Jo u rn a l
of
C
onchology
( 2 0 1 3 ) , V o l .4 1 , N
o
.4
453
ON THE DISCOVERY OF A NEW VOLUTOPSIUS
(GASTROPODA, BUCCINIDAE) FROM THE NORTH-EASTERN
ATLANTIC OCEAN
K o e n F r a u sse n 1, D avid
W. M c K ay2 & J im D rewery 3
’Leuvensestraat 25, B-3200 Aarschot, Belgium
29 Seafield Street, Portknockie, Buckie, AB56 41X, Scotland, UK
’M arine Scotland M arine Laboratory, 375 Victoria Road, A berdeen, AB11 9DB, Scotland, UK
A bstract D uring an ongoing research programme to investigate fish in g grounds on and around the Rockall Plateau and
along the continental slope to the west of Scotland the scientific staff on board o f R /V Scotia collected a num ber o f Mollusca
as a by-catch, among them several Buccinidae. Two o f the larger species deserve more attention: Beringius bogasoni Warén
& Sm ith 2006 and specimens o f an unknow n Volutopsius. The latter can be distinguished from V olutopsius norw egicus
(Gmelin 1791) by the spiral sculpture and is added to the British Fauna as Volutopsius scotiae sp. nov.
Key words
Atlantic, Rockall, Buccinidae, Beringius, Volutopsius, new taxon
I n t r o d u c t io n
The area of Rockall has been an im portant place
for early oceanographic and biological surveys
since the 19th century. For an account on the
history of the investigation we refer to G ordon
(2003). Photos of the seafloor of Rockall Bank
taken by subm ersibles w ere published as early
as in the seventies (Vadus, 1977). Like m any
offshore banks and ridges, Rockall Bank and
Rockall Trough represent a unique fauna w ith
ecosystem s of cold-w ater coral and m arine ben­
thos (JNCC, 2010; Jason et ah, 2009; Hall-Spencer
et al„ 2002, 2009).
The M arine Laboratory, A berdeen has had an
ongoing research program m e to investigate the
bathym etry, epibenthic fauna, and fish stocks on
and around the Rockall plateau since 1973. The
SAMS D unstaffnage Laboratory, Oban d id con­
siderable w ork on the Benthos and fish fauna of
the Rockall Trough in the 1970s and 1980s. The
Royal N etherlands Institute for Sea Research
(RIOZ) has w orked on the fauna from this area.
A considerable num ber of new species have
been described from this area d uring the p ast
few years, all but one are micro-shells (for exam ­
ples see Hoffm an et al., 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011).
It w as therefore a surprise that a large species
new to science belonging to the m acro-benthos,
Beringius bogasoni W arén & Smith 2006, w as
described. The discovery of another large species
is perhaps more surprising, given that it lives in
the sam e geographic area. Species belonging to
C ontact author : koen.fraussen@ skynet.be
the Buccinidae are am ong the larger molluscs
in general, and gastropods in particular, in both
Boreal and Arctic waters. N o additional new
Buccinidae w ere discovered p rio r to these two,
despite intensive research by M arine Scotland
(formerly Fisheries Research Services), the
Scottish Association for M arine Science (SAMS)
and by the Royal N etherlands Institute for Sea
Research (RIOZ). The description of the new
species in the present paper is the result of
studying m orphological details, such as spiral
sculpture, over a large num ber of specimens
(of V. norwegicus and N. cf. norwegicus) covering
a w ide geographic range, in order to acquire a
better understanding of the variability and bio­
geography of Buccinidae in this area.
M a t e r ia l s a n d M e t h o d s
Since 1998 the FRV Scotia has u ndertaken fisher­
ies surveys of the deeper w aters of the Rockall
Trough and the surrounding areas on behalf
of M arine Scotland. These surveys utilized a
Jackson 460 Trawl fishing at a range of depths
dow n to 1800 m to estimate fish abundance and
diversity. Recent m ultidisciplinary deepw ater
projects such as ECOSDEEP and OFFCON had
an additional benthic com ponent and fished the
Jackson 460 in tandem w ith a small bagnet for
m acrobenthos capture. Designed to pick up m ate­
rial going u nder the groundgear of the larger net,
the bagnet w as fitted w ith 100 m m disks on the
groundrope and a 20 mm blinder in the codend.
It had an estim ated w ingspread of approxim ately
454
K F ra u sse n
et a l .
3 m and w orked behind the groundgear directly
underneath the bottom panel of the larger net.
Towing time w as 30-60 m inutes at 1.7-1.8 m s4 .
All m acrobenthos from both nets w ere identified
and quantified at sea or preserved and returned
to the M arine Laboratory. U sing this m ethod
in 2008, during the ECOSDEEP project, w e col­
lected Volutopsius from soft sedim ents on the
H ebridean Slope and in 2001 and 2012, d uring
the OFFCON project, we found Volutopsius and
Beringius along the NE and W of Rockall Bank.
All specimens cited in the present p ap er w ere
captured by the bagnet only.
All specimens w ere stored dry (em pty shells,
dead collected or cleaned), the holotype placed
in the N ational M useum of Scotland, paratypes
in the collection of the first and second author
and in the M arine Laboratory of M arine Scotland,
and the additional specimens from Iceland in the
collection of the first author. All Buccinidae are
com pared w ith the original description of the spe­
cies and related (homologous) or possibly related
(similar) species, the type species w hen available
for study and w ith other specim ens of the same
species collected elsewhere. For Volutopsius we
could com pare the new species w ith about 200
specimens of V. norwegicus in the collection of the
first and second author and w ith 170 specim ens
of Volutopsiinae from the N orthern Pacific in the
collection of the first author.
S y s t e m a t ic s
Family Buccinidae Rafinesque 1815
Subfamily Volutopsiinae H abe & Sato 1972
glossy or w ith fine spiral sculpture; axial sculp­
ture absent except in teratological specimens.
Specimens belonging to this genus are
easily recognized by the sm ooth shell w ith large
protoconch in com bination w ith a large, gently
curved outer lip.
Remarks
For an account on the history of the designa­
tion of the type species of the genus we refer to
K antor (1982).
Volutopsius norwegicus (Gmelin 1791)
Plate 2, Figs 14-21
Strombus norvegicus C hem nitz, 1788: 218, pi. 157,
fig. 1497-1498 (rejected work).
Strombus norwegicus Gmelin, 1791: 3520-3521.
Fusus largillierti Petit de la Saussaye, 1851: 254255, pi. 7, fig. 6.
Fusus norwagicus Sowerby, 1880: 88 (misspelling
for "norvegicus").
Neptunea ( Volutopsius) norvegica Tryon, 1881:
119.
Neptunea ( Volutopsius ) largillierti Tryon, 1881:
119.
Neptunea ( Volutopsius ) norvegica Kobelt, 1887:
66-68
Volutopsius norvegica var. dautzenbergi Schlesch,
1929: 194-195, 196, pi. 11, fig. 7-8.
Volutopsius norvegicus, M acpherson, 1971: 69-70.
Volutopsius norvegicus Tiba & Kosuge, 1979: 1-2.
Volutopsius norwegicus Bouchet & Warén, 1985:
200 - 201 .
Volutopsius norwegicus Kantor, 1990: 85-90.
Volutopsius norwegicus K antor & Sysoev, 2006:
207.
G enus Volutopsius M örch 1857
Fusus largillierti Petit de la Saussaye
1851, type locality N ew foundland.
Synonym s
Type species Fusus largillierti Petit de la
Saussaye 1851 = Volutopsius norwegicus (Gmelin
1791)
Shell m edium to large for the family,
up to 155 m m in the Atlantic, occasionally larger
in the Pacific; broadly fusiform w ith m edium
to m oderately high spire and large, b road body
w horl. A perture large w hen com pared to shell
size, semi-oval w ith smooth, glossy colum ellar
callus, gently curved outer lip w ith slightly flared
edge. Colour ranging from w hite over yellow ish
or pale pink to pale brow n, in Pacific occasion­
ally dark reddish brown. Protoconch large, b u l­
bous, first w horl m inute, flattened. Teleoconch
Volutopsius norvegica var. dautzenbergi Schlesch
1929, type locality: N W Iceland, Isaljördur.
Description
Bouchet & W arén (1985) suggested that
Volutopsius middendorffi (Dali 1891) (type local­
ity "Albatros" station 3216 & 3253, U nim ak
Pass, Alaska, 66 - 112 m) m ay be a synonym
of V. norwegicus. K antor (1986), in his study on
the subfam ily Volutopsiinae, concluded that
both species are not conspecific, based on conchological and anatom ical evidence. The type
figure by Dali (1895: pi. 28, fig. 1) and the holo­
type figured by Kosuge (1972: pi. 25, fig. 7)
A new V
o l u t o p s iu s
fro m th e n o r th -e a s te r n A tla n tic
455
Figures 1-13 Volutopsius scotiae sp. nov.: 1-3 holotype, 84.2 m m , NW off St Kilda, 58°26'N, 09°28'W, 1000 m
deep, in N ational M useum of Scotland, D epartm ent of Zoology, reg.nr.-NMSZ:2012053; 4-7 paratype 2, 89.6 mm,
operculum 14.6 mm, Rockall Through, 57°34'N, 12°27'W, 1750 m deep, coll. D. W. McKay; 8 paratype 4, 82.7 mm,
NW Rockall, 58°33'N, 14°42-45'W, 1146 m deep, coli. M arine Scotland M arine Laboratory; 9 paratype 6,102.8 mm,
NW Rockall, 57°40-42'N, 15°24'W, 1047 m deep, coli. M arine Scotland M arine Laboratory; 10-11 apex of holotype;
12-13 62.6 m m , Iceland, coll. K. Fraussen nr. 4343.
45 6
K F ra u sse n e t a l .
show fine spiral sculpture and we conclude th at
the opinion of Kantor is correct. After studying
sufficient specimens of similar looking species
from the northern Pacific we can ad d to this con­
clusion, that no other Pacific species (know n yet) is
conspecific.
Type locality
Norway, "ad N orw egiae littorae".
N orth Atlantic. K now n from eastern
C anada (Fox Basin, Baffin Bay and off N ova
Scotia) in the east along G reenland, Iceland,
Svalbard (Spitzbergen Sea and Barents Sea),
Franz Josef land (Barents Sea and Polar Ocean),
Novaya Zemlya (Barents Sea and Kara Sea) and
the N ew Siberian Islands (Kara Sea and Laptev
Sea) in the west, to N orw ay and G reat Britain
(North Sea) in the south. K antor (1990) also
recorded the species from the east Siberian Sea
and from the Chukchi Sea (both records near
W rangel Island).
Range
Volutopsius norwegicus is character­
Discussion
ized by the sm ooth surface of the shell in com bi­
nation w ith a large, higher than broad, semi-oval
body w horl w ith the base adapically stretched
forward. Occasionally an obscure spiral fold m ay
be present.
Infraspecific variability is high (Plate 2): the
shape m ay range from oval to slender; the shell
from thin and fragile to heavy and solid; the
colour from snow-white through pale yellow ish
or pinkish to pale brown. It is beyond the scope
of the present paper to discuss variability in
V. norwegicus b u t we m ention these aspects again
in the com parison w ith the new species described
below.
Volutopsius scotiae sp. nov.
Plate 1, Figs 1-13
1 sh, NW of St Kilda, 58°26'N, 09°28'W,
1000 m deep, 14/09/2009; 84.2 m m , in N ational
M useum of Scotland, D epartm ent of Zoology,
reg.nr.-NMSZ :2012053.
Holotype
1 sh, NW of St Kilda, 58°26'N,
09°28W, 1000 m deep, 14/09/2009; 81.2 mm,
coli. D.W.McKay.
Paratype 1
Paratype 2
1 sp, Rockall Through, 57°34'N,
12°27'W, 1750 m deep, 30/062011; 89.6 m m , coli.
D. W. McKay.
1 sh, Rockall T hrough, 57°36'N,
12°41'W, 1500 m deep, 1/07/2011; 85.9 m m , coli.
K. Fraussen KF-6694.
Paratype 3
2 sp, N W Rockall, OFFCON
Rockall Survey 0712S, h au l 273, 58°33'N, 14°4245'W, 1146 m deep, 6/2012; 82.7-86,6 m m , coli.
M arine Scotland M arine Laboratory.
Paratypes 4r-5
1 sp, N W Rockall, OFFCON Rockall
Survey 0712S, h au l 279, 57°40-42'N, 15°24'W,
1047 m deep, 6/2012; 102.8 m m , coli. M arine
Scotland M arine Laboratory.
Paratype 6
Type locality A tlantic Ocean, Scotland, N W of
St Kilda, 58°26'N, 09°28'W, 1000 m deep, on
m ud.
A part from the 7
know n type specim ens (3 sh, 4 lv sp) w e studied
2 additional specim ens (2 sh) from an unknow n
locality offshore near Iceland. The type speci­
m ens w ere all traw led, as described in the chap­
ter above, on a m u d d y bottom .
Material examined and range
Shell of m ed iu m size, up to
102.8 m m in length; thick, solid, rather heavy.
Shape typical of genus, volutopsoid, w ith broad,
slightly flaring lip. C olour greyish w ith pale
p u rp lish brow n axial zones; subsuturally w ith
narrow, paler band.
Protoconch w ith about 2 w horls; shape papilliform, higher than broad; tip small, curled inw ards,
first Vi w horl rapidly increasing in size; surface
smooth, glossy b u t w ith num erous, obscure, sub­
suturally prosocyrt curves, increm ental folds, or
traces of them; colour snow w hite. Transition to
teleoconch indistinct, m arked by the presence of
some fine increm ental lines an d the start of fine
spiral sculpture.
Teleoconch w ith 3% w horls. Shape convex,
suture distinct, simple. Body w horl large, higher
than broad, semi-oval, base adapically stretched
forw ard.
First w horl starting w ith 21 fine, flattened
spiral cords w ith w eakly convex top; interspaces
narrow, form ing a fine line. Spiral cords slightly
broader abapically. Second w horl w ith 23 such
spiral cords. Spiral cords occasionally grow ing
broader along second and third whorl; w ith a
fine secondary spiral groove appearing, situated
in m iddle on spiral cords, gradually grow ing
deeper and splitting spiral cord in two. Third
Description
A new V
o l u t o p s iu s
fro m th e n o r th - e a s te r n A t l a n t i c
457
Figures 14-21 Volutopsius norwegicus (Gmelin 1791): 14-15 87.9 m m , Faeroe Islands, traw led in deep water, coli.
Koen Fraussen nr. 0145; 16-17 69.6 m m, broad form, Barentz Sea, 200 m , coli. K. Fraussen nr. 3151; 18 80.3 m m ,
yellow ish colour, S of Svaldbard, SE of H open Island, 75°40'-76°20'N, 27°50'-32°10'E, 350-400 m, coll. K. Fraussen
nr. 1666; 19 79.8 m m , pinkish colour, same locality, coll. K. Fraussen nr. 1667; 20 111.5 mm, weakly banded form,
N orth Sea, Bressay, coll. K. Fraussen nr. 0931; 21 116.5 m m , w ith w eak spiral folds, N orth Sea, Bressay East
G round, 160 m, coll. K. Fraussen nr. 0846.
458
K F ra ussen
et a l .
w horl w ith about 30 such spiral cords. Spiral
interspaces grow ing slightly broader along
penultim ate whorl. Body w horl w ith slightly
more than 130 spiral cords, 4 adapical cords
obscure, abapical ones on siphonal canal broad;
interspaces narrow.
Axial sculpture absent. Obscure increm ental
folds present on spiral cords, fine increm ental
lines hardly visible in spiral interspaces.
A perture large, semi-oval. Colum ella gently
curved, w eakly concave w ith w eakly convex
adapical and abapical (siphonal canal) ends;
callus thin, transparent, sm ooth, glossy. O uter
lip thick, flaring, curled outside; shape strongly
convex, transition to siphonal canal indistinct.
Siphonal canal short, broad, w ide open. A perture
w ith siphonal canal slightly m ore than Vi of total
shell length.
O perculum (paratype 2) corneous, semi­
transparent, yellowish brown; shape semi-oval
w ith term inal nucleus.
Periostracum and anim al unknow n.
Volutopsius scotiae sp. nov.
is nam ed after the research vessel FRV Scotia
by the broader shape w ith shorter spire, the u su ­
ally orange protoconch (instead of w hite) and the
larger ad u lt size.
O ther Volutopsiinae species ornam ented
w ith spiral sculpture all belong to the genera
Lussivolutopsius K antor 1983 (type species L.
hydractiferus Kantor 1983) an d Habevolutopsius
K antor 1983 (type species Volutopsius hirasei
Pilsbry 1907) and differ in shape by the more
concave columella and slightly constricted base
(at the transition to siphonal canal).
Discussion The seven type specim ens of V.
scotiae sp. nov. are elegant w ith a slender shape
w hile the 2 additional specim ens from Iceland
are broader and smaller. We m ay assum e, espe­
cially w h en taking account of the sm all num ber
of specim ens know n, th a t intraspecific variabil­
ity m ay be rather high. Intraspecific variability
is high in the related V norwegicus and, even
th ough this is no proof, w e can assum e that in V.
scotiae sp. nov. variability m ay behave similarly
to w h at w e see in V norwegicus.
Derivation of name
(built in 1998 by Ferguson Shipboulders, 68 m,
2619 tons, DWT 850 tons), operating from Leith
(home port) for the M arine Scotland (Scottish
Government). The type m aterial of the present
new species was obtained d u rin g cruises con­
ducted by the M arine Laboratory, A berdeen on
board of this vessel.
Comparisons Volutopsius scotiae sp. nov. is char­
acterized by the presence of spiral sculpture in
combination w ith an irregular b u t axially ori­
entated pattern consisting of broad ban d s or
blotches.
Volutopsius norwegicus differs in the sm ooth
surface lacking spiral sculpture and the uniform
colour w ithout axial zonation.
Lussivolutopsius strelzovae K antor 1990 from the
northern Pacific (type locality: 58°35'N, 151°40'E,
O khotsk Sea, 120 m) differs in the w eaker and
m ore obscure spiral cords, the shorter proto­
conch, the up p er spiral w horls w hich grow big­
ger m ore rapidly (while the u p p er spire w horls
of V. scotiae sp. nov. stay narrow ), the apertural
lip w hich stays straight along the siphonal canal
(instead of curling slightly upw ards) an d the
colour w hich tends to yellow rath er than pink.
Volutopsius middendorffi Dali 1907 from the
northern Pacific is similar in sculpture b u t differs
Beringius bogasoni W arén & Smith 2006
Beringius bogasoni W arén & Smith 2006: 188-191,
figs. 5-13.
Type locality Atlantic Ocean, W of Scotland, AT
(=Agassiz trawl) 419, 56°56'N, 09°50'W, 1908.
Atlantic, from off southw estern Iceland
to w est of Scotland, betw een 56°33' and 64°45' N.
Range
We record 3 additional speci­
mens: Rockall Trough 57°36'N, 12°41'W, 1500 m,
1/7/2011, 2 sh and 57°34'N 12°27'W, 1750 m,
30/06/2011, 1 sp juv.
Material studied
A cknow ledgm ents
We thank Sankurie Pye (N ational M useum of
Scotland) for inform ation and support. Gavin
Thom pson (Edinburgh, Scotland) and Yves
Terryn (Gent, Belgium) for their presence and
kind sup p o rt d uring the very early stage of this
study. Chris Vos (Scherpenheuvel, Belgium)
for bibliographical help. D avid M onsecour
(Aarschot, Belgium) for correcting the English
text.
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