
fled to escape economic and political problems
fled to escape religious persecution
Response to Immigrants
became nativists
formed the Know-Nothing Party
Growth of Cities
Industrial and Transportation Revolutions
Rural Migration
Immigration
Benefits: aided business owners and skilled workers and furthered arts and culture
Problems: overcrowding, limited transportation, conflicts between social classes, lack of
safe housing and public services, tenements
Section 3: Reforming Society
Prison Reform in the Mid 1800’s
separate facilities for mentally ill and criminals
s t at e h o s p i t al s
reform schools
houses of correction
Temperance Movement
The temperance movement was begun to halt alcohol abuse and social problems.
Changes in Education –
early and mid 1800’s
common-school movement
more funding and better salaries
greater opportunities for women, African Americans, and people with special
n eed s
Section 4: The Movement to End Slavery
Abolitionists
American abolitionists opposed slavery on religious, moral and political grounds.
Others wanted to prevent conflicts between races.
Spreading the Abolitionist Message
speaking tours
newspaper articles and pamphlets
poetry and literature
T h e L i b er a t o r
American Anti-Slavery Society
Opposition to Abolition
thought freed slaves would take jobs away from whites
thought slavery was a vital party of Southern economy and culture
opposed interference from outsiders
Section 5: Women’s Rights
Influence of Abolition on Women’s Rights
Women felt they had to defend their rights to speak in public.
Goals of Women’s Rights Movement
reform and abolition
b et t er ed u cat i o n
voting rights
property ownership and control
Seneca Falls Convention
Purpose: organize a women’s rights movement
Significance: first public meeting for women’s rights in the U.S.